BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.

SCHOOL
ARAKKONAM
BIOLOGY

(BOTANY)

XI-STD

STUDY MATERIAL -2014

BASED ON

TAMILNADU TEXT BOOK

“All the best but be the best”

R. VIJAYAKUMAR.,

M.Sc.,(Zoology)B.A.,(English) B.Ed.,

Bharathidhasanar Matric Hr.Sec.School-Arakkonam

XI TH BIO-BOTANY YEAR PLAN & PORTION – 2014-15

Unit Test-1
BIO DIVERSITY

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 Unit Test -2
BIO DIVERSITY

Unit Test-3
CELL BIOLOGY

Unit Test-4
CELL BIOLOGY

Unit Test -5
MORPHOLOGY OF PLANT

Unit Test -6
MORPHOLOGY OF PLANT

Unit Test -7
GENETICS

Unit Test -8
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Unit test – 9 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND REPRODUCTION

BIOLOGY

Unit Test – 10
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

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 MONTHLY EXAMS AND PORTION

Monthly Exam – 1 Lesson no. 1.BIO DIVESITY

Lesson no. 2. CELL BIOLOGY

Monthly Exam – 2 Lesson no. 2. CELL BIOLOGY

Lesson no. 3. MORPHOLOGY F PLANTS

Lesson no. 1.BIO DIVERSITY

QUARTERLY
EXAM Lesson no. 2.CELL BIOLOGY
Lesson no. 3.MORPHOLOGY OF PLANTS

Monthly Exam -
Lesson no. 4. GENETICS
3
Lesson no. 5. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Lesson no. 5. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Monthly Exam - 4
Lesson no. 6 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

HALF YEARLY (FULL PORTION EXAM)

EXAM

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 (FULL PORTION EXAM)

BHARATHIDHASANAR MAT. HR. SEC. SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM-

3

STD: XI UNIT TEST MARKS: 38

SUB: BIO-BOTANY TIME: 0.45 Minutes

PART – I BIO-BOTANY

SECTION-A

Note : i) Choose and write the correct answer: 5x1=

5
ii) Each questions carries ONE marks.

SECTION-B

Note: i)Answer the following questions. 4x3=

12

ii)Each questions carries THREE marks.

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 SECTION-C

Note: i) Answer the following questions 2x5=

10
ii) Draw diagram wherever necessary.
iii)Each questions carries five marks.

SECTION-D

Note: i) Answer any TWO questions 1 x 10

=10
ii) Draw diagram wherever necessary.
iii)Each question carries ten marks.

+1 BIOLOGY
QUESTION PAPER MODEL

BHARATHIDHASANAR MAT. HR. SEC. SCHOOL,

ARAKKONAM3

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STD: XI MARKS:150
SUB: BIOLOGY TIME: 3.00 HRS

PART – I BIO-BOTANY (Marks – 75)

SECTION-A

Note : i) Choose and write the correct answer: 14x1=14

ii) Each questions carries ONE marks.

SECTION-B

Note: i)Answer any SEVEN questions. 7 x 3 = 21

ii)Each questions carries THREE marks.

SECTION-C

Note : i) Answer any FOUR questions including 4 x 5 = 20

Question No.25 which is compulsory.
ii) Draw diagram wherever necessary.
iii)Each questions carries FIVE marks.

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 SECTION-D

Note: i) Answer any TWO questions 2 x 10 = 20

ii) Draw diagram wherever necessary.
iii)Each question carries TEN marks.

PART – II BIO-BOTANY (Marks – 75)

SECTION-A
Note: i) Choose and write the correct answer: 16x1=16
Each questions carries ONE mark

SECTION-B
Note: i)Answer any EIGHT questions. 8 x 3 = 24
ii)Each questions carries three marks.

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 SECTION-C

Note: i) Answer any THREE questions including 3 x 5 = 15

Question No.31 which is compulsory.
ii) Draw diagram wherever necessary.
iii)Each questions carries five marks.

SECTION-D

Note: i) Answer any TWO questions 2 x 10 = 20

ii) Draw diagram wherever necessary.
iii)Each question carries ten marks.

+1- BIO-BOTANY
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BOOK BACK 3- MARKS:

II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.

SYSTEMATICS
1. Define biodiversity.
Current estimates suggest that the earth may have anywhere from 10
to over 40 million species of organisms, but only about 1.7 million
have actually been described including over 7,50,000 insects, about
2,50,000 flowering plants and 47,000 vertebrate animals. We call such
a diversity among living organisms as Biodiversity

2. What are the aims of classification?

It is not possible for any one to study all the organisms. But if they are
grouped in some convenient way the study would become easier as the
characters of a particular group or a family would apply to all the
individuals of that group. Classification allows us to understand
diversity

3. Define Taxonomy
The branch of biology dealing with identification, naming and
classifying the living organisms is known as Taxonomy. Taxonomy in
Greek means rendering of order.

4. Define species.
Species is the basic unit of Classification. It is defined as the group of
individuals which resemble in their morphological and reproductive
characters and interbreed among themselves and produce fertile
offsprings

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5. Write the hierarchy of the units of classification.
1. Kingdom
2.Phylum or Division
3.Class
4.Order
5.Family
6.Genus
7.Species

6. Define phylogeny.
The evolutionary history of a particular taxon like species is called
phylogeny.
The classification based on the basis of evolution is called phylogenetic
classification. Phylogenetic classification is not always possible since
there are several gaps in the fossil records which form the basis of
phylogenetic studies and also evolution is never unidirectional

10. What are Archaebacteria?

Some monerans like Archaebacteria can live in extreme
environmental conditions like absence of oxygen (anaerobic), high salt
condition, high temperature like 800c or above and highly acidic soils.

11. Name the three domains according to the modern classification

proposed by C.Woese, O.Kandler and M.C.Wheelis.
C.Woese, O.Kandler, and M.L Wheelis introduced a new classification
scheme in 1990. They proposed that all organisms be divided into three
major groups called domains: the Eucarya (containing all eukaryotes),
the Bacteria (containing most familiar prokaryotes), and the Archaea
th
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(originally called archaebacteria and containing prokaryotes that live
mostly in extreme environments.) This scheme is currently accepted by
most biologists.

12. Define systematics

The word Systematics means to put together. It was Carolus
Linnaeus who used this word first in his book ‘Systema Naturae’.
Systematics may be defined as the systematic placing of organisms into
groups or taxa on the basis of certain relationships between organisms.

VIRUSES
Two marks
1. Justify: Viruses are biologists’ puzzle.
Viruses are still biologists’ puzzle because they show both living and
nonliving
characters. Hence viruses are regarded as a separate entity. It is not
taken into account in Whittaker’s five kingdom classification. Viruses
are now defined as ultramicroscopic, disease causing intra cellular
obligate parasites.

2. Define: virus
Viruses are ultramicroscopic and can cause diseases in plants and
animals.
They are very simple in their structure. They are composed of nucleic
acid. surrounded by a protein coat. Nucleic acid can be either RNA
or DNA, but never both. They have no cellular organization and have
no machinery for any metabolic activity. They are obligate intracellular
parasites and they multiply within their host cells. Once outside the
host cell they are completely inactive

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3. List any two living characteristics of virus.
Living characters of virus
i) able to multiply within the host.
ii) Able to undergo mutation

4. List any two non-living characteristics of virus.

i) Inability to multiply extra cellularly
ii) Can be crystallized.

6. Viruses can be crystallized. What does this signify?

W.M. Stanley (1935), the American biochemist, isolated virus in
crystalline form and demonstrated that even in that state it maintained
the infectivity. This marked the beginning of a new branch of science
called virology.

7. What are the three main symmetry of viruses?

1. Cubic symmetry:
polyhedral or spherical – eg. Adeno virus, HIV
2. Helical symmetry: e g .Tobacco Mosaic virus (TMV), Influenza
virus.
3. Complex or atypical eg. Bacteriophage, Pox virus.
8. What is the principle used in sedimentation by ultra centrifugation
method of
measuring the size of a virus?
Sedimentation by ultra centrifugation : The relationship between the
size and shape of a particle and its rate of sedimentation permits
determination of particle size

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9. What are enveloped viruses?
Some of the viruses have an outer covering called envelope eg. HIV.
They are called enveloped viruses
12. Define virion/ viroid/ prion
Virion
An intact, infective virus particle which is non-replicating outside a host
cell is called virion.

Viroids
A viroid is a circular molecule of ss RNA without a capsid.
Viroidscause several economically important plant diseases, including
Citrus exocortis.
Prions(pronounced “preeons” )
They are proteinaceous infectious particles. They are the causative
agents for about a dozen fatal degenerative disorders of the central
nervous systems of humans and other animals. eg. Creutzfeldt-Jacob
Disease(CJD), Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)-Commonly
known as mad cow disease, etc .They are very unique among infectious
agents because they contain no genetic material i.e DNA/RNA. Stanley
Prusiner did most of the work on prions and was awarded Nobel Prize
in 1998.

13. What are oncogenic viruses?

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The cancer causing viruses are also called oncogenic viruses. It is now
believed that some viruses are involved in leukemia, sarcoma and some
kind of breast cancer also.
1. What are commensals?
ANS. A mutual association of an organism with other organism of
another species without harming or benefiting it
2. What are Gram-Positive bacteria?
ANS. Bacteria which takes in initial violet dye and appears violet under
microscope. the staining is based on external appearance of the cell
wall.
3. What are Gram-Negative bacteria?
ANS. the bacteria which does not responds to the initial violet stain .so
it is decolourised with alcohol and counterstained with red.
4. What are Chemoautotrophs?
They do no have photosynthetic pigments and hence they cannot use
sunlight energy. Instead they obtain energy in the form of ATP by
oxidising inorganic or organic compounds. The energy thus obtained is
used to reduce CO2 to organic matter. Based on the type of substance
oxidized they may be
1. Chemolithotrophs
2. Chemo – organotrophs

5. What is
Transduction:- Donor DNA is carried in a phage coat and is transferred
into the recipient by the mechanism used for phage infection.
Transformation :- The direct uptake of donor DNA by the recipient cell
may be natural or forced. Relatively few bacterial species are naturally
competent for transformation. These species assimilate donor DNA in
linear form..

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6. Name any four plant diseases / human diseases caused by bacteria?

ANS.

7. Give reason: Bacteria are also known as nature’s scavengers.

ANS. Saprotrophic bacteria cause decay and decomposition of dead
bodies of plants and animals. They release gases and salts to
atmosphere and soil. Hence these bacteria are known as nature’s
scavengers.

8. Name some antibiotics obtained from bacteria

ANS. Antibiotics such as bacitracin (Bacillus subtilis),
polymyxin(Bacillus polymyxa), Streptomycin(Streptomyces griseus)
are obtained from bacterial sources.

FUNGI
1. What is a coenocytic mycelium?
ANS. The hyphae are not divided into true cells. Instead the protoplasm
is either continuous or is interrupted at intervals by cross walls called
septa which divide the hyphae into compartments similar to cells. Thus
hyphae may be aseptate(hyphae without cross walls) or septate
(hyphae with cross walls).When aseptate they are coenocytic
containing many nuclei.

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2. What is meant by septate hypha?
ANS. The hyphae are not divided into true cells. Instead the protoplasm
is either continuous or is interrupted at intervals by cross walls called
septa which divide the hyphae into compartments similar to cells.

3. Distinguish obligate parasite from facultative parasites.

ANS. Some parasites can survive and grow only in living cells and are
called biotrophs or Obligate Parasites. Others can infect their host
and bring about it’s death and then live saprotrophically on the
remains, they are called necrotrophs or facultative parasites.

4. What are haustoria?

ANS. Obligate parasites often possess specialized penetration and
absorption devices called haustoria. Each haustorium is a modified
hyphal outgrowth with a large surface area which pushes into living
cells without breaking their plasma membrane and without killing
them.

5. What are mycorrhizae?

ANS. These are symbiotic associations between a fungus partner and
roots of higher plants. Most land plants enter into this kind of
relationship with soil fungi. The fungus may form a sheath around the
center of the root (an ectotrophic mycorrhiza) or may penetrate the
host tissue (an endotrophic mycorrhiza).

6. Name some fungal diseases of plants.

ANS. Common fungal diseases of plants Causal organisms
1. Wilt of cotton- Fusarium oxysporum F.sp.vasinfectum
2. Tikka disease (Leaf spot) of ground nut -Cercospora personata

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3. Red rot of sugarcane- Colletotrichum falcatum

7. Name some edible fungi.

ANS. Many fungi such as yeast, mushrooms, truffles, morels etc., are
edible. Edible mushrooms contain proteins and vitamins. Certain
species of Agaricus such as A. Bisporus, A. arvensis are edible.
Volvariella volvacea and V. dispora are also edible mushrooms
cultivated commercially.

8. Justify the statement by Pasteur: “Without fungi even death will be

incomplete”
ANS. “Without fungi even death will be incomplete” said Pasteur. The
dead cellulosic vegetation is decomposed into carbon and minerals by
the saprotrophic fungi and these elements are returned to the same
environment from where they were obtained. Thus fungi maintain the
carbon and mineral cycles in nature.

9. Which fungus is called hallucinogenic fungus and why?

ANS. LSD (d- lysergic acid diethylamide) produced from the fungus
ergot (Claviceps purpurea) produces hallucinations. Hence this
fungus is called “ hallucinogenic fungus” and has caused greatest
damage to the frustrated youth by giving an unreal, extraordinary
lightness and hovering sensation.

ALGAE
Two Marks
1. Define: thallus
ANS. In Algae the plant body shows no differentiation into root, stem or
leaf or true tissues. Such a plant body is called thallus. They do not
have vascular tissues.
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2. What is a Lichen?
ANS. Some species of algae and fungi are found in association with
each other and they are called Lichens.

3. Name the three types of photosynthetic pigments found in algae?

ANS. Three types of Photosynthetic pigments are seen in algae. They
are 1. Chlorphylls 2. Carotenoids 3. Biliproteins. While chlorophyll a is
universal in all algal classes, chlorophyll b,c,d,e are restricted to some
classes of algae.

4. Differentiate a whiplash flagellum from a tinsel flagellum.

ANS. The whiplash flagellum has a smooth surface while the tinsel
flagellum has fine minute hairs along the axis.

5. What are pyrenoids?

ANS. In each chloroplast one or few spherical bodies called pyrenoids
are present. They are the centres of starch formation.

6. Differentiate isokont from heterokont type of flagella?

ANS. When both flagella are of equal length and appearance, they are
described as isokont. Heterokont forms have dissimilar flagella with
reference to their length and types.

7. Define
Isogamy :- It is the fusion of two morphologically and physiologically
similar gametes.eg. Spirogyra and some species of Chlamydomonas .

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 Heterogamy :- This refers to the fusion of dissimilar gametes. It is of
two types 1. Anisogamy 2. Oogamy
Anisogamy:- Anisogamy is the fusion of two gametes which are
morphologically dissimilar but physiologically similar (both motile or
both non-motile)
Oogamy :- Oogamy refers to the fusion of gametes which are both
morphologically and physiologically dissimilar. In this type of fusion
the male gamete is usually referred to as antherozoid which is usually
motile and smaller in size and the female gamete which is usually non-
motile and bigger in size is referred to as egg.
8. What is agar-agar?
ANS. This substance is used as a culture medium while growing bacteria
and fungi in the laboratory. It is also used in the preparations of some
medicines and cosmetics. It is obtained from the red algae Gelidium and
Gracillaria. b. A phycocolloid Alginic acid is obtained from brown
algae.
9. What is diatomite?
ANS. It is a rock-like deposit formed on the siliceous walls of
diatoms(algae of Chrysophyceae). When they die they sediment, so that
on the seabed and lake bottom extensive deposits can be built up over
long periods of time. The resulting ‘diatomaceous earth’ has a high
proportion of silica.
10. Write any two uses of diatomite.
ANS. Diatomite is used as a fire proof material and also as an absorbent.
11. How are the algae used in space travel?
ANS. Chlorella pyrenoidosa is used in space travel to get rid of Co2 and
other body wastes. The algae multiplies rapidly and utilizes the Co2 and
liberate 02 during photosynthesis. It decomposes human urine and
faeces to get N2 for protein synthesis.
12. What is SCP?
ANS. Chlorella and Spirulina which are unicellular algae are rich in
protein and they are used as protein source. Besides, Chlorella is a
th
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MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM – 12 BIO-
source of vitamin also. The rich protein and aminoacid content of
chlorella and Spirullina make them ideal for single cell protein
production.
13. How are algae used in sewage disposal?
ANS. Algae like Chlorella are grown in large shallow tanks, containing
sewage. These algae produce abundant oxygen by rapid photosynthesis.
Microorganisms like aerobic bacteria use these oxygen and decompose
the organic matter and thus the sewage gets purified.
14. What is algal bloom. How does it affect the lakes?
ANS. Under certain conditions algae produce ‘blooms’, that is dense
masses of material. This is especially true in relatively warm conditions
when there is high nutrient availability, which sometimes is induced by
man as and when sewage is added to water or inorganic fertilizers run
off from agricultural land into rivers and lakes. As a result of this a
sudden and explosive growth of these primary producers (algae) occurs.
They are produced in such a huge quantity that they die before being
eaten.
15. Algae are not associated with diseases unlike many fungi and
bacteria. What is the reason for this?
ANS. Fungi and bacteria are saprophytic and parasitic in nature which
makes it to depend on it’s host for it’survival but algae beign autotropic
can prepare it’s own food without harming other organisms.

BRYOPHYTES
Two Marks
1. Give reasons: Bryophytes are called the amphibians of plant
kingdom.
ANS. Bryophyta are the simplest group of land plants. They are
relatively poorly adsapted to life on land, so they are mainly confined
to damp,shady places. These are terrestrial non-vascular plants(no
vascular tissue namely xylem and phloem) which still require moist

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 environment to complete their life-cycle. Hence these are called
amphibians of plant kingdom.

2. Name the three main classes of Bryophyta.

ANS.

Hepaticae Anthocerotae Musci

Liverworts Eg. hornworts Mosses

Riccia
eg. Anthoceros eg.Funaria

3. What is peat?
ANS. Peat is a valuable fuel like coal. Mosses like Sphagnum which got
compacted and fossilized over the past thousands of years have become
peat.
4. How is Sphagnum used in nursery?
ANS. Sphagnum can absorb large amount of water. It is extensively
used by gardeners in nursery to keep seedlings and cut plant parts
moist during propagation.

PTERIDOPHYTES
TWO MARKS
1. What is meant by Tracheophyta?
ANS. Pteridophyta constitutes the earliest known vascular plants.
Vascular plants are those plants that contain the vascular tissue that is

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the conducting tissues of xylem and phloem. Sometimes all vascular
plants are included in one division the Tracheophyta .

2. Justify: the vascular tissue of pteridophyte is primitive when

compared with flowering plants.
ANS. The vascular tissue of pteridophytes shows certain primitive
features compared with flowering plants.
The xylem of pteridophytes contains only tracheids rather than vessels
and the phloem contains sieve cells rather than sieve tubes.

3. What are the functions of vascular tissue?

ANS. Vascular tissue has two important roles to perform. Firstly it
forms a transport system, conducting water and food around the multi-
cellular body, thus leading to the development of large, complex
bodies. Secondly, xylem, one of the vascular tissues, supports these
large bodies since xylem contains lignified cells of great strength and
rigidity.

4. Name any two economically important products of Pteridophytes.

ANS. 1. Ferns are grown as ornamental plants for their beautiful fronds.
2. The rhizomes and petioles of the fern Dryopteris yield a vermifuge
drug.

GYMNOSPERMS
TWO MARKS
1. Name the three important developments that have been made by the
seed plants.
ANS.1. Three important developments have been

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made by seed plants. 1. The development of heterospory. 2. The
development of seeds. 3. The development of non-swimming male
gametes.
2. Define heterospory.
ANS. They produce two types of spores microspores and megaspores.
3. Justify the statement: a seed is a complex structure containing cells
from three generations.
ANS. Seed is formed by the fusion of microspore(pollen grain) with
megaspore(ovule) formed in gametophytic generation which are used
to give rice to sporophytic generation and due to presence of alteration
of generation a seed is a complex structure containing cells from three
generations.
4. Why do we call the seeds of gymnosperms as naked?
ANS. (The word Gymnos means naked and spermos means seed) This
is because in Gymnosperms the ovules areexposed and they are not
covered by ovary. Instead the ovules are borne directlyon open
carpellary leaves called megasporophylls and hence they are naked and
they develop into naked seeds after fertilization.
5. Name the two classes of Gymnospermae.
ANS. Chamberlain has classified gymnosperms into two classes 1.
Class Cycadophyta 2. Class Coniferophyta .

UNIT 2. CELL BIOLOGY

THE CELL - BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

Two Marks
1. Define: Cell cycle
ANS. The cell cycle follows a regular timing mechanism. Most
eukaryotic cells live according to an internal clock, that is they proceed
through a sequence of phases, called cell cycle. In the cell cycle DNA
th
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MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM – 12 BIO-
is duplicated during synthesis (S) Phase and the copies are distributed
to daughter cells during (M) phase.

2. What is meant by cell differentiation.

ANS. The most complicated example of cellular dynamics occurs
during differentiation i.e., when a cell changes to carry out a
specialized function.

3. Explain the statement: “form follows function”

ANS. The most complicated example of cellular dynamics occurs
during differentiation i.e when a cell changes to carry out a
specialized function. This process often involves changes in the
morphology of a cell based on the function it is to perform, This
highlights the biological principle that “form follows
function”
4. What is PCD?
ANS. Unchecked cell growth and multiplication produce a mass of
cells, a tumor. Programmed Cell Death(PCD) plays a very important
role by balancing cell growth and multiplication. In addition, cell death
also eliminates unnecessary cells.

CELL THEORY
Two Marks
1. Name the steps involved in scientific methodology.
ANS. If we study the step by step development of cell theory we will
understand how scientific methodology operates. It includes the
following steps 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Formulation of theory
4. modification of theory ( if it warrants).
2. State the cell theory as proposed by Schleiden and Schwann

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ANS. He defined the cell as a membrane bound nucleus containing
structure. He proposed a hypothesis that the bodies of animals and
plants are composed of cells and their products.
3. Name any two exceptions to cell theory.
ANS. Exception to cell Theory
1. Viruses are biologists’ puzzle. They are an exception to cell theory.
They lack protoplasm, the essential part of the cell.
2. Bacteria and cyanobacteria (Blue Green algae) lack well organized
nucleus.
3. Some of the protozoans are acellular.

PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELL

(Plant Cells)
Two Marks
1. What is meant by incipient nucleus.
ANS. In all prokaryotic cells, most of or all the genetic information
resides in a single circular DNA molecule, in the central region of the
cell. This region is often referred to as incipient nucleus or nucleoid.
2. What are the uses of plasmid?
ANS. In addition to a chromosome, certain bacteria contain a small,
extra chromosomal circular DNA called plasmid. The plasmid is
responsible for the antibiotic resistance in some bacteria. These
plasmids are very much used in
genetic engineering where the plasmids are separated and
reincorporated, genes (specific pieces of DNA) can be inserted into
plasmids, which are then transplanted into bacteria using the
techniques of genetic engineering.
3. Distinguish a prokaryotic cell form a eukaryotic cell.

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ANS. Prokaryotic cells lack a well defined nucleus and have a
simplified internal organization. Eukaryotic cells have a more
complicated internal structure including a well defined, membrane-
limited nucleus. Bacteria and Cyanobacteria are prokaryotes. Fungi,
plants and animals are eukaryotes.

LIGHT MICROSCOPE AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

( TEM & SEM)
Two Marks
1. Define: resolving power of a microscope
ANS. The limit of resolution of a light microscope using visible light is
about 0.2 m (200nm). No matter how many times the image is
magnified, the microscope can never resolve objects that are less than
0.2 m apart or reveal details smaller than 0.2 m in size

CELL WALL
Two marks
1. Name the three important components of a typical plant cell wall.
ANS. The chemical composition of cell wall varies in different
kingdoms. In bacteria the cell wall is composed of peptidoglycon, in
Fungi it is made up of chitin. The plant cell wall is made up of
cellulose.
2. What is middle lamella?
ANS. It is a thin amorphous cement like layer between two adjacent
cells. Middle lamella is the first layer, which is deposited at the time of
cytokinesis. It Is optically inactive (isotropic). It is made up of calcium
and magnesium pectates. In addition to these substances proteins are
also present.
3. What is meant by growth by intussusception?

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ANS. Primary wall is the first formed wall of the cell which is produced
inner to the middle lamella. It is thin, elastic and extensible in growing
cells. It is optically active (anisotropic). It grows by addition of more
wall material within the existing one. Such a growth is termed as
intussusception.
4. What are micellae?
Ans. In secondary wallThe cellulose molecules consist of long chains of
linked glucose residues. The chain molecules are arranged in bundles
which are generally termed micellae.
5. Name the two continuous interpenetrating systems found in
secondary wall.
ANS. The secondary wall consists of two continuous interpenetrating
systems one of which is the cellulose micro fibrils and the other, the
continuous system of microcapillary spaces.
6. What is a pit membrane?
ANS. The pit membrane consists of middle lamella and primary wall.
Pit membrane has many minute pores and thus they are permeable.
7. What are bordered pits?
ANS. In bordered pit the secondary wall partly overhangs the pit. Pits
help in the translocation of substances between two adjacent cells.

8. Define: symplast.

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ANS. The cell wall is not totally complete around the cell. It is
interrupted by narrow pores carrying fine strands of cytoplasm, which
interlink the contents of the cells. They are called plasmodesmata.
They form a protoplasmic continuum
called symplast.
9. What is desmotubule?
ANS. Symplast consists of a canal, lined by plasma membrane. It has a
simple or branched tubule known as desmotubule. Desmotubule is an
extension of endoplasmic reticulum.

CELL MEMBRANE
Two Marks
1. Define: Biological membrane.
ANS. Plasma membrane and the sub- cellular membranes are together
known as biological membranes.
2. What are amphipathic molecules?
ANS. The lipid bilayer is formed of a double layer of phospholipid
molecules. They are amphipathic molecules i.e. they have a
hydrophilic and hydrophobic part. The arrangement of phospholipids
forms a water resistant barrier.
3. What are extrinsic proteins?
ANS. Extrinsic or peripheral proteins: These are superficially
attached to either face of lipid bimolecular membrane and are easily
removable by physical methods.
4. What are intrinsic proteins?
ANS. Intrinsic or Integral proteins: These proteins penetrate the lipid
either wholly or partially and are tightly held by strong bonds. In order
to remove them, the whole membrane has to be disrupted. The integral
proteins occur in various forms and perform many functions.
5. Define: semi- permeable membrane.
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ANS. Selectively permeable : If the membrane allows some of the
substances to pass through but does not allow all the substances to pass
through it. The permeability of a membrane depends on
1) the size of pores in the Plasma membrane. 2) The size of the
substance molecules 3) The charge on the substance molecules.
6. Define: Passive transport/ Active transport
ANS. Passive transport:- Passive Transport of materials across the
membrane requires no energy by the cell and it is unaided by the
transport proteins. The physical processes through which substances
get into the cell are 1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis
Active transport:-It is a vital process. It is the movement of molecules
or ions against the concentration gradient. i.e the molecules or ions
move from the region of lower concentration towards the region of
higher concentration.
7. Define:Diffusion/ Osmosis
ANS. Diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of molecules of any substance from a region
of it’s higher to a region of it’s lower concentration (down its own
concentration gradient) to spread uniformly in the dispersion medium
on account of their random kinetic motion.
Osmosis
It is the special type of diffusion where the water or solvent diffuses
through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high
solvent concentration to a region of low solvent concentration.
8. Name any two factors on which permeability of a membrane depends
on.
ANS. The permeability of a membrane depends on 1) the size of pores
in the Plasma membrane. 2) The size of the substance molecules 3) The
charge on the substance molecules.
9. What is the role of osmosis in plants?
ANS. Role of Osmosis
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1. It helps in absorption of water from the soil by root hairs.
2. Osmosis helps in cell to cell movement of water.
3. Osmosis helps to develop the turgor pressure which helps in opening
and closing of stomata.
10. What is meant by facilitated transport?
ANS. The plasma membrane of most cells (animal or plant ) contains
several uniporters that enable amino acids, nucleosides, sugars and
other small molecules to enter and leave cells down their concentration
gradients. Similar to enzymes, uniporters accelerate a reaction that is
thermodynamically favoured. This type of movement sometimes is
referred to as facilitated transport or facilitated diffusion.
11. Distinguish uniport transport method from passive diffusion.
ANS. Three main features distinguish uniport transport from passive
diffusion.
1. the rate of transport is far higher than predicted 2. transport is specific
3. Transport occurs via a limited number of transporter proteins rather
than through out the phospholipids bilayer.
12. Define:,Phagocytosis/ Pinocytosis/ exocytosis
ANS.1. Phagocytosis: (cell eating)-Substances are taken up in solid
form. Cells involving in this process are called phagocytes and said to
be phagocytic. eg some white blood cells. A phagocytic vacuole is
formed during the uptake.
2. Pinocytosis(cell drinking)- Substances are taken up in liquid form.
Vesicles which are very small are formed during intake. Pinocytosis is
often associated with amoeboid protozoans, and in certain kidney cells
involved in fluid exchange. It can also occur in plant cells.
Exocytosis is the reverse of endocytosis by which materials are
removed from cells such as undigested remains from food vacuoles.

CELL ORGANELLES

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Two Marks
1. What are the main functions of a nucleus?
ANS. Functions of Nucleus
1. It controls all the metabolic activities of the cell by controlling the
synthesis of enzymes required.
2. Nucleus controls the inheritance of characters from parents to
offspring.
3. Nucleus controls cell division.

2. Give reasons: Mitochondria are semi autonomous organelles.

ANS. Mitochondria are self perpetuating semi autonomous bodies.
These arise new by the division of existing mitochondria. These are
also regarded as intra cellular parasitic prokaryotes that have
established symbiotic relationship with the cell. The mitochondrial
matrix contains DNA molecules which are circular and 70s ribosomes,
t RNA and enzymes for functioning of mitochondrial genes.

3. Name the three kinds of plastids.

ANS. Plastids are of three types namely chloroplasts, Chromoplasts
and leucoplasts.

4. Name any two common properties shared by chloroplasts and

mitochondria.
ANS. Like mitochondrion, the chloroplast is surrounded by an outer
and inner membrane. In addition to this, chloroplasts contain an
internal system of extensive inter connected membrane- limited sacs
called thylakoids which are flattened to form disks.

5. What is a polysome?
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ANS. Ribosomes exist in groups called polyribosomes or polysomes.
Each ribosome consists of a large and a small sub unit. The remainder
of the cell is filled with H2O , various RNAs, protein molecules
(including enzymes) and various smaller molecules.

6. Distinguish the ribosomes of prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic

cells.
ANS. Depending upon size or sedimentation coefficient(s), ribosomes
are of two types. 70s and 80s. 70s type of ribosomes are found in all
prokaryotic cells and 80s type are found in eukaryotic cells. S is
Svedberg unit which is a measure of particle size with which the
particle sediments in a centrifuge.

ROOT, STEM AND LEAF

Two Marks
1. What is meant by
Exogenous Origin :- Lateral branches of the stem are exogenous in
origin i.e they arise from the tissues which are in the periphery of the
main axis (cortex)
Endogenous Origin :- The lateral branches of the roots are endogenous
in origin i.e they arise from the inner tissue called pericycle of the
primary root.
2. Name any two
vegetative organs :- root , stem, leaf
reproductive organs :- flower, fruit, seed
3. Write any two characteristic features of
General Characteristic features of the root
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1. Root is positively geotropic and negatively phototropic.
2. Roots are generally non-green in colour since they do not have
chlorophyll
pigments and hence they cannot perform photosynthesis.
Characteristic features of the stem
1. The stem is the ascending portion of the main axis of the plant.
2. It is positively phototropic and negatively geotropic.
4. Define:
Adventitious roots:- Root developing from any part of the plant other
than the radicle is called adventitious root. It may develop from the
base of the stem or nodes or internodes.
Root cap:- It is a cap like structure that covers the apex of the root. The
main function of the root cap is to protect the root apex.
Meristematic zone:- This is the growing tip of the root. It lies a little
beyond the root cap. The cells of this region are actively dividing and
continuously increase in number.
Pulvinus:- In some plantsthe leaf has a swollen leaf base. It is known as
pulvinus eg. The compound leaves of the family Fabaceae.
Bud:- Buds are the young shoot, yet to develop. They have compressed
axis in which the internodes are not elongated and the young leaves are
closed and crowded. When these buds develop the internodes elongate
and the leaves spread out.
5. What is an epiphyllous bud?
ANS. Certain buds develop in positions other than the normal. Such
buds are known as adventitious buds. e.g. Bryophyllum. In this buds
arise on the leaves. These are called epiphyllous buds.
6. What are the advantages of rhizome?
ANS. Rhizomes are very good means of perennation. They help to tide
over the unfavourable conditions like drought etc. They serve as store
houses of food which is safely protected from the grazing of animals.
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Since aerial shoots arise from the buds of the rhizome they are useful in
vegetative
propagation also.
7. What are pneumatophores?
ANS. In plants which grow in marshy places like in Avicennia, the soil
becomes saturated with water and aeration is very poor. In these cases
erect roots arise from the ordinary roots that lie buried in the saline
water.
These erect roots are called pneumatophores. They have a large
number of breathing pores or (pheumatothodes) for the exchange of
gases.
INFLORESCENCE
Two marks
1. Define :
Ligulate floret :- It’s Otherwise called as ray floret. the florets radiate
outwards from the margins of the thalamus.
Hypanthodium :- Here the receptacle is concave and cup shaped. The
upper end has an opening called ostiole, which is protected by scales.
Inside the receptacle three types of flowers are present. Male flowers
are present in the upper part, female flowers towards the base and the
neutral flowers are found in the middle between the male and female
flowers. eg. Ficus.
Corymb :- The inflorescence axis in this type is not elongated as in the
raceme. The pedicels of the flowers are of unequal length. The older
flowers have long pedicels and the younger flowers show short
pedicels. So all flowers appear at the same level. eg. Caesalpinia.
Involucre :- in the genus Euphorbia. The inflorescence is reduced to
look like a single flower. The bracts are united to form a cup – like
structure enclosing a convex receptacle.
Umbellet :- The main axis of the umbel inflorescence produces an
involucre of bracts which give rise to branches called rays from their
axils. Each ray produces an involucel of bracts at its tip from the axils
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of which arise flowers having pedicels of equal length in acropetal
order. Each such umbel is called an umbellet. eg. Daucas carota
(carrot)
FLOWERS, FRUITS AND SEEDS
Two Marks
1. What are monoecious plants?
ANS. If male and female flowers develop in the same plant, it is called
Monoecious eg. Coconut, Maize etc.,
2. Define aestivation.
ANS. The mode of arrangement of either sepals or petals of a flower in
bud condition is said to be an Aestivation.
3. What is a bisexual flower?
ANS. When both the essential whorls i.e., androecium and gynoecium
are present in a flower, it is called bisexual or perfect.
4. What is a zygomorphic flower? Give Example.
ANS. A flower with bilateral symmetry, ie. the parts of one or more
whorls are dissimilar. The flower can be divided into two equal halves
in only one vertical plane, eg. Pisum
5. Distinguish between monothecous and dithecous anthers.
ANS. i. Dithecous: Anthers have two lobes with four microsporangia
or pollen sacs.
ii. Monothecous : Anthers have only one lobe with two
microsporangia.
6. What is meant by monadelphous stamens?
ANS. All the stamens of a flower are united in one bundle by fusion of
their filaments only. The anthers are free, eg. Hibiscus, Abutilon, etc.,
7. Distinguish between apocarpous and syncarpous ovary.

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ANS. Apocarpous : Gynoecium made up of two or more carpels which
are free; eg. Polyalthia.
Syncarpous : Gynoecium consists of two or more carpels which
are fused; eg. Hibiscus.
8. Define fruit.
ANS. The fruit may be defined as a fertilized and developed ovary.
Fruits and seeds develop from flowers after completion of two
processes namely pollination and fertilization. After fertilization, the
ovary develops into fruit.
9. What are the three groups of fruits?
ANS. The fruits are usually classified into three groups, namely simple,
aggregate and multiple or composite fruits.
10. Define simple fruit.
ANS. When s single fruit develops from a single ovary of a single
flower, it is called simple fruit. The ovary may be monocarpellary or
multicarpellary syncarpous.
On the nature of pericarp, simple fruits are divisible into two types
(i) Fleshy fruits and
(ii) Dry fruits
11. What are dry dehiscent fruits?
ANS. It’s a type of simple fruit whose pericarp is not easily
distinguished into epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp and the fruit wall dries
upon maturity

12. What are the two processes necessary for the development of fruits?
Ans. Fruits and seeds develop from flowers after completion of two
processes namely pollination and fertilization.
13. Define aggregate fruits.

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ANS. An aggregate fruit develops from a single flower, with
multicarpellary, apocarpous, superior ovaries and each of them
develops into simple fruitlets
14. What is legume? Give an example.
ANS. A dehiscent dry fruit produced from a monocarpellary, superior
ovary, which dehisces from both the sutures into two valves. eg. Pea
15. How does a fleshy fruit differ from a dry fruit?
ANS. Simple fleshy fruits
In these fruits either the entire pericarp or part of the pericarp is
succulent and juicy when fully ripe. Normally the fruit wall may be
differentiated into three layers – an outer epicarp, a middle mesocarp
and an inner endocarp.
Simple Dry Fruits
These fruits have dry pericarp, which is not distinguished into three
layers.

CONCEPT OF HEREDITY AND VARIATION

Two marks
1. Define
Heredity :- refers to the transmission of characters, resemblances as
well as differences from one generation to the next. It explains how
offsprings in a family resemble their parents.
Variation:- refers to the differences shown by individuals of the same
species and also by offsprings (siblings) of the same parents. It
explains why offsprings eventhough born to the same parents differ
from each other. They are similar, but not identical (except in identical
twins). These similarities and differences are not coincidental.

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 Homunculus:- Anton Von Leeuwenhoeck observed human sperms for
the first time. This theory according to Swammerdam (1679) postulates
that the sex cells either the sperm or egg contained within itself the
entire organism in a miniature form called "homunculus".
Pangenes:- theory proposed by Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) holds that the
animal body produces minute bodies called gemmules or pangenes
which were carried by blood to the reproductive organs. Here the
pengenes from two parents blend to give rise to a new individual.

MENDEL'S LAWS OF INHERITANCE

Two Marks
1. Name the three scientists who rediscovered Mendel's work
ANS. three scientists Carl Correns of Germany, Hugo de Vries of
Holland and Tshermak of Austria

2. Define True breeding :- Individuals which produce the same type of

offsprings for any number of generations when selfed
Monohybrid test cross :- If the hybrid is crossed to recessive parent,
dominant and recessive
Phenotypes with appear in equal proportions as shown, which is

called a test cross.

Back cross :- if the F1 hybrid is crossed to any of the pure breeding
parents it is called a back

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cross.
Alleles :- The two factors making up a pair of contrasting characters
are called alleles
Law of purity of gametes :- "When a pair of contrasting factors or
genes or allelomorphs are brought together in a heterozygote or
hybrid, the two members of the allelic pair remain together without
mixing and when gametes are formed the two separate out, so that
only one enters each gamete".
Dihybrid test cross:-

CHROMOSOMAL BASIS OF INHERITANCE

Two Marks
1. Define : Exon :- in Eukaryotes, the genes on the DNA strand have
coding regions called exons
Intron :- in Eukaryotes, the genes on the DNA strand have coding
regions called exons interrupted by non- coding DNA segments
which do not carry genetic information called introns.

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Splicing :- genes while producing m-RNA will first form a primary
transcript which will then cut off the introns to form the functional m-
RNA and this is called splicing.
Codon:- The sequence of three nucleotides that code for an aminoacid
is called Codon.

INTERMEDIATE INHERITANCE(INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE)

Two Marks
1. Define : Incomplete dominance
ANS. in incomplete dominance or partial dominance or
intermediate inheritance or blending inheritance the F1 hybrid does
not resemble either of the parents. A very good example for this is the
4 `O' clock plant Mirabilis jalapa studied by Correns in 1906.
EPISTASIS
Two Marks
1. Define : Gene interaction- The condition where one pair of genes
reverses or inhibits the effect of another pair of genes by causing the
modification of the normal phenotype is called gene interaction.
Epistasis - The suppression of the gene on one locus of a
chromosome by the gene present at some other locus is called
epistasis meaning "standing over".

CELL AS BOLOGICAL UNIT

Two Marks
1. Define :
Tyndall effect :-

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The scattering of a beam of light by the particles of a colloid is termed
tyndall effect. This is a property of the protoplasm also.
Brownian movement :-
The particles of the protoplasm show an erratic zig-zag movement. This
random motion, caused by the uneven bombardment of particles is
called Brownian movement.
Imbibition :-
Imbibition is the uptake of water or other solvents by non-living
substances such as gum, starch or wood causing swelling of these
substances. Such Substances are called imbibants.
Diffusion :-
Diffusion is the flow of matter, solid, liquids and gases from a region of
higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until
equilibrium is attained. Examples of diffusion are the smell of perfume,
when we open a perfume bottle and the spread of colour when a crystal
of potassium permanganate is put into a beaker of water.
DPD:-
A pure solvent has maximum diffusion pressure and addition of solutes
lowers the diffusion pressure. The amount by which the diffusion
pressure of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent is called
Diffusion Pressure Deficit (DPD).
Osmosis :-
Osmosis is a special type of diffusion of liquids. When two solutions of
different concentrations are separated by a selectively permeable
membrane, diffusion of water or solvent molecules takes place from
the solution of lower concentration to the solution of higher
concentration.
Hypertonic solution :-
The solution which consist high amount of solute when compared to
solvent then it is called as hypertonic solution
Hypotonic solution :-
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The solution which consist high amount of solvent when compared to
solute then it is called as hypertonic solution
Isotonic solution :-
The solution which consist of equal volume of sovent and solute then it
is called as isotonic solution.
Plasmolysis :-
When a plant cell is placed in hypertonic solution, the process of
exosmosis starts and water from the cell sap diffuses out into the
solution of external medium. This causes a reduction in the tension of
the cell wall and brings about the contraction of protoplasm due to the
continuous loss of water. The protoplasm becomes rounded in shape
due to contraction and such a cell is said to be plasmolysed and the
phenomenon is referred to as plasmolysis
Osmotic pressure :-
Osmotic pressure of a solution is the pressure which must be applied
to it in order to prevent the passage of solvent due to osmosis. In other
words, it is that pressure which is needed to check the process of
osmosis. The term osmotic potential is also used in place of osmotic
pressure.
Turgor pressure :-
When the plant cell is placed in water, it will swell but will not burst.
Due to the negative osmotic potential of the cell sap, water moves into
the cell and causes the plasma membrane to press against the cell wall.
This pressure responsible for pressing the plasma membrane against
cell wall is called turgor pressure.

Wall pressure :-
As a result of turgor pressure on the cell wall, the rigid cell wall exerts
an equal pressure in the opposite direction called wall pressure. Under
these conditions, the plant cell is said to be turgid.
Water potential:-

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Based on free energy, water potential may be defined as the difference
between the free energy of water molecules in pure water and the free
energy of water in any other system (eg) water in a solution or water
contained in the plant cell. Water potential is denoted by the Greek
letter psi Y and is measured in bars. Thus, water potential is the
chemical potential of water. The water potential of pure water is zero
bar and water potential in a plant tissue is always less than zero bar and
hence a negative number.
Permeability:-
The entry and exit of water into and out of the plant cells is due to
aphenomenon called permeability of the plasma membrane. The
plasma membrane is considered to be selectively permeable because it
allows the solvent, water and a few selected molecules and ions to pass
through it.

MECHANISM OF STOMATAL OPENING

Two Marks
1. Define :
Stomata :- A stoma is a minute pore on the epidermis of aerial parts of
plants through which exchange of gases and transpiration takes place.
Each stoma in surrounded by a pair of kidney shaped guard cells. Each
guard cell is a modified epidermal cell showing a prominent nucleus,
cytoplasm and plastids. The wall of the guard cell is differentially
thickened. The inner wall of each guard cell facing the stoma is
concave and is thick and rigid. The outer wall is convex and is thin and
elastic.
Transpiration :- Plants absorb water through the root system and only
2% is needed by the plant for the various metabolic activities. The rest
of the water is lost through the aerial parts of the plant by a process
called transpiration. The loss of water in the form of vapour from the
aerial parts of the plant is referred to as transpiration.
Starch - sugar interconversion:- Steward (1964) holds that during the
day the enzyme phosphorylase converts starch to sugar, thus increasing

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osmotic potential of guard cells causing entry of water. The reverse
reaction occurs at night bringing about closure.

2. Define :
Root pressure :- Osmotic pressure withi the cells of a root system that
causes sap to rise through a plant stem to the leaf.
Transpiration pull :- The transpiration taking place through leaves causes
negative pressure or tension in xylem sap which is transmitted to the
root. This is called transpiration pull which is responsible for the
movement of water column upward.
Cohesion :- Mutual attraction between water molecules is called
cohesion and this force may have a value as high as 350 atmospheres.

Vital theories:- These theories had been given very early and have only
historical importance. Godslewski gave the relay pump theory.
According to this theory the pumping of water takes place upwards due
to the vital activities of xylem parenchyma and xylem rays.

MINERAL NURIENT
Two Marks
1. Define Hydroponics :- The term hydroponics has been used for
growth of plants in water and sand culture. This may also be referred to
as soil-less agriculture, test-tube farming, tank farming or chemical
gardening.
Exanthema :- A disease called `exanthema' causes the yield of gums on
the bark Which is caused by deficiency of copper.

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 Reclamation:- Reclamation disease is caused in plants growing on
newly reclaimed soil where seed formation is affected is caused by
deficiency of copper.

TRANSLOCTION OF SOLUTES
Two Marks
1. Define Translocation of solutes :- The process by which the
synthesized food from the leaves is translocated to the different parts of
the plant depending on their requirement is called translocation of
food. The food materials in excess than the required amount are stored
in insoluble form in the various storage organs and are translocated in
solution or soluble form. Therefore this is also referred to as
translocation of solutes.
Ammonification :- This involves conversion of organic nitrogen to
ammonium ions by microbes present in the soil. The sources of organic
nitrogen in the soil are animal excreta and dead and decaying plant and
animal remains which are acted upon by ammonifying saprotrophic
bacteria such as Bacillus ramosus, Bacillus vulgaris, certain soil fungi
and actinomycetes.
Denitrification :- The process of conversion of nitrate and nitrite into
ammonia, nitrogen gas and nitrous oxide (N2O) is called
denitrification. This process ends in the release of gaseous nitrogen into
the atmosphere and thus completes the nitrogen cycle. A number of
bacteria such as Pseudomonas denitrificans, Bacillus subtilis and
Thiobacillus dentrificans are involved in this process.
Donnan equilibrium :- When a cell having fixed anions is immersed in
salt solution, anions equal in number and charge to the fixed ions move
into the cell. To balance the negative charges of the fixed ions additional
cations also move into the cell and the cell sap cation concentration
becomes higher than the external medium. This is called Donnan
Equilibrium.

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REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION
Two Marks
1. What is grafting?
ANS. It is the most common method of vegetative propagation. In this
method part of two plants are joined in such as way that they grow as
one plant. Grafting is done between the two closely related
dicotyledonous plants having vascular cambia.
2. What is a bulbil?
ANS. In some plants, the flower buds are modified into vegetative buds
or bulbils, eg. Agave, Onion, etc.
3. Differentiate between stolon and sucker.
ANS

Stolon sucker

 It is a modified runner. In
 These develop from this the runner originates as a
underground stems. They grow lateral branch from the
horizontally outwards and bear underground axillary bud of an
nodes and internodes. aerial shoot.
 They resemble the runners  The sucker has nodes and
except that they are produced internodes and in the nodal
just below the surface of the region it bears scale leaves and
soil, eg., Strawberry, Vallisneria axillary buds above and
etc. adventitious roots below. Eg.
Chrysanthemum

4. Why is grafting not possible in monocot plants?

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46 ZOOLOGY 3 MARKS
Ans. Grafting is done between the two closely related dicotyledonous
plants having vascular cambia.

MICROPROPAGATION
Two Marks
1. Define totipotency.
ANS. The ability of every living plant cell to produce the entire plant is
called totipotency.
2. What is Micropropagation?
ANS. Micro propagation is a rapid method of vegetative multiplication
of valuable plant material for agriculture, horticulture and forestry. In
this process, a large number of plantlets are produced from a small
mass of explanted plant tissue by the tissue and cell culture technique.
DOUBLE FERTILIZATION
Two Marks
1 Double triple fusion. What is the product of this process?
ANS. The second male gamete moves further the central cell and fuses
with the two haploid polar nuclei or diploid secondary nucleus to form
a triploid primary endosperm nucleus. This process involving the
fusion of three necle is called triple fusion. It is also called vegetative
fertilization. The central cell is now called primary endosperm cell.
2. What is double fertilization?
ANS. The whole phenomenon of fertilization involving the fusion of
one male gamete with the egg. together with the fusion of second male
gamete with the polar nuclei is called double fertilization.

GERMINATION OF SEEDPARTS OF SEED

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47 ZOOLOGY 3 MARKS
Two Marks
1. What is meant by tegmen?
ANS. Every seed an outer covering called seed coat. It develops from
the integuments of the ovule. The outer coat is called testa and the
inner layer is called tegmen. Tegmen is thin and membranous.
Sometimes tegmen remains fused with the testa.
2. What is cotyledon?
ANS. A cotyledon is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of
a plant. Upon germination, the cotyledon usually becomes the
embryonic first leaves of a seedling.

TYPES OF SEED GERMINATION

Two Marks
1. What is funicle?
ANS. The stalk that attaches an ovule or seed to the wall of the ovary.
Also called: funiculus
2. What is hypocotyl?
ANS. In this type of germination, the cotyledons remain below the soil
due to rapid elongation of epicotyl. It is found in many dicotyledonous
seeds and monocotyledonous seeds.
3. Define epicotyle.
ANS. The part of an embryo plant stem above the cotyledons but
beneath the terminal bud

ABSCISSION,SENESCENCE
Two Marks
1. Define senescence in plants.

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48 ZOOLOGY 3 MARKS
ANS. As the young plant grows, it undergoes ageing and develops into
mature plant in an orderly fashion. The later part of the developmental
process which ultimatelyleads to death is called senescence.
2. What are the four kinds of senescence?
ANS. 1. Whole plant senescence
2. Shoot Senescence
3. Sequential senescence of Organ senescence
4. Simultaneous senescence
3. What is the significance of senescence in the life of a plant?
ANS. 1. It maintains efficiency since the old and inefficient organs are
replaced by young efficientparts like leaves, buds, flowersand fruits.
etc.,
2. During senescence, the celluar breakdown results in release of many
nutrients including amino acids, amides, nnucleotides, simple sugars
and minerals. The same are withdrawn from the senescing organs into
the main trunk and later utilized in the growth and development of new
parts.
3. Shoot senescence is a mechanism to help the plants perennate during
the unfavorable periods.
4. What is abscission?
ANS. The process of separation of leaves, flowers, and fruits from the
plant is called abscission. It is essential, when these parts are removed
that the plant seals off its vascular system to prevent loss of water and
nutrients and to exclude bacteria, fungal spores and other pathogens.

ORGANISMS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT

Two marks
1. Write short note on soil water.
BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM – 12th BIO-
49 ZOOLOGY 3 MARKS
ANS. Soil water is of paramount importance in the physiology of
plants. It occurs in various forms, such as gravitational, capillary,
hygroscopic and combined water. Rain is the principal source of water
for the soil.
2. What is symbiosis?
ANS. a close and usually obligatory association of two organisms of
different species that live together, often to their mutual benefit
3. What are Mycorrhizae?
ANS. A symbiotic association between a fungus and a root of a higher
plant is called Mycorrihza, which may be (i) Ectotrophic, where
fungal hyphae are natural substitute of root hairs absorbing water and
nutrients from soil e.g. Pines and Oaks or (ii) Endotrophic, where
fungi occur internal to root tissue. e.g. Orchids and members of
Ericaceae
4. What are lichens?
ANS. These are examples of mutualism where contact is close and
permanent as well as obligatory. Their body is made up of a matrix
formed by a fungus, within the cells of which an alga is embedded.
Usually the fungal groups are from Ascomycetes or Busidiomycetes
and the algal groups are species of blue greens.
5. What is competition?
ANS. Competition occurs when individuals attempt to obtain a resource
that is inadequate to support all the individuals seeking it, or even if the
resource is adequate, individuals harm one another in trying to obtain
it.

HYDROPHYTES, MESOPHYTES AND XEROPHYTES

Two marks
1. What are hydrophytes?

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50 ZOOLOGY 3 MARKS
ANS. Hydrophytes are plants that grow in regions, where, there is
plenty of water supply (ie. Pond, pool, lake, river and marshes ) or wet
soils.
2. What are the three ecological groups of plants?
ANS. 1. Hydrophytes
2. Xerophytes
3. Mesophytes
3. Define : Xerophytes
ANS. Plants, which grow in dry habitats or xeric conditions, are called
xerophytes. Places where available water is not present in adequate
quantity are termed xeric habitats.

NATURAL RESOURCES
Two Marks
1. Define conservation?
ANS. The act of conserving; prevention of injury, decay, waste, or loss;
preservation. Official supervision of rivers, forests, and other natural
resources in order to preserve and protect them through prudent
management.

2. How do forests protect the environment?

ANS.
1. It is most important natural habitat for wild life.
2. forest serves as an energy reservoir, trapping energy from sunlight
and storing it in the form of a biochemical product.
3. Forest plays a most important role in keeping the atmospheric
balance by consuming CO2 and releasing O2, the latter which is
essential for animal life
BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM – 12th BIO-
51 ZOOLOGY 3 MARKS
3. What is meant by resources?
ANS. The word ‘resource’ means a source of supply or support that is
generally held in reserve. The natural resources are the components of
lithosphere, hydrosphere Aandatmosphere. They include energy, air,
water, soil, minerals, plant and animals.
4. What are the main sources of energy in the world today?
ANS. The major energy sources are fuel wood, fossil fuels such as coal,
petroleum and natural gas. Apart from these, the other direct energy
resources are sunlight, hydroelectric and wind power, tidal, geothermal
and nuclear energy.

******* ALL THE BEST ********

ALL THE BEST

BY R.VIJAYAKUMAR,
M.Sc.,(Zoology)B.A.,(English) B.Ed.,

Bharathidhasanar Matric Hr.Sec.School -Arakkonam.

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52 ZOOLOGY 3 MARKS