Dynamics of Retailing - X PDF

CLASS - X
DYNAMICS
OF RETAILING
Students Handbook
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110092 India
Dynamics
of Retailing
CLASS - X
Students Handbook

Dynamics of Retailing Students Handbook – Class X
Price: `
First Edition 2014, CBSE, India
Copies:
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any person or agency in any manner."
Published By : The Secretary, Central Board of Secondary Education,

Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar,
Delhi-110092
Design, Layout : Multi Graphics, 8A/101, WEA Karol Bagh, New Delhi-110005
Phone: 011-25783846
Printed By :
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PREAMBLE
WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a 1[SOVEREIGN
SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC] and to secure to all its citizens :
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the2 [unity and integrity of the Nation];
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT,
ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
1. Subs, by the Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act. 1976, sec. 2, for "Sovereign Democratic Republic” (w.e.f. 3.1.1977)
2. Subs, by the Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act. 1976, sec. 2, for "unity of the Nation” (w.e.f. 3.1.1977)
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

Chapter IV A
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
ARTICLE 51A
Fundamental Duties - It shall be the duty of every citizen of India-
(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National
Anthem;
(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom;
(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;
(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending
religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of
women;
(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wild life and to have
compassion for living creatures;
(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;
(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
(j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly
rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement;
1
(k) who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his/her child or, as the case may be,
ward between age of six and forteen years.
1. Ins. by the constitution (Eighty - Sixth Amendment) Act, 2002 S.4 (w.e.f. 12.12.2002)
Preface
Retail sector plays a vital role in economic development of an economy. It employs a large number
of workforce and its contribution to national income is also substantial. In India scenario the retail
sector employs about 8% of total working populating. Approximately 40 million people are
employed in 6 million retail outlets throughout the country. 22% of national income is accrued
from this sector. The retail sector is classified in two categories - unorganised retail sector and
ogranised retail sector. The unorganized retail sector comprised various independent shops such
as kirana shops, cloth shops, utensil shops, medical stores, etc. These are traditional local shops in a
market place or in residential area. The other format of retailing is organised one. The organised
retailing in India is relatively new. During last twenty years, this sector has experienced very fast
growth. From 5% of total retail in 2005, its present share is 16%. The organised retail format
includes department stores, fast food outlets, supermarkets, malls, hypermarkets, specially stores
etc.
Our objective to start a vocational course in retailing for class X is that there are lakhs of students
who want to do some job after finishing their schooling. A traditional course in school does not
equip the students any specialization in any field. In India there is a huge pool of educated
unemployed persons. It is difficult to get a job after passing from schools without having acquired
vocational skills necessary for a job. According to an estimate only 12 percent students as are able
to go to various colleges in India. Rest 88 percent can be considered as drop-outs after their higher
secondary level of schooling. Most of them do not reach to colleges because of financial constrains
besides other reasons. Under the circumstances it becomes the responsibility of the concerned
government/authorities to provide meaningful vocational curriculum at the higher secondary
school levels. So that after perusing a vocational course a student will be in a better position is join
the job markets.
To achieve this objective, CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) has started a lot of
vocational course in emerging areas for example Retail, IT, Automobile etc. After necessary
knowledge in retailing, the students will have an edge over others in getting jobs of their choice in
this sector as this sector is growing very fast and lakhs of manpower requirements have been
estimated to come up annually.
In the present material on Retail the subject matter has been presented in a student friendly
manner by PSSCIVE, Bhopal. Efforts have been made to put before the readers the material in a
form that could explain the real world of retailing in an interesting and lucid manner.
Any suggestions, feedback from the readers from improvement in the future editions of the volume
shall be heartily welcomed.
Sh. Vineet Joshi
Chairman (CBSE)
Acknowledgements
Advisors
1. Sh. Vineet Joshi, IAS, Chairman, CBSE
2. Prof. R.B. Shivgunde, Joint Director, PSSCIVE, Bhopal
3. Sh. M.V.V. Prasada Rao, Director (Voc & Edusat), CBSE
Review Committee Experts

1. Prof. K.S. Rao, Andhra University
2. Dr. H. Singh, IMT, Gaziabad
3. Ms. Priya Gogia, Astt. Manager, Bharti Walmart
4. Dr. H. Dangi, Asstt. Prof., FMS, DU
5. Sh. Anand Kumar, Associate Professor, CVS, DU
6. Dr. M. Mishra, Asstt. Professor, IMI, Bhuvneshawar
7. Sh. Arvind Singhatiya, Metro Cash & Carry, Gurgaon
Editing & Coordination

1. Dr. Biswajit Saha, Additional Director (Voc. Education), CBSE
2. Ms. Swati Gupta, Deputy Director (Voc. Education), CBSE
Content Developed by
Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal
About the Sector
A retailer is the one who stocks the producer's goods and is involved in the act of selling to the
customer or consumer, at a margin of profit. Retailing is the last link that connects the
individual consumer with the manufacturing and distribution chain. It adds value in terms of
bulk breaking and providing a wide variety of goods and services to customers.
The retail industry is divided into organised and unorganised sectors. Organised retailing
refers to trading activities undertaken by licensed retailers, that is, those who are registered for
sales tax, income tax, etc. These include the corporate-backed hypermarkets and retail chains,
and also the privately owned large retail businesses. Unorganised retailing, on the other hand,
refers to the traditional formats of low-cost retailing, for example, the local kirana shops, owner
manned general stores, paan/beedi shops, convenience stores, hand cart and pavement
vendors, etc.
Organised retail can be catergorised by the type of products retailed as well as the by the
different kind of retail formats. The major retail formats include Department store,
Supermarkets, Hypermarket, Specialist Stores, Convenience Stores, and Kiosks. The various
operations involved in store operation and management include Store Operations, Back end
operations, Merchandising, Logistics and Distribution, Marketing, Procurement/Purchase,
and Corporate Services.
The middle level jobs in organised retailing include (i) Store Assistant, who makes layout and
design of store, (ii) Retail Junior Merchandiser, who assist customers in finding merchandise,
introduce customers to new merchandise, and highlight product features in order to promote
sales. (iii) Transport Assistant who held to transport the goods from store to customer house
(iv) Billing Assistant who provides billing and handed over products to the retail bagger, (v)
House Keeper in Retail who makes housekeeping in the store and (vi) Security Personnel,
who secure the customers products, vehicles & guide them to entering into the retail outlets.
Index
Unit-1: Retail Operations 1
• Introduction 3
• Session–1: Fundamentals of Retail Operations 4
• Session–2: Types and Functions of Retailer 11
• Session–3: Trends in Retailing 22
• Session–4: Retail Selling Skills 30
Unit-2: Merchandise Planning 36
• Introduction 39
• Session–1: Kinds of Merchandise 40
• Session–2: Role and Functions of Junior Merchandiser 45
• Session–3: Visual Merchandising and Display 50
• Session–4: Duties and Responsibilities of Junior Merchandiser 55
Unit-3: Store Operations 62
• Introduction 65
• Session–1: Store Layout 66
• Session–2: Store Design 74
• Session–3: Store Procedures 78
• Session–4: Store Maintenance 83
Unit-4: Billing, Transport and Delivery 87
• Introduction 89
• Session–1: Billing Procedures 90
• Session–2: Elements of Transportation 97
• Session–3: Delivery Procedures 102
• Session–4: Laws in Record Maintenance 109
Unit-5: Security Operations & Housekeeping in Retail 116
• Introduction 118
• Session–1: Security Points in Retail Store 119
• Session–2: Role and Functions of Security Personnel 126
• Session–3: Material Handling in Housekeeping 135
• Session–4: Procedure in Housekeeping 144
Unit-6: Communication at Workplace 151
• Session–1: Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication 154
• Session–2: Forms of Communication 168
• Session–3: Communication Media and Equipment 178
• Session–4: Barriers in Communication 184
Unit-7: Health Care and Personal Grooming in Retailing 191
• Session–1: Health Care Activities 195
• Session–2: Health Care Measures 200
• Session–3: Personal Grooming Techniques 210
• Session–4: Personal Grooming Tips 214
Checklist 219
About the Handbook
This handbook is to assist you. This handbook should be worked upon in the
classroom, at the workplace or in your own time under the guidance and supervision of
your teacher or trainer. This handbook contains sessions which will help you to acquire
relevant knowledge and skills (soft and hard) on various aspects of the units of
competency. Each session is small enough to be easily tackled and digested by you
before you move on to the next session. Animated pictures and photographs have been
included to bring about visual appeal and to make the text lively and interactive for
you. You can also try to create your own illustrations using your imagination or taking
the help of your teacher. Let us now see what the sections in the sessions have for you.
Section–1: Introduction
This section introduces you to the topic of the Unit. It also tells you what you will learn
through the various sessions converted in the Unit.
Section–2: Relevant Knowledge
This section provides you with the relevant information on the topic(s) covered in the
session. The knowledge developed through this section will enable you to perform
certain activities. You should read through the information to develop an
understanding on the various aspects of the topic before you complete the exercise(s).
Section–3: Exercise
Each session has exercises, which you should complete on time. You will perform the
activities in the classroom, at home or at the workplace. The activities included in this
section will help you to develop necessary knowledge, skills and attitude that you need
for becoming competent in performing the task at workplace. The activities should be
done under the supervision of your teacher or trainer who will guide you in completing
the tasks and also provide feedback to you for improving your performance. To
achieve this, prepare a timetable in consultation with your teacher or trainer and
strictly adhere to the stipulated norms or standards. Do not hesitate to ask your teacher
or trainer to explain anything that you do not understand.
Section–4: Checklist for Assessment Activity
Through this section you will be able check your progress. You must be able to answer
all the questions before you proceed to the next session.
Unit-1: Retail Operation
Unit Code:
RS-201 NQ- Unit Title: Retail Operations
2012
Location: Duration: 15 hours
Classroom Session –1: Fundamentals of Retail Operations
Retail shop or Learning Outcome Knowledge Evaluation Performance Teaching and Training
supermarket, Evaluation Method
Malls 1. Understanding the 1. Fundamentals of 1. Chart out Retail Interactive lecture:
Retail Operations Retail Operations. Operations. Retail Operations and
2. Importance of retail 2. Explain the highlight the
operations various retail importance of Retail
outlets Operations
3. Practice the retail Activity:
operations Visit to a retail out-let
stores & ask the
students to make a
report on importance
of Retail Operations
2. List out the types of 1. Various types of 1. Classified the Interactive lecture:
retail outlets Retail Outlets various types of On types of Retail
a. Store based Retail Outlets Operations and its
retailing 2. Identify the outlets
b. Chain retailers functions of each Activity:
c. Leased retail outlet Visit to retail stores,
departmental 3. Demonstrate the organizations and
stores knowledge of observe the types of all
d. Non-store based daily tasks and Retail outlets and write
retailing work routines at a small report on it.
retail stores
Session – 2 : Types of Retailers
1. Identify the ways 1. Retailers based on 1. Classified the six Interactive lecture:
to categorized retail six factors factors based on On various Retail
a) Target Market marketing Categories. Show the
Served decision students chart on it
b) Product 2. Explain the Activity:
Offerings factors related Visit to Retail stores
c) Pricing Structure with operations and assign the work to
e) Promotional the students for
Emphasis making project on
f) Distribution marketing decision.
Methods
g) Service Level
2. Retail category of
ownership structure
2. Describe the ways 1. Describe the 1. Demonstrate the Interactive Lecture:
1
and means of meaning and knowledge of Organizations Policies,
meeting purpose of interacting with Standards and
organization’s organizational other team Procedures of retail
policies, standards, structure and members organization
and procedures culture 2. Demonstrate the Activity:
2. Describe the knowledge of Visit to the retail outlet
purpose of chain of interacting with and ask to note down
command in a retail supervisor and the Policies, Standards
business management and Procedures of
3. Describe the retail organization
importance of
organizational
values
4. Describe the retail
industry
expectations of staff
5. Describe the
meaning and
importance of
quality assurance
6. Describe workplace
ethics
Session 3: Trends in Retailing
1. Identify the 1. Various segments 1. Identify the Interactive Lecture:
segments for urban in Indian retailing various segment On various segments
and Rural areas 2. State the meaning in Indian in Indian retailing.
of private brand retailing Activity:
retailing 2. List out trends in Visit to various retail
3. Describe the different stores for observation
advantages and segments of various customers at
disadvantages of 3. Differentiate different segments.
online retailing and between online
street shopping retailing and
street shopping
2. Find out the driving 1. Demographical 1. Identify the Interactive Lecture:
forces in Indian factors, Plastic various growth On various driving
retailing revolution, drivers in Indian forces in Indian
urbanization, retailing retailing
Transportation 2. Find out the Group Discussion:
factors GD on driving forces
influencing in Indian retailing
growth drivers
Session 4: Retail Selling Skills
1. Identify the 1. Types of customers 1. Identify the Interactive Lecture:
customers 2. Selling methods to customers Types of customers
the customers 2. Estimate the Activity:
customer Role Play to act on
behaviour different methods for
different customers
2
2. Observe the 1. Various categories 1. Categories body Interactive Lecture:
Customer’s body of body language languages Customers body
language 2. Physical 2. Identify the language
appearance of the physical Activity:
customers postures of the Role play on body
customers languages and then
dealing with
customers.
3. Grasp the customer 1. Factors influencing 1. Identify the Interactive Lecture:
attention grasping customer’s factors Discuss the importance
attention. influencing the of customer,
2. Importance of grasping of the merchandise and sales
customer customers people
2. Evaluate the Activity:
customer Visit to the retail store
importance in and observe how to
retail grasp the customer
environment attention for sale of
goods
4. Approach to the 1. Describe the 1. Enlist different Interactive Lecture:
customer in a better different types of types of Approach to the
way approaches approaches customer
2. Common mistakes 2. Identify mistakes Activity:
in approaching the while Visit to the retail store
customer approaching the Identify mistakes while
customers approaching the
customers
Introduction
Retail operations refers to the work of

individual(s) to keep store functioning. This
includes retail sales people and managers in
all type of stores, including small stores
with only a handful of workers and large
chain stores with hundreds of employees.
It is general experience of shopping that it is

extensively planned before entering into the
retail environment.
Sometimes decision of shopping any goods or item is made because of the layout and
display of products but not because of planned shopping list. Many times these
decisions are made by someone working in retail operations. The main retail operations
include - Cash Handling, Safety and Security, Customer Service, Refunds and Returns,
3
Visual Merchandising and Inventory etc. If you are interested in a career in this field, it
is required that you probably have to have good communication skills and the ability to
handle difficult customers.
As a salesperson, you'll show items to

customers and explain these items' benefits or
features then complete the necessary financial
transaction if the customer decides to make a
purchase. Your duties would be greater if you
worked in management. You could be
responsible for ordering merchandise, pricing
items, designing displays, completing
inventories, creating financial reports and
monitoring staff. As a manager, you might
perform all these duties for more than one
store, although if you needed assistance with
any of these duties, you might delegate them
to an assistant manager or store supervisor. In
this unit the student will learn fundamentals
of retail operations categorize the retailers, trends in retailing and retail selling skills.
Session-1: Fundamentals of Retail Operations

Relevant Knowledge
Sometime in your life, you must have gone with your parents for buying grocery and
shopping various items for meeting your daily needs from a retail store. Shopping
generally refers to the act of buying products. Sometimes this is done to obtain
necessities such as food and clothing; sometimes it is done as a recreational activity.
Recreational shopping often involves window shopping (just looking, not buying) and
browsing and does not always result in a purchase. Retailing is extremely important to
everyone because without retailers we would not have access to everyday products that
we need. Our lives would be very different if we could not 'pop to the shop' and buy
virtually anything we could want.
Retailing is a distribution channel function where one organization buys products from
supplying firms or manufactures the product themselves, and then sells these directly
to consumers. A retailer is a reseller (i.e., obtains product from one party in order to sell
to another) from which a consumer purchases products. In this unit, we will learn about
what is retailing and how one can make a career in retailing. Retail comes from the old
4
French word tailer (compare modern French retailler), which means "to cut off, clip,
pare, divide" in terms of tailoring. Retail is the sale of goods and services from
individuals or businesses to the end-user. It is usually classified by type of products as
follows:
1. Food products
2. Hard goods or durable goods ("hardline retailers") - appliances, electronics,
furniture, sporting goods, etc. Goods that do not quickly wear out and provide
utility over time.
3. Soft goods or consumables - clothing, apparel, and other fabrics. Goods that are
consumed after one use or have a limited period (typically under three years) in
which you may use them.
Importance of Retailing
Retailing has become such an intrinsic part of our everyday lives that it is often taken
for granted. The nations that have enjoyed the greatest economic and social progress
have been those with a strong retail sector. Why has retailing become such a popular
method of conducting business? The answer lies in the benefits a vibrant retailing sector
has to offer—an easier access to a variety of products, freedom of choice and higher
levels of customer service.
Retailing is extremely important to everyone because without retailers we would not

have access to everyday products that we need. Our lives would be very different if we
could not 'pop to the shop' and buy virtually anything we could want. Retail has
changed our lives and changed the way we live. We are an extremely materialistic
society and this is partly due to retail. The clever advertising and marketing done by
retailers has created a world of people who feel as though they need to have everything
and buy goods to lead a happy and fulfilling life.
The fact that we can have virtually anything within minutes also emphasizes and
encourages are materialism.
Types of Retail Outlets
Retail stores of different sizes face distinct challenges and their sales volume influences
business opportunities, merchandise purchase policies, nature or promotion and
expense control measures.
5
A market place: It is a location where goods
and services are exchanged. The traditional
market square is a where traders set up stalls
and buyers browse the merchandise. This kind
of market is very old, and countless such
markets are still in operation around the
whole world.
Small family run stores: In some parts of the

world, the retail business is still dominated by
small family-run stores, but this market is
increasingly being taken over by large retail
chains.
Department stores - very large stores offering

a huge assortment of "soft" and "hard goods;
often bear a resemblance to a collection of
specialty stores. A retailer of such store carries
variety of categories and has broad assortment
at average price. They offer considerable
customer service.
Discount stores - tend to offer a wide array of products and services, but they compete
mainly on price offers extensive assortment of merchandise at affordable and cutrate
prices. Normally retailers sell less fashion-oriented brands.
Warehouse stores - warehouses that offer low-cost, often high-quantity goods piled on
pallets or steel shelves; warehouse clubs
charge a membership fee;
Variety stores - these offer extremely low-cost

goods, with limited selection;
Demographic - retailers that aim at one

particular segment (e.g., high-end retailers
focusing on wealthy individuals).
Mom-and-Pop - is a retail outlet that is owned

and operated by individuals. The range of
products are very selective and few in
numbers. These stores are seen in local
6
community often are family-run businesses. The square feet area of the store depends
on the store holder.
Specialty stores: A typical specialty store gives attention to a particular category and
provides high level of service to the customers. A pet store that specializes in selling
dog food would be regarded as a specialty store. However, branded stores also come
under this format. For example if a customer
visits a Reebok or Gap store then they find just
Reebok and Gap products in the respective
stores.
General store - a rural store that supplies the

main needs for the local community;
Convenience stores: is essentially found in

residential areas. They provide limited
amount of merchandise at more than average
prices with a speedy checkout. This store is
ideal for emergency and immediate purchases.
 Hypermarkets: provides variety and huge volumes of exclusive merchandise at

low margins. The operating cost is comparatively less than other retail formats.
 Supermarkets: is a self service store consisting mainly of grocery and limited
products on non food items. They may adopt a Hi-Lo or an EDLP strategy for
pricing. The supermarkets can be anywhere between 20,000 and 40,000 square feet
(3,700 m2).
 Malls: has a range of retail shops at a single outlet. They endow with products,
food and entertainment under a roof.
 Category killers or Category Specialist:
By supplying wide assortment in a single
category for lower prices a retailer can
"kill" that category for other retailers. For
few categories, such as electronics, the
products are displayed at the centre of
the store and sales person will be
available to address customer queries
and give suggestions when required.
Other retail format stores are forced to
7
reduce the prices if a category specialist
retail store is present in the vicinity.
 E-tailers: The customer can shop and
order through internet and the
merchandise are dropped at the
customer's doorstep. Here the retailers use
drop shipping technique. They accept the
payment for the product but the customer
receives the product directly from the
manufacturer or a wholesaler. This format
is ideal for customers who do not want to
travel to retail stores and are interested in
home shopping. However it is important
for the customer to be wary about
defective products and non secure credit
card transaction. Example: Amazon,
Pennyful and eBay.
 Vending Machines: This is an automated
piece of equipment wherein customers
can drop in the money in machine and
acquire the products.
 Some stores take a no frills approach, while others are "mid-range" or "high end",
depending on what income level they target.
Other types of retail store include:

 Automated Retail stores are self service, robotic kiosks located in airports, malls
and grocery stores. The stores accept credit cards and are usually open 24/7.
Examples include Zoom Shops and Redbox.
 Big-box stores encompass larger department, discount, general merchandise, and
warehouse stores.
 Convenience store - a small store often with extended hours, stocking everyday or
roadside items;
 General store - a store which sells most goods needed, typically in a rural area;
Retailers can opt for a format as each provides different retail mix to its customers based
on their customer demographics, lifestyle and purchase behaviour. A good format will
lend a hand to display products well and entice the target customers to spawn sales.
8
Retail stores of different sizes face distinct challenges and their sales volume influences
business opportunities, merchandise purchase policies, nature or promotion and
expense control measures.
EXERCISE
1. Visit a retail organisation or an Industry, interact with the employer and
employees of the organisation/industry and ask the following questions and write
their reply in not more than 50 words:
Questions for Employer
(i) What are the formalities completed for establishment of retail organisation/
industry?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
(ii) What kind of products sell in your retail organization and what type of display
issued in your retail organisation?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Questions for Employees

(iii) Are you happy with your salary? How much salary are you getting per month?
Employee A: Yes/No
Employee Salary Amount Rs……………………..
(iv) What is your job role? Please state the different roles in this organisation?
A. Fill in the blanks

1. Retailing is a _______________________ function where one organization
buys products from supplying firms or manufactures the product themselves,
and then sells these directly to____________________.
2. Retail is the sale of ___________and ____________ from individuals or
businesses to the end-user.
9
3. The nations that have enjoyed the greatest ___________and __________
progress have been those with a strong retail sector.
4. Retailing is extremely important to everyone because without-
________________ we would not have access to everyday products that we
need.
B. Multiple Choice Questions

Tick the correct answer
1. Retail is the sale of goods and services from individuals or businesses to the
(a) End-user
(b) Consumers
(c) Ultimate user
(d) All of the above
2. Retail has changed our lives and changed the

(a) Way we without live
(b) Way we not live
(c) Way we live
(d) None of the above
C. Short Answer Questions

1. What is retail?
2. What is the meaning and importance of retailing?
CHECKLIST FOR ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY

Use the following checklist to see if you’ve met all the requirements for Assessment
Activity.
Part A
 Differentiated between retailing and wholesaling.
 Differentiated between consumers and manufacturers.
 Explain the importance of retailing.
10
Part B
Discuss in class the following:
 What is retail?
 What is retailing?
 Why do we need the retailing?
Part C
Performance Standards
The performance standard may include, but not limited to:
Performance Standards Yes No

Able to explain the importance of retailing
Able to identify the types of retail outlets
Session-2: Types and Functions of Retailer

Relevant Knowledge
A retailer is a person, agent, agency, company, or organization which is instrumental in
reaching the goods, merchandise, or services to the ultimate consumer. The main
function of a retailer is to buy goods and sell them on to customers. Goods will be
bought in bulk and sold at a profit. The retailer has to ensure that the goods they are
buying are desirable to the customers or in demand. Retailers perform specific activities
such as anticipating customer’s wants, developing assortments of products, acquiring
market information, and financing. Another challenge that retailers face is buying the
correct quantities so they do not have too little
or too much of the product.
As we all know, the ease of entry into retail

business results in fierce competition and better
value for customer. To enter retailing is
elementary and to fail is even easier. Therefore,
in order to survive in retailing, a firm must do a
satisfactory job in its primary role i.e., catering
to customers. Retailers’ cost and profit vary
depending on their type of operation and major
product line.
11
Ways to Categorize Retailers
There are many ways retailers can be categorized depending on the characteristics
being evaluated. For our purposes we will separate retailers based on six factors directly
related to major marketing decisions:
 Target Markets Served
 Product Offerings
 Pricing Structure
 Promotional Emphasis
 Distribution Method
 Service Level
 One operational factor
 Ownership Structure
However, these groups are not meant to be mutually exclusive. In fact, as we will see in
some way all retailers can be placed into each category.
Retail Categories: Target Markets Served

The first classification looks at the type of markets a retailer intends to target. These
categories are identical to the classification scheme we saw in the Distribution Decisions
tutorial when we discussed the levels of distribution coverage.
 Mass Market – Mass market retailers appeal to the largest market possible by
selling products of interest to nearly all consumers. With such a large market from
which to draw customers, the competition among these retailers is often fierce.
 Specialty Market – Retailers categorized as servicing the specialty market are likely
to target buyers looking for products having certain features that go beyond mass
marketed products, such as customers who require more advanced product
options or higher level of customer service. While not as large as the mass market,
the target market serviced by specialty retailers can be sizable.
 Exclusive Market – Appealing to this market means appealing to discriminating
customers who are often willing to pay a premium for features found in very few
products and for highly personalized services. Since this target market is small, the
number of retailers addressing this market within a given geographic area may
also be small.
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Retail Categories: Product Offerings
Under this classification retailers are divided based on the width (i.e., number of
different product lines) and depth (i.e., number of different products within a product
line) of the products they carry.
 General Merchandisers – These retailers carry a wide range of product categories
(i.e., broad width) though the number of different items within a particular
product line is generally limited (i.e., shallow depth).
 Multiple Lines Specialty Merchandisers - Retailers classified in this category stock
a limited number of product lines (i.e., narrow width) but within the categories
they handle they often offer a greater selection (i.e., extended depth) than are
offered by general merchandisers. For example, a consumer electronics retailer
would fall into this category.
 Single Line Specialty Merchandisers – Some retailers limit their offerings to just
one product line (i.e., very narrow width), and sometimes only one product (i.e.,
very shallow depth). This can be seen online where a relatively small website may
sell a single product such as computer gaming software. Another example may be
a small jewelry store that only handles watches.
Retail Categories: Pricing Strategy

Retailers can be classified based on their general pricing strategy. Retailers must decide
whether their approach is to use price as a competitive advantage or to seek competitive
advantage in non-price ways.
 Discount Pricing – Discount retailers are best known for selling low priced
products that have a low profit margin (i.e., price minus cost). To make profits
these retailers look to sell in high volume. Typically discount retailers operate with
low overhead costs by vigorously controlling operational spending on such things
as real estate, design issues (e.g., store layout, website presentation), and by
offering fewer services to their customers.
 Competitive Pricing – The objective of some retailers is not to compete on price but
alternatively not to be seen as charging the highest price. These retailers, who often
operate in specialty markets, aggressively monitor the market to insure their
pricing is competitive but they do not desire to get into price wars with discount
retailers. Thus, other elements of the marketing mix (e.g., higher quality products,
nicer store setting) are used to create higher value for which the customer will pay
more.
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 Full Price Pricing – Retailers targeting exclusive markets find such markets are far
less price sensitive than mass or specialty markets. In these cases the additional
value added through increased operational spending (e.g., expensive locations,
more attractive design, more services) justify higher retail prices. While these
retailers are likely to sell in lower volume than discount or competitive pricing
retailers, the profit margins for each product are much higher.
Retail Categories: Promotional Focus

Retailers generate customer interest using a variety of promotional technique, yet some
retailers rely on certain methods more than others as their principle promotional
approach.
 Advertising – Many retailers find traditional mass promotional methods of
advertising, such as through newspapers or television, continue to be their best
means for creating customer interest. Retailers selling online rely mostly on
Internet advertising as their promotional method of choice.
 Direct Mail – A particular form of advertising that many retailers use for the bulk
of their promotion is direct mail – advertising through postal mail. Using direct
mail for promotion is the primary way catalog retailers distribute their materials
and is often utilized by smaller local companies who promote using postcard
mailings.
 Personal Selling – Retailers selling expensive or high-end products find a
considerable amount of their promotional effort is spent in person-to-person
contact with customers. While many of these retailers use other promotional
methods, in particular advertising, the consumer-salesperson relationship is key to
persuading consumers to make purchase decisions.
Retail Categories: Distribution Method

Retailers sell in many different formats with some requiring consumers visit a physical
location while others sell to customers in a virtual space. It should be noted that many
retailers are not tied to a single distribution method but operate using multiple
methods.
 Store-Based Sellers – By far the predominant method consumers use to obtain
products is to acquire these by physically visiting retail outlets (a.k.a. brick and-
mortar). Store outlets can be further divided into several categories. One key
characteristic that distinguishes categories is whether retail outlets are physically
connected to one or more other stores.
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 Stand-Alone – These are retail outlets that do not have other retail outlet connect.
 Strip-Shopping Center – A retail arrangement with two or more outlets physically
connected or that share physical resources (e.g., share parking lot).
 Shopping Area – A local center of retail operations containing many retail outlets
that may or may not be physically connected but are in close proximity to each
other such as a city shopping district.
 Regional Shopping Mall – Consists of a large self-contained shopping area with
many connected outlets.
 Non-Store Sellers – A fast growing method used by retailers to sell products is
through methods that do not have customers physically visiting a retail outlet. In
fact, in many cases customers make their purchase from within their own homes.
 Online Sellers – The fastest growing retail distribution method allows consumer to
purchase products via the Internet. In most cases delivery is then handled by a
third-party shipping service.
 Direct Marketers – Retailers that are principally selling via direct methods may
have a primary location that receives orders but does not host shopping visits.
Rather, orders are received via mail or phone.
 Vending – While purchasing through vending machines does require the
consumer to physically visit a location, this type of retailing is considered as non-
store retailing as the vending operations are not located at the vending company’s
place of business.
Retail Categories: Service Level

Retailers attract customers not only with desirable products and affordable prices, but
also by offering services that enhance the purchase experience. There are at least three
levels of retail service:
 Self-Service – This service level allows consumers to perform most or all of the
services associated with retail purchasing. For some consumers self-service is
considered a benefit while others may view it as an inconvenience. Self-service can
be seen with: 1) self-selection services, such as online purchasing and vending
machine purchases, and 2) self-checkout services where the consumer may get
help selecting the product but they use self-checkout stations to process the
purchase including scanning and payment.
15
 Assorted-Service – The majority of retailers offer some level of service to
consumers. Service includes handling the point-of-purchase transaction; product
selection assistance; arrange payment plans; offer delivery; and many more.
 Full-Service – The full-service retailer attempts to handle nearly all aspects of the
purchase to the point where all the consumer does is select the item they wish to
purchase. Retailers that follow a full-price strategy often follow the full-service
approach as a way of adding value to a customer’s purchase.
Retail Categories: Ownership Structure

Finally, we can categorize retailers based on the ownership structure of the business.
 Individually Owned and Operated – Under this ownership structure an individual
or corporate entity owns and operates one or a very small number of outlets.
Single ownership of retail outlets most frequently occurs with small retail stores,
though there are some cases, for instance in the automotive or furniture industries,
where single ownership involves very large outlets.
 Corporate Chain – A retail chain consists of multiple retail outlets owned and
operated by a single entity all performing similar retail activities. While the
number of retail outlets required to be classified as a chain has never been
specified, we will assume that anyone owning more than five retail locations
would be considered a chain.
 Corporate Structure – This classification covers large retailers predominantly
operating in the non-store retail arena such as online, catalog and vending.
 Contractually Licensed and Individually Operated – The contractual channel
arrangement discussed in the Distribution Decisions tutorial has lead to a retail
ownership structure in which operators of the retail outlet are not the out-right
owners of the business. Instead, the arrangement often involves a legal agreement
in which the owner of the retail concept allows the operator to run the owner’s
business concept in exchange for financial considerations such as a percentage of
revenue. This structure is most often seen in retail franchising. Retailers are faced
with many issues as they attempt to be successful. The key issues include:
o Customer Satisfaction – Retailers know that satisfied customers are loyal
customers. Consequently, retailers must develop strategies intended to build
relationships that result in customers returning to make more purchases.
o Ability to Acquire the Right Products – A customer will only be satisfied if
they can purchase the right products to satisfy their needs. Since a large
16
percentage of retailers do not manufacture their own products, they must
seek suppliers who will supply products demanded by customers. Thus, an
important objective for retailers is to identify the products customers will
demand and negotiate with suppliers to obtain these products.
o Product Presentation – Once obtained products must be presented or
merchandised to customers in a way that generates interest. Retail
merchandising often requires hiring creative people who understand and can
relate to the market.
o Traffic Building – Like any marketer, retailers must use promotional methods
to build customer interest. For retailers a key measure of interest is the
number of people visiting a retail location or website. Building “traffic” is
accomplished with a variety of promotional techniques such as advertising,
including local newspapers or Internet, and specialized promotional
activities, such as coupons.
o Layout – For store-based retailers a store’s physical layout is an important
component in creating a retail experience that will attract customers. The
physical layout is more than just deciding in what part of the store to locate
products. For many retailers designing the right shopping atmosphere (e.g.,
objects, light, sound) can add to the appeal of a store. Layout is also important
in the online world where site navigation and usability may be deciding
factors in success of a website.
o Location – Where to physically locate a retail store may help or hinder store
traffic. Well placed stores with high visibility and easy access, while possibly
commanding higher land usage fees, may hold significantly more value than
lower cost sites that yield less traffic. Understanding the trade-off between
costs and benefits of locations is an important retail decision.
o Keeping Pace With Technology – Technology has invaded all areas of
retailing including customer knowledge (e.g., customer relationship
management software), product movement (e.g., use of RFID tags for
tracking), point-of purchase (e.g., scanners, kiosks, self-serve checkout), web
technologies (e.g., online shopping carts, purchase recommendations) and
many more.
Now that we have presented ways in which retailers can be classified, we now use these
categories to distinguish general formats or business models that best describes a retail
operation. These categories are designed to identify the primary format a retailer
17
follows. In some cases, particularly with the advent of the Internet, a retailer will be
involved in more than one format.
 Mom-and-Pop – Represent the small, individually owned and operated retail
outlet. In many cases these are family-run businesses catering to the local
community often with a high level of service but relatively small product selection.
 Mass Discounters - These retailers can be either general or specialty merchandisers
but either way their main focus is on offering discount pricing. Compared to
department stores, mass discounters offer fewer services and lower quality
products.
 Warehouse Stores – This is a form of mass discounter that often provides even
lower prices than traditional mass discounters. In addition, they often require
buyers to make purchases in quantities that are greater than what can be
purchased at mass discount stores. These retail outlets provide few services and
product selection can be limited.
 Category Killers – Many major retail chains have taken what were previously
narrowly focused, small specialty store concepts and have expanded them to
create large specialty stores. These so-called “category killers” have been found in
such specialty areas as electronic (e.g., Best Buy), office supplies (e.g., Staples) and
sporting goods (e.g., Sport Authority).
 Department Stores – These retailers are general merchandisers offering mid-to
high quality products and strong level of services, though in most cases these
retailers would not fall into the full-service category. While department stores are
classified as general merchandisers some carry a more selective product line. For
instance, while Sears carries a wide range of products from hardware to cosmetics,
Nordstrom focuses their products on clothing and personal care products.
 Boutique – This retail format is best represented by a small store carrying very
specialized and often high-end merchandise. In many cases a boutique is a full
service retailer following a full-pricing strategy.
 Catalog Retailers – Retailers such as Lands’ End and LL Bean have built their
business by having customers place orders after seeing products that appear in a
mailed catalog. Orders are then delivered by a third-party shipper.
 E-tailers - Possibly the most publicized retail model to evolve in the last 50 years is
the retailer that principally sells via the Internet. There are thousands of online-
only retail sellers of which Amazon.com is the most famous. These retailers offer
shopping convenience including being open for business all day, every day.
18
Electronic retailers or e-tailers also have the ability to offer a wide selection of
product since all they really need in order to attract orders is a picture and
description of the product. That is, they may not need to have the product on-hand
the way physical stores do. Instead an e-tailer can wait until an order is received
from their customers before placing their own order with their suppliers. This cuts
down significantly on the cost of maintaining products in-stock.
 Franchise – As noted in the Distribution Decisions tutorial, a franchise is a form of
contractual channel in which one party, the franchisor, controls the business
activities of another party, the franchisee. Under these arrangements, an eligible
franchisee agrees to pay for the right to use the franchisor’s business methods and
other important business aspects, such as the franchise name. For instance,
McDonald's is a well-known franchisor that allows individuals to use the
McDonald's name and methods to deliver food to consumers.
 Convenience Store – As the name implies these general merchandise retailers cater
to offering customers an easy purchase experience. Convenience is offered in
many ways including through easily accessible store locations, small store size that
allows for quick shopping, and fast checkout. The product selection offered by
these retailers is very limited and pricing can be high.
 Vending – Within this category are automated methods for allowing consumers to
make purchases and quickly acquire products. While most consumers are well
aware of vending machines allowing customers to purchase smaller items, such as
beverages and snack food, newer devices are entering the market containing more
expensive and bulkier products. These systems require the vending machine that
have either Internet or telecommunications access to permit purchase using credit
cards.
EXERCISE
1. Prepare a list on retail store and write down the category of the store under which
it falls.
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
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6. _____________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________________
9. _____________________________________________________________________
10. _____________________________________________________________________
11. _____________________________________________________________________
A. Answer the questions given below

1. Write down the ways to categorize retailer?
2. What are the functions of retailers and categorize them based on distribution
method.
3. What are the ownership structure based retailers?
B. Fill in the blanks

1. ______________________ retailer are general merchandiser offering mid-to
high quality products and strong level of services. (Department Store)
2. E-retailers often ________________ being open for business all day, every day.
(Shopping convenience)
3. Warehouse store are a form of _________________ that often provides lower
prices than ____________________ discounter. (mass discounter, traditional
mass)
4. Vending category is __________________ for allowing consumers to make
purchases and quickly acquire products. (automated methods)
5. _______________ is a form of contractual channel in which one party, the
___________ controls the __________________ of another party. (franchise,
franchiser, business activities)
C. Multiple Choice Questions

1. Distribution methods includes –
a) Assorted service
b) Corporate chain
c) Self service
d) Both a and c
20
2. Retailer are separated into six factors directly retailed to major marketing and
one operational factor which is –
a) Pricing structure
b) Ownership structure
c) Distribution structure
d) Service levels
CHECKLIST OF ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY

Activity.
Part A
 Differentiated between different categories of retailers.
 Find out the functions of each category of retailers.
Part B
Discussed in class the following:
 Categorize the retailers in the following ways based on Target Markets Servey:
o Based on product offerings
o Based on pricing strategy
o Based on promotional focus
o Based on distribution method
o Based on service level
o Based on ownership structure.
Part C
Performance standards Yes No

Able to categorize the retailers
Able to identify the functions of retailers in each category
21
Session 3: Trends in Retailing
Relevant Knowledge
The retail stores are not a new entity, they have been in this world from the early 50's
and in India they have been showing their presence in various forms like departmental
stores, super markets, discount stores, hyper- mart, shopping malls etc.
Indian retailing is undergoing a process of evolution and is poised to undergo dramatic

transformation. The traditional formats like hawkers, grocers and paan shops co-exist
with modern formats like supermarkets and non-store retailing channels such as multi
level marketing and teleshopping. Modern stores trend to be large, carry more stock
keeping units, and have a self-service format and an experiential ambience.
The modernization in retail formats is likely to happen quicker in categories like dry
groceries, electronics, men’s apparel and books. Some reshaping and adaptation may
also happen in fresh groceries, fast food and personal care products. In recent years
there has been a slow spread of retail chains in some formats like super markets, malls
and discount stores.
Factors facilitating the spread of chains are the availability of quality products at lower
prices, improved shopping standards, convenient shopping and display and blending
of shopping with entertainment and the entry of Tata’s into retailing.
Foreign direct investment in the retail sector in India, although not yet permitted by the
Government is desirable, as it would improve productivity and increase
competitiveness. New stores will introduce efficiency. The customers would also gain
as prices in the new stores tend to be lower. The consequences of recent modernization
in India may be somewhat different due to lower purchasing power and the new stores
may cater to only branded products aimed at upper income.
Segments: The Indian retail environment has been witnessing several changes on the
demand side due to increased per capita income, changing lifestyle and increased
product availability. In developed markets, there has been a power shift with power
moving from manufactures towards the retailers.
The strategies used by retailers to wrest power include the development of retailers
own brands and the introduction of slotting allowances which necessitate payments by
manufactures to retailers for providing shelf space for new products.
The recent increased power of retailers has led to the introduction of new tactics by
manufactures such as everyday low pricing, partnership with retailers and increased
use of direct marketing methods.
22
Rural bias: Nearly two thirds of the stores are located in rural areas. Rural retail
industry has typically two forms: "Haats" and "Melas". Haats are the weekly markets:
serve groups of 10-50 villages and sell day-to-day necessities. Melas are larger in size
and more sophisticated in terms of the goods sold (like TVs).
Growth Drivers for Indian Retailing

The Indian Retail growth can be attributed to the several factors including:
 Demography Dynamics: Approximately 60 percent of Indian population is below
30 years of age.
 Double Incomes: Increasing instances of Double Incomes in most families coupled
with the rise in spending power is another factor.
 Plastic Revolution: Increasing use of credit cards for categories relating to Apparel,
Consumer Durable Goods, Food and Grocery etc.
 Urbanization: Increased urbanization has led to higher customer density areas
thus enabling retailers to use lesser number of stores to target the same number of
customers. Aggregation of demand that occurs due to urbanization helps a retailer
in reaping the economies of scale.
 Easy Availability of Transportation: Covering distances has become easier with
increased automobile penetration and an overall improvement in the
transportation infrastructure. Now a customer can travel miles to reach a
particular shop, if he or she sees value in shopping from a particular location.
 Technology in Retail: Over the years as the consumer demand increased and the
retailers geared up to meet this increase, technology has evolved rapidly to
support this growth.
Customer Interfacing Systems

 Bar Coding and Scanners: Point of sale systems use scanners and bar coding to
identify an item using pre-stored data to calculate the cost and generate the total
bill for a client. Tunnel Scanning is a new concept where the consumer pushes the
full shopping cart through an electronic gate to the point of sale. In a matter of
seconds, the items in the cart are hit with laser beams and scanned. All that the
consumer has to do is to pay for the goods.
 Payment: Payment through credit cards has become quite widespread and this
enables a fast and easy payment process. Electronic cheque conversion, a recent
development in this area, processes a cheque electronically by transmitting
23
transaction information to the retailer and consumer's bank. Rather than manually
process a cheque, the retailer voids it and hands it back to the consumer along
with a receipt, having digitally captured and stored the image of the cheque,
which makes the process very fast.
 Internet: Internet is also rapidly evolving as a customer interface, removing the
need of a consumer physically visiting the store.
Operation Support Systems

 ERP System: Various ERP vendors have developed retail-specific systems which
help in integrating all the functions from warehousing to distribution, front and
back office store systems and merchandising. An integrated supply chain helps the
retailer in maintaining his stocks, getting his supplies on time, preventing stock-
outs and thus reducing his costs, while servicing the customer better.
 CRM Systems: The rise of loyalty programs, mail order and the Internet has
provided retailers with real access to consumer data. Data warehousing & mining
technologies offers retailers the tools they need to make sense of their consumer
data and apply it to business. This, along with the various available CRM
(Customer Relationship Management) Systems, allows the retailers to study the
purchase behavior of consumers in detail and grow the value of individual
consumers to their businesses.
Strategic Decision Support Systems

 Store Site Location: Demographics and buying patterns of residents of an area can
be used to compare various possible sites for opening new stores. Today, software
packages are helping retailers not only in their location decisions but in decisions
regarding store sizing and floor-spaces as well.
 Visual Merchandising: The decision on how to place & stack items in a store is no
more taken on the gut feel of the store manager. A larger number of visual
merchandising tools are available to him to evaluate the impact of his stacking
options.
Entry of Major Formats of In-Store Retailing
Format Description The Value Proposition

Branded Stores Exclusive showrooms either owned or Complete range available
franchised out by a manufacturer. for a given brand,
24
certified product quality
Specialty Stores Focus on a specific consumer need, Greater choice to the
carry most of the brands available consumer, comparison
between brands is
possible
Department Large stores having a wide variety of One stop shop catering to
Stores products, organized into different varied/consumer needs.
departments such as clothing, house
wares, furniture, appliances, toys, etc.
Supermarkets Extremely large self-service retail One stop shop catering to
outlets varied consumer needs
Discount Stores Stores offering discounts on the retail Low Prices
price through selling high volumes and
reaping economies of scale
Hyper- mart Larger than a supermarket, sometimes Low prices, vast choice
with a warehouse appearance, generally available including
located in quieter parts of the city services such as
cafeterias.
Convenience Small self-service formats located in Convenient location and
stores crowded urban areas. extended operating
hours.
Shopping Malls An enclosure having different formats Variety of shops available
of in-store retailers, all under one roof. to each other.
Formats Adopted by Key Players in India
Retailer Original formats Later Formats

RPG Retail Supermarket (Food world) Hypermarket (Spencer's)
Specialty Store (Health
and Glow)
Piramal's Department Store (Piramyd Megastore) Discount Store (Tru Mart)
Pantaloon Retail Small format outlets (Shoppe) Supermarket (Food
Department Store (Pantaloon) Bazaar) Hypermarket
(Big Bazaar) Mall
(Central)
25
K Raheja Group Department Store (shopper's stop) Supermarket (TBA)
Specialty Store (Crossword) Hypermarket (TBA)
Tata/ Trent Department Store (Westside) Hypermarket (Star India

Bazaar)
Landmark Department Store (Lifestyle) Hypermarket (TBA)
Group
Others Discount Store (Subhiksha, Margin Free, Apna Bazaar),

Supermarket (Nilgiri's), Specialty (Electronics)
Entry of Shopping Malls
A shopping mall is one or more buildings forming a complex of shops representing

merchandisers, with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to easily walk from
unit to unit, along with a parking area - a modern, indoor version of the traditional
marketplace.
Shopping malls have many stores altogether and it is very easy to shop around in a mall
because there are many stores under one roof so many stores have different variety of
items you need now. Rather than shopping, malls have many things to do like
entertainment, fun games and many more so you see its not only fun its everything you
get under one roof.
The main advantage of shopping mall is most likely there are good prices at some stores
not all stores. The main disadvantage of shopping mall is that someone could steal your
money but usually it doesn't happen often.
There are so many shops altogether so it is really easy to shop around because
everything is so close. The customer save the time and purchase different products at
one place.
Entry of Non-store Retailing
Non-store retailing is the selling of goods and services outside the confines of a retail
facility. It is a generic term describing retailing taking place outside of shops and stores
(that is, off the premises of fixed retail locations and of markets stands). The non-store
distribution channel can be divided into direct selling (off premises sales) and distance
selling, the latter including all forms of electronic commerce. Distance selling includes
mail order, catalogue sales, telephone solicitations and automated vending. Electronic
26
commerce includes online shopping, Internet trading platforms, travel portals, global
distribution systems and tale shopping. Direct selling includes party sales and all forms
of selling in consumers’ homes and offices, including even garage sales.
Non-store retailing, sometimes also labeled ‘home shopping’, is consistently achieving

double-digit growth, and slowly taking a bigger share of overall retailing. In some
product markets, however, such as travel and books & media, the share is much higher.
In Germany in 2009, 29 per cent of the population was already using the Internet to
book their holidays.
According to Eurostat, 38 per cent of European consumers consider the Internet as the
most important source of information about travel and 42 per cent of consumers
purchased travel services over the Internet in 2008.
Low entry thresholds mark the non-store distribution channel. Compared to store
retailing that requires a retail outlet, inventory, cash flow to hire staff and advertising,
non-store retail start-ups usually have to invest little to reach out to potential buyers of
the goods and services they offer.
Non-store retailing is therefore not only used by established brick and mortar business
retailers who develop an online bricks and clicks business model presence, but also by
the individual pure play, often him or herself a consumer, to create an EShop or to run
sales parties. The rise of social media helps to connect sellers to potential buyers.
The common thread that runs through all non-store retailing is the direct relationship
between a retailer and a customer, without the use of retail store. Non-store retailing
can broadly define into two categories:
 Direct Selling: It involves direct personal contact, which may include product
demonstration by the salesman. It is also known as door-to-door selling.
 Direct Response Marketing: It does not involve direct contact, which may include
catalogue retailing, direct mailing, TV retailing, e-retailing and vending machine.
It uses a non-personal print or electronic medium to communicate with
consumers.
EXERCISE
1. Prepare a checklist of the minimum facilities that should be set up at any store and
specify type of store
1. ___________________________________________________________________
27
2. ___________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________________________________
7. ___________________________________________________________________
8. ___________________________________________________________________
9. ___________________________________________________________________
10. ___________________________________________________________________
11. ___________________________________________________________________
12. ___________________________________________________________________
Answer the following questions

1. Describe operation support system and customer interface system
2. What non-store retailing means?
3. Enlist major formats of retailing
A. True/false
a) Direct Selling does not include product demonstration by the salesman (F)
b) Direct Response Marketing does not include catalogue retailing, direct
mailing, TV retailing, e-retailing and vending machine. (F)
c) A shopping mall is a modern, indoor version of the traditional marketplace.
(T)
d) Demographics and buying patterns of residents of an area cannot be used to
compare various possible sites for opening new stores. (F)
e) Aggregation of demand that occurs due to urbanization helps a retailer in
reaping the economies of scale. (T)
f) Modern stores tend to be large, carry more stock keeping units, and have a
self-service format and an experiential ambience. (T)
28
a) Rural retail industry has typically two forms _________ and _________.
(Haats, Melas)
b) ______________ that is increased use of credit and debit cards.
c) ______________ and ________________ is used to identify an item use
prestored data to calculate the cost and generate the total bill for a client.
(scanners and bar coding)
d) ERP system helps in __________ all the ____________ from warehousing to
distribution, front and back office store systems and merchandising.
(integrating, functions)
CHECKLIST OF ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY

Activity.
Part A
 Differentiated between different formats of retail store.
 Differentiate between Customer interface system and operating support systems
Part B
 Types of formats
 Retailing growth drivers
 Store and non-store retailing
 Customer interface system
 Operating support systems
Part C

Able to identify different formats of retailing
Enlist customer Interface systems
Enlist operating support system
29
Session 4: Retail Selling Skills
Relevant Knowledge
Customer Identification
Sometimes it is difficult to judge and/or identify the person based on his/her

appearance. For example, who love to show off may be well dressed and want to create
an impression which could be false Vis-a-versa people who .have a higher disposable
income would not like to make their presence loud.
Broadly customers can be divided into four kinds:

1. Loyal,
2. Fickle,
3. Renewing and
4. New.
The Loyal Customer
Loyal customers are those who will always visit your store whenever they require
anything. Many a times customer know that store might not have that product but
would like to take opinion regarding the same from where do they buy what they
require. Selling approach/method to the loyal customers should be;
1. Continue offering them high value products and services.
2. Communicate often with them to evaluate service effectiveness and their opinion.
The Fickle Customer
This type of customer usually asks for a price on a product and also all the offers
attached to it. They may actually be loyal customers of one of the competitors, but will
only shop around for the "best deal." Selling approach/method to the fickle customers
should be;
1. First, you need to identify what they like about their current/preferred vendor and
what they don't like about that vendor.
2. Then create a plan that will gain their trust and loyalty. In a positive way, show
how you are better than their current vendor. Consider using testimonials from
current clients to help push the scales your way.
30
The Renewing Customer
Customer who used to do a significant business with the store, but for some reason
slipped away. Occasionally they come to check prices and in the process pick up some
stuff just for name sake. Selling approach/method to the renewing customers should
be;
1. Identify the root cause of their drifting away to the competition.
2. Then determine whether you can earn their loyalty again.
3. Next, make and execute a plan that will regain their confidence in you which could
mean show them the value of buying from your store
The New Customer
These customers are the people whom you have been seeing for first time. They might
also many times directly mention that they have recently shifted to this location. The
more you know about these new customers, the better chance you have to convert them
in to loyal customers. Selling approach/method to the loyal customers should be;
1. To add a new customer; identify the people as the new customers
2. Gather as much as information as possible about them.
3. Next you'll have to inform them of your capabilities and persuade them to offer
your product or services.
Body Language
Gestures, body movements, facial expressions and other forms of non-verbal behaviour
serves as a mirror to our inner thoughts. Body language can be categorized into
following groups:
1. Posture
2. Limbs Movement
3. Eye contact
4. Facial Expression
After reading the body language the question arises is- what do we do next? To answer
this there are three simple responses
1. Stop what you are saying or doing and ASK THEM A QUESTION.
2. Trial close. (Try to close the deal)
31
3. Offer empathy. "You look like you have a question?" You seem concerned" "You
look. interested".
Grasping Customer's Attention
The attention could be grasped while the customer is passing by the entrance at the
store. It could also be through a marketing or a promotional campaign which could
vary from a simple hoarding or a pamphlet or a big budget advertisement aired during
the prime time.
Some of the external factors which help in grasping customer's attentions are as follows:
1. Merchandise collections
2. Display's at the entrance
3. Promotion (i.e., discounts, freebies, display ads)
4. Lighting
5. Mannequins/fixtures (if any)
6. Sign board
7. Atmosphere and the environment' surrounding the store (e.g. cleanliness, tidiness,
location; decor, etc.).
The internal environment basically is formed of 3 important elements which are as
follows:
1. The customer
2. The merchandise
3. The people (employees, salespeople, etc.)
Customer Approach
At this stage after identifying the customer and grasping the customers attention the
salesperson needs to approach the customer. But before approaching give a thought
over the thought process in the customer's mind regarding you. The indicative thoughts
of the customer are any of the following:
"I would like to be welcomed"
"I am important and would like to be acknowledged"
"Consider my needs and help me find what I am looking for:'
"How will you help me?"
32
Types of Approach
Approach have classified into six types which are as follows:
a) Non-verbal
b) Social Greeting/Conversational Approach
c) Merchandise greeting
d) Special feature approach
e) Customer Benefit Approach
f) Compliment Approach
Common Mistakes in Approaching
After looking at the various approaches, one should also know what kind of common
mistakes a salesperson might unknowingly end up with. Some of the common mistakes
made by the salesperson are as mentioned below:
1. Too soon: not giving the customer enough time to settle
2. No eye contact with customer
3. Insincere and false compliments
4. Making over-smart remarks
5. Talking too softly, too loudly, or too much
6. Not giving the other person your full attention
7. No smile
EXERCISE
Make a team of five students, act perceiving you are in store identifying, observing,
grasping attention and finally approaching to a customer of your store.
One will play a role of a customer and other will play sales person whereas another
three will judge them and tell them mistakes while approaching a customer after an act
over.
A. Answer the following questions

1. Write a note on different strategies to be used for different type of customers.
2. Explain the different types of customer approach.
3. List down some of the common mistakes while approaching the customer
33
1. It is difficult to guide/identify the person based on his/her ______________.
(appearance)
2. The ________________ will only shop around for the best deal. (Fickle
customer)
3. The new customers are the people when you have seeing for ___________.
(First time)
4. Identifying the root cause of their drifting away to the competition is the
selling approach to __________________. (Renewing customer)
1. Broadly customer can be divided into

(a) five kinds
(b) two kinds
(c) four kinds
(d) none of the above.
2. Body language can be categorize into

(a) Posture
(b) Gesture
(c) Both of the above
(d) None of the above.

Activity.
Part A
 Explain the difference between a 'Loyal Customer' and 'Renewing Customer'.
Part B
 What facilities should be established for administering first aid at workplace?
34
 What are the advantages of a first aid room at the workplace?
 What are the contents of a first aid kit?
Part C

Able to identify customer type
Able to observe body language of the customer
Can you grasp the customer attention
Able to implement proper approach to the customer
Identify mistakes in approaching
35
Unit-2: Merchandise Planning
Unit Code:
RS-202 Unit Title: Merchandise Planning
NQ-2012
Classrooms, Session – 1: Kinds of Merchandise
Retail Shop
Learning Outcome Knowledge Evaluation Performance Teaching and
or
Evaluation Training Method
merchandise
Store 1. Be acquainted 1. Concept of 1. Identify the steps in Interactive lecture:
with terms and Merchandise Merchandise and its Introduction to
concepts of 2. The functions of planning merchandise
Merchandise merchandise 2. List out the planning
3. Planning of functions of the Activity:
merchandising merchandise Visit to a retail shop
3. Make it clear the or departmental
planning process of store for
merchandising identification of
various types of
merchandising and
its planning
2. List out the rights 1. Types of rights 1. List out tips for Interactive lecture:
and guidelines of 2. Tips in merchandising better Merchandising
merchandising merchandising rights and about
2. Scrutinize the rights their guidelines
of merchandising Assignment:
Group discussion on
various Acts and
Laws regarding to
merchandise and
used various
Reference Books.
3. Identify the kinds 1. Types of General 1. Indentify various Interactive lecture:
of merchandising Merchandise types of Various
merchandising merchandiser and
2. Distinguish between tell the students to
different kinds of recognize the type of
merchandising merchandise
Pragmatic work:
Assign the work to
the students like
make a project on
any one type of
merchandise. It’s
threats and
opportunities.
36
Session – 2: Role and Functions of Junior Merchandiser
1. Identify the role 1. The Role of junior 1. Analyze the role of Interactive lecture:
and functions of Merchandiser and the junior Highlight the role
junior their general merchandiser and functions of
merchandiser functions 2. Identify the general junior
2. Describe the various functions of junior merchandisers
merchandise merchandiser Activity:
presentations a. Read product Visit to various
labels merchandise stores
b. Weigh goods for and observe the role
counter sales and their general
functions of junior
c. record customer
merchandisers.
details
Group Discussion:
d. Place he goods in
On the role of junior
proper way
merchandisers.
2. Apply the 1. General functions of 1. Enumerate the Interactive lecture:
functions of the merchandiser general functions of Invite the Divisional
junior 2. Functions of merchandiser merchandise
merchandisers at administration 2. Elaborate manager to solve the
different level merchandiser administration queries of the
3. Basic duties of the functions of students at practical
merchandiser merchandiser base.
4. Functions at different 3. List out the basic Activity:

levels duties of Visit to merchandise
merchandiser stores and observe
5. Functions of
4. Scrutinize the the functions of
Divisional
functions of admin level and
merchandise manager
merchandiser at observe the work of
different level Divisional
merchandise
5. Identify the
manager
functions of
Divisional Role play:
merchandise Play act in the
manager classroom as various
merchandiser and
tell the students to
recognize the type of
merchandiser.
Session 3: Visual Merchandising and Display
1. Identify the basic 1. Meaning of visual 1. Identify the elements Interactive Lecture:
aspects of visual Merchandising of visual On visual
merchandising 2. Aspects of visual Merchandising Merchandising and
Merchandising 2. Find out the various PPT with interactive
3. Elements of visual aspects of visual session
merchandising Merchandising Activity:
Visit in various
37
merchandise stores
for observation of
visual merchandise
and find out the
window display
2. List out the 1. Functions of visual 1. Describe the Interactive Lecture:
functions, Merchandiser functions of visual On visual
principles and 2. Principles of visual Merchandising merchandise
techniques of Merchandising 2. List out the Activity:
visual 3. Techniques of visual principles of visual Visit in various
merchandising Merchandising Merchandising merchandise stores
4. Types of visual 3. Identify the for observation and
Merchandising techniques of visual find out the
Merchandising functions of visual
4. Spot out the types of merchandiser at
visual work-place
Merchandising
3. Evaluate the 1. Describe the factors 1. Differentiate Interactive lecture:
impact of display (mannequins and between the various Evaluation of Impact
of merchandise alternatives fixtures, elements of display of Display of
props displays & 2. Design window Merchandise
ignage, planograms displays and visual
and store views, etc.) presentations with
responsible for better an understanding of
visual display of target consumer
merchandise
Activity:
Visit to two retail
stores to compare
the display of
merchandise
Session 4: Duties and Responsibilities of Junior Merchandiser
1. Describe the duties 1. Describe the various 1. Demonstrate the Interactive lecture:
and career opportunities knowledge of core Role and
responsibilities of within the retail competencies of a Responsibility of
Junior industry Junior Merchandiser Junior Merchandiser
Merchandiser 2. Describe the purpose Activity:
of knowing job Visit to retail store to
descriptions and study the role and
responsibilities functions of Junior
3. Describe the employee Merchandiser
and employer rights
and responsibilities in
retail industry
4. Describe the duties of
Junior Merchandiser
in a retail store
38
5. Describe the role of
Junior Merchandiser
in business
promotion
2. Plan and prepare 1. Describe the purpose 1. Identify the Interactive lecture:
display of of display of products equipment, Planning for
products 2. Describe the materials, merchandise display
standards that the merchandise and Activity:
display should meet props used for Visit to Retail Stores
creating and to understand how
installing the displays should
display conform to the
2. Demonstrate how to company’s
prepare the display requirements and
area and put the standards.
display together in a
way that causes the
least inconvenience
to customers
3. Demonstrate the
knowledge of
checking that the
assembled display
conforms to
company’s
requirements and
standards
4. Demonstrate the
knowledge of
keeping up-to-date
record of displays.
Introduction
A product or merchandise is anything that can be offered to a market or to the customer

that might satisfy a need or a want. The functions of procurement of merchandise are
integral to the retail organisation and these functions revolve round planning and
control. Planning is of great importance because it take time to buy merchandise have it
delivered, record the delivery in the company’s records and then, to send the
merchandise to the right stores.
The person who is to take the buying decision for a retail organisation must be aware of
the consumer need and wants. An understanding of the consumer buying process is
necessary. Also a clear understanding is necessary of what products are actually selling
and where. This information can be obtained from sales record.
39
The sales staff offers valuable information about why a particular product is selling and
why it is not. External sources of information like surveys conducted, magazines and
trade publication and association are other sources of information.
This information gathered is analyzed and is basis for sales forecast.
Merchandising is any practice which contributes to the sale of products to a retail

consumer. At a retail in-store level, merchandising refers to the variety of products
available for sale and the display of those products in such a way that it stimulates
interest and attracts customers to make a purchase.
Merchandise Planning then is "A systematic approach. It is aimed at maximizing return

on investment, through planning sales and inventory in order to increase profitability. It
does this by maximizing sales potential and minimizing losses from mark - downs and
stock - outs."
It means Merchandise Planning is useful to the organizer for attracting customers,

increase sales, profit maximization and reducing expenses.
Session 1: Kinds of Merchandise

Relevant Knowledge
Every retail organization, regardless of its size, will have a merchandise reporting
hierarchy. It is important for the organizational structure of the buying office of the
company. It guides about the customers that whom to call on and how. At its middle to
lower levels it enables in categorizing and grouping of products for effective store
display of merchandise and comprehensive analysis of sales data.
A typical customer will locate the type of retailer they wish to shop at based on their
specific social, cultural, economical and demographic characteristics. Discounter,
Specialty Store, Supermarket, Hypermarket, etc.
Kinds of Merchandise
There are various types of Merchandise which can be purchase by the ultimate users for
their daily needs.
It includes following types of products:
1. Consumer products:
40
a) Staple: used for daily needs
e.g. bread, milk, grocery etc.
b) Impulse: instant purchasing
e.g. chocolates
c) Emergency: purchase on the
needs e.g. Medicine
d) Convenient: conveniently
purchased e.g. vegetables
e) Luxury: costly products e.g.
Car, jewelry
f) Comforts: purchase for comforts e.g. sofa-set
2. Industrial: used by the industry e.g. Raw material, machines

 DEPARTMENT – At the entry point in the store, the customer will locate the
specific department of merchandise desired. Men's, Women's, Junior
Fashions, Food Court, Games Zone, Spa etc.
 CLASS-- Within the
specific area the customer
looks for the class of
merchandise desired.
Blouses or Shirts, Pants,
Dresses, etc.
 SUBCLASS-- The next
lower level that further
segments merchandise
types is subclass. This level
will likely separate like
kinds of merchandise
based on the differing
features each type has. E.g. Sports Designer shirts have a printed or appliqué
logo on them, whereas Basic shirts have nothing.
 PRICE-- Within the subclass the customer will look further to find the price
according to their economy class or that fits into their budget.
41
 STYLE-- Once the appropriate price point has been chosen, the customer will
find the style within that price point that will satisfy their need. For e.g.
fashionable cloths, style of hair etc. This style will have been assigned a
specific number by the retailer.
 COLOR AND SIZE-- The lowest levels in the hierarchy are where this
customer will ultimately find what they are looking for. These levels are
defined at the color, shape and finally, the size of the products, the customer
requires.
There are six types of rights of merchandising:

 Type
 Quality
 Price
 Quantity
 Time
 Place
The steps to determine right assortment of merchandise are

 Assessing the target market
 Collecting information
 Analysing the data
 Determining breadth and depth of merchandise offerings.
Merchandising Tips
 The merchandiser must source products according to the latest trends and
season.
 The merchandise should be as per the age, sex and taste of the target market.
 Merchandise for children should be in line with cartoon characters (like
Barbie, Pokemon etc) to excite them.
Select the proper types of General Merchandise Retailers

 Discount Stores
 Specialty Stores
42
 Category Specialists
 Home Improvement Centres
 Department Stores
 Drugstores
 Off-Price retailers
 Value Retailers
EXERCISE
Visit a mall and list out the various merchandise in a store and classify them into
1. Class
2. Subclass
3. Price
4. Size
5. Colour
ASSESSMENT

1. _______________ is important for the organizational structure of the buying
office of the company. (Merchandise)
2. The display of the merchandise plays an important role in attracting the
______________ (customers)
3. Every retail organization, regardless of its size, will have a merchandise
reporting _____________ (hierarchy)
4. _________________ level will likely separate like kinds of merchandise based
on the differing features. (Subclass)
5. The merchandiser must source products according to the latest ____________
and _______________ (trends, season)

1. Following is not a type of General Merchandise Retailers
a) Discount Stores
43
b) Specialty Stores
c) Category Specialists
d) Public limited company
2. ______________ is a type of rights of merchandising

a) Market
b) Environment
c) Quantity
d) Warehouse
3. In the men apparel the following subclass does not exist.

a) Skirts
b) Shirts, Pants
c) Pajama
d) Kurta
4. _____________ is not factor of Merchandise Planning

a) Attracting customer
b) Increase sales
c) Profit maximization
d) Standardization
C. True or False
1. At the entry point in the store, the customer will locate the specific
department of merchandise desired. (T)
2. Within the subclass the customer will look further to find the price according
to their economy class or that fits into their budget. (T)
3. The merchandiser is responsible for particular lines of stocks. (F)
4. Merchandise Planning is useful to the customers for purchasing. (F)

(Use the following checklist to see if you’ve met all the requirements for Assessment
Activity.)
44
Part A
 Define a) Merchandise b) Merchandise planning
 List out the rights of merchandising
 Give steps to determine right assortment of merchandise.
 Name the types of general merchandise retailers
 Mention the tips followed by merchandiser
 Explain the various types of merchandise
Part B
 Differentiate between the general merchandising and administrative
merchandising
Part C

Able to list out the rights of junior merchandiser
Able to explain the steps to determine right assortment of merchandise.
Session 2: Role and Functions of Junior Merchandiser

Relevant Knowledge
There are various types of
Merchandisers included in
the business world like
junior merchandiser, senior
merchandiser, executive
functions of merchandising
are to find, solicit, select,
and develop products to be
sold. Beyond this, it receives
and tags samples, interacts Senior Merchandiser Junior Merchandiser
45
with vendors, finalizes relevant product information, develops item packaging,
evaluates and approves each phase of creative production, forecasts inventory, and
analyzes performance results by product and category.
The basic functions of merchandise planning are:

 Retail Merchandising refers to the various activities which contribute to the sale of
products to the consumers for their end use.
 Every retail store has its own line of merchandise to offer to the customers.
 The display of the merchandise plays an import customers into the store and
prompting them to purchase as well.
 Merchandising helps in the attractive display of the products at the store in order
to increase their sale and generate revenues for the retail store.
 Merchandising helps in the sensible presentation of the products available for sale
to entice the customers and make them a brand loyalist.
The merchandiser is responsible for particular lines of merchandise. For example, in a

department store, there may be merchandisers for menswear, women's wear and
children’s wear etc. the basic duties of the merchandiser can be divided into four areas:
planning, directing, coordinating and controlling
The main functions of admin junior merchandiser are:

 Managing site and location
 Managing the operative process at the stores
 Managing customer service
 Managing Cash and stock
 Managing store facilities
 Managing security
 Managing personnel
 Crisis management
 IT management
Functions
At suppliers level: Visits to suppliers or manufacturers of select goods, they negotiate a
price, order the goods, agree on a delivery date, complete all the necessary paperwork,
and keep in touch with suppliers to make sure that the goods arrive on time.
46
At visual display staff and department manager’s level: To decide how goods should be
displayed to best attract customers’ attention. This might involve planning and setting
up sales promotions and advertising campaign.
At finance level: Actually check the response to various items in the merchandise, to
enjoy working as a merchandiser, it is essential that the individual has a mathematical
ability to work out budgets and understand sales figures.
At Divisional Merchandise Manager’s level: The person would be responsible for

merchandising activities for particular liens of merchandise. For example, the children’s
wear DMM supervises those buyers who purchase merchandise such as baby clothes,
clothes for new born, clothes for boys, clothes for girls and accessories.
Typically, the role of a Divisional Merchandise Manager, immaterial of the size of the
retail organization, would involve the following functions:
1. Forecasting sales for the forthcoming budget period:
2. Translating the sales forecast into inventory levels in terms of rupees.
3. Inspiring commitment and performance on the part of the merchandisers and
buyers.
4. Assessing not only the merchandise performance but also the buyer’s performance
in order to provide control and maintain high performance results.
47
EXERCISE
1. Visit to an any Mall to observe the functions of merchandisers at different levels

a) At suppliers level
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
b) At visual display staff and department manager’s level
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
c) At finance level
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
d) At Divisional Merchandise Manager’s level
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
A. Multiple choice questions
1. ______________ is not a type of Merchandisers included in the business world

a) Junior merchandiser
b) Senior merchandiser
c) Executive merchandiser
d) Finance manager
2. The main function of admin merchandiser is:

a) Managing site and location
b) Assembling
48
c) Transportation
d) Leadership
3. The person would be responsible for merchandising activities for particular

liens of merchandise.
a) Finance Manager
b) Production Manager
c) Personnel Manager
d) Divisional Merchandise Manager
4. At suppliers level merchandisers function_____________ is not included

a) Visits to suppliers of select goods
b) Negotiate a price
c) Order the goods
d) Make payments

1. Buying performance may be ____________ on the basis of net sales
(Evaluated)
2. _______________ is very important function of merchandiser that he will
guide and train buyers as and when the need arises. (Directing)
3. _______________ is not only the merchandise performance, but also the
buyer’s performance as well as buying behaviour is part of the merchandise
manager’s job. (Assessing)
4. The basic duties of the merchandiser can be divided into four areas:
______________, ______________, ______________, and _________________
(planning, directing, co-coordinating and controlling)

Activity.)
Part A
1. Explain the general functions of merchandising.
49
2. Explain the functions of junior merchandiser at administrative level.
3. State basic duties of junior merchandiser.
4. What role is played by junior merchandising manager.
Part B
In the following table fill up the functions performed by Junior Merchandiser:
Tasks to be done before the Tasks to be done regularly Tasks to be done after the
store opens through the day store closes
Part C

Able to list out the administrative and general functions of junior
merchandiser.
Able to find out the main functions of the junior merchandiser.
Session 3: Visual Merchandising and Display

Relevant Knowledge
Visual merchandising is the activity and profession of developing floor plans and two
and three-dimensional displays in order to maximise sales. It is the creation of an
attractive visual image to induce the customers to buy from a certain retail outlet.
Sometimes, it is mistaken to be the same as window display, but in fact, window
50
display is only a very small part of visual merchandising. It deals with the entire image
presented by the retail outlet to the customer.
It includes several aspects such as

 the flooring and lighting used in the store,
 the colour co-ordination in the store,
 uniforms of the staff,
 the way in which the staff interacts with the customers,
 the design of the trial rooms
In short, everything that creates an image about the store in the mind of the customer.
More and more retailers understand the importance of visual merchandising in
augmenting sales and are indulging in it. Visual merchandising is being considered as
an investment and not as an expense.
Visual merchandising is the art of displaying merchandise in a store to attract

customers and increase sales. A passion for design and creativity are essential for
becoming a visual merchandiser. The purpose of such visual merchandising is to
attract, engage and motivate the customer towards making a purchase. Visual
merchandising commonly occurs in retail spaces such as retail stores and trade shows.
Functions of the Visual Merchandiser

1. A Visual Merchandiser takes care of the window display representing a seasonal
theme with mannequins the arrangement of merchandise according to concepts
and stories.
2. He decorates the window display in such a way that the customer gets excited by
the brand and increases the walk-ins.
3. A Visual Merchandiser also spends a lot of time training the store staff on how to
place merchandise.
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4. He also trains the staff to follow instruction manuals and advises them on what
should go on the rack and be displayed on the floor,
5. He sets the colour scheme of the floor.
6. He takes a call on slow-moving merchandise and makes sure it gets prominence
through better lighting and display.
Principles
The principles of visual merchandising are:
 Make it easier for the customer to locate the desired category and merchandise.
 Make it easier for the customer to self-select.
 Make it possible for the shopper to co-ordinate and accessorize.
 Recommend, highlight and demonstrate particular products at strategic locations.
 Educate the customer about the product in an effective & creative way.
 Make proper arrangements in such a way to increase the sale of unsought goods.
Techniques
Visual merchandising builds upon or augments the retail design of a store. It is one of
the final stages in setting out a store in a way customers find attractive and appealing.
Many elements can be used by visual merchandisers in creating displays including

color, lighting, space, product information, sensory inputs (such as smell, touch, and
sound), as well as technologies such as digital displays and interactive installations.
A planogram allows visual merchandisers to plan the arrangement of merchandise by

style, type, size, price or some other category. It also enables a chain of stores to have
the same merchandise displayed in a coherent
and similar manner across the chain.
Types of Visual Merchandising
Window Displays
Window displays can communicate style,

content, and price. Display windows may also
be used to advertise seasonal sales or inform
passers-by of other current promotions.
52
Food Merchandising
Restaurants, grocery stores, and convenience stores use visual merchandising as a tool
to differentiate themselves in a saturated market.
EXERCISE
1. Visit at least five malls and study the Visual Merchandising tools used by them
and prepare a report.
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1. Visual merchandising is being considered as an __________ and not as an
_____________. (investment, expense)
2. Visual Merchandising deals with the entire image presented by the
___________ to the customer. (retail outlet).
53
3. Visual merchandising commonly occurs in retail spaces such as
______________ and ________________. (retail stores, trade shows)
4. _______________ make proper arrangements in such a way to increase the sale
of unsought goods. (Visual Merchandiser)
5. A _______________ allows visual merchandisers to plan the arrangement of
merchandise by style, type, size, price or some other category. (planogram)
B. Multiple choice questions----
1. A Visual Merchandiser takes care of the _____________ representing a

seasonal theme.
a) Window display
b) Customers
c) Suppliers
d) Agents
2. Following element can be used by visual merchandisers in creating displays.

a) Package
b) Lighting
c) Baskets
d) Trolleys
3. Food merchandising does not consist of

a) Restaurants,
b) Grocery stores,
c) Ice-cream Parlor
d) Footwear
4. ________________ may also be used to advertise seasonal sales or inform

passers-by of other current promotions.
a) Newspaper
b) Radio
c) Display windows
d) Theater
54
Activity.)
Part A
1. What is visual Merchandising?
2. What is the difference between visual merchandising and window display?
3. What are the functions of Visual Merchandiser?
4. State the principles of Visual Merchandising
5. Describe the techniques of Visual Merchandising
Part B
 Differentiate between the visual merchandising and window display.
Part C
Able to differentiate between the visual merchandising and window

display.
Able to list out the functions of visual Merchandiser.
Able to identify the techniques of Visual Merchandising.
Session 4: Duties and Responsibilities of Junior Merchandiser

Relevant Knowledge
The merchandiser is responsible for particular lines of merchandise. For example, in a
department store, there may be merchandisers for menswear, women’s wear, children’s
wear etc. The basic duties of the merchandiser can be divided into four areas: planning,
directing, co-coordinating and controlling.
55
Planning
Though the merchandisers may not be directly involved in the actual purchase of
merchandise, they formulate the policies for the areas in which they are responsible.
Directing
It is very important function of merchandiser that he will guide and train buyers as and
when the need arises. Inspiring commitment and performance in the part of the buyers
is necessary.
Coordinating
Usually, merchandise managers supervise the work of more than one buyer; hence they
need to coordinate the buying effort in terms of how well it fits in with the store image
and with the other products being bought by other buyers.
Controlling
Assessing not only the merchandise performance, but also the buyer’s performance as
well as buying behaviour is part of the merchandise manager’s job. Buying performance
may be evaluated on the basis of net sales maintained mark up percentages, mark down
percentages, gross margin percentages and stock turn.
This is necessary to provide control and maintain high performance results.
Whether you plan to design your stores yourself, or you just want to better understand
how to evaluate the effectiveness of your shopping environment and experience, this
session will give you the foundation you need to achieve the fundamental goal of any
store design or visual merchandising effort – to increase sales.
56
There are many things that Visual Merchandisers must look after to take care of
customers and their emotions and they should easily attract toward the shop and buy
the products. Many merchandisers takes training for these aspects that what they have
to do in the shop and what way they don’t create trouble for the customers.
Responsibility to do the Things

 Do buy or borrow folding tables, or make some from sawhorses and plywood.
 Do group like items together. The goods look more abundant, and it makes for a
better display. Customers shopping for a particular type of merchandise can find
what they're looking for quickly, and they're more likely to buy multiple pieces.
 Do dust or wash your merchandise as needed before setting it out. If they've been
in storage, such as draperies, curtains and upholstered furniture
 Do display valuable items close to your house or checkout area to keep an eye on
them, especially if they're small or fragile.
 Do place breakables on tables that are out of the reach of children. Some shoppers
let their children run wild, and those who
do will resist paying for that broken
collection of carnival glass.
 Do place desirable sale merchandise at the
street end of your yard or driveway,
especially seasonal items and large pieces,
such as furniture. It makes the sale look
bigger and better,
 Do display adult and larger children's
clothing on hangers, and arrange it by
size. It presents better, and the clothing is
less likely to end up crumpled on the
ground. If it's on a table, many customers
won't refold it after digging through the
stacks.
 Do displays baby clothing and young Mannequins showcasing the dress
children's clothing on tables? Fold and stack collection are fully supported by
merchandise found adjacent to it,
it according to clothing type and size. It sharing the same colour story and
takes up less space, and the small pieces are similar styles.
easy to straighten and refold as needed.
57
There was thousands of people downtown during the Pride Parade weekend. In
keeping with this, the store showed their support while promoting their
merchandise.
Engage your customers and deliver an These sale signs maintain perceived product
experience. values.
This nice and enticing display upfront! It is effective in getting passers-by to come in as well. It is
the brightest stores tend to attract the most customers lighting the entrance, especially the main
focal display is sure to grab attention.
Responsibility to Not to Do the Things

 Don't go overboard cleaning and prepping the merchandise. You won't make
enough money to recoup the time investment.
 Don't place your tables and clothing racks so close together that shoppers can't get
through. Spread out across the driveway and yard. It makes your sale look bigger
anyway.
 Don't deliberately set out merchandise that's been damaged beyond repair or
recalled, and don't lie about the condition.
 It's fine to sell a nonworking vintage radio to someone who wants to repair or
display it, but be honest about the condition.
58
 Don't tell a shopper about functioning of the products, if it not.
 A feature display such as the one shown on the mannequin sets an expectation
that items similar to it can be found in adjacent units.
However, in this case, the adjacent racks show casual T-shirts. Where can one find
similar dresses?
In contrast, this store missed a great selling opportunity.
On the other hand, these signs greatly devalue the merchandise.
Who turned off the lights? Lighting the entrance is crucial not only in getting
attention but also in defining the start of the store experience.
59
EXERCISE
If you are an owner of a super market how will you assess yourself with the following
points? Justify
If you want to engage with shopping experience of your brand. What do your stores say
about you? Do they engage the customer? Do they excite the customer? Do they assist
the customer in finding what they’re looking for quickly and easily? Is your store
environment your best salesperson?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

1. Displays ______________ and _____________ clothing on tables. Fold and
stack it according to clothing type and size. (baby clothing, young children’s)
2. _____________ the entrance is crucial not only in getting attention but also in
defining the start of the store experience. (Lighting)
3. Clutter of the products in one rack, it signs greatly _________________ the
merchandise. (Devalue)
4. Engage your _____________ and ________________ an experience.
(customers, deliver) Do place sale ________________ sale _______________ at
the street end of your yard. (desirable, merchandise)
B. True or False
1. Spread out across the driveway and yard. It makes your sale look bigger
anyway. (T)
2. Do group like items different from each other category. (F)
3. Don't place your tables and clothing racks so close together that shoppers
can't get through. (T)
4. Tell a shopper about functioning of the products, if it not. (F)
5. Mannequins showcasing the dress collection are fully supported by
merchandise found adjacent to it. (T)
60
Activity.)
Part A
 Explain the duties of the Junior Merchandiser?
 What are the responsibilities to do the things?
 What are the responsibilities to not to do the things?
Part B
 Differentiate between the duties and responsibilities of Junior Merchandiser.
Part C

Able to differentiate between the duties and responsibilities of Junior
Merchandiser.
Able to list out duties of the Junior Merchandiser.
Able to identify the responsibilities to not to do the things.
61
Unit-3: Store Operations
Unit Code:
Unit Title: Store Operations
RS203- NQ2012
Classroom, Retail Session-1: Store Layout
shop store
operations Learning Outcome Knowledge Performance Teaching and
Evaluation Evaluation Training Method
1. Competencies 1. State whether the 1. Differentiate Interactive lecture:
required for store site is nearer to between store Store Operations
operations in target market. area and retail Activity:
retail knowledge 2. Describe the store area. 1. Visit a retail mall
area. 2. Store site and understand
3. Describe the compatible with the job
sources of power retail shopping. responsibility of
and water 3. Describe the store how store layout
available. layout. are designed and
4. State the 4. Design of store formed.
components of layout. 2. Work in retail
the store layout 5. Differentiate store with the
between different responsibility and
types of store function as store
layout assistant.
2. Identify the 1. State the design 1. Differentiate the Interactive lecture:

Formalities and location of store layout with Forming Store Layout
required for store stores. business layout and Design.
layout. 2. Steps involved in operation. Activity:
preparing store 2. Evaluate the 1. Visit retail store
layout. compatibility of and learn how the
3. Steps involved in the store layout store layout is
identification of with location of drawn.
store location. potential 2. Design a small
customer. independent store
3. Identify the layout for one
market in respect product with
of store location. reference to
commercial
operations in
retail outlet.
3. Visit to a retail
format &
formalities.
3. Describe the 1. Planning a layout 1. Enlist the Interactive Lecture:
Location and for the stores function of store Store planning,
proportion of interior. space and designing layouts,
space through 2. Describe the planning of store forming stores,
numeric and allocation of layout. planning and
62
visual space space based on 2. Differentiate organizing retail
planning sales, margins, store planner, store layouts.
products and architect and Activity:
strategy. interior designer. 1. Work with retail
3. Calculate store planner and
proportion of learn the store
space through layout designing.
numeric and 2. Visit a store in
visual space more than three
planning retail malls and
note down the
salient features of
how store layout
is formed.
Session -2: Store Design
1. Describe the 1. Describe the 1. Demonstrate the Interactive lecture:
elements of store elements (store knowledge of the Store Design
planning and design objectives, elements of store Activity:
design selling space, design Visit to a retail store
merchandise 2. Differentiate to study the store
space, employee between selling layout and design
space, customer area, circulation
space, display area and back
areas, fixture area
arrangements,
etc.)
2. Identify the tips 1. Store frontage, 1. Differentiate the Interactive Lecture:
for Retail Store signage, functions of Store space creation,
Design furniture, display, stores space with furniture
lighting, store decoration. arrangements,
decoration. 2. Identify the tips merchandising
2. Tips for retail in valued in retail display.
Store design store design Activity:
Work with retail store
planner and learn the
store layout
designing.
Session-3: Store Procedures
1. Describe the 1. Learn core areas 1. Identify the Interactive Lecture:
competencies of like store exterior, function of stores Competencies of core
core areas in store store interior, procedures, at the areas in store
procedures customer service, entry level. procedure
merchandise 2. Find out the Activity:
management. responsibility of On-the-job or
entry level store internship in a store
procedures anagement job in the
followed. retail sector.
2. Identify the 1. Learn from 1. List out the Interactive Lecture:
competitive advertising competitive Process of store
63
analysis of store agency, public analysis of store procedures and
promotions. relation firm, promotions promotion of a
marketing 2. Take product.
specialist to responsibilities to Activity:
promote the handle Practically work in a
products through promotions of a retail store to
retail. new product understand the
through product promotions.
advertising.
3. Identify the 1. Opening 1. Identify the Interactive Lecture:
opening & closing procedures in opening Opening & closing
procedures in retail store procedures in procedures in retail
retail store 2. Closing retail store store
procedures in 2. Explain the Activity:
retail store formalities Practically work in a
required for retail store to
closing the retail complete for open &
store close the retail store.
Session-4: Store Maintenance
1. Managing the 1. Cleanliness of the 1. Differentiate Interactive Lecture:
operations and store premises between Process of store
maintenance of the depend on the maintenance and maintenance.
retail stores. maintenance of the administration of Activity:
store still store. On-the-job in a super
merchandising 2. Operate simple market store and
with the customer product handling learn the process of
goes on. with handling and
merchandising by maintenance.
maintaining flow
of stocks.
3. Determines the
business hours
and the target
audience of the
stores.
2. Manage the 1. Product 1. Identify the Interactive Lecture:
receipts of procurement & product On movement of
products issued issues of products. movements from products issued from
from store. the stores and stores to the retail
purchase items by section.
the customers. Activity:
2. Maintain the On job orientation of
receipts of receipts and issue of
products issued product from the
from store stores.
64
Introduction
In our daily life, we come across retail

shops in the nearby residential areas or
shopping malls. Retailing affects every
facet of our life. Have you ever thought
how many daily contacts we have with
retailers when we eat meals furnish our
home, have our car fixed, and buy
clothing for a party? A retail store is a
business that sells products and/or
services to consumers for their personal
or family use. If you look around, you
Retailers provide the goods and services you and I need—
will find different forms of retail stores
from food, auto parts, apparel, home furnishings, appliances,
such as departmental stores, discount and electronics to advice, home improvement, and skilled
labor. Let’s take a look behind the scenes at the many facets
stores, variety stores, speciality stores,
of this exciting business.
convenience stores.
A retail store is also classified by the type of products they sell, for example food
products, durable goods (appliances, electronics, furniture, sporting goods, etc.) and
soft goods or consumables (clothing, apparel, and fabrics). Often people think of
retailing which are sold and bought in stores, but retailing also involves the sale of
services: staying in a hotel while on vacations, a haircut saloon or a beauty parlour, a
DVD rental, or a home-delivered pizza. Not all retailing is done in stores. Examples of
non-store retailing include online selling or the direct sales of cosmetics by Amway.
Store operations is operating and overseeing all the functions of the store from setting
up shop, deciding what type of products you want to sell, deciding on what type of
customers you are trying to attract into your store, then ordering the products, hiring
personnel, pricing the products, deciding on a location, taking an inventory, advertising
the products, etc. Whatever form, the retail store enters into for buying and selling,
every retailer rolls out a standard operation procedure (SOP) which includes all
functions of operating relating to customer service, health safety and protection,
maintenance and distribution.
In this Unit, the student will be learn about the basic principles of a store operations
which includes the store layout, store design, store procedures and store maintenance.
65
Session 1: Store Layout
Relevant Knowledge
Store layout and design plays an important role in defining the store image. The store
layout and design tell a customer what the store is all about. It is very strong tool to
create store image in the minds of the consumers. It is defined as a physical location of
various units of the stores that facilitate shoppers. It is a plan to make effective use of
space. It takes into account the customer flow pattern, display of merchandise,
permanent structures like aisles and fixtures.
Good Layout for a Retail Store

The success of a retail store is influenced by its layout design and the ambience
(atmosphere) created by the retailers. You never get a second chance to make a first
impression. This age old saying is especially true in relation to design and atmosphere
of a retail store. The first impression given to the potential customer determines
whether the retail store has gained or lost a buyer. The basic functional principle of a
retail store is to show the products and sell the product. Both these activities require a
space to accommodate products, services and people.
Space
The space needed for a retail store differs with the nature of the retail store. It could be a
fixed location in a building, a more flexible location like a market tent often seen in fairs,
or a mobile space like an ice cream cart or a street vendor.
Considerations for the Store Layout

A good store layout serves many purposes:
 Store Atmosphere: The physical characteristics and surrounding influence of a
retail store creates an image in order to attract customers. The store must offer a
positive ambience to the customers for them to enjoy their shopping and leave
with a smile.
o The store should not give a cluttered look.
o The products should be properly arranged on the shelves according to their
sizes and patterns. Make sure products do not fall off the shelves.
o There should be no foul smell in the store.
o The floor, ceiling, carpet, walls and even the mannequins should not have
unwanted spots.
66
o Never dump unnecessary packing boxes, hangers or clothes in the dressing
room. Keep it clean.
o Make sure the customers are well attended.
o Don’t allow customers to carry eatables inside the store.
 Enhance Sales: The store layout should enable the customers to move around the
store conveniently. This is done by preparing a circulation plan.
Circulation is an invisible force which revolves around the customers so that they
cover the entire range of merchandise under display leading to maximize the
purchase. Normally the destination category is kept in the last so that the customer
is forced to walk up the entire store. In this way, the retail store owner tempt the
customer to make impulsive buying. You must have noticed in a grocery shop that
the popular items such as milk, curd are kept at the end. Why? Because they are
necessary items and customers will certainly lay hands on them however far they
are placed. If they are laid at the entry of the store, the customer will always
remain foreign to the rest of the store. Ultimately, the aim is to make sales and earn
profit.
 Maximize Returns per Square Foot: A well planned layout enhances the utilization
of customer’s time and best of the shopping experience. A good layout provides a
balance between available space for display and the return on productivity. In this
way, it becomes important to decide the alternative design types, allocating space
for bulk stock selling and effective use of walls and windows. These provide
opportunity to customers to move around and experience the products in a much
better way.
 Match the merchandise with the format: retail stores are designed to target the
specific kind’s of customers. Have you visited the music stores like Planet M,
Music World etc? What kind of ambience do you find? On the other hand,
compare it with the designer boutique, jeweler shop or a home fashion store. Do
you see any difference the ways store layout is treated? A music store focuses on
youth so the fixtures are heavy filled by flashing lights and lively music. Whereas,
the later categorized stores have lighter and organised serene ambience to capture
the mood of customers. Therefore, different types of target groups by age,
education, gender affect the store design, ambience and layout.
 Assistance for differently abled women, children and safety of customers

The layout for the store should provide convenience for variety of shopper’s
visiting it. Now, if you visit the retail stores, Kine Globus, shoppers stop,
67
pantaloons etc., we will observe the stores arrange for handicap access along with
the rooms for mothers with babies and rest rooms for old people.
Care is taken that the furniture have no sharp edges and the flooring is not
slippery. The main aisles are wide to avoid cramping during peak shopping
seasons.
Hence, the importance of layout can be summarized in the following manner:
1. It guides the flow of customers to all parts of the store showcasing the best of
merchandise offered on sale.
2. It provide for impulsive buying.
3. It permits the store to maximize the use of space in relation to non selling
space in the store.
4. It aids the customer in selecting and comparing merchandise
5. It leads to maximize sales.
Steps for Designing Store Layout

Planning a store layout involves the following steps:
1. Determining the availability of space.
2. Determining ‘space needs’ for selling and non selling area.
3. Fitting ‘space needs’ for good customer flow and maximum sales per square foot.
4. Provision for self service
5. Types of merchandise presentation techniques.
Forms of Layout in Retail Store
The retailer must plan out each and everything

well, the location of the shelves or racks to
display the merchandise, the position of the
mannequins or the cash counter and so on.
1. Straight Floor Plan
The straight floor plan makes optimum

use of the walls, and utilizes the space in
68
the most judicious manner. The straight floor plan creates spaces within the retail
store for the customers to move and shop freely. It is one of the commonly
implemented store designs. This type of design you find in Reebok and Nike.
Advantages
1. Motivates shoppers to spend time and explore the merchandise.
2. Maximizes sale through impulsive buying.
3. Appropriate for stores where selling approach is consultative and personal.
Disadvantages
1. Inefficient use of space resources.
2. As vision is blocked, the chances of shop lifting are higher.
2. Diagonal Floor Plan
According to the diagonal floor plan, the

shelves or racks are kept diagonal to each
other for the owner or the store manager to
have a watch on the customers.
Diagonal floor plan works well in stores

where customers have the liberty to walk
in and pick up merchandise on their own.
The major customer aisles begins at the
entrance, loops through the store and returns the customer to the front of the store
generally used in departmental stores. Examples are Ritu wears, Shopper’s stop.
Advantages
1. Loops facilitate impulsive buying. The latest or fashion merchandise is

prominently displayed on the main aisles.
2. Overhead directional signs and departmental graphics provide visual cues to

the location of other departments helping shoppers while they shop.
Disadvantage
1. This layout is costlier to design, construct and maintain.
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3. Angular Floor Plan
The fixtures and walls are given a curved look

to add to the style of the store. Angular floor
plan gives a more sophisticated look to the
store. Such layouts are often seen in high end
stores. You generally find it in grocery stores,
drug stores.
An example of such type of layout is Reliance

Fresh.
Advantages
1. Methodological, efficient and convenient.
2. Visibility of merchandise is better.
3. Useful in self service.
4. Effective use of space and cost efficient.
5. Easy maintenance of selling area.
Disadvantages
1. Not very aesthetic, looks clumsy and the very principle of impulsive selling is
not served.
4. Mixed Layout
This type of layout blends the advantages of straight floor and diagonal store
layout thereby eliminating the disadvantages of both. In spine layout, the main
aisle runs through front to the back of the store transporting the customers in both
directions. On the either side of this spine, the merchandise departments use either
the straight floor or diagonal layout which branches out towards the back aisle
walls. You find this type of store layout in United Colors of Benetton.
EXERCISE
1. Visit a retail store, interact with the store owner/store personnel and customers
and ask the following questions and write their reply in not more than 50 words:
Questions for Store Owner/Store Personnel
(i) How the types of fixtures, merchandise presentation methods and techniques
are planned and help in sales floor.
70
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) How has store design led to the store’s success.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(iii) How has aesthetic ambience and visual communications increased the store
productivity.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Questions for the Customers

Testing the Store Image from Customers
(iv) Is the shopper able to determine:
a) Store’s Name
b) Line of Trade
c) Price Position
d) Ambience and store environment
(v) Do you visit the store again for shopping centre _______ y/n
If yes, the most preferred point for return
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
If no, state why.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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1. A retail store space is divided into __________ and ____________.
2. Three important forms of store layout are________________, _____________
and __________________.
3. The primary objective of a retail store is to _________________.
4. _________________ is the key to success in a retail business.
5. ____________ and __________ leads to the long term relation of customer with
the retail store.

1. The purpose of effective store layout is
(a) To earn profit
(b) Better shopping experience to customers
(c) Attract the target potential customers
2. Ideally, a store design should include:

(a) Adequate non selling space for the assorting the stocks
(b) Big room for the stores manage
(c) Maximum returns per square foot and flexibility in store design
3. The blend of straight floor and diagonal floor layout is called

(a) Free flow layout
(b) Grid layout
(c) Rack Layout
(d) Spine layout
4. Nutritional imbalance and digestive disorder results in increased occurrence

of
(a) Obesity
(b) Body strength
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(c) Performance
5. The ISO specified Symbol for the First Aid Kit is

(a) Red Cross on a green background.
(b) White Cross on a green background.
(c) Red Cross on a white background.
(d) Green Cross on a white background.

Activity.
Part A
 What do you mean by the store layout?
 State the considerations for store layout?
 Explain the forms of retail store layout?
Part B
 Importance of store layout and design in a retail store
 Steps for designing retail store layout.
 Differentiate between the store design and store layout.
 Different forms of retail store layouts.
 Planning a retail store layout
Part C

Able to identify the suitability of retail store layout as per the nature
of business.
Able to demonstrate the steps for designing retail store layout.
73
Session 2: Store Design
Relevant Knowledge
Designing a store layout includes deciding the best methods of presenting goods to the
customer. Goods are presented either on shelving units, hanging from something, on
pegboard, stacked or placed on dump tables. The methods determined are designed to
optimize sales volumes.
Objectives for a Store Design

(1) Implement the retailer's strategy,
(2) Influence customer buying behavior,
(3) Provide flexibility,
(4) Control design and maintenance costs, and
(5) Meet legal requirements.
Typically, a store design cannot achieve all of these objectives, so managers make trade-
offs among objectives, such as providing convenience versus encouraging exploration.
Elements of Store Design

The basic elements in a design that guide customers through the store are the layout,
signage, and feature areas. A good store layout helps customers to find and purchase
merchandise. Several types of layouts commonly used by retailers are the grid, race
track, and free-form. The grid design is best for stores in which customers are expected
to explore the entire store, such as grocery stores and drugstores. Racetrack designs are
more common in large upscale stores like department stores. Free-form designs are
usually found in small specialty stores and within large stores' departments.
Signage and graphics help customers locate specific products and departments, provide
product information, and suggest items or special purchases. In addition, graphics, such
as photo panels, can enhance the store environment and the store's image. Digital
signage has several advantages over traditional printed signage, but the initial fixed
costs have made the adoption of this technology slow. Feature areas are areas within a
store designed to get the customer's attention. They include freestanding displays, end
caps, promotional aisles or areas, windows, cash wraps or point-of-sale areas, and
walls.
Space management involves two decisions: (1) the allocation of store space to
merchandise categories and brands and (2) the location of departments or merchandise
74
categories in the store. Some factors that retailers consider when deciding how much
floor or shelf space to allocate to merchandise categories and brands are (1) the
productivity of the allocated space, (2) the merchandise's inventory turnover, (3) impact
on store sales, and (4) the display needs for the merchandise. When evaluating the
productivity of retail space, retailers generally use sales per square foot or sales per
linear foot.
The location of merchandise categories also plays a role in how customers navigate
through the store. By strategically placing impulse and demand/destination
merchandise throughout the store, retailers can increase the chances that customers will
shop the entire store and that their attention will be focused on the merchandise that the
retailer is most interested in selling. In locating merchandise categories, retailers need to
consider typical consumer shopping patterns.
Retailers utilize various forms of atmospherics—lighting, colors, music, and scent— to

influence shopping behavior. The use of these atmospherics can create a calming
environment for task-oriented shoppers or an exciting environment for recreational
shoppers.
The goal of any retail location is to draw customers into the store and then persuade
them to make a purchase. Good advertising and promotion work to bring customers in,
but what happens once customers get into a store largely depends on the layout and
design of the store. Both play a huge role in how customers rate their experiences and
whether they decide to buy, and if they return or recommend the store to others.
Opening a retail store can reap many rewards. Retail stores must offer a unique
environment that set them apart from others. Well-planned retail store design ideas
concerning layout should allow a retailer to maximize sales for each foot of the allocated
selling space within the store. By utilizing a grid wall, for example, a retail store can
accommodate almost any product. Every inch of every available space must be
efficiently planned for maximum display advantage. Nothing is an accident when it
comes to retail store design ideas.
A retailer should study successful floor plans and retail store design ideas. One of the
secrets to successful sales is to create the right atmosphere. Selling is a seduction of sorts
and setting the mood is part of the equation. Lighting is very important; it should be
bright enough to enable customers to easily see products but not too harsh. Spotlights
can call attention to specific items. It is very important to select and care for store
fixtures, as well as using special lighting techniques to accent your products.
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Tips for Store Design and Layout
The signage displaying the name and logo of the store must be installed at a place
where it is visible to all, even from a distance. Don’t add too much information.
 The store must offer a positive ambience to the customers. The customers must
leave the store with a smile.
 Make sure the mannequins are according to the target market and display the
latest trends. The clothes should look fitted on the dummies without using
unnecessary pins. The position of the dummies must be changed from time to time
to avoid monotony.
 The trial rooms should have mirrors and must be kept clean. Do not dump
unnecessary boxes or hangers in the dressing room.
 The retailer must choose the right colour for the walls to set the mood of the
customers. Prefer light and subtle shades.
 The fixtures or furniture should not act as an object of obstacle. Don’t unnecessary
add too many types of furniture at your store.
 The merchandise should be well arranged and organized on the racks assigned for
them. The shelves must carry necessary labels for the customers to easily locate the
products they need. Make sure the products do not fall off the shelves.
 Never play loud music at the store.
 The store should be adequately lit so that the products are easily visible to the
customers. Replace burned out lights immediately.
 The floor tiles, ceilings, carpet and the racks should be kept clean and stain free.
 There should be no bad odor at the store as it irritates the customers.
 Do not stock anything at the entrance or exit of the store to block the way of the
customers. The customers should be able to move freely in the store.
The retailer must plan his store in a way which minimizes theft or shop lifting.
(i) Merchandise should never be displayed at the entrance or exit of the store.
(ii) Expensive products like watches, jeweler, precious stones, mobile handsets and so
on must be kept in locked cabinets.
(iii) Install cameras, CCTVs to have a closed look on the customers.
(iv) Instruct the store manager or the sales representatives to try and assist all the
customers who come for shopping.
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(v) Ask the customers to deposit their carry bags at the entrance itself.
(vi) Do not allow the customers to carry more than three dresses at one time to the trial
room.
EXERCISE
(i) What are the objectives of store design?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(ii) State the elements of store design?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(iii) Explain the tips for store design and layout?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(iv) What precautions are taken to minimizes theft/ shop lifting?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

1. The store should be adequately lit so that the products are easily visible to the
___________. (customers)
2. The trial rooms should have the ___________ and must be kept clean.
(mirrors)
B. True or false
1. Free-form designs are usually found in small specialty stores and within large
stores' departments. (T)
2. A good store layout does not help customers to find and purchase
merchandise. (F)
3. The goal of retail location is to draw customers into the store and then
persuade them to make a purchase. (T)
4. Merchandise should be always displayed at the entrance or exit of the store.
(F)
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5. Signage and graphics help customers to locate specific products and
departments, provide product information, and suggest items or special
purchases. (T)

Activity.
Part A
 State the elements of store design?
 What are the objectives of store design?
 Explain the tips for store design and layout?
 What precautions are taken to minimizes theft/ shop lifting?
Part B
 Differentiate between the store layout and design.
 Explain the tips for store design and layout.
Part C

Able to identify the objectives of store design.
Able to find out the tips for store design and layout.
Session 3: Store Procedures

Relevant Knowledge
Store operation resources and daily procedures creating internal controls for
establishing retailing functions of the retail stores. The best time to establish policies
and procedures for your retail business is during the planning stages. By anticipating
problems before you open your doors, you can strategize how you’ll handle special
situations, as well as the normal day to day operations. This helps avoid making
mistakes once you’re faced with customers.
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Standard Operating Procedures in Retail
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is a set of written instructions that document a
routine or repetitive activity followed by an organization. Operational procedures are
vital to the business of running a retail store. Procedures typically cover all activities in
the store, from sales transactions to customer support to inventory. The development
and use of SOP has various advantages for the organization. Following standard
operating procedures increases sales, boosts worker productivity and enhances a store's
image.
Standardization
An SOP minimizes the variation and promotes standardization through consistent
implementation of a process or procedure within the organization.
Technology
Retail stores use some type of business software or point-of-sale system to track sales.
This allows managers to determine what products are selling well and helps them track
inventory. Retailers often use this electronic information to generate product orders
when replenishing stock levels.
Inventory Management
Inventory management procedures pertain to the handling of products in a store. These
procedures include receipt of inventory by verifying that each product is in the order as
quoted; regular counting of inventory; and installing cameras or mirrors to limit or
prohibit theft.
Marketing
Retailers use marketing strategies to draw customers into the store and entice them to
purchase goods or services. Marketing tools include radio, newspaper and television
advertisements; special pricing; in-store promotions; and signs outside the store to
attract buyers.
Labor Practices
Employees are typically a large expense for retailers. Companies often devise schedules
to ensure enough workers are available to cover the business' needs without increasing
operating costs. Retailers sometimes hire younger people willing to work for lower
wages to save the company money.
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Store Procedures in regard to Exchanges and Returns
Depending on the size of the retailer, other transactions may take place at the point-of-
sale. Small retailers commonly deal with lay-by, returns and exchanges at the point of
sale area, whereas larger retailers may have a dedicated section dealing with these other
transactions. The necessary documentation must be completed accurately and
efficiently to facilitate the transaction.
Common Transactions Include:
 Lay-by – allows goods to be purchased by installments. The goods remain the

property of the retailer until they are paid for in full. The procedure for laybys
varies according to the retailer’s policy and procedures; however there are strict
guidelines that all retailers must adhere to.
 Refund or exchange of goods – certain conditions must be met for retailers to

refund money for goods returned or exchange items. Refunds are governed by law
under the NSW Fair Trading Act 1987, and the Trade Practices Act 1974. The
Australian Competition & Consumer Corporation (ACCC) is charged with
enforcing statutory rights under the Act.
In a retail environment, opening and closing times present unique security risks. At
these times, employees are particularly vulnerable to robbery. The following policy can
be modified for any retail business that stores cash and valuables such as banks and
jewellery stores.
This procedure assumes that the store has an alarm system designed to arm/disarm the
premise alarms (motion detectors, door and window contacts, etc.) and burglar alarms
(safes, vaults and other storage containers) separately. The policy can easily be modified
to accommodate other alarm system configurations.
Opening Procedure
At least two employees must be present to open the facility. One employee will enter
the facility, while the other waits outside in a locked vehicle with access to a mobile
phone. The outside employee will maintain a clear view of the facility and wait for the
predetermined all clear signal from his/her associate.
If the outside employee notices anything suspicious, or does not see the all clear signal
in a reasonable period of time, he/she will immediately call police and then call the
company's security department.
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Upon entering the facility, the inside employee will relock the front door and disarm the
premise alarm system. If the employee is threatened while disarming the system,
he/she will enter a duress code into the alarm system keypad.
After disarming the premise alarm system, the employee will walk around premise to
look of signs of intruders or forced entry. The employee will pay special attention to rest
rooms, offices, and other areas where an intruder may hide. If an intruder is suspected,
or a sign of forced entry is noticed, the employee will immediately leave the facility and
call police and then call the company's security department.
After checking the interior of the facility the inside employee will post the
predetermined all clear signal. The signal must remain visible until all scheduled
employees have reported for the day.
Safe and vaults should be disarmed at the latest practical time. If an employee is
threatened while disarming the vault he/she will enter a duress code into the alarm
system keypad.
The front door will remain locked until opening time.
Before opening for business, all camera views will be checked to make sure cameras are
aimed properly. The DVR will also be checked to verify that it is recording. Any
problems with the cameras or DVR will be reported to the security department
immediately.
Closing Procedure
At closing time, one employee will lock the customer entry door(s) from inside. An
employee will be stationed at the front door to let any customers remaining in the
facility out one at a time.
Employees should take special notice of any customers that seem to be loitering or
intentionally trying to be last in line. Anyone who seems to be intentionally loitering
should be reported to the manager.
No customers will be admitted after the doors have been locked. Any employees
attempting to gain entrance must show proper identification. No vendors or service
technicians will be allowed access unless they have been given prior authorization.
After the final customer has left, and the front door has been locked, one employee will
conduct an initial walk-through of the area. Special attention will be paid to restrooms,
closets, employee lounge, storage rooms and any areas where individuals may be
hiding.
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One employee will be designated to conduct a final walk through of the premises before
final closing. At this time, the employee will confirm that all cash, negotiable items and
valuables have been properly stored and that all safes and cabinets have been locked.
The alarm system controlling the safes and vaults will be armed at this time.
Prior to leaving, all lights should be turned off, except for those lights which will allow
the lobby to remain visible from the street after hours.
Two or more employees will remain in the facility until final closing. Before leaving,
one employee shall arm the premise alarm system and verify that the employee exit
door is locked from outside.
EXERCISE
Visit a store (Hyper market/discount store/specialty store) and observe the store
procedures and understand their modus operandi then write down their operation
procedures, it pros & cons and suggest how it can be more effective.
A. Fill in the blanks.

1. Standard operating procedure is a set of _________ that document a routine
or repetitive activity followed by an organization. (written instructions)
2. __________________ minimize the variation and promotes _________ through
consistent ____________ of a process or procedures within the organisation.
(standard operating system, standardization, implementation)
3. Inventory management procedure pertain to the _____________ in a store.
(Handling of products)
4. ____________ allows goods to be purchased by instalments. (lay-by)
5. Retailers use __________ to draw customers into the store and entice them to
purchase goods and services. (marketing strategy)
B. True/False
1. Standard operating procedure typically cover all activities in the store. (T)
2. A standard operating procedure does not minimize the variation. (F)
3. Inventory management procedures pertain to handling of product. (F)
4. Employees are never a large expense for retailers. (F)
5. In a retail environment opening and closing times present unique security
risks. (T)
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Use the following checklist to see if you have met all the requirements for Assessment
Activity.
Part A
 What is standard operating procedures.
 Discuss opening and closing procedure.
Part B
 Describe standard operating procedures.
 Discuss store procedures in regard to exchange and return.
Part C

Able to identify store’s standard operating procedure.
Able to follow store’s exchange and return procedure.
Session 4: Store Maintenance

Relevant Knowledge
With customers changing needs and growing demand for retail outlet and chains,
maintenance is becoming important issue for retailers. The retailers can check the
products entered into the retail store and arrange products in an appropriate place.
Categorize the products into different segments and put the products as per nature.
Then the retailer maintain the proper sale of products and billing and bagging of
products.
Main Points for Maintenance of Stores

 Retail store maintenance management that helps in keeping facilities maintenance
and repair cost on track.
 Emergency services should be available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
 Store history should be identify problem areas is part of preventive maintenance
software.
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 Store maintenance reporting solutions customized to meet customer’s needs.
 Fixture installations and National roll outs on time.
 Cost effective preventive maintenance programs, fire extinguishers and yearly
inspection tracking should be programmed.
 Open invoicing; its open procedures for vendors to insure that they are getting an
honest price.
 Have access to qualified facilitators for retail store maintenance.
 The ability to resolve maintenance problem through communications, your
locations and our contractors.
Store Maintenance provides all of the management services & maintenance trades that
is needed in a retail environment. Retail maintenance is a very specialized field. To
maintain a store is not a one man task. For this, retailer requires help of maintenance
company.
Following working process of maintenance management solution:

 100% Web-Based Application requiring no installation on client machines
 The Service Requester allows members to request maintenance using their web
browser
 Technicians can be paged and assigned work
 Work History is stored and recorded for each location and asset
 Easy to set up Preventive Maintenance schedules
 Open architecture with easy integration to other applications
 Built using standard Microsoft Web Technologies
Maintenance connection provides a full-featured maintenance management solution

that runs entirely inside your Internet browser. This allows you to get up and running
quickly – without having to install anything on client machines. You can focus on what
you do best rather than having to maintain maintenance software. Employees,
contractors, requesters and management can access Maintenance Connection from
wherever they are using an Internet browser. Organizations with multiple sites can
easily keep their maintenance records in one place.
With the growing demand for retail outlets and chains, the maintenance management
system of these buildings is becoming increasingly important. In order to maintain a
clean street appeal and a 100% operational facility, it is important to have software to
84
help manage maintenance. As your chain of stores grows, you can expand the asset
hierarchy and develop reports of how much was spent on any given store or group of
stores over a period of time. Use the Service Requester to allow those working within
stores to request maintenance at their location. The software can store an unlimited
number of service vendors that you can then search for and contact to resolve
maintenance issues.
Using Maintenance provider service is simple, easy-to-use web-based application can

help to retail chain track maintenance costs, prevent and predict equipment failures,
improve labor productivity, reduce costly downtimes, minimize investments in
inventory, and lower the total cost of maintenance.
Retail stores can set up maintenance management system complete with preventive
maintenance schedules for facilities and equipment such as the following:
Multiple Locations (chains) HVAC Units Signs

Flooring Pipes Elevators
Ceiling Fans Computers POS Machines
Windows and Glass Carpet Wood Flooring
Ceramic Tile Lighting Exterior Finish
EXERCISE
Visit a store (Discount/Speciality/Super market). Observe the methods or procedures
of store maintenance and what are the main points to be considered while maintaining
a store. Write about store maintenance procedures or method of two stores and
compare between two (either similar nature store or different).
Compile your report by exploring pros and cons in their procedures and suggest the
practical approach in maintaining store.
1. Grainger delivers thousands of items to ______________ quickly and reliably.

(multiple locations)
2. Store ______________ reporting solutions customised to meet needs of the

customers. (maintenance)
3. The ability to resolve maintenance problem through _____________.

(communication)
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B. True/False
1. Open invoicing is a open procedure for vendors to ensure that they are
getting honest price. (T)
2. Store history to identify problem area is a part of preventive maintenance

software. (T)
3. Work history is stored and recorded not for each location and asset. (F)

Part A
 Discuss store maintenance.
 Describe points to be considered while maintaining store.
Part B
 Discuss store maintenance procedure followed by different store types.
 Discuss their main focus points in store maintenance.
Part C

Able to identify major points in store maintenance.
86
Unit-4: Billing, Transport and Delivery
Unit Code:
Unit Title: Billing, Transport and Delivery
RS204- NQ2012
Classroom, Session-1: Billing Procedures
Retail shop store
Learning Outcome Knowledge Performance Teaching and
operations
Evaluation Evaluation Training Method
1. Describes the Basic 1. State various types 1. Calculate the Interactive lecture:
Understanding & of Billing and Routine Understanding
Competencies for Accounting Heads Accounting and Basic Accounting
Billing Personnel 2. Understanding Billing and Billing
basic accounting Transactions Procedures.
Terminologies 2. Explain the various Activity:
related with taxes and duties Role Plays and
Billing & related with Billing Activities based on
Accounting to Customer Billing and
Procedures. Accounting
Example: Service Procedures.
Tax, Sales Tax,
VAT, Other Duties
etc.
2. Handle the 1. Describe various 1. Differentiate Interactive
various Modes of Modes of between various Lecture:
Payments during Payment. modes of Payments Based on Modes of
Billing Process 2. State the 2. Collect and Payment
precaution to be Operate various Activity:
taken while Payment Modes On-the-job to handle
handling the 3. Operational payments in retail
modes of Knowledge of organization.
Payments Various
3. Understanding Equipments in
uses of Various Payment Process
Equipments used
in Payment
Process
Session 2: Elements of Transportation
1. Describe the 1. Common modes 1. Differentiate Interactive lecture:
various modes of of retail between various Modes of
transportation transportation modes of transportation and
2. Factors affecting transportation their cost benefit
modes of 2. Identify the factors analysis
transportation determining Activity:
combination of Make a small report
mode of on cost effective
transportation modes of retail
transportation
2. Identify objectives 1. Describe the 1. Enlist various Interactive lecture:
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of loading and objectives of objectives of Functions and
unloading loading & loading & objectives of loading
unloading unloading & unloading
2. Discuss the 2. Practice each and Activity:
significance of every objective Discuss with your
loading & instructor the
unloading significance of
loading &
unloading and make
a brief report
3. Identify the 1. Types of problems 1. Analyze the Interactive lecture:
problems faced during various issues with Problems in retail
associated with transportation in retail transport
retail transport retail transportation Activity:
2. Solutions to 2. Suggest solutions Hold a group
overcome overcome for discussion to find
problems in retail problems in retail solutions to the
transportation transport problems of retail
transportation
Session 3: Delivery Procedures
1. Understand the 1. Describe various 1. Differentiate Interactive Lecture:
various Delivery Delivery between Various Delivery procedure
Procedures for Procedures for Delivery in retail stores
delivery of items delivery of Goods Procedures Activity:
used in Malls, Delivery process of
Grocery Shops Departmental Stores
and Web Based & Malls
Service
2. State the Delivery 1. Identify the 1. Demonstrate Interactive Lecture:
Process of methods for Procedures of Delivery procedure
Departmental packing, bagging Packing, Labeling, in retail stores
Store/Malls and arranging for Marking and Activity:
delivery in arranging for Delivery process of
departmental delivery in Departmental Stores
stores & malls departmental & Malls
stores and malls
3. Identify the 1. State the methods 1. Demonstrate Interactive Lecture:
Delivery Process for packing Procedures of Delivery process of
of Grocery/Small Labeling, Marking Packing, Labeling, grocery/small shops
Shops and arranging for Marking and Activity:
delivery arranging for Role Play on
2. Process of Home delivery of Customer Handling,
Delivery grocery/small Packing, bagging
shops and Delivery of
2. Demonstrate the goods.
process of Home
Delivery
Session 4: Laws in Record Maintenance
1. Identify the 1. State the various 1. Demonstrate the Interactive Lecture:
various records & Records & posting entries in Maintenance of
88
maintenance Maintenance used Registers. Records in
followed in Retail in organized 2. Identify the Organised Retail
Retail Sector methods of Activity:
maintenance in Visit to retails
organized retail. organization and
observe the
recording
maintenance
system.
2. Understand the 1. Laws for Record & 1. State the posting Interactive Lecture:
laws of various maintenance entries in Registers Laws for
record & methods used in by small maintenance of
maintenance small shops/ shops/Grocery record in small
Grocery Shops/ Shops/Small Scale shops/grocery
Small Scale Industry shops/small scale
Industry 2. Find out the laws industry.
of maintenance in Activity:
small Visit to small
shops/grocery shops/grocery
shops/small scale shops/small scale
industries industry observe the
laws followed in
recording
maintenance
system.
Introduction
Marketing is regarded as crucial element for the success of any enterprise. Over the last
decade, the retail marketing in India has grown significantly. We have witnessed the
launch of a large number of retailers entering into retail industry.
Retail is the final stage of any economic activity. By virtue of this fact, retail occupies an
important place in the world economy. Retailing refers to all activities involved in
selling goods or services to the final consumers for personal, non business use. A
retailer or retail store is any business enterprise whose sales volume comes primarily
from retailing. Put simply, any firm that sells products to the final consumer is
performing the function of retailing.
Retail market refers to place where a group of consumers with similar needs and a
group of retailers meet using a similar retail format to satisfy those consumer needs.
The supply chain distribution logistics encompasses all activities and exchanges
involved in extracting, processing, manufacturing and distributing goods and services
from raw material through to the end consumer. It requires retailers to take a complete
view of these activities and adopt innovative approaches to meet customer’s needs with
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great efficiency. Keeping in view the importance of logistics the billing, transport and
delivery aspects are very much required for running the retail business. In this module
we covered the retail aspects like billing procedure in retailing, elements of
transportation and delivery system in retail business.
Session 1: Billing Procedures

Relevant Knowledge
The maximum number of customer interaction that one faces in a retail store is the cash
counter. Hence it becomes very important to keep the cash counter very efficient and
manned at all times. An effective and neat cash counter is a sign of a very professionally
managed store.
It’s the responsibility of the cash counter in-charge or the head cashier to see to it that
each and every cash counter is managed properly. At start of the trading it’s important
that the cashier assigned to a specific cash counter needs to look into the following
points:
 The cash counter is neat and tidy
 To ensure the cash till/POS machine is working
 To check all telephone lines and EDC machines are working
 To ensure stationery is available
 To ensure returns are sent back
Cashiers should ensure that Q-managers are in place in front of the cash counter to
avoid crowding of customers in front of the cash desk.
The head cashier should ensure this is practiced religiously every day.
Usually a head cashier is expected to generate a report which shows the total number of
transactions done in all the cash counters, a detail SKU wise report, a detail tender wise
report and a detail report in all individual cash counters which will reflect all the
cancellations done, refunds made, and any other specific transaction made apart from
the billings made. Based on these reports the head cashier has to submit his daily
submission report to the store manager. Also all investigations are done based on these
reports. Some software also has the efficiency to generate report period wise, apart from
date wise, and also time wise, i.e. between a specific time periods in a day, individually
in all cash counters. The more the reports are detailed the easier it becomes for a head
cashier to investigate a case.
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This highly loaded POS is capable of integrating with all types of POS accessories.
Users reduce the waiting time of their customers at billing counters. They also prevent
shrinkage loss at the front end of the store by eliminating chances for malpractices &
mistakes. The Key Features retail billing is as under:
 Provisions to capture additional information in invoice helps better tracking in
cases of home delivery
 Easy to use Product search interface helps in quick &
efficient product search based on different parameters
like product code, name, product alias & barcode
 Supports EAN, UPC, GTIN, QR and custom designed bar
code scan
 Hold bill is great feature to hold a particular bill &
resume it after some time
 Facility to maintain scanned copies of important documents in the software for
parcel entry tracking
 Supports Exchange feature which allows setting of multiple exchange prices for
the same product
 Supports Exchange scheme in billing. Multiple exchange price can be defined for
the same product based on condition
 Supports retail & tax invoice
 Quotation/Proforma/Sales Order/DN to Sales Bill conversion
 Fix price of the product depending on purchase price or as per demand. This
results in fixing optimum selling price if same product is purchased at different
rates
 Swipe card readers interface to reduce credit/debit card tender time
 Supports all types of payment modes like Cash, Card, Coupon, Gift voucher,
mixed payment tender type such as part cash, part credit card, etc
 Auto recovery & Offline billing possible if connection with server is disturbed
 Supports Till Management which facilitates recording of all sales, purchase details
& cashing up
 Supports exchange dues
 Due bill payment feature allows processing of unsettled bills
 Facility to maintain manufacturer, supplier & your own product code
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Solution Highlights
Easy, Fast & Robust Billing
Enhance billing through the integration of barcode scanners and weighing scale to the
POS. The cashier just needs to scan the products & print the bill. In some cases, they can
even hold a bill and recall the same thereby serving the long queue of customers faster.
Re-order based on Sales/Stock

Our comprehensive re-order features help you plan replenishment wisely based on
previous PO, purchased quantity and item sold quantity for a particular period. You
can also generate supplier-wise PO by analyzing last 'N' day, weekly, monthly & yearly
sales details.
Purchase Formula & Price Level
Simplify purchase entry for each one of your supplier using our
PURCHASE FORMULA with discounts, taxes, freight, etc. It takes one
time configuration that helps you to do inward process entry easily
without any mistakes & effortlessly.
Effective Day-end Process
You need to have control over the billing counter staff to prevent
pilferage. Achieve this by using snapshot, session management, till
management & cash hand over features in your POS. In-fact, day-end
report will reflect counter-wise excess or shortage of cash accurately.
Repacking, Split & Kit items
Inventory of grocery items which are purchased in bulk quantity and
later repacked in small quantities are manageable. Items can also be
bundled as a KIT item like gift pack.
Home Delivery & Due Bill

Orders which need to be delivered at the doorstep can be billed as Due
bill. Type of payment by customer can be captured later with delivery
status.
Credit Card & Coupon Tracking

Entire cycle of debit or credit card and coupon transactions are
trackable in detail. Apart from that, you can also trace coupons
collection, deposit and reimbursement details.
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Swipe Card Reader Interface
By integrating swipe card readers, the job of cashier becomes much
more easy. Card payments get captured directly without manual
entry and ensures accuracy.
Check Actual & Analyze Status on the go to Support Decision Making

Go-Frugal's report tool is very flexible, easy to use, fully customizable. It provides MIS
reports that help decision making, analyzing the trends & competition. This helps you
to know the current status of the stores, keeping track of various transactions, etc. This
reporting tool includes more than 350 pre-defined reports & designed to take care of all
reporting needs of any business. Go-Frugal's Webreporter, an add on product gives you
the ability to see reports on the Internet via browser from remote locations. The Key
Features of this Webreporter is as follows:
 Report personalization allows you to configure the reports i.e. grouping fields in a
report, customizing columns display order, related reports can be
grouped/mapped & report filters can be customized.
 Reports can be added to "Myreport" for frequently viewed reports.
 All reports can be exported to Excel, HTML, PDF & mail formats.
 Comprehensive stock, sales & purchase analysis based on product, distributor,
manufacturer, category & returned transaction.
 Supports generation of Inventory Analysis reports such as age analysis, product
margin, category-wise stock & excess stock.
 Master data analysis like newly created customers list for a given period.
 Salesman commission analysis based on total value of sales, sales return,
commission slab based or product age based.
 Generates list of Top N customer for month, non-regular customers, fast & slow
moving products, dead stocks/non-billed products, inventory transaction, etc.
 Supports report scheduler & report security (reports can be configured by each
user).
 Supports Day end report for filtering the records on a given date for given bill
types & choose the bill to edit (in Bill Entry Screen).
 Generates other reports like Sales & Purchase tax, Price level, Price drop, repack,
current stock, stock re-ordered, stock ledger, stock movement, etc.
 Users can create customized report templates by defining & selecting fields.
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Telecom Retail Billing
When we talk about telecom billing then by default it is about retail billing. As defined
earlier telecom retail billing is defined as follows:
Telecom Billing is a process of collecting usage, aggregating it, applying required usage
and rental charges and finally generating invoices for the customers.
Telecom billing process also includes receiving and recording payments from the
customers.
Retail billing deals directly with the end customer and comes with lot of challenges to
meet end customer expectations and regulatory obligations. A billing is assumed to be
successful as long as it is fulfilling following criteria:
 Timely Billing: End customer's invoice is being generating on time i.e. nominal
date. There may be some circumstances when end customer does not get their
invoices on time because of some logistic issues. But it is IT's responsibility to
generate all the due bills on due date.
 Billing Accuracy: This is most important factor for the customer satisfaction and
from regulatory obligation point of view. If billing system is not generating
accurate bills then it can lead to serious business issue from legality point of view
as well as leaving a customer in unhappy state.
Retail Vs Wholesale Billing
Retail billing deals with end customer and billing an individual customer where as
wholesale billing dealing with billing to the following entities depending on situation
and nature of business:
 Billing resellers associated with a telecom operator.
 Billing interconnects partners for providing interconnection to make calls to other
operators' customers.
 Billing roaming partners for providing services to their customers when they
roamed in an operator's coverage area.
Wholesale billing is easy in comparison of retail billing and allows a big level of
threshold of tolerance where as retail billing always needs to be 100% accurate.
Wholesale billing can never if 100% accurate because of various reasons like difference
in prices configured in two operators systems or difference in number of calls rated
because some of the calls may got missed at any network element.
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There are specialized billing systems which are being used to handle retail billing like
Convergys and Amdocs Billing systems are famous for retail billing where as ASCADE
and INTEC billing systems are famous for wholesale billing.
Wholesale billing can also be settled using retail billing systems by using simple reports
because they do not deal with to many discounts and promotion types where as retail
billing needs all these complications and can not be handled using wholesale billing
systems.
All the concepts discussed so far in this tutorial was related to retail billing and
subsequent chapters will discuss about interconnect billing, roaming billing and other
billing types.
EXERCISE
Visit two malls or stores of your nearest area observe the billing procedure and write
your report comparing of two stores for billing procedure and summarize with
suggestions to improve billing in the store.
Note: For this assignment you can gather to 10-20 customers of each store, suggestions
on billing procedure of each store.
A. Fill in the Blanks

1. It’s the responsibility of ________________ to see that every cash counter is
managed properly. (cash counter in-charge/head cashier).
2. ______________ features which allows setting of multiple exchange prices for
the same product. (support exchange).
3. Auto recovery and ______________ is possible is connection with server is
distributed. (offline billing)
4. Telecom billing process includes ____________ and ___________ payments
from the customers. (receiving, recording)
5. Wholesale billing can also be settled using __________ (retail billing system)
1. Placed cashier is expected to generate report which shows that –

(a) Total number of transaction done
(b) Detail SKU wise report
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(c) Detail tender wise report
(d) All the above
2. Billing accuracy s most important factor for –

(a) Customer satisfaction
(b) Reseller satisfaction
(c) Purchase satisfaction
Part A
 Describe billing procedures.
 Responsibilities of billing in-charge.
Part B
 What is the billing procedure?
 What are the responsibilities of billing in-charge?
 What are the key factories of retail billing?
 Effective billing solutions.
 Wholesale and telecom billing.
Part C
The performance standard covered by the assessment includes the following, but not
limited to:

Able to identify billing procedure in retail.
Able to identify key features of retail billing.
Able to identify responsibility of billing in-charge.
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Session 2: Elements of Transportation
Relevant Knowledge
In general the modes of transportation in marketing management are (1) Road (2) Water
(3) Air. These modes or a combination of it is used to transfer raw material to working
spot or factory, finished goods to whole seller, further to retailer and lastly to consumer.
In this module let us discuss about transportation of goods from retailer up to handing
over to consumer.
Modes of Retail Transportation
As said in the above paragraph that transportation can be done in any of the three
modes - road, water, air. But in retail marketing there are two important types - store
and non-store retailing. In non-store retailing and in e - retailing in most of the cases all
three modes may be adopted. Here postal department services or courier services are
adopted. Both postal department and courier services use various methods/use various
modes with main objectives to deliver goods at a shortest time and low cost. Normally a
combination of different modes of services is adopted to obtain best result. This
combination is usually decided by origin and destination points.
Some of the points which decide about modes are:

 Distance between two points is small: if distance is small and well connected by
road, then, normally water and air modes are not considered.
 Distance between two points is too high and weight of the goods is small: A
combination of road and air can be used.
 Distance between two points is too high and weight of the goods is high: A
combination of road and water (ship) can be used.
 A combination of water and road is used when road connection is not good and
boat is a mode of transportation.
 A combination of road and train is used depending upon facility available for the
same.
In case of store retailing normally different modes of road transportation is adopted

depending upon the situation. Here delivery of the goods is of two types (1) delivery of
the goods from store to customer example: hardware materials, tails etc. or (2) from
showroom to customer example: normal grocery items in kirana store. In the above two,
method adopted depends on easiness of loading and unloading process.
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In general retail transport can be treated as movement of goods from store or showroom
of retailer to handing over it to the consumer.
Objectives of Retail Transport

 To deliver the goods to the customer in a short time.
 To deliver the goods at a lease cost.
 To reduce loading and unloading as much as possible.
 To improve safety measures during transporting.
 To adopt all legal requirement towards transportation.
Loading and Unloading of Merchandise
Loading and unloading of the goods is a very important activity in retail management.
This activity is associated with cost, time, wastage, handling of material, safety of
employees and others.
Factor Affected by loading and unloading:

 Cost
 Time of delivery
 Wastage of material
 Safety of employees
 Government rules
Objectives of Loading and Unloading
When the finished goods is received from factory or wholesale dealer the retailer must
receive these goods in his store/showroom. For doing this job he has to unload the
material from the transport device. In the same way when the customer purchases the
material from the retailer, he has to load the purchased material into the transportation
vehicle. These activities are called as loading and unloading of the materials. There are
various good practices of loading and unloading, some of them are:
1. When a bulk order is obtained, send the delivery of the material directly from
factory/whole sale dealer to customer.
2. Load the materials for delivery to the customer, as early as possible which helps in
reduction in stock storage space, early realization of selling price, avoiding
obsolesce and minimization of safety cost.
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3. Protect the material from fire, rain water, theft etc.
4. Delicate materials must be handled carefully.
5. While handling hazardous material extra safety measures must be taken while
loading and unloading.
6. While loading and unloading government rules must be followed towards safety.
7. Some materials cannot be stores for longer duration and it has to be handled with
care. Example: vegetable etc.
Problems associated with Retail Transport

1. Maintaining supply chain efficiency in face of increasing risk and unpredictability.
2. Infrastructure congestion exacerbated by unforeseen or uncontrollable events.
(a) Natural disasters
(b) Labour strike and shortages
(c) Terrorism
3. Heightened supply chain security.
4. Increasing costs
(a) Inventory just-in-time to just-in-case.
(b) Congestion e.g. demurrage, fuel, traffic, mitigation fees, container fees.
(c) Security.
5. Using retail transport for cross border is very complex, time consuming and costly,
for example, retail companies needs at least 12 different permissions issued by
different authorities.
6. For import and export of goods needed customer clearances before sending to
distribution centers.
7. It is needed to translate all information into national or regional language trigger
additional handling and logical efforts regarding the separation and specific
treatment of merchandise for different countries. Merchandise has to be logistically
separated and relabeled to continue to final destination.
EXERCISE
1. Visit a retail outlet or a mall located in your area, interact with the owner and
employees and ask the following questions and write their replies in not more than
50 words.
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2. Visit a Retail organization, nearby your area, interact with the owner and
employees and ask the following questions and write their replies in not more than
50 words.
A. Questions to Employee/owner
1. What are the modes of retail transportation?
2. Is there is any analysis done to improve retail transportation in terms of cost,
time, quality of delivery etc.?
3. Are you using door delivery system as one of the method to attract customer?
4. What are the problems faced by you in loading and unloading of a product?
5. What action taken to solve above problems?
B. Question to Employees
1. What are the innovative methods suggested by them in handling the
products?

1. Distance between two points is too high and weight of the goods is small then
a Combination of ______ and ________ can be used in retail transportation.
2. Distance between two points is too small and weight of the goods is small
then ___ can be used in retail transportation.
3. If the distance is high and weight of goods is also high, then _______________
and ______________ can be used for retail transportation.
4. While loading and unloading extra care must be taken for material.
5. For perishable items loading and unloading is an important factor.

1. Most important mode of retail transportation is -
a) Rail
b) Air
c) Road
d) Water
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2. Objective of retail transportation is -
a) improve quality of goods
b) reduce production wastage
c) increase in sales
d) timely delivery to customer
3. This is not one of the mode of retail transportation -

a) e-mail
b) road
c) air
d) water
4. Loading and unloading must be -

a) reduced
b) increased
c) maintained
d) none of above
5. Hazardous material must be loaded and unloaded

a) quickly
b) carefully
c) do not handle
d) both a and c
Part A
Activity.
1. Various methods of store and non-store retail transport.
2. E-commerce retail transporting.
3. Objectives of retail transporting.
4. Definition of retail transportation.
5. Identify the factors affecting loading and unloading.
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6. Determine objectives of loading and unloading.
7. Differentiate the various methods of loading and unloading.
Part B
Discuss the following in Class Room:
1. Define retail transportation.
2. What are the modes of transportation in e-commerce?
3. Explain all types of transportation.
4. What are the objectives of retail transportation?
5. What is Retail loading and unloading?
6. What factors influence Retail loading and unloading?
7. What are the objectives of Retail loading and unloading?
Part C
limited to:

Able to identify the difference between various types of transportation.
Able to understand the objectives of the retail.
Able to learn e-commerce transportation.
Able to differentiate the various methods of loading and unloading.
Session 3: Delivery Procedures

Relevant Knowledge
Retail Delivery Process
Fitting out a major retail scheme owes a lot to effective retail delivery management. We
know retailers value flexibility. The ability to delay decision-making until the last
minute is very important – enabling the latest trends to be incorporated into a store’s
design, or units to be let at short notice.
Retail developments, by contrast, rely on tight control and effective management to

achieve trading dates. The retail delivery manager provides a single point of contact
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that balances the needs of retailers with the discipline required to meet the opening
date. We know this can’t be undertaken as part of another role. We use a dedicated
resource to ensure that and we understand what the stakeholders need before they
come on board.
Bringing together the centre management, existing tenants, new tenants and the
construction team, we align all the stakeholders by communicating the design vision,
practical constraints and risks face to face.
We make sure that agreements for lease, contract documents and warranties all contain
the necessary safeguards and deliverables for a successful fit-out on site, driving out
problems that may otherwise only become apparent the day a tenant arrives on site.
Once on site, we manage the process and interface between stakeholders. Everyone is
kept on the same page and aligned with the commercial goals of the project.
We have used our insight and experience to develop a dedicated method. This
framework provides a clear view of the process from inception to close out, so that each
member of the project team knows what they are doing and when. In turn, this allows
our clients to concentrate on structuring deals in the knowledge that everything will
dovetail together on site.
The Retail Delivery is the management process designed to help guide our tenants from
the design stages through to the successful opening and trading of a store within a
Westfield centre. Fitting out so many stores at once can put tremendous pressure on
supply chains and specialized resources as there are a huge number of developments
completing during the same timeframe. Plan ahead and don't be afraid to ask one of the
Retail Delivery team for assistance if you need to. The main stages in the Retail Delivery
process are set out below:
1. Tenant's Briefing
 The Retail Design Manager (RDM) introduces the vision for Westfield
Stratford City and presents the Design Guidelines to your design team. The
RDM outlines the design approvals process and all design-related queries can
be tables at this meeting.
 Westfield's Retail Project Manager (RPM) will answer your queries on any
technical aspects of the project, discuss a programme of works and outline
the process ahead. During (or shortly after) the Retailer Briefing Meeting, you
will be issued with a Detailed Tenancy Pack which will contain all the
information required for you to start designing your store.
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2. Design Approval
 The Tenant will submit the concept design to the RDM at this stage. The RDM
will review the concept design and issue comments and approval.
 The Tenant will submit a more detailed concept design to the RDM. The RDM
will review the concept design and issue comments and approval.
3. Fit-out
 At this stage, the Tenant appoints its Fit-Out Contractor and the premises is
inspected by the Tenant for access. Westfield conducts the Pre-start
 Induction and the Tenant submits pre-start information to the RPM and H&S
for review.
 The RPM and RDM issue comments. Access to the premises is granted and
the Tenant's fit-out work commences. The RPM and RDM monitor the fit-out.
 This includes the Tenant's Commissioning, Consent to Trade, Merchandising
and Store Opening. Necessary steps are: tenant commissioning and landlord
interface; tenant completed snagging; tenant issuance of H&S file (O&Ms), as-
built drawings and statutory certificates to RPM; RPM Consent to Trade
issued.
4. Completion Stage
 During the close out stage, the Tenant Snagging Remedial occurs and the
Tenant issues as-built drawings. The RDM issues the Documentation of
Works and the Developer releases the Deposit and Deductions.
Retail Delivery Services through different Agencies
Show Me Moving and Home Delivery
We specialize in delivering the items from your warehouse to your customer’s homes.
Your customer has made the purchasing decision, paid for the item, and now you need
a reliable, trusted partner who knows the importance of an on time, damage free
delivery.
Whether you need professional, insured delivery service three times a week, once a
month or a variation in between; whether you need threshold delivery or white glove
service; whether you have your own program you'd like us to follow or you'd like us to
customize a service to create efficiencies and maximize your profits; Show Me Moving
and Home Delivery will deliver a hassle free experience to you and your customer.
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With over 75 years of management experience, our team is dedicated to delivering a
service that is developed to eliminate the obstacles that keep you from growing your
business.
Interested in learning more about our services? Call our corporate office at 314.567.6060
and ask for Carrie, she wants to meet you from the beginning.
Tapping customers to deliver goods would put the world's largest retailer squarely in
middle of a new phenomenon sometimes known as "crowd-sourcing," or the "sharing
economy."
A plethora of start-ups now help people make money by renting out a spare room, a
car, or even a cocktail dress, and Wal-Mart would in effect be inviting people to rent out
space in their vehicle and their willingness to deliver packages to others.
Such an effort would, however, face numerous legal, regulatory and privacy obstacles,
and Wal-Mart executives said it was at an early planning stage.
Wal-Mart is making a big push to ship online orders directly from stores, hoping to cut
transportation costs and gain an edge over Amazon and other online retailers, which
have no physical store locations. Wal-Mart does this at 25 stores currently, but plans to
double that to 50 this year and could expand the program to hundreds of stores in the
future.
Wal-Mart currently uses carriers like FedEx Corp for delivery from stores - or, in the
case of a same-day delivery service called Walmart To Go that is being tested in five
metro areas, its own delivery trucks.
Retail Delivery by CKDC
As an expert on retail delivery, CKDC will work with landlords to ensure they have
best practice processes and procedures implemented within their business so that it
operates with better efficiency to more expediently open shops, provide improved
landlord-tenant relationships and enhance the landlord’s retail brand and reputation.
CKDC can assist with:

 Assessing and critiquing current retail delivery processes
 Assessing current documentation and procedures
 Analyzing current personnel, consultants and resources and the operational
framework they work within
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 Recommending improved processes and procedures
 Preparing relevant documentation – Fit Out Guide, Site Constraints documents etc
 Implementing improved procedures
 Assisting with the procurement of additional specialized staff and consultants
 Training personnel on and rolling out new processes
Retail Delivery Services Dynamex
Through years of experience, Dynamex has developed industry-specific transportation

and logistics solutions. Have a unique shipping need? Require logistics services
support? Dynamex offers a variety of support services for all types of specialized
delivery and logistical needs, including our retail logistics services.
Retail Distribution
Distribution and delivery across a global supply chain is becoming increasingly

sophisticated and complex. Customer-focused enterprises are under increasing pressure
to satisfy customers while reducing costs and streamlining operations. At the same
time, they must comply with regulations from every region.
Wherever your goods must be moved or stored, Dynamex can develop the most
efficient and effective way to meet your requirements in the US and Canada. Our
proven retail distribution services make Dynamex the single, trusted resource for
warehousing, third party logistics, and retail goods distribution. Flexibility and
outstanding service ensures that your shipments make it to your stores complete and
on-time.
When you need immediate delivery, both you and your customers can rely on
Dynamex. Flexibility and outstanding courier service ensures that your shipments make
it to your house complete and on-time.
Dynamex knows the sale cannot wait. Retail fulfillment is deadline sensitive and
requires the goods be delivered at exactly the right place, at the right time, and in the
right way. There is no margin for error.
We offer
 Product distribution management
 Inventory management and warehousing
 Electronic data interchange (EDI)
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With Dynamex, you can be assured of having your products available, in the store, and
on the shelf so your store staff can focus on customers and making a sale.
Dynamex offers a transportation and logistics solution designed just for your specific
needs. We work with you to optimize your service levels and vehicle mix to provide the
most cost-effective routing, handling, and delivery available.
Home Delivery Courier
Home delivery across a global supply chain is becoming increasingly sophisticated and
complex. Customer-focused enterprises are under increasing pressure to satisfy
customers while reducing costs and streamlining operations. Dynamex is your long
term solution for a seamless home delivery program. We are a leading network courier
company serving a wide range of retailers and manufacturers including consumer
electronics, appliances, home improvement, office supplies, and furniture companies
throughout the United States. We specialize in all sizes and weights, white glove
service, and weekend/holiday delivery.
Our success is due to extensive experience and expertise in managing numerous

national and regional shipping programs. We provide extraordinary customer service
and use state-of-the-art technology to provide you with the most efficient and cost-
effective home delivery solutions in the retail and e-commerce industry.
Through years of transportation and logistics experience we have learned tried and true
methods for successfully implementing and executing simple to complex programs.
Dynamex has been operating in the market for many years, working in partnership
with a range of leading manufacturers and retailers, providing services from order
placement to final delivery.
E-Commerce Courier
If your customers have to wait on the phone for every delivery, they may quickly turn
into someone else's customers. With the time demands of e-mail and the Internet
changing everyone's perceptions of speedy response, dxNow® brings an online
advantage to your same-day shipping fulfillment needs. dxNow® is your online
gateway to e-commerce.
Customers can remain ahead of the curve with our online courier solution for fulfilling
all of your same-day delivery needs. With secure order entry, real-time tracking, and
account management reporting, you have access to every aspect of the shipping process
24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
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With Dynamex's e-commerce shipping solutions, order entry is quick and easy with
your personalized address book and smart code referencing. Every order you place at
dxNow® appears directly on Dynamex dispatch screens for seamless transmission to
the appropriate driver with the right vehicle to handle your order immediately.
And, with online waybills and shipping labels ready to print, one click of your mouse
has your package ready for pick-up.
During the shipping process, you can log on to your account to view real-time status
updates, or choose to have pickup and delivery updates sent straight to your email, or
your customer's email. Then, use our instant reporting system to generate customized
management reports for online viewing or download. From start to finish, you are in
control of your time-critical deliveries.
EXERCISE
Interact with delivery department head of the store and write down the procedure
followed by that store and problems encountered by the store in delivery procedures
with practical solution of that problem by you.

1. The retail delivery manager provides a single point of contact then balances
the needs of ______________ with the _____________ required to meet the
___________ date. (retailers, discipline, opening)
2. Retail delivery is the ______________ process. (management)

1. Wallmart same day delivery called Wallmart To GO that to being listed in –
a) Five metros
b) Two metros
c) Three metros
d) None of the above
2. Retail fulfillment is require the goods be delivered at –

a) Right place
b) Right time
c) Right way
d) All the above
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Part A
Activity.
 Identify delivery procedure in retail store.
Part B
 Discuss delivery procedures.
 Discuss web based delivery process.
 Discuss different agencies providing delivery services.
Part C
limited to:

Able to identify delivery procedures.
Able to identify agencies providing delivery services.
Session 4: Laws in Record Maintenance

Relevant Knowledge
Maintenance and Access to Retail Sales Records
(1) The retail sales records required under WAC 246-889-095 are confidential and
accessible by the board of pharmacy and law enforcement agencies. Law
enforcement may access the retail sales records for criminal investigations when, at
a minimum, there is an articulated individualized suspicion of criminal activity.
(2) Each law enforcement agency's administrator, chief, sheriff, or other chief
executive officer shall ensure:
(a) Only authorized employees have access to the data bases;
(b) Each employee use his or her unique password or access code to access the
data bases;
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(c) Each employee adheres to all state and federal laws regarding confidentiality;
and
(d) As employees change, new passwords or access codes are assigned to new
employees and passwords of ex-employees or transferred employees are
removed.
(3) Retail sales records of restricted products, electronic or written, must be kept for a
minimum of two years.
(4) Retail sales records must be destroyed in a manner that leaves the record
unidentifiable and non-retrievable.
Maintenance of Records and Inventories
A. Except as provided in paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this section1304.04, every

inventory and other records required to be kept under this part must be kept by
the registrant and be available, for at least 2 years from the date of such inventory
or records, for inspection and copying by authorized employees of the
Administration.
1. Financial and shipping records (such as invoices and packing slips but not
executed order forms subject to Sections 1305.17 and 1305.27 of this chapter)
may be kept at a central location, rather than at the registered location, if the
registrant has notified the Administration of his intention to keep central
records. Written notification must be submitted by registered or certified
mail, return receipt requested, in triplicate, to the Special Agent in Charge of
the Administration in the area in which the registrant is located. Unless the
registrant is informed by the Special Agent in Charge that permission to keep
central records is denied, the registrant may maintain central records
commencing 14 days after receipt of his notification by the Special Agent in
Charge. All notifications must include the following:
 The nature of the records to be kept centrally.
 The exact location where the records will be kept.
 The name, address, DEA registration number and type of DEA
registration of the registrant whose records are being maintained
centrally.
 Whether central records will be maintained in a manual, or computer
readable, form.
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2. A registered retail pharmacy that possesses additional registrations for
automated dispensing systems at long term care facilities may keep all
records required by this part for those additional registered sites at the retail
pharmacy or other approved central location.
B. All registrants that are authorized to maintain a central recordkeeping system

under paragraph (a) of this section shall be subject to the following conditions:
 The records to be maintained at the central record location shall not include
executed order forms and inventories, which shall be maintained at each
registered location.
 If the records are kept on microfilm, computer media or in any form

requiring special equipment to render the records easily readable, the
registrant shall provide access to such equipment with the records. If any
code system is used (other than pricing information), a key to the code shall
be provided to make the records understandable.
 The registrant agrees to deliver all or any part of such records to the
registered location within two business days upon receipt of a written request
from the Administration for such records, and if the Administration chooses
to do so in lieu of requiring delivery of such records to the registered location,
to allow authorized employees of the Administration to inspect such records
at the central location upon request by such employees without a warrant of
any kind.
 In the event that a registrant fails to comply with these conditions, the Special
Agent in Charge may cancel such central recordkeeping authorization, and
all other central recordkeeping authorizations held by the registrant without
a hearing or other procedures. In the event of a cancellation of central
recordkeeping authorizations under this paragraph the registrant shall,
within the time specified by the Special Agent in. Charge, comply with the
requirements of this section that all records be kept at the registered location.
C. Registrants need not notify the Special Agent in Charge or obtain central
recordkeeping approval in order to maintain records on an in-house computer
system.
D. ARCOS participants who desire authorization to report from other than their
registered locations must obtain a separate central reporting identifier. Request for
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central reporting identifiers will be submitted to the ARCOS Unit. See the Table of
DEA Mailing Addresses in Sec. 1321.01 of this chapter for the current mailing
address.
E. All central recordkeeping permits previously issued by the Administration expired

September 30, 1980.
F. Each registered manufacturer, distributor, importer, exporter, narcotic treatment

program and compounder for narcotic treatment program shall maintain
inventories and records of controlled substances as follows:
 Inventories and records of controlled substances listed in Schedules I and II

shall be maintained separately from all of the records of the registrant; and
 Inventories and records of controlled substances listed in Schedules III, IV,

and V shall be maintained either separately from all other records of the
registrant or in such form that the information required is readily retrievable
from the ordinary business records of the registrant.
G. Each registered individual practitioner required to keep records and institutional

practitioner shall maintain inventories and records of controlled substances in the
manner prescribed in paragraph (f) of this section.
H. Each registered pharmacy shall maintain the inventories and records of controlled
substances as follows:
 Inventories and records of all controlled substances listed in Schedule I and II

shall be maintained separately from all other records of the pharmacy.
 Paper prescriptions for Schedule II controlled substances shall be maintained

at the registered location in a separate prescription file.
 Inventories and records of Schedules III, IV, and V controlled substances shall
be maintained either separately from all other records of the pharmacy or in
such form that the information required is readily retrievable from ordinary
business records of the pharmacy.
 Paper prescriptions for Schedules III, IV, and V controlled substances shall be
maintained at the registered location either in a separate prescription file for
Schedules III, IV, and V controlled substances only or in such form that they
are readily retrievable from the other prescription records of the pharmacy.
Prescriptions will be deemed readily retrievable if, at the time they are
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initially filed, the face of the prescription is stamped in red ink in the lower
right corner with the letter "C" no less than 1 inch high and filed either in the
prescription file for controlled substances listed in Schedules I and II or in the
usual consecutively numbered prescription file for non controlled substances.
However, if a pharmacy employs a computer application for prescriptions
that permits identification by prescription number and retrieval of original
documents by prescriber name, patient's name, drug dispensed, and date
filled, then the requirement to mark the hard copy prescription with a red "C"
is waived.
 Records of electronic prescriptions for controlled substances shall be

maintained in an application that meets the requirements of part 1311 of this
chapter. The computers on which the records are maintained may be located
at another location, but the records must be readily retrievable at the
registered location if requested by the Administration or other law
enforcement agent. The electronic application must be capable of printing out
or transferring the records in a format that is readily understandable to an
Administration or other law enforcement agent at the registered location.
Electronic copies of prescription records must be sortable by prescriber name,
patient name, drug dispensed, and date filled.
Maintenance and Retention of Records
Wholesale dealer shall maintain copies of invoices or equivalent documentation for

each of its facilities for every transaction in which the wholesale dealer is the seller,
purchaser, consignor, consignee or recipient of cigarettes. The invoices or
documentation must indicate the name and address of the consignor, seller, purchaser
or consignee, and the quantity by brand and style of the cigarettes involved in the
transaction.
Retail dealer shall maintain copies of invoices or equivalent documentation for every
transaction in which the retail dealer receives or purchases cigarettes at each of its
facilities. The invoices or documentation must indicate the name and address of the
wholesale dealer from whom, or the address of another facility of the same retail dealer
from which, the cigarettes were received, and the quantity of each brand and style of
the cigarettes received in the transaction.
Manufacturer shall maintain copies of invoices or equivalent documentation for each of

its facilities for every transaction in which the manufacturer is the seller, purchaser,
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consignor, consignee or recipient of cigarettes. The invoices or documentation must
indicate the name and address of the consignor, seller, purchaser or consignee, and the
quantity by brand and style of the cigarettes involved in the transaction.
The records required above must be preserved on the premises described in the license
of the manufacturer, wholesale dealer or retail dealer in such a manner as to ensure
permanency and accessibility for inspection at reasonable hours by authorized
personnel of the Department. With the permission of the Department, manufacturers,
wholesale dealers and retail dealers with multiple places of business may retain
centralized records, but shall transmit duplicates of the invoices or the equivalent
documentation to each place of business within 24 hours after the request of the
Executive Director or his or her designee.
The records required by this section must be retained for not less than 3 years after the
date of the transaction unless the Department authorizes, in writing, their earlier
removal or destruction.
EXERCISE
Write down the Record Maintenance Procedures of one retail store.
1. The retail sales records required under WAC 246-889-095 are __________ and
accessible by the low enforcement agencies. (confidential)
2. Only __________ employees have access to the data base. (authorized)
3. Retail dealer shall maintain copies of ________________ or equivalent

documentation for every ______________. (invoices, transactions)
1. Retail sales records of restricted procedures, electronic or written must be

kept for a minimum of –
a) Two years
b) Three years
c) Four years
d) Five years
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2. The invoice or documentation must indicate –
a) Name and address of consignor/ seller
b) Quantity by brand
c) Both of the above

Part A
Activity.
 Describe record maintenance procedure.
Part B
 Discuss legal procedures of record maintenance in retail environment.
Part C
limited to:

Able to identify laws of maintaining records.
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Unit-5: Security Operations &
Housekeeping in Retail
Unit Code:
RS205- Unit Title: Security Operation & Housekeeping in Retail
NQ2012
Classrooms, Session -1: Security Points in Retail Store
Retail Shop
Learning Outcome Knowledge Performance Teaching and Training
or
Evaluation Evaluation Method
Departmental
Store, Malls, 1. Identify the 1. Purpose of 1. Enlist the various Interactive lecture:
Super Market various security security points in security points. Introduction of security
points. retail store. 2. Identify the locations points.
2. State the of the security points Activity:
locations of in retail stores. 1. Visit a retail store and
security points in 3. Analyse the multi make the list of
retail store. utility of security security check points.
points in retail stores 2. Develop a block
model of retail store.
3. Role play at security
points.
Session-2: Role and Functions of Security Personnel
1. Identify the role 1. Role of security 1. Analyse the role of Interactive lecture:
and functions of in retail store. security in each Knowing the role and
security/ 2. Functions of department of retail function of security.
personnel. security in retail store. Activity:
store. 2. Analyse the Group discussion on
functions of security advancement in security
in each department functions in retail store.
of retail store.
3. Differentiate the role
and functions of
security in different
departments of retail
store.
Session-3: Material Handling in House Keeping
1. Describe the 1. Describe the 1. Measuring the Interactive lecture:
competencies competencies Performance in 1. Interaction and
required for and skills Respect of Exposure in Retail
Material Handling required for Knowledge, Duties, Housekeeping.
in Housekeeping Housekeeping Responsibilities and 2. Teach the Practical
Accountability. Methods of Material
2. Identify suitable Handling.
Competencies 3. Practical Teaching of
required for material Advantages of Team
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handling in Work, Policies and
housekeeping. procedures of health
and safety.
Activity:
1. Visit a Mall or
working place where
housekeeping
materials are handled
in the Retail store &
learn from the
experience of expert.
1. Visit Retail
Organization and
interact regarding
handling of
housekeeping
Materials, potential
health hazards,
handling of safety
equipments.
2. Examine the 1. Procedure to 1. Measure the Interactive lecture:
process of handle the Outcome of How Process of Material
Material material used in successfully the handling in
Handling Retail Material have been Housekeeping.
Housekeeping handled Activity:
Role plan on cleaning the
store.
3. Identify and 1. The materials 1. Measure the outcome Interactive lectures:
Operate and equipments. or result after using Use of housekeeping
housekeeping 2. Techniques of the material. equipments in retail
equipment in Housekeeping 2. For cleanliness, industry.
retail practices and safety, hygiene, Activity:
departmental protection of hazardous and assess 1. Role play on
stores materials. whether it is as per responsibilities of
standards and housekeep-ping
procedures set by the work.
retail industry 2. Visit a Retail Mall
3. Identify the and practically learn
equipment to operate
4. Operate the housekeeping
housekeeping equipments.
equipment.
Session – 4: Procedure in Housekeeping
1. Identify the 1. To describe 1. Identify the Interactive Lecture:
Competencies housekeeping in responsibilities 1. Competencies
required for retail outlets, taken, involvement required for
housekeeping in retail stores and in housekeeping and housekeeping in retail
retail operations retail malls. measure the sector
2. Competencies cleanliness and waste 2. To learn in the class
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required for recycling. room the procedures
housekeeping 2. Identify the and job opportunities
competencies in retail sector.
3. Operate the Activity:
housekeeping 1. By role play the
activity with responsibilities and
required competency the functions of the
housekeeping work in
retail store.
2. To visit and
experience the
housekeeping method
in the work place of
retail sector
.
2. Applying 1. Competencies 1. Evaluate the roles, Interactive Lecture:
Housekeeping in required in responsibilities and On the job opportunities
the area of cleanliness, effectiveness of jobs in retail housekeeping.
cleanliness, hygiene, waste and housekeeping. Activity:
hygiene, safety, disposal, safety, 2. Identify the methods Visit to a retail store and
disposal of waste health hazards. for applying observe what kind of
housekeeping work. methods applying for
housekeeping of retail
store.
Introduction
Private Security Agencies offer a wide range of
services that include providing security to
businessmen, industrialist and celebrities,
accompanying consignments and cash,
monitoring the movement of visitors at
shopping malls, construction sites, etc. and
helping the police. The person who was still
very recently called a Watchman has evolved as
a Private Security Guard or Private Security
Officer. A Private Security Guard has to
perform several functions, which include observing and monitoring people, access
control, responding to security threat or emergency, and using appropriate methods to
control illegal or unauthorized entry.
Security industry in India took the steep rise in early 90’s when globalization took place
in India. The Corporate sector and Multinational Companies created a huge demand of
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security services. The private security sector in India is growing at
the compound average growth rate of 25 per cent annually and
generates more than 12 lakh jobs per annum.
Housekeeping refers to the set of activities that are intended for

cleaning the house by cleaning dirty surfaces, dusting, disposing
of rubbish, vacuuming, etc. Hoover the floor, change the sheets,
and clean the windows. All of these activities come under the
umbrella term ‘housekeeping’ and are what most people do a little
of from time to time.
Housekeeping involves usage of various tools including brooms, sponges, vacuum

cleaners, mops; along with cleaning products like bleaching agent, detergents, and
disinfectants. The housekeeping is done not only to make the home look clean but also
to make it more hygienic and safer to live in comfortably. A proper housekeeping
prevents the growth of mould in wet areas, building of lime scales on taps, toilets
stinking, accumulation of cobwebs and bacterial growth on garbage.
In this Unit, you will learn about the security points in retail store, role and functions of
security personnel, material handling in housekeeping and procedures adopted in
housekeeping in retail.
Session 1: Security Points in Retail Store

Relevant Knowledge
Private security generally covers security of Personnel,
Property and Information. The primary aim of private
security is to provide a safe and secure environment to the
company and its personnel to carry out their duties. While
the expectations of the people for security are immense, it is
not practically feasible for the government to meet all the
requirements. Also all security issues do not require police intervention and can be
managed by private citizens if they are cognizable offences and crimes. The offences
under the Indian Penal Code are classified as cognizable (a police officer may arrest
without warrant) and non-cognizable offence (a police officer shall not arrest without
warrant). Section 43 of the Criminal Procedure Code of India bestowed power of arrest
to the common citizen if a cognizable and non-bailable offence is committed in his or
her presence. The section 43 of IPC states “any private person may arrest or cause to be
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arrested any person who in his presence commits a non-bailable and cognizable offence,
or any proclaimed offender, and, without unnecessary delay, shall make over or cause
to be made over any person so arrested to a police officer, or, in the absence of a police
officer, take such person or cause him to be taken in custody to the nearest police
station”.
Security Points
The scope of private security in India does not include
policing and law enforcement and is limited to
ensuring protection and loss prevention through the
following means:
 Prevention: Starting from a simple lock, to
boundary walls, gates and the security guards,
they are all means of preventing loss and damage
to personnel, property and information.
 Detection: An intruder may overcome protective
barriers but may still be thwarted in his/her plans by a detection and warning
system that can alert the whole security apparatus.
 Interference: Once an intrusion or breach is detected, immediate action is taken to

interfere with the designs of the intruder and prevent him/her from executing
his/her designs.
 Delay: The stronger the security system, the greater is the delay caused to an
intruder, thereby increasing the chances of detection.
Once the assets requiring protection and threats are known, a security plan is worked
out. A successful security programme will rely on the honesty, integrity, and loyalty of
the persons implementing the security system as well as its employees’ responsiveness
to the laid down procedures and systems.
Job Roles and Duties

Security personnel protect the buildings, grounds, assets and occupants, including
visitors assigned to them. The main job roles within the Private Security Organisation
are Security Guard (Various Types), Security Supervisor, Security Officer, and Manager.
A security guard is required to perform the following duties:
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Reception Duties
At the reception, the security guard has to perform the following duties:
 Ensure that all equipments are operational at the beginning of duty.
 Ensure that all visitors enter their particulars in the visitor book.
 Ensure that the badges and visitor slips are issued after checking with the visiting
officer, if prior information is not available.
 Ensure that all documentation is available at the start of duty.
 Ensure that the documents are complete.

 Ensure that all visitors comply with the company rules and policies with regard to
the use of the following:
a) Mobile telephone
b) Arms and ammunition

c) Laptop/pen drive
d) Cameras
Gate Duties
A security guard on duty at the entrance to premises is the first point of contact for
company, staff and visitors. The gate duties include the following:
 Ensure that all equipment is operational at start of duty.

 Ensure that all documentation is available at start of duty.
 Stop vehicles entering and exiting.
 Stop personnel entering and exiting.
 Search vehicles entering and exiting.
 Search personnel entering and exiting.

 Record all incidents of stop and search.
 Ensure that all documentation is completed as soon as possible.
Material Handling
A security guard on duty at the in/out material handling in the organization has to
perform the following duties:
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 Ensure that all equipment is operational at start of duty.
 Ensure that all documentation is available at start of duty.
 Stop personnel and vehicles entering and exiting.
 Record all incidents of stop and search.
 Ensure that the materials are as per the purchase order and challan/invoice.
 Outgoing material is allowed only after authentication of the authorized signatory.
 Ensure that all documentation pertaining to incoming/outgoing material is
completed as soon as practicable.
 Maintain separate registers for returnable material.
 When conducting searches of vehicles or bags get the driver or owner to conduct
the physical aspects of the actual search.
Patrolling
The patrolling of premises is one of the most important duties performed by the
security personnel. The security patrol falls into two main groups:
 Mobile Patrol
 Static Assignment Patrol
Mobile Patrols
 The security personnel on patrol is one of the most
important elements of any security system.
 Mobile patrol visits are carried out on a client’s property at

irregular intervals.
 The patrol may entail a check of the perimeter of premises

or may require a comprehensive internal investigation.
 The number of visits per shift may have to be agreed with the client.
Static Assignment Patrol
 Patrols on a static site are usually undertaken on a constant basis, checking both
internally and externally.
 Alertness, interest and thoroughness are some of the essential qualities of an
effective static security guard.
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Control Room Duties
A Control Room is a room serving as an operations centre where a facility or service can
be monitored and controlled. A definition or description of a control room for security
would be “a facility for the provision or procurement of assistance or advice for
guarding, mobile patrol and mobile supervisory staff in routine and emergency
situations”. The function and duties of a controller therefore would be to provide for the
following:
 Effective monitoring of guards, patrolmen and mobile supervisory staff by strict

observance of rules for proper documentation, telephone, radio or other
communication procedures.
 Recording of all appropriate routine and emergency matters to enable
management to deal quickly and efficiently with the company’s contractual
responsibilities.
 Maintaining a register of all keys held in the facility.

 Ensure proper surveillance through CCTV.
A copy of security manual or Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and assignment

instructions must be available within the control room at all times. Records of all
incidents reported should contain the following details:
 Date, time and place of the incident.
 Date and time of reporting and by whom it was reported.

 Nature of the incident.
 Action taken, including onward reporting.
 Action to be taken.
 Names and addresses of all relevant persons present.
Assignment Instructions
An important aspect in the execution of the security tasks is that every individual must
be aware of his/her duties for which written instructions must exist. They indicate what
the security personnel should do on the assignment, where to go, how to respond to
different situations, patrol routes and timings, lines of communication, comprehensive
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details of the assignment, precise instruction in respect of responsibility and
accountability, working hours and handing/taking over procedures.
Assignment instructions are the duties and responsibilities of the security staff as
agreed with assignment management and will also include the following:
 Internal Organization Chart: It will give the security guard necessary information
as to who is who in the organization. It also gives information in respect of the
location of their offices so that when patrolling the premises, adequate attention
can be paid to them as required. An internal telephone directory should also be
included.
 Company’s Safety Statement: The statement ensures that the security staff is aware
of all hazards in respect of safety, health and welfare at work and the management
plans for dealing with various types of hazards. The safety statement is also
beneficial to contractors and other persons working on the premises. They should
be aware of the hazards at workplace and the procedures to overcome them.
 Standing Instructions: These include day-to-day working and procedural

requirements.
 Emergency Plan: The plan describes the action to be taken in the event of a serious
incident such as fire or a disaster, a bomb threat, evacuation of the building, armed
robbery or other serious threats to the assignment.
 Evacuation Instructions: These are the instructions that indicate action to be taken
in the event of emergencies. Location of assembly points, name and location of fire
warden, list of members of emergency response team and other persons.
 Name and Address of Key Personnel: It includes the details of the senior personnel
so that in the event of an operational incident or a major incident they can be
contacted and informed as to the extent of the incident. In such events they may
either advise the security personnel on what action to take or opt for attending the
incident personally. Telephone numbers of these personnel, including their home
phone number, mobile telephone numbers and any other numbers necessary to
contact them.
In addition to the assignment instructions, most security supervisors issue post

instructions to the guards that are specific to the post assigned to the individual. The
Security Guards carry these post instructions in their shirt pockets at all times.
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Responding to Emergencies
Security personnel are expected to react to emergency situations and to reduce the
impact caused by an emergency event at a worksite. The training of security personnel
should include the following:
 Monitoring alarm systems and assessing need for response and follow-up.
 Responding to an emergency alarm.
 Communicating details of incident.
 Emergency scene isolation.
 Managing emergency situations.
Go to any mall, office, factory or institution, and the first thing that catches your eye are
the Security Guards. They stand out because of their uniform and also sheer numbers.
Security is attaining greater importance day-by-day because of the increase in the value
of the assets and the threats to them. As the size of buildings and complexes increase,
security operations become more complex and technology oriented.
EXERCISE
Visit a Security Company and study the organizational structure and the various
documents maintained by the company. Also record the role and functions of the key
officials of the company.

1. Private security generally covers security of _______________, Property and
Information.
2. The primary aim of private security is to provide a _______and secure
environment.
3. Section _____ of the Criminal Procedure Code of India bestowed power of
arrest to the common citizen if a cognizable offence is committed in his/her
presence.
4. The security patrol falls into two main groups i.e. ________________ patrol
and static assignment patrol.
5. CCTV stands for ______________ ___________ Television.
6. Instructions related to day-to-day working and procedural requirements are
known as __________________ Instructions.
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7. The plan that describes the action to be taken in the event of a serious incident
such as fire or a disaster is known as _____________________ plan.

Use the following checklist to see if you have met all the requirements for assessment
activity.
Part A
 Differentiated between role and functions of private security guards.
Part B
 What is the scope of private security in India?
 What are the role and responsibilities of private security guard?
Part C
Performance standards
The performance standards may include, but not limited to:

Demonstrated the knowledge of security industry.
Identify the role and functions of private security guard.
Session 2: Role and Functions of Security Personnel

Relevant Knowledge
Security Guard
A Security Guard is defined as any person providing private security with or without
arms to another person or property or both and includes a supervisor (PSARA Act,
2005). He/she works under the supervision of Security Supervisor. He/she should
always maintain a professional appearance, behaviour and exhibit positive attitude.
The job of a Security Guard varies, so it is extremely important for the Security Guard to
know exactly what the employer specifically expects of them. The Standard Operating
Procedures (SOPs) for a security guard varies with the type of job that the guard is
doing. He/she is required to perform the following general role and functions:
 Wear neat and tidy uniform.
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 Maintain hygiene and proper grooming.
 Obey and pass on to other Security Guards all orders and instructions received
from Supervisor.
 Talk politely with students, staff, and visitors and assist them to provide any
necessary information of the Institute.
 Prevention or detection of intrusion, unauthorized entry or activity, vandalism or
trespass on private property.
 Be watchful while on night patrol and check all suspicious persons, and allow no
one to pass the security gate without proper authorization.
 Work as a team with other security personnel to ensure optimal safety of the
person/organization and communicate frequently with each other.
 Make proper entry in the visitor log and collect vendor/visitor Photo ID card.
 Prevent or detect theft, loss, embezzlement, misappropriation or concealment of
merchandise, money, valuables, documents or papers.
 Leave his post only after giving charge to the other Security Guard.
 Adhere to and enforce established company rules, regulations, policies and
practices.
 Report incidents as per the procedure.
Eligibility for Security Guard

A person shall be eligible for employment as Security Guard if he fulfills the standards
of physical fitness as specified in the PSARA Act (2005). The specifications are as
follows:
(a) Height: 160 cms for male and 150 cms for female.
(b) Weight: According to standard table of height and weight, chest 80 cms with an
expansion of 4 cms (for females no minimum requirement for chest measurement).
(c) Eyesight: Far sight vision 6/6, near vision 0.6/0.6 with or without correction, free
from colour blindness. He/she should be able to identify and distinguish color
display in security equipment.
(d) Read and understand displays in English alphabets and Arabic numerals.
(e) Free from knock knee and flat foot. He/she should be able to run one kilometer in
six minutes.
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(f) Hearing: Free from hearing defects. He/she should be able to hear and respond to
the spoken voice and the alarms generated by security equipments.
(g) The candidate should have dexterity and strength to perform searches, handle
objects and use force for restraining the individuals.
(h) A candidate should be free from evidence of any contagious or infectious disease.
He should not be suffering from any disease which is likely to be aggravated by
service or is likely to render him unfit for service or endanger the health of the
public.
Types of Security Guard

1. Personal Security Guards: They are appointed for the purpose of providing
physical security to their employers. They are also known as black cats or bouncers
and accompany their employers everywhere.
2. Residential Security Guards: They are employed in residential colonies,

apartments, aged homes, and other residential areas for providing security to their
clients.
3. Corporate Security Guards: They are employed for internal and external security
of the business assets. Corporate security includes protection of corporate
buildings, shopping malls, private organization, hospitals, etc.
4. Private Security Guards: They are employed by businessmen and entrepreneurs

for private security services.
5. Mobile Security Guards: The mobile security guards keep moving around the
perimeter and observe and monitor people for suspicious behaviour or actions.
6. Static Security Guards: Unlike mobile security guards, they stay at one place and
monitor the movement of the people and materials. They may also use electronic
surveillance system to perform the job.
Security Supervisor/Head Guard
Supervisor is a person in the first-line management who monitors and regulates

employees for their performance with regard to assigned or delegated tasks. Normally a
security supervisor is placed on 15 security personnel deployed at a site. However, one
person with experience and capability is appointed as ‘Head Guard’ to perform the
duties of a supervisor in a shift involving less than 10 persons.
128
The role and responsibilities of Security Supervisor include the following:
 Supervise the security staff as per the company’s policies and rules.
 Educate the security staff on the various procedures and systems approved by the
management.
 Conduct training activities for the security staff.
 Maintain security equipment and gadgets.

 Deploy security personnel for optimum use so as to ensure total security of the
institute/organization/residential colony.
 Ensure the maintenance of entry and exit log.
 Update and sign all Daily Security Report.

 Monitor inward and outward loading of goods, provision and other materials.
 Report all violation of Institute’s rules and regulations and special orders to the
Head of Security/Management.
Field Officers/Inspectors
These are the persons responsible to the management of the security company to
enforce and implement the policies.
Assignment Officer
He in general terms a person who monitors and regulates employees for their
performance of assigned or delegated tasks.
Assistant Security Officer

Assistant security officer is on the pay roll of the security company deployed at the site
to monitor and regulate employees for their performance of assigned or delegated tasks.
Normally ASO is placed when the deployment exceeds 15 persons or more in each shift.
He coordinates and liaises with the principal employer and the security company and
performs a customer care role.
Carry Home Emoluments and Benefits in the Private Security Industry

Pay and Allowances: In the security sector, your pay depends on the level of the
position and the company. In general, the pay is governed by the Minimum Wages Act
of the State.
129
Provident Fund (PF): An employee saves 12% of the basic wages and equal amount is
contributed by the employer (8.33% towards pension fund & 3.67% towards
contribution of Provident Fund). On completion of 10 years contribution to the fund all
employees are entitled to pension on attaining the superannuation age of 58 years.
Pension depends on the total subscription made in the fund. Some of the benefits
accrued are as follows:
(a) Lump sum payment of accretion with interest on retirement / leaving the job.
(b) Partial withdrawal during job for specified purposes.
(c) Provision of taking early pension but not before attaining the age of 50 years.
(d) Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme: Upon death while in service, an additional
payment in lump sum equal to average P.F. accretion subject to maximum of Rs.
60,000 is given.
(e) Employees’ Pension Scheme: Pension to member on retirement/invalidity.

(f) Pension to Family members on member’s death.
Employees State Insurance Scheme (ESIC) Coverage: Under the scheme employee’s
contributory insurance cover is available at a marginal contribution of 1.75% of basic
wages. The following benefits are available:
Medical Benefit: Medical care is provided to the Insured person and his family
members from the day he/she enters insurable employment. There is no ceiling on
expenditure on the treatment of an Insured Person or his family member. Medical care
is also provided on payment of a token annual premium of Rs.120/- to the retired and
permanently disabled insured persons and their spouses.
Sickness Benefit (SB): Cash compensation at the rate of 70 per cent of wages is payable
to insured workers during the periods of certified sickness for a maximum of 91 days in
a year. In order to qualify for sickness benefit the insured worker is required to
contribute for 78 days in a contribution period of 6 months.
(a) Extended Sickness Benefit (ESB): ESB extendable up to two years in the case of 34
malignant and long-term diseases at an enhanced rate of 80 per cent of wages.
(b) Enhanced Sickness Benefit: Enhanced Sickness Benefit equal to full wage is
payable to insured persons undergoing sterilization for 7 days and 14 days for
male and female workers, respectively.
130
Maternity Benefit (MB): Maternity Benefit for confinement/pregnancy is payable
for three months, which is extendable by further one month on medical advice at
the rate of full wage subject to contribution for 70 days in the preceding year.
Disablement Benefit
(a) Temporary disablement benefit (TDB): This benefit is available from day one of
entering insurable employment and irrespective of having paid any contribution in
case of employment injury. Temporary Disablement Benefit at the rate of 90% of
wage is payable so long as disability continues.
(b) Permanent disablement benefit (PDB): The benefit is paid at the rate of 90% of
wage in the form of monthly payment depending upon the extent of loss of
earning capacity as certified by a Medical Board.
Dependants’ Benefit (DB): It is paid at the rate of 90% of wage in the form of monthly
payment to the dependants of a deceased Insured person in cases where death occurs
due to employment injury or occupational hazards.
Other Benefits
Funeral Expenses: An amount of Rs.10,000/- is payable to the dependents or to the
person who performs last rites from day one of entering insurable employment.
Confinement Expenses: An insured woman and an insured person in respect of his wife
shall be paid a sum of rupees one thousand per case as "confinement expenses" (earlier
termed as medical bonus), provided that the confinement occurs at a place where
necessary medical facilities under the ESI scheme are not available. i.e., where facility
for confinement is not available in the ESI institution. Also confinement expenses shall
be payable for two confinements only.
Rajiv Gandhi Shramik Kalyan Yojana 2005: An Insured Person who become
unemployed after being insured three or more years, due to closure of
factory/establishment, retrenchment or permanent invalidity are entitled to:
1. Unemployment Allowance equal to 50% of wage for a maximum period of up to

one year.
2. Medical care for self and family from ESI Hospitals/Dispensaries during the
period IP receives unemployment allowance.
3. Vocational Training provided for upgrading skills - Expenditure on fee/travelling

allowance borne by ESIC.
131
Workman Compensation: In case a personal injury is caused to a workman by accident
arising out of and in the course of his employment, his employer is liable to pay
compensation in accordance with the provision of the Act within 30 days from the date
when it fell due otherwise he would also be liable to pay interest and penalty.
Bonus Payment: Any employee on a salary or wage not exceeding [three thousand and
five hundred rupees] per month in any industry to do any skilled or unskilled manual,
supervisory, managerial, administrative, technical or clerical work for hire or reward,
whether the terms of employment be express or implied is eligible for bonus up to a
maximum of “ten thousand rupees”
Leave: All employees are governed by the company policy and the labor laws prevalent
in the states.
EXERCISE
Prepare a comparative chart on the role and functions of private security professionals
in the following places:
1. Malls
2. Hospitals
3. Construction sites
4. Supermarkets
5. Manufacturing plants
6. Private home alarm maintenance
A. Short Answer Questions

1. Explain the career opportunities available in private security
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
132
2. Write short note on the following:
(a) Control room
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
(b) Patrolling
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
(c) Access control system
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

1. In Rajiv Gandhi Shramik Kalyan Yojana 2005 the bonus payment amount is
up to max. __________________. (ten thousand rupees)
2. Maturity benefits for confinement/pregnancy is payable for ___________
which is extendable by further _______ month on _______ advice. (three
months, one, medical)
3. Employees State Insurance Scheme (ESIC) coverage is available at a marginal
contribution of 1.75% of _________________. (basic wages)
4. Under sickness benefits cash compensation at the rate of _______ % of wages
is payable to insured workers. (70)
5. On completion of ______ years contribution to the fund all employees are
entitled to _____________ on attaining the superannuation of ____ years. (10,
pension, 58)
133
1. Personal security guards are also called
a) Black Cats
b) Bouncers
c) Both a and b
2. Bouncers are
a) Move around
b) Private security
c) For external and internal business
d) Personal security
3. Security guards stay at one place and may use electronic surveillance system
to monitor people
a) Static people
b) Personal security
c) Private security
d) Corporate security
4. Employee State Insurance Scheme does not covers
a) Medical benefits
b) Workman compensation
c) Sickness benefits
d) Confinement expenses

Use the following checklist to see if you have met all the requirements for assessment
activity.
Part A
(a) Differentiated between the types of security guard.
Part B
134
(a) What are the eligibility criteria for appointment to the post of security guard in
India?
(b) What are the basic emoluments and benefits that a security guard gets during the
service?
Part C
Identify the role and functions of security personnel in retail
environment.
Session 3: Material Handling in Housekeeping

Relevant Knowledge
Effective housekeeping can eliminate some workplace hazards and help get a job done
safely and properly. Poor housekeeping can frequently contribute to accidents by
hiding hazards that cause injuries. If the sight of paper, debris, clutter and spills is
accepted as normal, then other more serious health and safety hazards may be taken for
granted.
There are many different types of household chemicals used for disinfection, removing
the dust and dirt and maintaining surface. The products are available in various forms
such as powder, liquid or spray form. Depending on the type of cleaning tasks, the
basic ingredients of various household chemicals may differ. Some of commonly used
applications of household chemicals are polishing furniture, oven cleaning, lime scale
removal and drain clearing.
Housekeeping is also a word used in retailing

to indicate that the floors have indeed been
polished, the carpets swept and the displays
are kept looking shipshape. It is a broad term
that is used for both indoor cleaning as well as
outdoor chores like washing windows and
sweeping doormats. Store cleanliness is an
important part of retail. Customers want to
shop in a clean, well-lighted store so they have confidence that the merchandise
135
purchased there is also clean and of good quality. Dirt and trash have no place on the
sales floor, and grimy windows and grubby walls and counters detract from this
perception. Housekeeping is an ongoing task.
Housekeeping includes keeping work areas

neat and orderly; maintaining halls and floors
free of slip and trip hazards; and removing of
waste materials (e.g., paper, cardboard) and
other fire hazards from work areas. It also
requires paying attention to important details
such as the layout of the whole workplace,
aisle marking, the adequacy of storage
facilities, and maintenance. Good
housekeeping is also a basic part of accident
and fire prevention.
Good safety housekeeping can significantly

reduce accidents and injuries in any type of
work environment. By developing good safety
habits, and by being aware of their work
environment and any hazards associated with
it, employees can help to create a much safer
workplace.
Effective housekeeping results in:

 Reduced handling to ease the flow of
materials.
 Fewer tripping and slipping accidents in
clutter free and spill-free work areas
 Decreased fire hazards
 Lower worker exposures to hazardous
substances
 (e.g. dusts, vapours) Better control of
tools and materials, including inventory
and supplies
 More efficient equipment cleanup and maintenance
136
 Better hygienic conditions leading to improved health
 More effective use of space
 Reduced property damage by improving
preventive maintenance
 Less janitorial work
 Iimproved morale
 Iimproved productivity (tools and materials
will be easy to find)
Housekeeping tasks can be grouped into a number of areas, including:

 Occupational Health and Security
 Safety Cleanliness (sanitation) controls
 Damage avoidance
 Fire prevention and protection
 Safe, secure storage systems
 Regular inspections
 Stock control
 Personal hygiene and appearance
 Maintenance and storage of housekeeping
equipment
Common housekeeping tasks are:

 Vacuum cleaning
 Painting
 Weeding
 Maintenance
 Waste removal
Material Handling
Material handling is any transporting or supporting of a load by one or more workers.
It includes the lifting, holding, putting down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving of a
load.
137
While handling the material one should ensure that the material is stacked securely,
blocked or interlocked. All storage areas are marked. All workers understand material
storage and handling procedure. Materials are stored in areas that do not interfere with
workers or the flow of materials. Hazardous materials are stored in approved
containers and away from ignition sources.
A person has to see that equipment is in good

working order, with all necessary guards or safety
features operational or in place. All the tools and
machinery are inspected regularly for wear and leaks.
These machines and tools are cleaned regularly.
Maintaining the work area in a tidy, clean and safe

way reflects a positive store image and helps create an
environment that is pleasant for all customers and
conducive to sales.
Retail stores vary considerably from large department

stores to much smaller specialty stores, therefore the
housekeeping policies and procedures can also vary
considerably. Team members must be familiar with their
store’s policies and procedures and occupational health
and safety requirements as this will ensure the store
looks its best and the correct image is being projected to
customers.
There are many areas in a store that need to be considered, including:

 point of sale area
 counters
 walkways/aisles
 merchandise
 fittings and fixtures
 storerooms
 fitting rooms
 receiving docks
138
Housekeeping Materials
Maintenance of Housekeeping Equipment
All housekeeping equipment must be stored safely and securely
and according to the manufacturer’s instructions where
appropriate. This will ensure a safe environment for staff,
customers and any other visitors to the store. Cleaning
equipment varies from store to store. However, some equipment
is used in all retail outlets. Common equipment includes:
Mops Window Cleaner
Buckets Cleaning Chemicals
Brooms Floor Polishers
Cloths Hazard Warning Signs
Dusters Dust Pans and Brushes
Bins Ladders
Blades Trolleys
Spray Cleaner Vacuums
Cleaning chemicals often are hazardous and can be identified as such

from the label. Many tools or items of equipment requiring cleaning are
equipped with guards to protect the operator.
Equipment should never be operated without the guard in place and

the manufacturer’s guidelines must be followed to ensure safe use of
equipment.
EXERCISE
1. Visit an Mall or Supermarket or an Industry, interact with the employer and
Questions for Employers

(i) What should your employees know before handling and storing materials?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
139
(ii) What are the potential hazards for workers in retail?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(iii) What kinds of equipments are needed for store?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(iv) Prepare a checklist of the housekeeping equipment that is generally used in

retail store for housekeeping activities.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(v) Visit Mall or departmental store and use the checklist prepared by you, check
the housekeeping equipments that exist in the mall/departmental store for
housekeeping in retail.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(vi) List any 5 equipments that are used for routine housekeeping.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

(i) Are you happy with the provisions made for taking care of your physical and
safety requirements at the workplace?
Employee A: Yes/No
140
Employee B: Yes/No
Employee C: Yes/No
Employee D: Yes/No
Employee E: Yes/No
(ii) Which are the hazardous chemicals that the employees think are affecting
their physical well being at the workplace?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(iii) What are the safety requirements for material handling?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(iv) What experience do you have using different machines/types of equipment?
List are those you most familiar with.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(v) What types of items or equipment have you been required to keep clean?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
141
(vi) What types of items have you handled in your job? Were any of these items
dangerous?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(vii) Name 5 key points to consider when applying housekeeping procedures to

your counter area.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

1. Housekeeping is an ____________ task.
2. Effective ____________ can eliminate some workplace hazards.
3. ____________ materials are stored in approved containers and away from
ignition sources.
4. Good safety housekeeping can significantly reduce ____________ and
____________.
5. A material is hazardous if it can ____________ a person’s health, either long
or short term.

1. The short distance movement of material between two or more points refers
to:
a) Warehousing
b) Transportation
c) Material Handling
d) Materials management
142
2. Each of the following is a question associated with materials handling, except:
a) How will the product be handled?
b) What kind of equipment is needed to handle the material?
c) In what form will the product be?
d) How much is the product worth?
3. Which of the following activity comes under housekeeping?

a) School admission
b) Hoover the floor
c) Purchase of material
d) Sale of flat
4. Which of the following would you check to see if a material is considered

‘hazardous’?
a) The product label
b) Purchasing record
c) Material safety data sheet
d) Hazardous material inventory
C. True or false
1. Materials handling deals with the short distance movement of the material
between two or more points. (T)
2. Equipment should not be placed where it could easily fall or be pulled off the
counter. (T)
3. The quick and easy jobs such as mopping and scrubbing to be done before the
shop opens or end of day. (T)

Activity.
Part A
 Differentiated between different types of materials.
143
 Differentiated between hazardous and non-hazardous materials.
 Differentiated between different types of hazards and chemicals.
Part B
 What is housekeeping?
 What is the importance of effective housekeeping?
 Why do we need to exercise daily for housekeeping?
 What is material handling?

 What are the different types of hazardous materials?
Part C

Able to identify the various types of housekeeping materials &
equipment.
Session 4: Procedure in Housekeeping

Relevant Knowledge
A clean place to work is necessary for safety.
Good housekeeping is a part of your job. In order
to have a pleasant and safe work place, everyone
must do his/her part to keep the plant orderly
and clean. Good housekeeping will protect you
and your fellow employees against slipping,
tripping and other hazards.
1. Immediately clean up any paint, grease, oil,
water, etc. that has spilled on the floor. Someone could slip causing serious injury.
2. Pick up any banding, scrap metal or other metal debris and put in scrap metal
bins.
144
3. Pick up any scrap lumber, saw dust etc. and put into scrap lumber bins.
4. Put any scrap papers, boxes, etc., into the proper garbage containers or recycling
bins.
5. Put cans into bins marked for cans.
6. Clean up debris and organize tables and work stations that you have been using,
so that the next person can start with a clean work area.
7. Clean any machine and surrounding area after use.
8. Return all hand tools to their proper places after use or at end of your shift.
9. Keep all walkways, aisles, roadways, and areas in front of fire extinguishers,
electrical panel boxes free of obstruction.
10. Keep your rest rooms and lunchrooms as clean and neat as possible. Put all
garbage into garbage cans, not beside them. Do not put paper towels in the toilets.
11. Keep your forklift cab area clean and do not transport or store items in cab.
12. Immediately sweep up any Blast Machine shot that you notice on the floor. Shot on
the floor is very dangerous, as it is a slipping hazard.
13. Never leave hooks or hangers on the floor always put them in their proper place.
14. Before end of shift, empty garbage cans into the garbage bins and haul the bin
outside and dump into the “Loraas” bin.
15. Always put all brooms and shovels back to their proper areas and places after use.
16. Keep the office and the surrounding area clean and clear of parts, junk, etc.
17. Clean the computers at least once a week by wiping them with computer cleaning
fluid.
18. Stack pallets, boxes, baskets, etc. neatly to avoid them falling over.
19. Organize your work station as neatly and efficient as
possible. Avoid over clutter.
20. Keep stairway and platforms clear of obstruction.
21. Keep storage areas neat and organized.
22. Clean up any air lines, extension cords, etc. after use.
23. Keep area clear around safety eye wash fountains and
showers, safety spill kit, emergency switches, etc.
145
24. Keep you locker and change area clean and neat.
25. Keep walk through doors and overhead doors clear and free of snow etc.
26. Keep desks and filing cabinets clean and well organized.
27. Clean office, computer and printer areas at the end of every shift.
28. Clean as you go. (Continually clean your work area as you work.)
29. Remember, A Safe Shop is a Clean Shop!
When applying housekeeping procedures to your counter area, five key points must be
considered.
1. Clean
2. Safe
3. Uncluttered
4. Well organized
5. Customer friendly
Keeping these five key points in mind at all times will ensure that your counter area
contributes to the overall professional and positive image that your store presents.
Waste Removal and Disposal

In a busy retail environment it is common to accumulate general waste materials.
General materials might include:
 Packaging materials
 Rubbish
 Broken or damaged merchandise
 Paper
 Glass
 Plastic
If the retailer deals with food, other food or liquid waste materials might include:
 Food substances
 Fats
 Oils.
146
All waste must be removed safely and disposed of in an environmentally friendly way.
Policies on waste removal and disposal will vary from store to store depending on
current housekeeping policies and procedures. The Environment Protection Authority
in NSW can work with retailers to assist them in designing and implementing
appropriate waste disposal strategies.
When removing general waste it is important to:
 Use correct lifting techniques

 Wear gloves or other personal protective equipment as required move steadily –
don’t rush
 Remove waste from customers’ sight
 Separate waste in accordance with store policies and procedures to ensure effective
recycling.
Another important consideration is the environment - naturally, you want to ensure

that you are following "environmentally-friendly" waste disposal procedures.
Most waste ends up in land-fill areas around the country. These areas occupy a lot of
space, and in some cases the waste pollutes the ground so that the whole area cannot be
used for many years.
It is estimated that over 50% of the waste currently occupying space in land-fill areas
could have been recycled or reused, if people had followed responsible waste removal
and disposal procedures.
EXERCISE
1. What is the cleaning procedure should carry out in shopping arcade?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. What should be worn when picking up broken glass?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
147
3. Name 8 types of general waste.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. List at least 6 different machines that you may come into contact with in the Retail
Industry.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. Decide whether the tasks in the list below should be carried out daily, weekly or
monthly.
Cleaning any glass Cleaning counters
Cleaning displays Cleaning EFTPOS equipment
Cleaning point of sale area Cleaning the fridge
Cleaning windows Clearing walkways
Washing walls Dusting displays
Polishing Removing waste
Stock returns Sweeping
Tidying shelves Tidying storeroom
Vaccuming Washing fixtures & fittings
148
Daily Weekly Monthly
1. Good housekeeping efforts are a part of the retail ___________ prevention

and ___________ prevention program.
2. Slips, trips and falls are __________ accidents in the retail workplace and they
often lead to serious injury.
B. True or false
1. All housekeeping tasks must be performed to the standard outlined in the

store policy and procedure manual
2. Whilst undertaking housekeeping duties, team members must not ensure the
safety of themselves and customers
3. It is not important that all employees perform their tasks in accordance with
store policy and procedures, ensuring minimum disruption to customers and
other business activities. Standards are the same in every retail store.
4. It is the employer's responsibility, as far as possible, to provide a safe working
environment.
5. Safe work procedures should be prepared by employers with the help of

employees to care for the special needs of young and inexperienced workers.
1. What should you do if the floor is left wet?

2. Good housekeeping includes good sanitation. What sanitary facilities are we
required having in the store?
149
Activity.
Part A
 Described the procedure in housekeeping.
 Differentiated waste removal and disposal.
Part B
 Discussed in class the following:
 What is procedure in housekeeping?
 What is good housekeeping?

 What are the common factors that involve in procedure in housekeeping?
Part C

Able to demonstrate standard procedure in housekeeping.
150
Unit-6: Communication at Workplace
Unit Code:
Unit Title: Communication at Work Place
RS206- NQ2012
Classroom and Session 1: Verbal and Non-verbal Communication
Retail or Learning Outcome Knowledge Performance Teaching and
Departmental Evaluation Evaluation Training Method
Store Super
1. Demonstrate 1. Describe the 1. Differentiate Interactive lecture:
Market
effective use of various modes of between internal Communication
verbal and communication and external Process
nonverbal 2. Describe the communication Activity:
communication various sources of 2. Demonstrate the Practice sessions on
skills Information knowledge of effective use of
(media, industry collecting and verbal and non-
associations, processing verbal
industry information from communication
publications, different sources skills.
internet,
information
services, personal
contacts,
colleagues,
supervisors and
managers, etc.)
3. State seven C’s of
communication
4. Describe the role of
sender and
receiver in
communication
5. Describe the
barriers in
communication
2. Identify the 1. Describe the verbal 1. Differentiate Interactive lecture:
practices in & nonverbal between verbal and The practices in
verbal and non- communication nonverbal verbal and non-
verbal 2. Importance of communication. verbal
communication verbal & nonverbal 2. Identify the communication
communication practices in verbal Activity:
3. Practices in verbal and non-verbal Practice sessions on
& non-verbal communication effective use of
communication verbal and non-
verbal
communication
skills.
151
Session 2:Forms of Communication
1. Identify the forms 1. Describe the 1. Differentiate Interactive lecture:
of communication meaning of between upward, Types of
Formal downward and Communication
Communication Horizontal Activity:
2. Describe the communication. Role play to
meaning of 2. Differentiate demonstrate various
Informal between verbal and feature of verbal and
Communication nonverbal nonverbal
or grapevine communication. communication
communication 3. Enlist various static
and dynamic
features of non-
verbal
communication
2. Find out the 1. Describe the 1. Identify the Interactive lecture:
advantages and advantage of advantage of Advantages and
disadvantages of different forms of different forms of disadvantages of
different forms of communication communication different forms of
communication 2. Describe the 2. Find out the communication
disadvantage of disadvantage of Activity:
different forms of different forms of Visit to the retail
communication communication outlet and asked to
note down the
advantages and
disadvantages of
different forms of
communication
Session 3: Communication Media and Equipments
1. Operate the 1. Describe various 1. Demonstrate Interactive lecture:
communication communication functions of Communication
media and equipments electronic device media and
equipments 2. Describe and electronic equipments
properly precaution media Activity:
followed to use the 2. Enlist various 1. Role play to
telephone equipments used demonstrate the
etiquette. for oral usage of various
communication communication
and written equipments
communication 2. Role play to
demonstrate
communication
etiquette
2. Evaluate the 1. Describe the 1. Identify the Interactive lecture:
communication methods of methods of 1. Evaluate the
media evaluate the evaluate the communication
communication communication media
media media Activity:
152
Visit to the retail
outlet and asked to
note down how to
evaluate the
communication
media
Session 4: Barriers in Communication
1. Identify the 1. Describe the 1. Compile a list of Interactive lecture:
barriers in factors that act as barriers to effective Barriers in
communication communication communication at communication
barrier workplace Activity:
2. Differentiate Visit to the retail
between various outlet and identify
types of barrier to the barriers in
Effective communication.
communication
2. Select the 1. Describe the ways 1. Select strategies to Interactive lecture:
Strategies to to overcome overcome barriers Barriers to effective
Overcome barriers in in communication communication and
barriers in effective ways to overcome
communication communication them
Activity:
Visit to the retail
outlet and find out
the strategies for
overcome barriers in
communication.
Introduction
Communication is an integral part of the
retailers marketing strategy. Communication
is used to inform the customers about the
retailers, merchandise and the services.
Communication is certainly essential in

business, in government, military
organizations, hospital, schools, communities,
homes or anywhere where people deal with one another.
“Any act by which one person gives to or receives from person information about that
person’s needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states. Communication
may be intentional or unintentional; it may involve conventional or unconventional
signals, may take linguistic or non-linguistic forms, and may occur through spoken or
other modes.”
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Communication is a dialogue, not a monologue. In fact, communication is more
concerned with a dual listening process. For communication to be effective, the message
must mean the same thing to both the sender and the receiver.
Communication in retail organizations is very much needed. Retail jobs exist in many
functional areas, including information systems, human resources, finance and
accounting. However, when retail job skills are discussed, the conversation typically
centers on skills specific to in-store retail sales and service associate positions. These are
the employees who interact at the store level directly with customers. Retail job skills
include a combination of soft skills and technical talents.
Learning communication is important and it is essential in the retail business process. In

the retail business you have to communicate with in your firm with your team
members, fellow workers, higher authorities and subordinates. You also communicate
with your external participants like customers, suppliers, competitors and service
providers outside of your retail firm.
In this unit, you will learn the forms of communication, communication media and
equipments and barriers in communication which are relevant in the workplace of retail
workers, employees and employers.
Session 1: Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication

Relevant Knowledge
The medium of communication determines the type of communication. Based on the
medium used for communicating, the process of communication can be broadly
classified as verbal communication and non-verbal communication.
Verbal communication includes written and oral communication, whereas non-verbal

communication includes body language, facial expressions and pictures. Thus, the
various types of communication are verbal communication (oral and written),
nonverbal communication (including body language, pictorial communication,
symbolic communication). Each of these is elaborated below.
Verbal Communication
Verbal communication uses words as the medium of communication. An effective
verbal communication is a two-way process – speaking and listening must occur.
Usually verbal communication is in the one-to-one mode or one-to-one interaction.
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Non-verbal Communication
Communication that uses physical parts of the body is known as non-verbal
communication. It includes facial expressions, tone of voice, sense of touch, sense of
smell, and body movements.
Written Communication
Written communication skill is the ability of an individual to communicate in writing. It
is done in a one-to-one mode or in a one-to-many mode. Important skills in effective
written communication are:
 Write clearly and legibly, giving all the essential information needed
 Use approved styles and formats for written communication
 Prepare and maintain various type of documents
Thus, effective writing involves careful choice of words, their organization in correct
order in sentences and preparing a comprehensive composition of sentences.
Braille is another form of writing system which enables

blind and partially sighted people to read and write
through touch. It was invented by Louis Braille, who
was blind and became a teacher of the blind. It consists
of patterns of raised dots arranged in cells of up to six
dots in a 3 x 2 configuration. Each cell represents a
letter, numeral or punctuation mark. Some frequently
used words and letter combinations also have their own
single cell patterns. People with hearing impairments
use lip reading and sign language to communicate. Sign
language systems include finger spelling (dactylography), sign language and Makaton.
Importance of Verbal Communication

Verbal communication help the individual in different ways i.e., to build and maintain
relationship in our society, to lead in professional career and it is most important for
business people.
For example, while you communicate with family member or friend, you interact with
them with a lot of self – confidence. When it comes to business, it is totally different
situation because you may deal with a variety of people throughout the day. i.e., you
may deal with people from different cultures, ages and with different levels of
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experience. You may have to deal different background and have lot of experience in
their field or activity. Proper verbal communication skill will help you in dealing with
different people.
Communicative Practices
Communication practice will help the student to speak English language quickly and
effectively. Here are some rules:
Subject Verb Agreement

Rule -1: If two or more singular noun and pronoun are joined with the word ‘and’ the
verb used will be plural.
Example
1. My brother and I are good friend.
2. Ramesh, his friend and I were playing football.
Rule-2: If two singular nouns/pronouns are joined by and point out the same thing the
verb used must be singular.
Example
1. Bread and butter are my regular breakfast.
2. Rice and curry is the favorite Indian food.
3. The Collector and Distract Magistrate is away.
Rule-3: If two subjects are joined by “as well as” the verb aggress with the first subject.
Example
1. Rita as wells her children is playing.
2. Ram as well as his friends is going to market.
3. Children as well as their mother are eating.
Rule-4: If two subjects are joined with either-or, neither-nor, the verbs agree with the
subject near it.
Example
1. Either my brother or I am to do this work.
2. Either you or your friends have returned my book.
3. Neither Ram more his sister is accused.
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Rule-5 If two subjects are joined by with or together with in addition to etc., the verb
aggresses with the first subject. Example
1. The boy with his parents has arrived in London.
2. Maths in addition to other science subject are tough.
Rule-6: When two subject are joined by not only – but also verb must agree with the
second subject.
Example
1. Krishna or her friend was not there.
2. Mohan or Sohan is responsible for all this.
Rule -7: Some noun Plural in form and singular in meaning takes a singular verb.
Example
1. The news was broadcast from All India Radio yesterday.
2. The Jeans pant is expensive today.
Rule-8: Some nouns are singular in form but plural in number take a plural verb.
Example
1. The people are shouting.
2. The cattle are grazing.
Rule-9: When a plural noun denotes some particular quantity or amount consider a
singular verb.
Example
1. Five hundred rupees is not a big amount.
2. Hundred miles is a long distance.
3. 20 meters is a long distance for long jump.
4. Waiting 10 minutes on the road is a big issue for a girl.
Importance of Non-verbal Communication

The most important thing in communication is to listen what is
being said It is noticed that there is only 7 to 35% of the spoken
language is used in total communication. The rest of the part is
through our feelings and intentions in any situation are sent
through nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communications
included the gestures, body language, facial expressions and
postures; etc. Non verbal communication helps the person to
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understand when verbal messages are unclear or ambiguous. For example if you are
not able to speak the foreign language, you can still communicate with people of
another region or country by using body language and facial expressions. In business
communication it is important and effective to use your body language. You can
improve your business standards by using good business communication skills and
body language.
By understanding the important aspects of non-verbal

communication or body language, you can learn to
read people more easily. Argyle and his associates
have been studying the features of non-verbal
communication that convey information. The
following summarizes their findings:
Basics of Non-verbal Communication
Eye Contact
There is a saying in English, action speaks louder than the word, so eye contact is most
important part in non verbal communication. Different eye contact can be interpreted as
follows:
 Most of the listeners look directly at the speaker between 30% and 60% of the time
while looking more than that shows the person has great interest on the speaker.
 Once you maintain eye contact with the audience then you will feel a positive
frame of confidence. Once you gain that confidence the people will take more
seriously what you are speaking.
 In case the listener is not focused on you, you should make your point clear and
then maintain eye contact with him, in this way the listener will feel pressure.
Body Language and Lying

Signs of lying have to be avoided to send wrong signal to the person in front of you.
Some of them are listed below:
 Less eye contact will sign that the person is lying and he is guilty.
 Hands touch their face, throat, nose, mouth or ear.
 Physical expression will be stiff and limited.
 If a person takes up less space with their hand, arm and leg movement facing
towards their own body then it shows the person is lying.
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The Eyebrows
Change in the position of the eye brow can interpret as follows:
 If the eyebrows of a person are lowered that shows the person is usually frowning.
 This shows a sign of worry, criticism or disagreement.
 This also shows the person is searching the supporting evidence to make up the
huddle.
 The frown may simply mean lack of concentration or confusion.
 Raised eyebrows can indicate shock or distrust.
 One raised eyebrow implies an element of doubt or challenge.
 Raising the eyebrows show a sign of surprise. The people raise their eyebrows to
look better. But it can also mean that somebody is looking at you and that he likes
you.
The Mouth
 If somebody chews the lower lip that shows the sign of fear, insecurity and worry.
 If somebody tightened his or her lips that indicate he is in defensive mode.
The Head
 If the head is straight up that shows the sign of neutral position i.e., listening
carefully and evaluating.
 A small nod of head indicates that the information is being received.
 Tilting the head shows the sign of developing interest.
 If the head of the speaker is downward direction that shows the sign of
nervousness and there may be some problem.
The Smile
 We always correlate a smile with happiness 'but there are different kinds of smile'.
 Sometimes artificial smile comes in the speaker's face when he/she is not actually
agreed but he can't deny directly i.e. called coy smile.
 Sometimes the speaker is internally sad but he/she does not want to show to the
audience at that time he or she can show artificial smile.
Some of the body gestures which will help you understand the mental frame of a
person are a follows:
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 Brisk walk : Confidence
 Standing with hands on hips: Readiness, aggression
 Sitting with legs crossed, foot kicking slightly : Boredom
 Sitting, legs away from each other: Open, relaxed
 Arms crossed on chest: Defensiveness
 Walking with hands in pockets, shoulders bent: Unhappiness
 Hand to cheek: assessment & thinking
 Touching, slightly rubbing nose: refusal, hesitation, doubt & lying
 Rubbing the eye: Doubt, disbelief
 Hands clasped behind back: Anger, irritation, uneasiness and anxiety
 Locked ankles: Worry
 Head resting in hand, eyes downcast: Monotony
 Rubbing hands: Hope, eagerness
 Sitting with hands clasped behind head, legs crossed: Confidence, superiority, Power
 Open palm: Genuineness, honesty, innocence
 Pinching bridge of nose, eyes closed: Negative evaluation
 Steeping fingers: Commanding
 Tilted head: Attention, Interest
 Looking down, face turned away : Disbelief, distrust
 Biting nails: Lack of confidence, insecurity, nervousness
 Dropping eyeglasses onto the lower bridge of the nose and peering over them: Causes
negative reactions in others
 Slowly and intentionally taking off glasses and carefully cleaning the lens: That shows the
person wants to take time to think before opposition asking for clarification.
 Breath faster: Nervous or angry.
 Inhaling loudly and shortly: Wants to interrupt a speaking person.
 Loud sigh: Understand the thing that is being told.
 Twisting the feet continuously: A person is nervous or concerned, but can also mean that a
person is stressed or angry and that he don't want to show that to everybody.
 Legs wide apart or Sitting straddle-legged: Shows that a person is feeling safe, and is self -
confident. Can also show leadership.
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 A big smile that goes on longer and disappears slower: Unreal or fake smile
 Crossed legs with highest foot in the direction of the speaker: Relaxed and self-confident
and they are listening very carefully.
 Rapidly nodding your head: Shows impatient and eager to add something to the
conversation.
 Slowly nodding: Shows interest and those they are validating the comments of the
interviewer, and this subtly encourages him to continue.
 Biting the Lips: The person communicates embarrassment when he bites his lips. He also
communicates a lack of self-confidence.
 Open Hands: This expresses a trust in other. It also invites to sharing of the other person's
view.
 Clasping the hands: Indicates defense.
 Firm Handshake: The strong, firm handshake usually shows the high confidence and self
believeness.
 Weak hand shake: People who give these types of handshakes are nervous, shy, insecure or
afraid of interaction with other people.
 Clearing throat: Nervousness.
 Biting fingernails: Nervousness.
 Wring your hands: Nervousness.
 Paced the floor: Nervousness.
Dressing
"Dress' Speak" a lot about a person. For example when you enter into a room for the
first time, it takes few seconds for people to observe you. Your clothes and body
language always speak first. So it is important to dress up carefully to match the
occasion. Some of the perceptions people can judge from your appearance are:
 Your professionalism
 Your leadership quality
 Your aptitude
 Your trustworthiness
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Being well dressed in a corporate sector can influence your perceptions and
promotions. You should ask the following questions before selecting a dress for the
occasion:
 What would be appropriate for audience?
 What would be appropriate for this event?
 What role I am going to play?
o For my company?
o For my department?
o For myself?
EXERCISE
Choose the correct verb from the bracket:
1. Your boss, Mr. Ramesh enters the room when you are meeting with an important
client, Mr. Dinesh. You rise and say "Sir, I'd like you to meet Mr. Dinesh. Our
client from Delhi. "Is this introduction correct? Justify your answer.
Ans: .........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
2. At a social function, you meet the CEO of an important company. After a brief
chat, you give him your business card. Is this correct?
Ans:.........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
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3. Testing verbal communication skills Pair up with your friend and test your verbal
communication skills using the following checklist. You can take turns and test
your friend’s communication skills.
Your Name : ______________________________________________
Name of Your Friend : ______________________________________________
S. No. Verbal Could Good accent Too fast Too

Communication speak (yes/no) (yes/no) soft
clearly (yes/no)
(yes/no)
(a) Opening Greeting
1. Good morning
Sir/Madam. May I
help you?
2. Good afternoon
Sir/Madam. May I
help you?
3. Good evening
Sir/Madam. May I
help you?
(b) Closing Greeting
1. Have a good day
Sir/Madam.
2. Have a good evening
Sir/Madam
3. Good night
Sir/Madam.
c) Seeking permission
1. May I come in
Sir/Madam or Excuse
me Sir/Madam
2. May I frisk you
Sir/Madam?
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3. May I check your
baggage Sir/Madam?
(d) Requesting time for
response
1. Please wait
Sir/Madam
2. Please have a seat
Sir/Madam
3. Give me a moment
Sir/Madam or a
moment please
Sir/Madam
4. Assignment on Non-verbal Communication Observe people and their body

language at a public meeting/place (could be panchayat, conference, platform of a
railway station, shopping mall, etc.) and write in your notebook on what is your
interpretation about the gestures or postures of the people.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
A. Shorts Questions
1. What is verbal communication?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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2. What do you mean by non-verbal communication?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. State the importance of verbal communication?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Explain the rules applied for verbal communication?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. State the importance of non-verbal communication?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Explain the communicative practices in non-verbal communication?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
B. Fill in the blanks with Correct Verb

1. Verbal communication uses _____ as the medium of communication. (words)
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2. Communication that uses ________________ parts of the body is known as
___________ communication. (physical, non-verbal)
3. The most important thing in communication is to _____________. (listen)
4. In business communication, use of _____________ is important and effective.
(body language)
5. When verbal communication is ambiguous ____________ help to understand.
(non-verbal)
C. True or False
1. Oral communication is a form of non-verbal communication -
2. Written communication is a form of verbal communication -
3. Body language is a form of non-verbal communication -
4. Gesture is a form of verbal communication -
5. People with hearing impairments use Braille system to communicate -
6. Pointing fingers while talking is a good gesture of communication -
7. Maintaining eye contact while talking or giving speech is a means of effective
communication -
D. Multiple Choice Questions

(Tick the correct answer)
1. You are talking with a group of four people. Do you make eye contact with:
Just the person to whom you are speaking at the moment?
a) Each of the four, moving your eye contact from one to another?
b) No one particular person (not looking directly into anyone's eyes)?
c) All the above
2. When you greet a visitor in your office, do you: (Tick the correct answer)
a) Say nothing and let her sit where she wishes?
b) Tell her where to sit?
c) Say "Just sits anywhere".
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3. You are scheduled to meet a business associate for working lunch and you
arrive a few minutes early to find a suitable table. 30 minutes later your
associate still hasn't arrived. Do you: (Tick the correct answer)
a) Order your lunch and eat?
b) Continue waiting and fuming that you’re associate isn't there?
c) Tell the head waiter you're not staying and give him your card with
instructions to present it to your associate to prove you were there?
d) After 15 minutes call your associate?

Activity.
Part A
 Differentiated between the verbal and non-verbal communication.
 Described the important rule in verbal communication.
 Explain the communicative practices in non-verbal communication?
Part B
 How to practice verbal communication effectively?
 How to apply various rules for verbal communication?
 What are the different practices available for non-verbal communication?
Part C
The Performance standards may include, but not limited to:
Performance Criteria Yes No

Able to follow the rules for verbal communication
Able to differentiate between the practices of verbal and non-verbal
communication
Able to perform non-verbal communication
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Session 2: Forms of Communication
Relevant Knowledge
Types of Communication
There are many forms of communication. These are as under:
 Downward Communication
 Upward Communication
 Horizontal Communication
 Vertical Communication
 Lateral Communication
 Formal Communication
 Informal Communication or Grapevine
 Pictorial Communication
 Symbolic Communication
Downward Communication
Information flowing from the top of the organizational management hierarchy and
telling people in the organization what is important (mission) and what is valued
(policies). Downward communication generally provides enabling information – which
allows a subordinate to do something. e.g. Instructions on how to do a task.
Downward communication comes after upward communications have been

successfully established. This type of communication is needed in an organization to:
 Transmit vital information
 Give instructions
 Encourage 2-way discussion
 Announce decisions
 Seek cooperation
 Provide motivation
 Boost morale
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 Increase efficiency
 Obtain feedback
"Downward" Communication in a Bank.
Importance of Downward Communication

 Orders and instructions about jobs
 Directions about understanding of jobs and its relationships with other jobs
 Organizational policies and its procedures
 Feedback of subordinates' performance
 Reprimands, Criticisms etc.
Upward Communication
Upward communication is the flow of information from subordinates to superiors, or
from employees to management. Without upward communication, management works
in a vacuum, not knowing if messages have been received properly, or if other
problems exist in the organization.
By definition, communication is a two-way affair. Yet for effective two way

organizational communication to occur, it must begin from the bottom. Upward
Communication is a mean for staff to:

 Exchange information
 Offer ideas
 Express enthusiasm
 Achieve job satisfaction
 Provide feedback
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"Upward" Communication in a Bank.
Importance of Upward Communication

 Subordinates' work performance
 Problems relating to work
 Performance appraisal of their subordinates (feedback of understanding of orders,
instructions etc.)
 Clarifications of orders etc.
 Opinion, attitude, feelings etc.
 Procedures, methods, practices followed while doing the work
 Criticism
 New ideas and suggestions
 Personal and family problems
Horizontal Communication
Horizontal communication normally involves coordinating information, and allows
people with the same or similar rank in an organization to cooperate or collaborate.
Communication among employees at the same level is crucial for the accomplishment
of work. Horizontal Communication is essential for:
 Solving problems
 Accomplishing tasks
 Improving teamwork
 Building goodwill
 Boosting efficiency
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"Horizontal" Communication in a Bank.
It is the formal/informal exchange of ideas between different individuals/departments

at the same level of hierarchy in the organization.
Advantages
 Enabling horizontal communication in an organization encourages free
information exchange.
 Higher information flow between departments is necessary so to avoid the same
problems being faced by different departments.
 Horizontal communication makes an atmosphere where employees are
comfortable to talk to people in different departments and gain from their
learning.
 Horizontal communication is a real check on the power of the top leaders.
 It is the flow of information between persons of the same hierarchical level.
Disadvantages
Sometimes, horizontal communication leads to disputes between individuals/
departments. In such cases higher officials have to step in to resolve the matter.
Vertical Communication
The definition of vertical communication is the flow of information both downward and
upward through the organizational chain of command. Some also refer to it as formal
communication. Downward communication kind of speaks for itself; top-level
management produces decisions that are communicated down to tell employees how to
perform their job.
Communication that moves through a chain of command typically is vertical in nature.

Rules and mandates come down from the top leadership to management and trickle
down to the front-line supervisors, eventually reaching the workers. When workers
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have an issue, they usually talk first to their immediate supervisor. The chain of
command dictates that supervisors report the issue to their managers, who then are
responsible to carry the information up to the executive offices.
Purpose
The main purpose of operating with a vertical communication system is to control the
flow of information and decision orders, mandates, policy decisions, directions and
instructions. The policies and goals of the organization typically come from the top and
move down through the chain of command. Communication that flows upward
typically involves information from the front lines to the executives about what's going
on at the lower levels. It might include complaints, suggestions, reports, requests for
clarification or news about trends.
Disadvantages
Information often is filtered as it moves up and down the chain of command, watering
down the message or changing the nature of the information. Managers receiving a
request directed to upper management may decide the request isn't valid and slow its
motion or stop it altogether. Information meant for distribution down to all the lower
levels may become stalled. Middle management may decide their workers don’t need
the information and halt its progress. Information going in either direction may change
or become diluted if not passed up or down in its original form.
Channels
Various channels used to send information up and down the chain of command also
affect the ways it’s perceived and acted upon. When passed on verbally, information is
tainted by body language, spoken nuances and personalities of the informant. The
person receiving the information brings various filters to every conversation that can
change the intention of the information. Written communication, on the other hand,
when passed on unchanged, may effectively send a consistent message through an
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organizational structure. Although electronic communication can be more easily
manipulated, organizations may utilize a wide range of applications to get and receive
pertinent information.
Lateral Communication
Lateral communication refers to messages conversed between people on the same
hierarchical level. For example, in terms of the workplace, if two supervisors have a
discussion or two board members raise an issue this is known as lateral communication.
It is also known as horizontal communication.
The opposite of this is diagonal

communication which refers to
messages conversed between
all levels of hierarchy. For
example, if a manager has a
discussion with one of their
employees then this would be
known as diagonal
communication. There are a
number of various forms of
communication in relation to
business environments.
Internal communication is one particular example as it is the main term used to describe
any form of communication within a business. In addition, this is not specified to
speaking face to face, this can mean through email, telephone and so on.
If a member of one company converses with someone from another company, it is

known as external communication. So this can refer to activities such as dealing with
customers or contacting a supplier about a product etc.
Formal Communication
A type of verbal presentation or document intended to share information and which

conforms to established professional rules, standards and processes and avoids using
slang terminology. The main types of formal communication within a business are
(1) downward where information moves from higher management to subordinate
employees, (2) upward where information moves from employees to management and
(3) horizontal where information is shared between peers.
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Informal Communication
A casual form of information sharing typically used in personal conversations with
friends or family members are called the informal communication. Within a business
environment, informal communication is sometimes called the grapevine and might be
observed occurring in conversations, electronic mails, text messages and phone calls
between socializing employees.
This communication is based on informal relations (like friendship, membership of the

same club, the same place of birth, etc.) and, therefore, is free from all the organizational
formalities.
The exchange of informal messages usually takes place on the occasion of community
meals, social occasions, parties, etc. On such occasions, the superiors gather such
information from their subordinates as may be difficult to get through formal
communication. Such communication includes comments, suggestions, etc.
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Under this, communication takes place through gesticulation, moving of head, smiling
and by remaining quiet. For example, a superior wants to complain against his
subordinate to his higher officer and at the same time he is afraid of giving it in writing.
This can be conveyed to the higher officer through informal communication, say during
the course of a conversation.
Informal communication is also called grapevine communication because there is no

definite channel of communication. Under it some information passes through many 31
individuals and covers a long distance making its origin obscure. This is exactly like a
grapevine where it is difficult to find the beginning and the end.
Formal and informal communication is very straight forward in the sense that formal
conversations refer to the discussion of workplace issue whereas informal
communication is in relation to discussions about activities outside of work. Informal
conversations are only usually acceptable during breaks and they shouldn't be used to
spread rumours about colleagues. Moreover, in businesses upward communication is
the questions and queries that colleagues aim at their bosses whereas downward
communication is the guidance and orders expressed by the management team to their
colleagues. In addition to that, there is always the possibility of small group
communication which is the term used to describe discussions held in meetings with a
number of colleagues.
Pictorial Communication
Pictorial communication includes communicating with signs like traffic signals, the 21-
gun salute, horns, sirens, etc. For example, the sign of ‘stop’ tells you to stop at the
given point, the sign of two children with school bags indicate the school zone, the sign
of U-turn tells you to take a U turn, and the sign of a person crossing the road indicates
the place where you can cross the road.
Symbolic Communication
Symbolic communication uses symbols that signify religion, school, status, affiliation,
communication devices, etc. Given below are the symbols used for symbolizing various
communication devices.
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EXERCISE
Visit a store and write a report about what kind purpose in the store between
employees and between customers. (Note: use pictures to make report effective).

1. Downward communication general provides enabling information in the
form of ______________. (Instructions)
2. ______________ is a casual form of information personal conversation.
(Informal communication)
3. ________________ communication includes communicating with signs. (non
verbal)
4. Informal communication is also called __________________ communication.
(grapewine)
5. ____________________ refers to messages conversed between all levels of
hierarchy. (diagonal communication)

1. Upward communication is a means for staff to
a) Exchange information
b) Increase efficiency
c) Speaking face to face
d) None of these
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2. Horizontal communication is essential for
a) Accomplishing task
b) Boost morale
c) Control decision making
d) All the above
3. Lateral communication refers to message conversed between people

a) On the same level
b) All levels
c) Both the above
4. The main types of formal communication within a business
a) Downward
b) Lateral
c) Diagonal
5. Informal communication involves

a) Smiling
b) Gesticulation
c) Both the above
Checklist for Assessment Activity

Activity.
Part A
 Described the various types of communication.
Part B
1. Discussed in class the following:
 What is pictorial communication?
 What is informal and formal communication?
177
 What is lateral communication?
 What is the importance of upward and downward communication?
Part C

Able to differentiate between types of communication
Session 3: Communication Media and Equipment

Relevant Knowledge
Communication Media
Communication media refers to the means of delivering and receiving data or
information. In telecommunication, these means are transmission and storage tools or
channels for data storage and transmission. The term is also commonly used in place of
mass media or news media.
Different media are employed for transmitting data from one computer terminal to the
central computer or to other computer systems inside some kind of network. The most
commonly used communication media include cable, satellite, microwaves and fibre
optics.
The communication media acts as a
communication channel for linking
various computing devices so that they
may interact with each other.
Contemporary communication media
facilitate communication and data
exchange among a large number of
individuals across long distances via
teleportation, email, teleconferencing,
Internet forums, etc. Traditional mass
media channels such as TV, radio and
magazines, on the other hand, promote
one-to-many communication. There are
two forms of communication media:
178
 Analog: Includes the conventional radio, telephonic and television broadcasts.
 Digital: Computer mediated communication, computer networking and telegraphy.
The most commonly used data communication media include:

 Wire pairs
 Coaxial cable
 Microwave transmission
 Communication satellite
 Fiber optics
Communication Equipments
A communication tool helps a person to communicate with other people. Information
and Communication Technology (ICT) is a general term used for a unified system of
telecommunications including telephone lines, wireless, computers, audio-visual
systems, etc. which enable the users to create, access, store, transmit, and manipulate
information.
Electronic Devices
A range of electronic
devices exist to help people
overcome the constraint in
communication due to
distance. These include
electronic devices such as
telephone, mobile, wireless
sets, etc., which are used to send and receive messages.
Technological aids, such as hearing aids and videophones are designed to help people
with different abilities. Social websites on Internet
and Email are examples of technological aids that
promote communication and social interaction
between people.
Telephone
The telephone is a telecommunication device that

transmits and receives sounds. Its basic function is
179
to allow communication between two people separated by a distance. All modern
telephones have a microphone to speak into, an earphone which reproduces the voice of
the other person, a ringer which makes a sound to alert the owner when a call is coming
in, and a keypad to enter the telephone number. The microphone converts the sound
waves to electrical signals and then these are sent through the telephone network to the
other phone and there it is converted back into sound waves by an earphone or speaker.
Mobile phone
The mobile phone (also known as a cell phone)
is a device that can make and receive telephone
calls over a radio link whilst moving around a
wide geographic area. It does so by connecting
to a cellular network provided by a mobile
phone operator, allowing access to the public
telephone network. Mobile phones also support
a wide variety of other services which include
text messaging, popularly known as Short
Message Service (SMS), email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications
(infrared, blue tooth), business applications, gaming and photography.
Telephone etiquette
Etiquette is defined as manners that are acceptable, pleasing and courteous. The
different elements of etiquette are to do with appearance, choice of words and body
language. The following etiquette should be followed while talking on telephone:
 Pick up or answer the telephone before the third ring.
 Some words that you should use in your conversations on telephone are: Hello!
Good Morning/Good Afternoon/Good Evening.
 Speak clearly and identify yourself.
 If the caller does not introduce himself/herself, say, “May I know who is
speaking?”
 In case the caller does not tell to whom he/she wants to talk to, then you may ask
questions like “May I know to whom you want to talk to?”
 In case you have to take a message then you may say “I'm sorry, he's busy at the
moment. May I take a message?” or May I take your name and number and have
him/her call you back? (Be sure to write down the name, phone number, time the
caller had called and the message).
180
 Ask the caller to wait while you acquire the information required.
 Don’t make the caller wait for more than 02 minutes. It is better to return a call
than to keep someone on hold too long. Do not forget to return the call.
 At the end of the waiting period, please express your gratitude for caller’s
patience.
 Keep your conversation to the point.
 End the conversation with gratitude.
 Always use a pleasant and friendly tone.
 Before placing a caller on hold, ask his/her permission first. For example, “could
you please hold the line, while I call the person”.
 Do not interrupt the person while he/she is talking to you.
 Do not answer the phone if you are eating. You should mention that you are
having your meal and you will call back after you have finished.
 When hanging up the phone, make sure the caller hangs up first.
 Avoid leaving long messages.
Electronic Media
Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange (EPABX) System:
It is an instrument used to place telephonic calls to various people
in the premises to check on the availability of the
residents/officials and check the authenticity of the visitor’s
claims.
Walkie talkie: A walkie-talkie (known as a handheld transceiver) is a hand-held,

portable two-way radio transceiver. Typical walkie-talkies resemble a telephone
handset, with an antenna sticking out of the top. Walkie-talkies are widely used in any
setting where portable radio communications are necessary, including business, public
safety, security and military.
Fax machine: Fax (short for facsimile) is the telephonic

transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images)
from a fax machine through a telephone line connected to
another fax machine. The original document is scanned with a
fax machine, which processes the contents (text or images) as a
single fixed graphic image, converting it into a bitmap image.
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The information is then transmitted as electrical signals
through the telephone system. The receiving fax machine
reconverts the coded image printing a paper copy.
GPS navigation device: It is any device that receives

Global Positioning System (GPS) signals for the purpose of
determining the device's current location on Earth. GPS
devices are used in military, aviation, marine and
consumer product applications.
Computers: Computers has now become an important and

rapidly expanding medium of communication, as it offers
the possibility of rapid communication, and e-commerce
through e-mail, e-forums, searchable databases,
commercial websites, educational websites, etc.
EXERCISE
Visit to a nearby retail stores and observe how telephone and fax machine work and
write the procedure (not more than 50 words each)
1. Write short note (50 words) on the following topics:
(i) Telephone
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
(ii) Fax Machine
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
182
1. A telephone is an ____________________ device. (communication)
2. A telephone has a ____________________ to speak into and an earphone
which reproduces the voice. (microphone)
3. _________ is the equipment that is used to contact officials in the premises
from the gate to check on their availability. (EPABX)
B. Write the full form of the following abbreviations:

1. SMS:
2. EPBAX:
3. Email:
4. GPS:
C. Short Answer Questions (use separate sheet if needed)
1. Name five equipments used for communication.

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. Write down one advantage and one disadvantage of using communication
equipments (for each equipment).
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3. What is the difference between informal and formal communication?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
183
Activity.
Part A
 Describe the various communication equipment.
Part B
(a) Difference between informal and formal communication
(b) Importance of various logbooks and reports in security industry
Part C

Able to describe the purpose and demonstrate the use of
communication equipment
Able to demonstrate communication etiquette
Able to differentiate between different use and requirement of different
communication equipments.
Session 4: Barriers in Communication

Relevant Knowledge
Barriers
No matter how good the communication system in an
organization is, unfortunately barriers can often occur. This
may be caused by a number of factors, which can usually be
summarized as being due to physical, organizational,
attitudinal, emotional barriers and physiological barriers.
A. Physical Barriers
These are often due to the nature of environment. Thus, the natural barriers, which
exist, are located in different buildings or on different sites, others are:
184
 Poor outdated equipment
 Failure of management
 Lack of new technology
 Staff shortages
 Distractions like background noise, poor

lighting
 Hostile environment (too hot or too cold)
All the above-mentioned barriers affect people's

morale and concentration, which in turn interfere
with effective communication.
B. Organizational Barriers
 It refers to the faulty system design. These
include;
 Complexity in organisational structure
 Ineffective organizational supervision or training
 Unclear organizational rules, policies and regulations
 Lack of clarity in roles and responsibilities which can head to staff being
uncertain about what is expected of them
 Status relationships
C. Attitudinal Barriers
(i) Attitude of superiors

 Lack of consultation with employees (Ignoring communication)
 Personality conflicts, which can result in, people delaying or refusing to
communicate
 Lack of time
 Lack of awareness
 Resistance to change due to interchanged attitudes and ideas
 Lack of trust in subordinates
 Fear of challenge to authority
185
(ii) Attitude of Sub-ordinates
 Unwillingness to communicate
 Lack of proper incentive
(iii) Emotional Barriers

Psychological factors such as people's state of mind are important tools for
proper communication. We all tend to feel happier and be more receptive to
information when the sun shines equally. If someone has personal problems
like worries about health or marriage, then this will probably affect their
communication skills and work power gradually. Some emotional barriers
are:
 Premature evaluation
 Inattention
 Loss by transmission and poor retention
 Undue reliance on the written words
 Distrust of communicator
 Failure to communicate
 Semantic Barriers
o Different language
o Different context for words and symbols
o Poor vocabulary
(iv) Physiological Barriers

Physiological barriers may result from individual's discomfort caused by ill
health, poor eyesight or difficulties. We have studied several barriers that
affect the flow of communication in an organization. These barriers interrupt
the flow of communication from the sender to the receiver, thus making
communication ineffective. It is essential for managers to overcome these
barriers.
Methods of Overcoming the Barriers

1. It is imperative that organizational policy must be clear and explicit and encourage
the communication flow so that people at all levels realize the full significance of
186
communication. This organizational policy should express in clear, unambiguous
term that organization favors the promotion of communication in the organization.
2. This policy should also specify the subject matter to be communicated which is
determined by the needs of the organization.
3. The system of communication through proper channel serves the purpose

adequately so far as routine types of information warrants, this has to be
overlooked and persons concerned need to be told explicitly.
4. A successful communication system will only be achieved if top management

shares the responsibility of good communication and check from time to time that
there are no bottlenecks.
5. Organization should have these adequate facilities for promoting communication.

This need being carefully looked into and the responsibility of superior managers
in encouraging the use of these facilities through the adoption of supportive
attitude and behavior needs to be emphasized.
6. Communication being an inter-personal process, the development of inter-

personal relationships based on mutual respect, trust and confidence is essential for
its promotion.
7. There should be continuous programme of evaluating the flow of communication

in different directions.
Essentials of Good Communication

 Find out the real purpose of your communication.
 See that your ideas are clear before communication.
 Where appropriate, consult others in planning communication.
 Be sincere and honest in your communication
 Communication is a simple, clear and effective way.
 Know the basic content of your message and consider any possible overtones.
 Study all the conditions, physical and human wherever/whenever/whatever you
communicate.
 Whenever possible, convey something of help or value to the receiver.
"People who learn effective communication skills will improve their work and personal
relationship". It is important to learn effective communication skills to be successful at
187
work and to deal with conflict. Both verbal and non-verbal communication skills are
critical to effective communication. Effective and powerful communication skills give
self-confidence. It is the alchemy that can at times transform very ordinary speech into a
success. But a self-confident speaker having other attributes as well remains a winner
throughout.
Elements of Effective Communication

Adequacy
 In terms of coverage (i.e. type of messages flowing in various direction)
 In terms of quantity of various types of messages.
Timing
 Perfectly timed words and sentences are very important.
Integrity
 Organization of content/matter in such a manner that one idea heads to another,
finally evolving into a logical and satisfactory conclusion.
Clarity
 Simple and common words should be used
 Short and Simple sentences
 Proper punctuation
 Logical sequence.
ASSIGNMENT
1. Identify the main barriers that you have encountered during the communication
with your teacher.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Write the solution to overcome the barriers that you faced during the
communication with your teacher.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
188
3. List all the barriers that you have faced while communicating with your friends in
a birthday party.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. What will you do to remove the barriers of communication in the following
situations:
S. No. Situation Action that you will take
to remove the barrier
1. Poor lighting arrangement in the classroom
2. A friend with hearing impairment has
come to talk to you

1. _______________ of management is the form of _______________ barrier.
(failure, physical)
2. Status relationships comes under ____________. (organizational barriers).
3. System of communication through _____________ serves the purpose
adequately. (proper channel)
4. People who learn effective _____________ will improve their work and
personal relationship. (communication skills)
5. Successful communication system will only be achieved if _______ shares the
responsibility. (top management)
B. Answer the following questions

1. What are communication barriers?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. State any two physical barriers in communication.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
189
3. Write short note (25 words) on how the following barriers affect effective
communication:
a) Poor communication equipment.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
b) Cultural barriers
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Activity.
Part A
 Described the various types of barriers.
Part B
1. Discussed in class the following:
 How communication cycle is affected by the barriers?
 How one can overcome the various types of barriers in communication?
Part C

Able to differentiate between the various types of barriers in
communication
190
Unit-7: Health Care and Personal
Grooming in Retailing
Unit Code:
Unit Title: Health Care and Personal Grooming in Retailing
RS207-NQ2012

Classroom Retail Session 1: Health Care Activities
shop or
Departmental Learning Outcome Knowledge Performance Teaching and
Store Evaluation Evaluation Training Method
1. Describe the 1. Recognize the 1. Analyze the health Interactive lecture:

health care relevance of care aids and Best practices to
activities and healthcare activities in retail manage health care
heath care rights activities organizations in the retail store
in retail 2. State various 2. Demonstrate the Activity:
organizations rights to health rights to health Visit to a retail
and safety and safety store to observe
relevant practices
adopted to
maintain hygiene
2. Explain the 1. Discuss the 1. Demonstrate about Interactive lecture:

principles of meaning of the ergonomics at Significance of
ergonomics, ergonomics workplace ergonomics and
indoor air 2. State the concepts 2. Apply measures measures to check
quality and of repetitive for repetitive pollution in retail
pollution in motion illness, motion illness, organizations
retail lifting, carrying, lifting, carrying, Activity:
organizations standing, fire standing and fire Visit to a retail
prevention prevention store to observe
3. Discuss 3. Practice methods relevant practices
importance of of prevention of adopted to prevent
machine floor slips, trips, pollution.
guarding, trash falls and electric
disposal and shocks
issues of working 4. Identify causes and
in cold places prevention of floor
slips, trips, falls,
electric shocks
5. Express the need
for machine
guarding, trash
disposal & issues
of working in cold
places
191
Session 2: Health Care Measures
1. Identify the 1. Describe the 1. Identify the health Interactive lecture:
health care health care care measures in Health care
measures in measures in Retail measures in Retail
Retail Retail Activity:
Visit to the retail
outlet and asked to
note down the
health care
measures in Retail
2. List out the 1. State the working 1. Identify the unsafe Interactive lecture:
unsafe working conditions that working Safe and unsafe
conditions are unsafe for the conditions working conditions
employees 2. Differentiate Activity:
2. Relate the between safe and Group discussion to
situations where unsafe work find out ways to
unsafe work 3. Follow the make conditions
should be guidelines to safer
refused refuse unsafe
work
3. Identify the 1. State the 1. Enlist Interactive lecture:
responsibilities of responsibilities of Responsibilities of Responsibilities of
employers and employer employers in employers and
employees for 2. Understand provision of health employees in
workplace health responsibilities of and safety at work managing
and safety worker 2. Analyze workplace health
3. Describe responsibilities of and safety
responsibilities of workers and Activity:
supervisor supervisors in Interview a retail
managing health store owner to state
and safety at the measures
workplace adopted by him to
ensure health and
safety at the store
Session 3: Personal Grooming Techniques
1. Describe the 1. Identify various 1. Apply the self care Interactive lecture:
skills required skills and including basic Expert lecture on
for personal knowledge of self skin care, hair care personal grooming.
grooming care and basic make up Activity:
2. State the 2. Practice Make a small report
conversation conversation on the basis of
skills skills, social graces observation on
3. Explain the and deportment groomed
meaning of 3. Practice the diet personalities.
Balanced Diet and nutrition and
its significance
192
2. Identify the food 1. Describe the 1. Demonstrate the art Interactive lecture:
techniques relevance of dining of table Lecture of the
with style in presentation specialist on food
formal restaurant 2. Demonstrate the techniques.
2. State the art of dining Activity:
significance of 3. Use of crockery and Visit a restaurant
stylish cutlery and cutlery and record the ways
crockery 4. Apply restaurant of table presentation
etiquettes and dining.
Session – 4: Personal Grooming Tips

1. List out the 1. Basic grooming 1. Apply the Interactive lecture:
grooming tips tips for business perfumes, scents Important
women and odors in grooming tips for
2. Describe hairstyle workplace and working women
tips present Activity:
3. State basics of professional Interact with the
business makeup looking fingernails beautician to learn
and hands tips on women
4. Identify
appropriate 2. Carry proper makeup
jewelery hairstyle at
workplace
3. Wear appropriate
business makeup
4. Demonstrate about
good jewelery
selection
2. Enlist the work 1. Discuss about 1. Utilize first aid Interactive
related injuries first aid facilities box items at the Discussion:
and reporting 2. State how to appropriate time Importance and use
them to report injuries 2. Develop how and of first aid at
supervisor 3. Identify how to whom to report workplace Activity:
investigate injuries 1. Visit a doctor to
accidents 3. Investigating discuss first aid
accidents requirements
with respect to
work related
injuries in retail.
2. Visit to retail
store and
observe work
related injuries
while moving
goods one place
to another place.
193
Introduction
You must have the experience of slipping on the

banana peel thrown by another person at a public
place? If not, then you are a lucky few who did not get
hurt due to the negligence of the others. It is a common
phenomenon in public places where vendors sell fruits
and people do not bother throwing the peel on the
road.
At home too, you must have experienced injury due to

hazardous tools, equipment, and materials. For
instance, while working in the kitchen, your mother
might have at times hurt her finger with a knife.
Similarly, workers in industry, factories, warehouses,
and organizations are exposed to various hazards.
Occupational health and safety (OHS) is an area

concerned with protecting the safety, health and
welfare of people engaged in work or employment.
Health and safety of people are important aspects for

an organization’s smooth and effective functioning.
Good health and safe performance ensures an accident-
free industrial environment.
The goal of occupational safety and health procedures and programmes is to establish
and foster a safe and healthy work environment for all workers. The occupational
health is often given less attention than occupational safety as the former is considered
more as a personal issue.
In this Unit, you will develop an understanding of the different health care activities in
retail organizations, skills for personal grooming for convincing the customers in the
retail business. You will understand how to know health care activities, acquire the
relevant skills required for personal grooming.
194
Session 1: Health Care Activities
Relevant Knowledge
The prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental
and physical well-being are through the services offered by the medical and allied
health professions are called the health care.
Healthcare retail is providing cash-and-carry,

health related products, along with convenience
and gift items, directly on the healthcare
campus through professionally run stores,
e-commerce or catalogs.
Offering this level of convenience is an

enormous benefit to patients, as well as
caregivers, physicians, visitors and employees.
Customers can get exactly what they need,
when they need it; from the place they trust most - the hospital or clinic.
A large number of Retail, Wholesale and

Department Store Union (RWDSU) members
are employed in the retail industry, and they
face as many health hazards as people
employed in jobs that are generally believed to
be more dangerous. Retail jobs require
repetitive motions, heavy lifting, long periods
of standing and other hazards that can result in
injury. Retail workers need to be aware of the
risks they face on the job and how to avoid
them.
Health Care Activities

Clinics in Retail Stores Wal-Mart currently has
over 40 clinics operating in its stores and plans
to partner with healthcare providers and
healthcare entrepreneurs to open 600+ clinics
in the next couple of years, with a potential for
more than 2,000 clinics in its stores in the
foreseeable future.
195
The ever escalating costs of healthcare, this is a move towards delivering right quality,
right priced healthcare with price transparency accessible to millions who otherwise
cannot afford treatment today, but have a reasonable expectation for “value for their
healthcare dollars” similar to their spend in other areas.
The retail clinics are anticipated to be operated by third party physicians and nurse
practitioners with practice management (patient registration, billing, e-prescribing) and
electronic medical records (EMR) software provided by E-Clinical Works.
The promise in addition, to the quality of treatment delivered is the use of electronic
health records (EHRs) to ensure transparency, accuracy and portability to assure a
better customer experience.
Indoor Air Quality and Pollution
Most retail stores are in "closed" buildings, where windows cannot be opened easily
and doorway exits are often in remote areas.
Indoor air pollution is caused by the build-up of vapors, particles, molds, fungus and
bacteria in building air. The indoor sources of these pollutants can be human waste,
cigarette smoke, fuel-fired furnaces, building materials, furnishings, cleaning products,
store consumer products, asbestos and pesticides. Molds, spores, fungus and bacteria
can accumulate in standing water, wet furnishings, furnace water, and air ducts. Meat
wrappers can be harmed by the vapors of burning plastic wrap.
Polluted outdoor air can be drawn into a building via the air intakes. Gases and
particles from truck exhaust, as well as other pollutants from the area are common
indoor air pollutants.
If unchecked, these pollutions can cause severe respiratory ailments. All workplaces
where these risks are present need an effective mechanical ventilation system.
The system in your store may include a series of fans, ducts, heating or cooling coils,
vents, and hoods. A single air handling unit may handle several zones with different
requirements within the store. A mechanical system must bring in fresh outdoor air,
mix it with the air that is already circulating inside the store and distribute the
conditioned air to all areas, including stock rooms, via ducts.
Ergonomics
The basic idea of ergonomics (the study of workplace design) is to design the workplace
to fit the worker and not change the worker to fit into a poorly designed workplace.
196
Work stations must be adjustable to be able to accommodate the wide variety of heights
and strengths of retail workers.
The best height for a working surface depends on the worker and whether or not he or
she stands or sits. The ideal height is generally between 2 to 4 inches below the elbow
for delicate work and between 6 to 18 inches below the elbow for heavy work. The
solution for working surface height is to make the surface adjustable to accommodate
each worker.
A workstation that allows for alternating between sitting and standing is important, as
is room to move about without awkward motions and decent lighting.
Repetitive Motion Illnesses
In many areas of a retail store there are workers performing jobs that require repetitive
bending and twisting of the hands, wrists and upper body. These tasks often place
excessive stress on muscles, tendons, blood vessels and nerves. These repetitive motions
frequently result in conditions such as carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinitis, ganglion
cysts and tenosynovitis. These conditions are serious, causing pain, loss of use of the
hands and wrists and permanent damage.
Correct ergonomic design is one of the most important ways to avoid these kinds of
illnesses. Eliminate the twisting and bending caused by poorly designed tools and
workstations is the only way to reduce the risk.
EXERCISE
Visit a retail organization or supermarket/specialty store, interact with the employer
and employees of the organisation/industry and ask the following questions and write
(i) What should your employees know about health activities?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
197
(ii) What are the potential hazards for workers in retail?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
(i) Are you happy with the provisions made for taking care of your physical and
safety requirements at the workplace?
Employee A: Yes/No
Employee B: Yes/No
Employee C: Yes/No
Employee D: Yes/No
Employee E: Yes/No
(ii) Which are the hazardous chemicals that the employees think are affecting their
physical well being at the workplace?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
(iii) What are the safety requirements for material handling?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
198
Answer the following questions (Use additional sheets of paper if necessary)

1. By the third party physicians and nurse practitioners operated
_____________. (retail clinics)
2. The services offered by the_________ and____________ are called the health
care. (medical, allied health professions)

1. The quality of retail clinical treatment delivered is the use of electronic health
records (EHRs) to ensure:
a) Transparency
b) Accuracy
c) Portability
d) All of these
2. Retail jobs are required to:

a) Repetitive motions
b) Heavy lifting
c) Long periods of standing
d) All the above
3. OSHA stands for

a) Organizational Safety and Health Activity
b) Occupational Safety and Health Administration
c) Occupational Safety and Hygiene Administration
d) None of the Above

1. What is the meaning of the Health Care?
2. List out the Health Care Activities in Retail Business?
199
Activity.
Part A
 Differentiated between different health care activities.
Part B
 What are health care activities in retail business?
 What is the importance of effective health care in retailing?
 Why do we need to exercise daily for your health care?
Part C

Able to identify the various kinds of health care activities
Able to practice health care activities for reducing the health deceases
Session 2: Health Care Measures

Relevant Knowledge
Lifting, Carrying and Standing
Lifting is an important part of all retail store work. Cashiers

lift groceries during the whole work shift; stock clerks put
products on shelves throughout the day, and department
store staff stock and retrieve products from stockroom
shelves frequently. These tasks contribute directly to the high
rates of back injuries, lower back pain, hernias, heart and
circulatory problems among retail store workers.
There are several important guidelines to follow when

performing these tasks. Loads that seem too heavy for you to
lift should be broken down into smaller units so that they are manageable.
200
Mechanical lifting devices should be used to lift loads that are too heavy. If no
mechanical device is available, have a co-worker help.
Heavy loads should not be lifted directly from the floor. Products should be stored at
least 18 inches above the floor and not above shoulder height. A ladder may be
necessary to be able to reach high items. A table may be necessary to bring products up
to comfortable heights.
Lift slowly and evenly. There is no evidence that back belts prevent back injury. When
performing carrying tasks, it is important to bring the load close to your body. Use
handles or cut handles on cartons. Avoid awkward postures such as twisting and
turning while carrying a load. Wear comfortable clothing and shoes. Rest and stretch
muscles as frequently as possible, take breaks, when possible.
Standing can cause varicose veins and back fatigue, aching feet and muscle strain,
among other ailments. Anti-fatigue mats made of a soft material, foot rests, stools and
chairs can help relieve the constant pressure of standing for long periods of time.
Computer Operators and Data Processors

RWDSU keyboard operators, telephone operators and other members use computers
that come in a variety of shapes and sizes. One size workstation will not fit everyone.
The key to a safe computer workstation is ensuring that it fits the user, is adjustable and
comfortable.
The monitor should be placed 18-30 inches from the user and the top of the monitor
should be level with the user’s eyes. The keyboard should be detached from the
monitor screen. It should be flat or slightly angled. Both should be easily adjustable.
The seat height and armrests should be adjustable and the width should be a minimum
of 18 inches. The seat pan should be contoured and cushioned. The backrest should
support the lumbar region. Foot rests should be provided.
The other rules of ergonomic design, like good lighting and space, are also necessary to
avoid the risk of repetitive motion illnesses.
In the next issue of the Record, other workplace hazards of the retail industry will be
examined.
RWDSU members employed in retail face an exhaustive list of hazards on the job. It is
important for them to be aware of those dangers, as well as their employers’
responsibilities in ensuring a safe workplace.
201
Fire Prevention
Fire hazards often exist in retail stores due to

flammable and combustible materials, electrical
malfunctions, open flames, sparks, hot surfaces,
smoking and unsafe storage of chemical products.
Your employer must have an emergency plan for
how to evacuate the store, who to call in case of fire,
and job tasks for people responsible for evacuation.
Exit paths should not be blocked and must be
clearly marked with exit signs that are lighted. It is
better to have a pre-emergency plan than for chaos
to result when a fire breaks out, causing loss of life
and property damage.
Fire extinguishers must be available, and workers

should be trained in how to use them. They must be
the correct type for the hazard: type A for
combustibles, type C for electrical equipment and
type ABC for general fires. Fire extinguishers must
be inspected regularly to ensure that they are in
good working order. The needle gauge must be at
the 12O clock position and the nozzle in good shape.
Sprinklers must be installed and inspected at least
once a year.
Good housekeeping and proper storage and

disposal of combustible and flammable materials are
the most important steps in preventing fires in a
retail store. The employer must allow time in the work day for this type of work to be
done.
Floors Slips, Trips and Falls

Slips, trips and falls are common causes of injuries in all retail stores. Wet, slippery
floors around produce, meat, fish and freezer areas are especially hazardous in grocery
supermarkets. Similarly, aisles that are cluttered with boxes, and uneven cracked
flooring are all hazards commonly found in department stores. All spills need to be
cleaned promptly, and time needs to be allowed to clear clutter and waste from the
aisles.
202
Machine Guarding
Many bakery, deli, meat and fish department workers as well as store carpenters and
maintenance staff, use electrical equipment that can cause serious cuts, bruises,
amputations, crushed bones and other injuries. The machines include saws, meat
grinders, slicers, mixers, trash balers and garbage disposal units. The moving parts
must be guarded to prevent body contact with the machine, and chain mail gloves
should be provided for cleaning them. Moving parts include belt drives, shear points,
nip points pulleys, sprockets, blades, saw blades, rotating and flying parts.
In the deli or meat department, blades on the slicing machines must have machine
guards to help prevent accidents. Non-automatic slicers must have a handhold
protected from the blade. All slicers must be kept sharp so that force is not necessary.
Deli workers should not wear loose clothing, which might get caught in the blades of a
machine.
Trash Disposal
Trash disposal is a hazard that is present in most retail store situations, and it must be
dealt with cautiously to ensure that nobody is hurt. Trash compactors and loading
doors should be interlocked with the drive mechanism so that the unit cannot be
operated unless the door is fully closed. Balers should have two handed stop and
operating buttons that make you push both buttons simultaneously to operate. This
keeps your hands at a safe location and distance from danger. The feed throat on
garbage disposal equipment and grinders should be guarded so that hands cannot
come into contact with the moving blades.
Electricity Shocks
RWDSU members in department stores, supermarkets and other retail stores may face
hazards from exposure to live electricity. Contact with energized equipment can cause
shock, burns, startle accidents and even death.
Electric shock injuries are a danger when retail workers are exposed to live wiring,
temporary wiring and damaged electrical equipment, especially when adequate
training has not been given. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) estimates that more than half of all electric shock deaths and injuries can be
prevented if employers provide training about electrical hazards and institute safe
working practices.
203
In supermarkets, slicers, grinders, saws and other electrical appliances have exposed
non-current carrying metal parts that can cause electrical shock when used near water.
There is also the potential for shocks during routine maintenance and servicing if
electrical lockout and tag out is not used to de-energize the powered equipment. In
department stores and other retail stores, exposed temporary wiring and damaged
flexible cords can cause injury. Product displays and newly designed areas are
frequently installed without permanent wiring. Back of the store stockrooms may have
damaged wiring, temporary fixtures and obsolete electrical equipment. Retail workers
should visually inspect all electrical wiring regularly to check for breaks, fraying, and
other defects. All electric outlet boxes should be covered. All switch boxes and circuits
should be labeled.
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters, which shut off electrical current in the event of a
leak, should be used whenever possible, and electrical lockout and tag out, which
prevents accidental start up of machinery during maintenance, should be practiced at
all times.
Working in the Cold Places

RWDSU members who work in cold environments
like freezers, cold box storage rooms and
refrigeration trucks need proper protection from
the cold. Protection from the cold can be attained
by wearing proper clothing and the redesigning of
your working situation. Your employer should
train you in the health hazards associated with
exposure to cold, the early signs of overexposure,
proper clothing and the safe work practices to use
when working in cold temperatures. Clothing should be lightweight, waterproof and
layered.
Machinery, tools and jobs should be designed to make them less hazardous. Since
clothing is bulky and there is loss of manual dexterity due to clothing and the cold,
tasks should be redesigned with this in mind. Attention should be paid to spacing of
handles, knobs and other mechanical parts. Tool handles should be easy to grasp. Metal
parts should be insulated.
Responsible for Workplace Health and Safety

Everyone in the workplace, including you, your co-workers, your supervisor, and your
employer, has a responsibility to protect you and the people around you from injury —
204
that’s the law. Knowing about these responsibilities will help you work safely and
contribute to making your workplace safer.
Responsibilities as a Worker
 Know and follow the health and safety requirements that are relevant to your job.
 If you don’t know how to do something safely, ask for training before you begin
work.
 Work safely, and encourage your co-workers to do the same.
 Correct any unsafe conditions immediately (for example, spills or loose electrical
cords) or report them to your supervisor.
 Immediately report any injury to a first aid attendant or supervisor.
 Take the initiative. Make suggestions to improve health and safety.
Employer’s Responsibilities
Provide a safe and healthy workplace.
 Ensure that you and your co-workers are adequately trained, and keep records of
your training.
 Provide a comprehensive occupational health and safety program, including a
written health and safety policy (you can ask to see a copy) and an incident
investigation procedure.
 Support supervisors, safety co-coordinators, and workers in their health and safety
activities. A good employer encourages safe work practices at all times.
 Take action immediately when a worker or supervisor reports a potentially
hazardous situation.
 Initiate an immediate investigation into incidents.
 Provide adequate first aid facilities and services.
 Provide personal protective equipment (PPE) where required.
Supervisor’s Responsibilities
 Instruct you and your co-workers in safe work procedures.
 Train you for all assigned tasks, and check that your work is being done safely.
 Ensure that only authorized, adequately trained workers operate tools and
equipment or use hazardous chemicals.
205
 Ensure that equipment and materials are properly handled, stored, and
maintained.
 Enforce health and safety requirements.
 Correct unsafe acts and conditions.
 Identify workers with problems that could affect safety at the worksite.
 Follow up with interviews and referrals where necessary.
 Formulate health and safety rules, and inspect the workplace for hazards.
Rights to Health and Safety

If you are asked to supervise other workers, make sure you have been trained to do the
job and understand your responsibilities. Not only do you have a duty to work safely;
as a worker you also have several basic rights related to health and safety:
 The right to know and be trained in safe work practices in all aspects of your job
and how to recognize on-the-job hazards
 The right to supervision to make sure you can work with minimal risk
 The right to participate in health and safety matters, either directly or through a
joint health and safety committee or worker representative
 The right to employer-provided safety equipment required for your job, although
you are responsible for providing your own safety footwear and headgear.
 The right to refuse work, without being fired or disciplined for refusing, if you
have reasonable cause to believe that the work process, equipment, or
environment poses an undue risk of injury to you or another person.
Refusing Unsafe Work

 If you think a task is likely to endanger you or your co-workers, don’t be afraid to
speak up. Follow these guidelines to refuse work that you believe is unsafe:
 Explain to your immediate supervisor why you’re not comfortable.
 If your immediate supervisor is unavailable or doesn’t give you a good answer, go
to his or her supervisor.
 If you are still not satisfied, talk to your worker health and safety representative, a
member of the joint committee, or a shop steward.
 If you are still unable to resolve the issue.
206
EXERCISE
1. Visit a retail organization or an Industry, interact with the employer and

(i) What kinds of health care equipments are needed for fitness of employees in an
organization?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

(i) What experience do you have using different machines/types of equipment?
Which are you most familiar with?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
(ii) What types of items or equipment have you been required to keep good health
care?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
(iii) What types of items have you handled in your job? Were any of these items
dangerous?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

1. Work stations must be adjustable to be able to accommodate the wide variety
of _________ and __________ of retail workers. (heights, strengths)
207
2. Mechanical lifting devices should be used to lift ______ that are too heavy.
(loads)
3. Fire extinguishers must be ___________ regularly to ensure that they are in
good working order. (inspected)
4. Protection from the cold can be attained by wearing proper __________ and
______________ of your working situation. (clothing, redesigning)

1. The computer monitor should be placed from the user is
a) 10-20 inches
b) 15-25 inches
c) 18-30 inches
d) 25-40 inches
2. Which of the following would you check to see if a material is considered

‘hazardous’?
a) The product label
b) Purchasing record
c) Material safety data sheet
d) Hazardous material inventory
1. What is the impact of the following activities for Workplace Health & Safety?
 Indoor Air Quality and Pollution
 Ergonomics
 Repetitive Motion Illnesses
 Lifting, Carrying and Standing
 Computer Operators and Data Processors
 Fire prevention
 Floor Slips, Trips and falls
208
 Machine Guarding
 Trash Disposal
 Electricity
 Working in Cold Places
2. Explain the responsibilities following stakeholders for workplace health and

safety:
 Worker
 Employer
 Supervisor
3. What are the rights of worker for health and safety in a retail store?

Activity.
Part A
 Differentiated between hazardous and non-hazardous products.
 Differentiated between different types of hazards and chemicals.
Part B
 What kind of health care measures taken for handling machineries and
equipments in the retrial business?
 What are the different types of hazardous products?
Part C

Able to practice health care activities for reducing the health deceases
Able to identify the health care measures taken for handling
machineries and equipments in the retrial business
209
Session 3: Personal Grooming Techniques
Relevant Knowledge
Skills & knowledge of self-care, social interactions & situational etiquette converts an
individual in to a bright Radiant being. Awareness & information is the core of an
individual. Being in vogue & showcasing taste & lifestyle is what helps in creating an
attractive individual. The right attitude, grooming, presentations and conversations are
the key to a happy and peaceful relationship and journey ahead.
Being in sync with all situations of putting together a party of making the right
conversations, cooking up the best meals and showcasing the best spread, you can be a
modern urban individual.
Come to the new beauty bible's going to go back to basics giving you the products
techniques and tips you need to maximize your assets. There is loads of hope; good
makeup, skin & hair await you. The following skills to be learn:
 Basic Skin care
 Basic hair care & styles
 Basic Make up I
 Basic Make up II
Have a social success makeover. If you are poised & confident you will come across
more positively. You will project positive attitude. Your attitude will go to altitude.
Walking with high heels to greeting someone, learn here are:
 Conversational skills
 Social graces (art of walking, sitting, greeting )
 Deportment ( posture gesture )
Learn food techniques you would like to implement dining with style in formal
restaurant is great skill to be learned. Knowledge of stylish cutlery & crockery can give
professional touch to your food.
 Art of table presentation
 Art of dinning
 Introduction of crockery & cutlery
 Restaurant etiquette
210
Diet to a perfect figure. What food to eat? From keeping fit to learning self-defense.
Learn the secrets of different types of dressing. We believe every woman can develop a
personal style. It's just a matter of determining what works best for you. And that's why
following are to be learnt.
 Diet & nutrition
 Elegance
 Art of dressing
 Self defense
The chef hats indicate the level of difficulty & the clock symbol the preparation time for
each. Learn the creativity to try new culinary experiences with international cuisines.
 Lebanese
 Mexican
 Thai
 Italian
Dressing for success includes more than just choosing the right outfit. To complete your
professional look you must also consider accessories and personal grooming.
You should always dress to impress clients, investors, and customers, because a
winning sales pitch is not enough to seal the deal. A woman's professional appearance
needs to support her professional accomplishments.
If your business attire is distracting because it is too sexy, drab, or colorful, your
business contacts may focus on how you look, not on your business skills.
EXERCISE
1. Prepare a checklist of the personal grooming activities

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
211
2. Visit an organisation or departmental store and using the checklist prepared by
you, check the personal grooming of the receptionist, sales boys/girls, counter
personnel etc.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. List out what are the personal grooming activities required for working in the
retail outlets.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

1. Knowledge of stylish _______ and _________ can give professional touch to
your food. (cutlery, crockery)
2. Learn __________ the to try new culinary experiences with international
cuisines. (creativity)
3. To complete your professional look you must also consider _____________
and personal ________. (accessories, grooming)
4. Nail ______and nail _______ are not acceptable for business meetings. (art,
jewels)
5. Every workplace has to provide some level of __________. (first aid)
1. The following aspects are the key to a happy and peaceful relationship and
journey ahead.
a) Right attitude
b) Grooming
212
c) Presentations
d) Conversations
e) All the above
2. A woman's professional appearance needs to support her professional.…….

a) Growth
b) Ethics
c) Development
d) Accomplishments
3. Appropriate Jewelry for Business Women are

a) Should not be noisy
b) Too large
c) Costume jewelry
d) All the Above

1. What do you mean by personal grooming?
2. List out the personal grooming activities?
3. Explain the skills required for personal grooming?
4. What is the meaning of stylish cutlery and crockery?

Activity.
Part A
 Described the importance of personal grooming.
 List out the various personal grooming activities.
 Perform the personal grooming skills.
 Differentiated various equipment and creams used for personal grooming.
Part B
213
 What are the methods used for personal grooming?
 What are the equipments and material used for personal grooming?
Part C

Able to identify and describe the various equipment and materials used
for personal grooming
Session 4: Personal Grooming Tips

Relevant Knowledge
IMPORTANT GROOMING TIPS

Perfumes, Scents, and Odors in the Workplace
 Do not let the first impression you make about yourself be your personal scent
preferences.
 Avoid wearing perfume and heavily scented products in all business settings.
You might like them, but they have no place in a business environment. Scents can
trigger asthma, overpower a room, and are often more offensive than pleasing to
others.
 Never smell like smoke (if you smoke in a car, your clothing will always pick up
the odor).
How to Present Professional Looking Fingernails and Hands

Women often use their hands to talk with so they become a focal point. It is important
to have hands and fingernails looking professional -- not like you are heading out for a
wild night on the town.
Nails should be clean, and trimmed or sculpted. Avoid wearing unusual or shocking
nails colors. Nail art and nail jewels are not acceptable for business meetings.
Hairstyling Tips for Business Women

Style should be neat and conservative, and preferably off the face. With few exceptions,
hair color should not be shocking or unusual (leave blue hair for Halloween). Hair
sprays and gels that have a strong scent or odor should be avoided.
214
Business Makeup Advice
Keep it simple and appropriate for daytime. Wearing no makeup at all is almost as bad
as wearing too much makeup.
Appropriate Jewelry for Business Women

Jewelry should not be noisy (no metal bangle bracelets), too large, or costume jewelry.
Keep earrings small, simple, and above the earlobe.
It is better to wear no jewelry at all, than too wear too much jewelry. But all
businesswomen should at least wear a nice, conservative wristwatch.
Demonstrating that you care about your personal appearance communicates to the
person you are meeting with that they are important to you. Paying attention to the
details of your appearance sends a message to others that you will also pay close
attention to business details, and the needs of your customers and clients.
What to do if you are injured on the job

By law, you are required to report any work-related injury to your supervisor and first
aid attendant as soon as possible.
First Aid Facilities

Every workplace has to provide some level of first aid. For a small, low-hazard
workplace close to a medical facility, a first aid kit may be all that is required. Larger
worksites may require a first aid attendant and possibly a first aid room. During your
orientation, you should find out specific information about first aid procedures in the
workplace, including:
 How and when to report an injury
 Who to report the incident to
 Where to find a first aid attendant, first aid room, or first aid kit
 If transport to hospital is required, your employer is required to pay for it.
Reporting Injuries
For injuries, this generally means you must have been working when you were hurt
and the injury must have been caused by something to do with your job. For a disease,
this means that the work or the work environment must cause the disease.
215
Investigating Accidents
If an accident happens, your employer should have a system for investigating it and
reporting it to the management. Your responsibility in the process is to be as helpful as
you can to your employer and higher officers to get at the cause of the accident.
EXERCISE
1. Prepare a checklist of the personal grooming activities

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Visit an organization or departmental store and using the checklist prepared by

you, observe the personal grooming tips adopted.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. List out what are the personal grooming tips required for working in the retail
outlets.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
216
1. Knowledge of stylish _______ and _________ can give professional touch to
your food. (cutlery, crockery)
2. Learn __________ to try new culinary experiences with international cuisines.
(creativity)
3. To complete your professional look you must also consider _____________
and personal ________. (accessories, grooming)
4. Nail ______and nail _______ are not acceptable for business meetings. (art,
jewels)
5. Every workplace has to provide some level of __________. (first aid)
B. Multiple choice questions
1. The following aspects are the key to a happy and peaceful relationship and
journey ahead.
a) Right attitude
b) Grooming
c) Presentations
d) Conversations
e) All the above
2. A woman's professional appearance needs to support her professional.…….

a) Growth
b) Ethics
c) Development
d) Accomplishments
3. Appropriate Jewelry for Business Women are

a) Should not be noisy
b) Too large
c) Costume jewelry
d) All the Above
217
1. What is the meaning of stylish cutlery and crockery?
2. Explain major grooming tips for businesswomen?
CHECKLIST FOR ASSESSMENT OF ACTIVITY

Activity.
Part A
 Perform the personal grooming skills.

 Differentiated various equipment and creams used for personal grooming Tips.
Part B
a) What are the equipments and material used for personal grooming?
b) What are the major personal grooming tips?
Part C

Able to practice personal grooming tips
218
Checklist
This checklist can be used as an aid in assessing and controlling hazards in the retail
sector. The checklist is not an exhaustive list of items to be addressed as there may be
specific hazards relevant to your workplace.
If you answer NO to any of the following questions, you need to put corrective action
in place
Management of Health and Safety Yes No What A Date
Action Corrective
Required Action to be
Implemented
Have you prepared a safety statement
Have staff been made aware of the safety statement
Have you identified hazards
Have you prepared a risk assessment
Have you put required controls in place
Have you recorded all the risk assessment & controls in
your safety statement
Do you review this safety statement atleast annually
Do you revise your safety statement whenever new
hazards are introduced
Have employees received adequate information
Have employees received adequate instruction & training
to enable them to carry out duties safely
Is there a system in place to ensure non-
English speaking employees understand the safety
training, rules and procedures
A-Z of Hazards:
BULLYING
Is there a written bullying prevention policy
Have staff been made aware of the policy
Do staff have access to this policy
CHEMICALS
Are staff provided with information on any chemicals
they may use
Are they aware not to mix chlorine bleaches with other
chemicals
Do they have appropriate personal protective
equipment(PPE) e.g. gloves, masks, aprons
Are cleaning agents stored safely away
219
Are safety data sheets available (SDS’s)
COLD ROOMS
Are suitable gloves provided for handling frozen surfaces
and products
Is there proper storage to avoid excessive bending,
twisting or reaching
Is there a means of opening a cold room door from the
inside
If locked at night, is there a procedure to ensure no one is
trapped inside
ELECTRICITY
Are leads & sockets regularly checked for wear & fraying
Have you a Residual Current Device (RCD)
Are all RCD’s tested every 6 months
Have you investigated causes for trip switches if they are
activated
FIRE
Is rubbish removed frequently
Are escape routes clear
Are emergency exits unlocked
Do emergency exits open outwards
Are fire extinguishers provided
Are fire extinguishers maintained
Are staff aware of procedure in event of fire
Are fire drills carried out at least twice/year
Can disabled persons be evacuated safely
FIRST AID
Is suitably marked & easily accessible 1st
Aid equipment provided
Are first aid boxes checked and maintained regularly
Is a qualified 1st aider available or suitable arrangements
made with neighboring premises
Are names, addresses & telephone numbers of local
emergency services clearly displayed
LOADING/UNLOADING
Is there a designated area for loading/ unloading
Is this area blocked off from pedestrians until loading is
complete
Are timber pallets checked regularly for defects
Are staff trained in use of pallet trucks
If fork lift trucks are used, is there a trained
220
FLT Driver
Is FLT certified
MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT
Does all machinery have guards in place (e.g.
slices/mincers)
Do staff know to unplug or isolate equipment before
cleaning or maintaining it
Are compactor safety interlock switches operating to
prevent access while in operation
Are compactors located away from public
Are employees instructed in risks and correct use of all
machinery
MANUAL HANDLING
Have you carried out a risk assessment of remaining
manual handling tasks
Can large loads be broken down to acceptable weights
Have you provided lifting aids such as trolleys, pallet
trucks, lifts etc for necessary manual handling tasks
Have you arranged storage areas so twisting, turning and
overreaching is minimized
Have you minimized the need to reach above shoulder
height
Have you minimized tasks involving awkward postures
SENSITIVE RISK GROUPS
A) CHILDREN & YOUNG PERSONS
Have you carried out a risk assessment before employing
a child (under 16) or young person (16 or over but less
than 18yrs) taking into account their lack of experience,
absence of awareness of potential risks or lack of maturity
B) NIGHT WORK & SHIFT WORK
Have you carried out a night work risk assessment
Have you taken appropriate steps, if any, to protect the
safety & health of a night/shift worker
C) PREGNANT EMPLOYEES
Have you assessed any specific risks to a pregnant
employee to ensure that she is not exposed to anything in
the workplace that will damage either her safety or health
or that of her developing child.
If there are specific risks, have you put measures in place
to ensure exposure to the risk is avoided for pregnant
employee
221
SLIPS, TRIPS AND FALLS
Are aisles, stairs and working areas kept clear
Are trailing cables rerouted or tied down
Have you a system in place for cleaning spillages
immediately Is flooring in good condition
Are adequate levels of lighting provided and maintained
STORAGE AND RACKING
Are boxes stored safely to prevent objects falling or
collapsing
Are there safe means of transporting goods between floors
Are there safe means to access goods e.g. platform steps
Is racking/storage shelving secure, stable & suitable to
prevent risk of material falling
VIOLENCE
Are staff trained to deal with aggression/violence
Have you reduced the amount of available cash using
time locked safes etc
Have you a private area for counting/managing cash
Have you a system in place to deter violence e.g.
signs/security/surveillance equipment
Have you means of raising the alarm
Have you a system in place for lone workers
Do staff vary routes/times to bank
Have you identified higher risk times & put extra
precautions in place
WELFARE FACILITIES
Are comfortable temperatures maintained – a minimum
of 16c for light work, 17.5c for sedentary office work
Is sufficient fresh air provided
Are adequate sanitary and washing facilities provided
Are there suitable and adequate facilities for taking meals
and boiling water
Is there an adequate supply of potable drinking water
Do you provide seating where employees can sit as well
as stand to do work
WORK RELATED STRESS
Has a risk assessment been carried out for work related
stress
222

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CLASS - X

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

First Edition 2014, CBSE, India

"This book or part thereof may not be reproduced by

Published By : The Secretary, Central Board of Secondary Education,

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

Review Committee Experts

Editing & Coordination

Unit-2: Merchandise Planning 36

Unit-3: Store Operations 62

Unit-4: Billing, Transport and Delivery 87

Unit-6: Communication at Workplace 151

Unit-7: Health Care and Personal Grooming in Retailing 191

Retail operations refers to the work of

It is general experience of shopping that it is

As a salesperson, you'll show items to

Session-1: Fundamentals of Retail Operations

Retailing is extremely important to everyone because without retailers we would not

Types of Retail Outlets

Small family run stores: In some parts of the

Department stores - very large stores offering

Variety stores - these offer extremely low-cost

Demographic - retailers that aim at one

Mom-and-Pop - is a retail outlet that is owned

General store - a rural store that supplies the

Convenience stores: is essentially found in

 Hypermarkets: provides variety and huge volumes of exclusive merchandise at

Other types of retail store include:

Questions for Employer

Questions for Employees

A. Fill in the blanks

B. Multiple Choice Questions

2. Retail has changed our lives and changed the

C. Short Answer Questions

CHECKLIST FOR ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY

Performance Standards Yes No

Session-2: Types and Functions of Retailer

As we all know, the ease of entry into retail

Retail Categories: Target Markets Served

Retail Categories: Pricing Strategy

Retail Categories: Promotional Focus

Retail Categories: Distribution Method

Retail Categories: Service Level

Retail Categories: Ownership Structure

A. Answer the questions given below

B. Fill in the blanks

C. Multiple Choice Questions

CHECKLIST OF ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY

Performance standards Yes No

Indian retailing is undergoing a process of evolution and is poised to undergo dramatic

Growth Drivers for Indian Retailing

Customer Interfacing Systems

Operation Support Systems

Strategic Decision Support Systems

Entry of Major Formats of In-Store Retailing

Format Description The Value Proposition

Formats Adopted by Key Players in India

Retailer Original formats Later Formats