Endocrine System - Wikipedia
Endocrine System - Wikipedia
Endocrine System - Wikipedia
Identifiers
MeSH D004703
FMA 9584
Anatomical terminology
Structure
Major endocrine systems
Glands
Cells
Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Follicular cells of the thyroid gland
produce and secrete T3 and T4 in
response to elevated levels of TRH,
produced by the hypothalamus, and
subsequent elevated levels of TSH,
produced by the anterior pituitary
gland, which further regulates the
metabolic activity and rate of all
cells, including cell growth and
tissue differentiation.
Parathyroid Gland
Epithelial cells of the parathyroid
glands are richly supplied with
blood from the inferior and superior
thyroid arteries and secrete
parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH
acts on bone, the kidneys, and the
GI tract to increase calcium
reabsorption and phosphate
excretion. In addition, PTH
stimulates the conversion of
Vitamin D to its most active variant,
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, which
further stimulates calcium
[1]
absorption in the GI tract.
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla
Pancreas
Alpha Cells
Beta Cells
Delta Cells
F Cells
Ovaries
Testis
This section needs expansion.
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Development
Function
Hormones
Cell signalling
Autocrine
Paracrine
Juxtacrine
Clinical significance
Disease
Other animals
A neuroendocrine system has been
observed in all animals with a nervous
system and all vertebrates have an
hypothalamus-pituitary axis.[13] All
vertebrates have a thyroid, which in
amphibians is also crucial for
transformation of larvae into adult
form.[14][15] All vertebrates have adrenal
gland tissue, with mammals unique in
having it organized into layers.[16] All
vertebrates have some form of a renin–
angiotensin axis, and all tetrapods have
aldosterone as a primary
mineralocorticoid.[17][18]
Additional images
See also
Endocrine disease
Endocrinology
List of human endocrine organs and
actions
Neuroendocrinology
Nervous system
Paracrine signalling
Releasing hormones
Tropic hormone
References
1. Marieb, Elaine (2014). Anatomy &
physiology. Glenview, IL: Pearson Education,
Inc. ISBN 978-0321861580.
2. Sherwood, L. (1997). Human Physiology:
From Cells to Systems. Wadsworth Pub Co.
ISBN 978-0495391845.
3. Neave N (2008). Hormones and
behaviour: a psychological approach.
Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
ISBN 978-0521692014. Lay summary –
Project Muse.
4. "Hormones" . MedlinePlus. U.S. National
Library of Medicine.
5. Gilbert, Scott F. (2000-01-01). "Juxtacrine
Signaling" .
6. Vander, Arthur (2008). Vander's Human
Physiology: the mechanisms of body
function. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher
Education. pp. 332–333. ISBN 978-
0073049625.
7. "Mortality and Burden of Disease
Estimates for WHO Member States in
2002" (xls). World Health Organization.
2002.
8. Kasper (2005). Harrison's Principles of
Internal Medicine. McGraw Hill. p. 2074.
ISBN 978-0-07-139140-5.
9. Bhowmick NA, Chytil A, Plieth D, Gorska
AE, Dumont N, Shappell S, Washington MK,
Neilson EG, Moses HL (2004). "TGF-beta
signaling in fibroblasts modulates the
oncogenic potential of adjacent epithelia".
Science. 303 (5659): 848–51.
Bibcode:2004Sci...303..848B .
doi:10.1126/science.1090922 .
PMID 14764882 .
10. Buliman A, Tataranu LG, Paun DL, Mirica
A, Dumitrache C (2016). "Cushing's disease:
a multidisciplinary overview of the clinical
features, diagnosis, and treatment" .
Journal of Medicine & Life. 9 (1): 12–18.
PMC 5152600 . PMID 27974908 .
11. Vander, Arthur (2008). Vander's Human
Physiology: the mechanisms of body
function. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher
Education. pp. 345–347. ISBN 007304962X.
12. Inder, Warrick J.; Meyer, Caroline; Hunt,
Penny J. (2015-06-01). "Management of
hypertension and heart failure in patients
with Addison's disease". Clinical
Endocrinology. 82 (6): 789–792.
doi:10.1111/cen.12592 . PMID 25138826 .
13. Hartenstein V (September 2006). "The
neuroendocrine system of invertebrates: a
developmental and evolutionary
perspective". The Journal of Endocrinology.
190 (3): 555–70. doi:10.1677/joe.1.06964 .
PMID 17003257 .
14. Dickhoff, Walton W.; Darling, Douglas S.
(1983). "Evolution of Thyroid Function and
Its Control in Lower Vertebrates". American
Zoologist. 23 (3): 697–707.
doi:10.1093/icb/23.3.697 .
JSTOR 3882951 .
15. Galton, Valerie Anne (1 January 1988).
"The Role of Thyroid Hormone in Amphibian
Development". Integrative and Comparative
Biology. 28 (2): 309–18.
doi:10.1093/icb/28.2.309 .
JSTOR 3883279 .
16. Pohorecky LA, Wurtman RJ (March
1971). "Adrenocortical control of
epinephrine synthesis". Pharmacological
Reviews. 23 (1): 1–35. PMID 4941407 .
17. Wilson JX (1984). "The renin–
angiotensin system in nonmammalian
vertebrates". Endocrine Reviews. 5 (1): 45–
61. doi:10.1210/edrv-5-1-45 .
PMID 6368215 .
18. Colombo L, Dalla Valle L, Fiore C,
Armanini D, Belvedere P (April 2006).
"Aldosterone and the conquest of land".
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.
29 (4): 373–9. doi:10.1007/bf03344112 .
PMID 16699307 .
External links
The Wikibook Human Physiology has a
page on the topic of: The endocrine
system
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