Discussion No 2.

1: Tangent Line, Derivative,

Math 21: Elementary Analysis I Differentiation Rules, and Higher Order Derivatives

Recall ii. Power Rule: f (x) = xn =⇒ f ′ (x) = nxn−1 , where n ∈ Q.

iii. f (x) = c · g(x) =⇒ f ′ (x) = c · g ′ (x).
iv. h(x) = f (x) ± g(x) =⇒ h′ (x) = f ′ (x) ± g ′ (x).
v. Product Rule: h(x) = f (x)g(x) =⇒ h′ (x) = f ′ (x)g(x) + f (x)g ′ (x).
f (x) g(x)f ′ (x) − f (x)g ′ (x)
vi. Quotient Rule: h(x) = =⇒ h′ (x) = .
g(x) [g(x)]2
4. Derivatives of Circular Functions

i. Dx [sin x] = cos x iv. Dx [cot x] = − csc2 x

ii. Dx [cos x] = − sin x v. Dx [sec x] = sec x tan x
2
iii. Dx [tan x] = sec x vi. Dx [csc x] = − csc x cot x
1. i. The tangent line is also defined as the limit of secant lines. Also, as ∆x
∆f 5. i. The nth derivative of the function f , denoted f (n) , is the derivative of the
approaches 0, the slope of the secant line approaches the slope of the (n − 1)th derivative of f , that is,
∆x
tangent line
f (n−1) (x + ∆x) − f (n−1) (x)
ii. The normal line to the graph of f at the point P is the line perpendicular f (n) (x) = lim
to the tangent line at P . ∆−→0 ∆x
ii. The function f ′ is called the first derivative of f while f is sometimes written
2. i. Suppose x0 ∈ dom f and ∆x = x − x0 . If
as f (0) x.
f (x) − f (x0 ) ∆f iii. The n in f (n) is called the order of the derivative.
lim = lim
x−→x0 x − x0 ∆x−→0 ∆x dn y dn
f (x0 + ∆x) − f (x0 ) iv. Other notations: y (n) , , [f (x)], Dxn [f (x)].
= lim dxn dxn
∆x−→0 ∆x
exists, then the value of this limit is called the derivative of f at x = x0 and Exercises
is denoted by f ′ (x0 ). I. Use the limit definition of the derivative to find the derivative of each
ii. The definition tells us that if the limit exists, f ′ (x0 ) is the slope of the tan- function.
gent line to the graph of f at the point P (x0 , f (x0 )). If this limit does not √
exist, then the slope of the graph of f is undefined at P . 1 2. f (x) = cos x 3. f (x) = 3 1 − 2x
1. f (x) = 2
x
iii. There may be points x0 ∈ dom f at which f ′ (x0 ) does not exist. So,
domf ′ ⊆ dom f .
II. In each item, you are given the derivative of a function. Use this to
dy d evaluate the limit.
iv. Other notations: y ′ , , [f (x)], Dx [f (x)].
dx dx
ex − e2
3. Differentiation Rules: Let f, g : R −→ R be functions such that f ′ and g ′ exists 1. Dx [ex ] = ex ; lim = .
x→2 x − 2
for all x; and c ∈ R. Then
1 ln x4 − 4
i. f (x) = c =⇒ f ′ (x) = 0. 2. Dx [ln x] = , x > 0; lim = .
x x→e x − e

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 Discussion No 2.1: Tangent Line, Derivative,
Math 21: Elementary Analysis I Differentiation Rules, and Higher Order Derivatives

tan x − 1 3. Find the equation of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f (x) =
3. Dx [tan x] = sec2 x; limπ = . π
x→ 4 4x − π 2 sin x + tan x at x = .
3
2 cos x − 1
4. Dx [cos x] = − sin x; limπ = . 4. Find an equation of the normal line and the tangent line to the graph of
x→ 3 3x − π
3x − 2
f (x) = at x = 3.
x−2
III. Find the derivative of each function. No need to simplify.
5. Let f (x) = x3 − x2 − x + 1. Find all points on the curve y = f (x) where the
2
x (1 − 7x) 1 tangent line is horizontal.
1. y = + 4x
2 x
6. y = 2
+5 1 1 3 7
x3 (x − 5)2 6. Let f (x) = x4 + x − 3x2 + . Find all points on the curve y = f (x) where
4 3 4
x10 + 5x4 + x2 1 − csc x cot x the tangent line is horizontal.
2. y = 7. y = 󰀓π󰀔
2x4 1 + x3
7. Given f ′ (x) = csc2 x and f = −3, determine the equation of the normal line
tan x − 2x−3 6
x3 + 3x2 − 4x − 12 8. y =
π
3. y = to the graph of f at x = .
x2 + x − 6 sin 2x + π 2 6
󰀕 󰀖 󰀕 󰀖
x4 − 3x3 + 2x2 − x + 1 cos 2x √ x−1 2 1 x−1
4. y = 9. y = 8. Let f (x) = 3 3 2x − 1 + tan and f ′ (x) = + sec 2
.
x2 − x + 1 x3 + 3 4 (2x − 1)2/3 4 4
󰀗 4 󰀘−1 Find the equation of the normal line to the graph of f at x = 1.
1 (x − 3x2 )(1 − (2x + 1)2 )
5. y = − 5x3 sec x 10. y = 1 5
4x3/2 + 2 2 − 3x2 9. Find an equation of the normal line to the curve y = x2 − 2x + at the point
3 2
where the slope of the tangent line is 2.
IV. Higher Order Derivatives.
10. Determine the equation(s) of the normal line(s) to the graph of y = 24x − 2x2
√
1. Find Dx2 (x 4 − x2 ). 3 2
5. If f (x) = x − x − x + 1, find that is parallel to the y-axis.
the smallest value of n such that
2. Find h′′′ (x) if h′ (x) = 3x3 − x2 . 11. Consider the parabola p : y = (x − 2)2 and line ℓ : 2x − y + 2 = 0.
f (n) (x) = 0.
󰀓π󰀔 i. Find the point/s of intersection of ℓ and p.
3. Find p′′ (2) if p(x) = 2x3 −5x2 +7x− 6. Find f ′′′ if f ′ (x) = x cot x.
4. 4 ii. Sketch the graphs of ℓ and p.
√
7. Find h′′ (1) if h(x) = ( 4 x + 1)2 iii. Find all points on the graph of p at which the tangent line is perpendicular
4. Find f ′′ (0) and f ′′′ (x) if f (x) = to ℓ.
−x5 + x4 + 3x2 − x. 8. Given f ′ (x) = csc2 x, find f ′′′ (x).
(a) Is/Are the point/s of intersection necessarily the answer in (iii)?

V. Equation of the Line. x − 32 x2 + 1

12. Let f (x) and g(x) = . Determine the value/s of x at which the
x2 + 2 x2 + 2
1. Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of f at x = 1 if f (x) = 2x3 + 1. curves y = f (x) and y = g(x) have parallel tangent lines.

2. Suppose f ′ (x) = −x5 + x4 + 3x2 − x and f (1) = 2. Find an equation of the 13. Determine the values of a and b so that the line with equation 2x + y = b is
normal line to the graph of y = f (x) at the point where x = 1. tangent to the graph of y = ax2 and when x = 2.

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 Discussion No 2.1: Tangent Line, Derivative,
Math 21: Elementary Analysis I Differentiation Rules, and Higher Order Derivatives

14. Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c for all x ∈ R. If f (2) = 26, f ′ (2) = 23, and f ′′ (2) = 14, VI. True or False.
determine the value of f (1).
1. The tangent line to the graph of h(x) at x = b intersects the graph of h exactly
15. Find a number c such that the line y = 6x+4 is tangent to the parabola y = x2 +c.
once.
16. Suppose that the tangent line to the graph of a function f at x = 1 passes through
the point (4, 9) and that f (1) = 3. Determine f ′ (1). 2. If f ′ (x) = g ′ (x) for all x ∈ R, then f (x) = g(x) for all x ∈ R.

17. Suppose that the tangent line to the graph of a function f at x = 2 passes through 3. If f ′′ (x) = g ′′ (x) for all x ∈ R, then f ′ (x) = g ′ (x).
the points (0, −20) and (5, 40). Find f (2) and f ′ (2).
4. If g(x) is a polynomial of degree n, then g (n) (x) = 0.
18. Suppose that the tangent line to the graph of a function f at x = 3 has x-intercept
10
and y-intercept −10. Solve for f (3) and f ′ (3). 5. Suppose that for all x ∈ R, f (x) has derivatives of every order. Then Dx2 (f (3) x) =
3
Dx3 (f (2) x).
19. Let f, g, h be functions whose first derivatives f ′ , g ′ , h′ exist. Prove that
sec(x + ∆x) − sec x
(f gh)′ = f ′ gh + f g ′ h + f gh′ . 6. Let f (x) = sec x. For any x ∈ dom f , lim = sec x tan x.
∆x−→0 ∆x