Math 21: Elementary Analysis IDiscussion N
o
2.1: Tangent Line, Derivative,Di
!
erentiation Rules, and Higher Order DerivativesRecall
1. i. The
tangent line
is also defined as the limit of
secant lines
. Also, as
!
x
approaches 0, the slope of the secant line
!
f
!
x
approaches the slope of thetangent lineii. The
normal line
to the graph of
f
at the point
P
is the line perpendicularto the tangent line at
P
.2. i. Suppose
x
0
!
domf
and
!
x
=
x
"
x
0
. If lim
x
!"
x
0
f
(
x
)
"
f
(
x
0
)
x
"
x
0
= lim
!
x
!"
0
!
f
!
x
= lim
!
x
!"
0
f
(
x
0
+
!
x
)
"
f
(
x
0
)
!
x
exists, then the value of this limit is called the
derivative of
f
at
x
=
x
0
andis denoted by
f
#
(
x
0
).ii. The definition tells us that if the limit exists,
f
#
(
x
0
) is the slope of the tan-gent line to the graph of
f
at the point
P
(
x
0
,f
(
x
0
)). If this limit does notexist, then the slope of the graph of
f
is undefined at
P
.iii. There may be points
x
0
!
domf
at which
f
#
(
x
0
) does not exist. So,
domf
#
#
domf
.iv. Other notations:
y
#
,
dydx
,
ddx
[
f
(
x
)],
D
x
[
f
(
x
)].3. Di
"
erentiation Rules: Let
f,g
:
R
"$
R
be functions such that
f
#
and
g
#
existsfor all
x
; and
c
!
R
. Theni.
f
(
x
) =
c
=
%
f
#
(
x
) = 0.ii.
Power Rule
:
f
(
x
) =
x
n
=
%
f
#
(
x
) =
nx
n
!
1
, where
n
!
Q
.iii.
f
(
x
) =
c
·
g
(
x
) =
%
f
#
(
x
) =
c
·
g
#
(
x
).iv.
h
(
x
) =
f
(
x
)
±
g
(
x
) =
%
h
#
(
x
) =
f
#
(
x
)
±
g
#
(
x
).v.
Product Rule
:
h
(
x
) =
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
) =
%
h
#
(
x
) =
f
#
(
x
)
g
(
x
) +
f
(
x
)
g
#
(
x
).vi.
Quotient Rule
:
h
(
x
) =
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
) =
%
h
#
(
x
) =
g
(
x
)
f
#
(
x
)
"
f
(
x
)
g
#
(
x
)[
g
(
x
)]
2
.4. Derivatives of Circular Functionsi.
D
x
[sin
x
] = cos
x
ii.
D
x
[cos
x
] =
"
sin
x
iii.
D
x
[tan
x
] = sec
2
x
iv.
D
x
[cot
x
] =
"
csc
2
x
v.
D
x
[sec
x
] = sec
x
tan
x
vi.
D
x
[csc
x
] =
"
csc
x
cot
x
5. i. The
n
th
derivative of the function
f
, denoted
f
(
n
)
, is the derivative of the(
n
"
1)
th
derivative of
f
, that is,
f
(
n
)
(
x
) = lim
!
!"
0
f
(
n
!
1)
(
x
+
!
x
)
"
f
(
n
!
1)
(
x
)
!
x
ii. The function
f
#
is called the first derivative of
f
while
f
is sometimes writtenas
f
(0)
x
.iii. The
n
in
f
(
n
)
is called the
order
of the derivative.iv. Other notations:
y
(
n
)
,
d
n
ydx
n
,
d
n
dx
n
[
f
(
x
)],
D
nx
[
f
(
x
)].
ExercisesI. Use the limit definition of the derivative to find the derivative of eachfunction.
1.
f
(
x
) = 1
x
2
2.
f
(
x
) = cos
x
3.
f
(
x
) =
3
&
1
"
2
x
II. In each item, you are given the derivative of a function. Use this toevaluate the limit.
1.
D
x
[
e
x
] =
e
x
; lim
x
"
2
e
x
"
e
2
x
"
2 =
.
2.
D
x
[ln
x
] = 1
x,x >
0; lim
x
"
e
ln
x
4
"
4
x
"
e
=
.
1
Math 21: Elementary Analysis IDiscussion N
o
2.1: Tangent Line, Derivative,Di
!
erentiation Rules, and Higher Order Derivatives
3.
D
x
[tan
x
] = sec
2
x
; lim
x
"
!
4
tan
x
"
14
x
"
!
=
.
4.
D
x
[cos
x
] =
"
sin
x
; lim
x
"
!
3
2cos
x
"
13
x
"
!
=
.
III. Find the derivative of each function. No need to simplify.
1.
y
=
x
2
(1
"
7
x
)2
x
3
+ 52.
y
=
x
10
+ 5
x
4
+
x
2
2
x
4
3.
y
=
x
3
+ 3
x
2
"
4
x
"
12
x
2
+
x
"
64.
y
=
x
4
"
3
x
3
+ 2
x
2
"
x
+ 1
x
2
"
x
+ 15.
y
= 14
x
3
/
2
+ 2
"
5
x
3
sec
x
6.
y
=1
x
+ 4
x
(
x
2
"
5)
2
7.
y
= 1
"
csc
x
cot
x
1 +
x
3
8.
y
= tan
x
"
2
x
!
3
sin2
x
+
!
2
9.
y
= cos2
xx
3
+ 310.
y
=
!
(
x
4
"
3
x
2
)(1
"
(2
x
+ 1)
2
)2
"
3
x
2
"
!
1
IV. Higher Order Derivatives.
1. Find
D
2
x
(
x
&
4
"
x
2
).2. Find
h
###
(
x
) if
h
#
(
x
) = 3
x
3
"
x
2
.3. Find
p
##
(2) if
p
(
x
) = 2
x
3
"
5
x
2
+7
x
"
4.4. Find
f
##
(0) and
f
###
(
x
) if
f
(
x
) =
"
x
5
+
x
4
+ 3
x
2
"
x
.5. If
f
(
x
) =
x
3
"
x
2
"
x
+ 1, findthe smallest value of
n
such that
f
(
n
)
(
x
) = 0.6. Find
f
###
#
!
4
$
if
f
#
(
x
) =
x
cot
x
.7. Find
h
##
(1) if
h
(
x
) = (
4
&
x
+ 1)
2
8. Given
f
#
(
x
) = csc
2
x
, find
f
###
(
x
).
V. Equation of the Line.
1. Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of
f
at
x
= 1 if
f
(
x
) = 2
x
3
+1.2. Suppose
f
#
(
x
) =
"
x
5
+
x
4
+ 3
x
2
"
x
and
f
(1) = 2. Find an equation of thenormal line to the graph of
y
=
f
(
x
) at the point where
x
= 1.3. Find the equation of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of
f
(
x
) =2sin
x
+ tan
x
at
x
=
!
3.4. Find an equation of the normal line and the tangent line to the graph of
f
(
x
) = 3
x
"
2
x
"
2 at
x
= 3.5. Let
f
(
x
) =
x
3
"
x
2
"
x
+ 1. Find all points on the curve
y
=
f
(
x
) where thetangent line is horizontal.6. Let
f
(
x
) = 14
x
4
+ 13
x
3
"
3
x
2
+ 74. Find all points on the curve
y
=
f
(
x
) wherethe tangent line is horizontal.7. Given
f
#
(
x
) = csc
2
x
and
f
#
!
6
$
=
"
3, determine the equation of the normal lineto the graph of
f
at
x
=
!
6.8. Let
f
(
x
) = 3
3
&
2
x
"
1+tan
%
x
"
14
&
and
f
#
(
x
) = 2(2
x
"
1)
2
/
3
+ 14 sec
2
%
x
"
14
&
.Find the equation of the normal line to the graph of
f
at
x
= 1.9. Find an equation of the normal line to the curve
y
= 13
x
2
"
2
x
+ 52 at the pointwhere the slope of the tangent line is 2.10. Determine the equation(s) of the normal line(s) to the graph of
y
= 24
x
"
2
x
2
that is parallel to the
y
-axis.11. Consider the parabola
p
:
y
= (
x
"
2)
2
and line
"
: 2
x
"
y
+ 2 = 0.i. Find the point/s of intersection of
"
and
p
.ii. Sketch the graphs of
"
and
p
.iii. Find all points on the graph of
p
at which the tangent line is perpendicularto
"
.(a) Is/Are the point/s of intersection necessarily the answer in (iii)?12. Let
f
(
x
)
x
"
32
x
2
+ 2 and
g
(
x
) =
x
2
+ 1
x
2
+ 2. Determine the value/s of
x
at which thecurves
y
=
f
(
x
) and
y
=
g
(
x
) have parallel tangent lines.13. Determine the values of
a
and
b
so that the line with equation 2
x
+
y
=
b
istangent to the graph of
y
=
ax
2
and when
x
= 2.2
Math 21: Elementary Analysis IDiscussion N
o
2.1: Tangent Line, Derivative,Di
!
erentiation Rules, and Higher Order Derivatives
14. Let
f
(
x
) =
ax
2
+
bx
+
c
for all
x
!
R
. If
f
(2) = 26,
f
#
(2) = 23, and
f
##
(2) = 14,determine the value of
f
(1).15. Find a number
c
such that the line
y
= 6
x
+4 is tangent to the parabola
y
=
x
2
+
c
.16. Suppose that the tangent line to the graph of a function
f
at
x
= 1 passes throughthe point (4
,
9) and that
f
(1) = 3. Determine
f
#
(1).17. Suppose that the tangent line to the graph of a function
f
at
x
= 2 passes throughthe points (0
,
"
20) and (5
,
40). Find
f
(2) and
f
#
(2).18. Suppose that the tangent line to the graph of a function
f
at
x
= 3 has
x
-intercept103 and
y
-intercept
"
10. Solve for
f
(3) and
f
#
(3).19. Let
f,g,h
be functions whose first derivatives
f
#
,g
#
,h
#
exist. Prove that(
fgh
)
#
=
f
#
gh
+
fg
#
h
+
fgh
#
.
VI. True or False.
1. The tangent line to the graph of
h
(
x
) at
x
=
b
intersects the graph of
h
exactlyonce.2. If
f
#
(
x
) =
g
#
(
x
) for all
x
!
R
, then
f
(
x
) =
g
(
x
) for all
x
!
R
.3. If
f
##
(
x
) =
g
##
(
x
) for all
x
!
R
, then
f
#
(
x
) =
g
#
(
x
).4. If
g
(
x
) is a polynomial of degree
n
, then
g
(
n
)
(
x
) = 0.5. Suppose that for all
x
!
R
,
f
(
x
) has derivatives of every order. Then
D
2
x
(
f
(3)
x
) =
D
3
x
(
f
(2)
x
).6. Let
f
(
x
) = sec
x
. For any
x
!
domf
, lim
!
x
!"
0
sec(
x
+
!
x
)
"
sec
x
!
x
= sec
x
tan
x
.3