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Math 21: Elementary Analysis IDiscussion N
o
2.1: Tangent Line, Derivative,Di
erentiation Rules, and Higher Order DerivativesRecall
1. i. The
 tangent line 
 is also defined as the limit of 
 secant lines 
. Also, as
 !
x
approaches 0, the slope of the secant line
 !
!
x
 approaches the slope of thetangent lineii. The
 normal line 
 to the graph of 
 f 
 at the point
 P 
 is the line perpendicularto the tangent line at
 P 
.2. i. Suppose
 x
0
 !
domf 
 and
 !
x
 =
 x
"
x
0
. If lim
x
!"
x
0
(
x
)
"
(
x
0
)
x
"
x
0
= lim
!
x
!"
0
!
!
x
= lim
!
x
!"
0
(
x
0
 +
!
x
)
"
(
x
0
)
!
x
exists, then the value of this limit is called the
 derivative of 
 f 
 at 
 x
 =
 x
0
 andis denoted by
 f 
#
(
x
0
).ii. The definition tells us that if the limit exists,
 f 
#
(
x
0
) is the slope of the tan-gent line to the graph of 
 f 
 at the point
 P 
(
x
0
,
(
x
0
)). If this limit does notexist, then the slope of the graph of 
 f 
 is undefined at
 P 
.iii. There may be points
 x
0
 !
 domf 
 at which
 
#
(
x
0
) does not exist. So,
domf 
#
#
 domf 
.iv. Other notations:
 y
#
,
 dydx
,
 ddx
[
(
x
)],
 D
x
[
(
x
)].3. Di
erentiation Rules: Let
 f,g
 :
 R
"$
R
 be functions such that
 f 
#
and
 g
#
existsfor all
 x
; and
 c
!
R
. Theni.
 
(
x
) =
 c
 =
%
#
(
x
) = 0.ii.
 Power Rule 
:
 
(
x
) =
 x
n
=
%
#
(
x
) =
 nx
n
!
1
, where
 n
!
Q
.iii.
 
(
x
) =
 c
 ·
 g
(
x
) =
%
#
(
x
) =
 c
 ·
 g
#
(
x
).iv.
 h
(
x
) =
 f 
(
x
)
 ±
 g
(
x
) =
%
h
#
(
x
) =
 f 
#
(
x
)
 ±
 g
#
(
x
).v.
 Product Rule 
:
 h
(
x
) =
 f 
(
x
)
g
(
x
) =
%
h
#
(
x
) =
 f 
#
(
x
)
g
(
x
) +
 f 
(
x
)
g
#
(
x
).vi.
 Quotient Rule 
:
 h
(
x
) =
 
(
x
)
g
(
x
) =
%
h
#
(
x
) =
 g
(
x
)
#
(
x
)
"
(
x
)
g
#
(
x
)[
g
(
x
)]
2
 .4. Derivatives of Circular Functionsi.
 D
x
[sin
x
] = cos
x
ii.
 D
x
[cos
x
] =
"
sin
x
iii.
 D
x
[tan
x
] = sec
2
x
iv.
 D
x
[cot
x
] =
"
csc
2
x
v.
 D
x
[sec
x
] = sec
x
tan
x
vi.
 D
x
[csc
x
] =
"
csc
x
cot
x
5. i. The
 n
th
derivative of the function 
 f 
, denoted
 f 
(
n
)
, is the derivative of the(
n
"
1)
th
derivative of 
 f 
, that is,
(
n
)
(
x
) = lim
!
!"
0
(
n
!
1)
(
x
 +
!
x
)
"
(
n
!
1)
(
x
)
!
x
ii. The function
 f 
#
is called the first derivative of 
 f 
 while
 f 
 is sometimes writtenas
 f 
(0)
x
.iii. The
 n
 in
 f 
(
n
)
is called the
 order 
 of the derivative.iv. Other notations:
 y
(
n
)
,
 d
n
ydx
n
,
 d
n
dx
n
[
(
x
)],
 D
nx
[
(
x
)].
ExercisesI. Use the limit definition of the derivative to find the derivative of eachfunction.
1.
 
(
x
) = 1
x
2
2.
 
(
x
) = cos
x
 3.
 
(
x
) =
 3
1
"
2
x
II. In each item, you are given the derivative of a function. Use this toevaluate the limit.
1.
 D
x
[
e
x
] =
 e
x
; lim
x
"
2
e
x
"
e
2
x
"
2 =
 .
2.
 D
x
[ln
x
] = 1
x,x >
 0; lim
x
"
e
ln
x
4
"
4
x
"
e
 =
 .
1
 
Math 21: Elementary Analysis IDiscussion N
o
2.1: Tangent Line, Derivative,Di
erentiation Rules, and Higher Order Derivatives
3.
 D
x
[tan
x
] = sec
2
x
; lim
x
"
!
4
tan
x
"
14
x
"
!
 =
 .
4.
 D
x
[cos
x
] =
"
sin
x
; lim
x
"
!
3
2cos
x
"
13
x
"
!
 =
 .
III. Find the derivative of each function. No need to simplify.
1.
 y
 =
 x
2
(1
"
7
x
)2
x
3
 + 52.
 y
 =
 x
10
+ 5
x
4
+
 x
2
2
x
4
3.
 y
 =
 x
3
+ 3
x
2
"
4
x
"
12
x
2
+
 x
"
64.
 y
 =
 x
4
"
3
x
3
+ 2
x
2
"
x
 + 1
x
2
"
x
 + 15.
 y
 = 14
x
3
/
2
+ 2
 "
5
x
3
sec
x
6.
 y
 =1
x
 + 4
x
(
x
2
"
5)
2
7.
 y
 = 1
"
csc
x
cot
x
1 +
 x
3
8.
 y
 = tan
x
"
2
x
!
3
sin2
x
 +
 !
2
9.
 y
 = cos2
xx
3
+ 310.
 y
 =
!
(
x
4
"
3
x
2
)(1
"
(2
x
 + 1)
2
)2
"
3
x
2
"
!
1
IV. Higher Order Derivatives.
1. Find
 D
2
x
(
x
4
"
x
2
).2. Find
 h
###
(
x
) if 
 h
#
(
x
) = 3
x
3
"
x
2
.3. Find
 p
##
(2) if 
 p
(
x
) = 2
x
3
"
5
x
2
+7
x
"
4.4. Find
 
##
(0) and
 
###
(
x
) if 
 
(
x
) =
"
x
5
+
 x
4
+ 3
x
2
"
x
.5. If 
 
(
x
) =
 x
3
"
 x
2
"
 x
 + 1, findthe smallest value of 
 n
 such that
(
n
)
(
x
) = 0.6. Find
 f 
###
#
!
4
$
 if 
 f 
#
(
x
) =
 x
cot
x
.7. Find
 h
##
(1) if 
 h
(
x
) = (
 4
x
 + 1)
2
8. Given
 f 
#
(
x
) = csc
2
x
, find
 f 
###
(
x
).
V. Equation of the Line.
1. Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of 
 f 
 at
 x
 = 1 if 
 f 
(
x
) = 2
x
3
+1.2. Suppose
 
#
(
x
) =
 "
x
5
+
 x
4
+ 3
x
2
"
x
 and
 
(1) = 2. Find an equation of thenormal line to the graph of 
 y
 =
 f 
(
x
) at the point where
 x
 = 1.3. Find the equation of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of 
 
(
x
) =2sin
x
 + tan
x
 at
 x
 =
 !
3.4. Find an equation of the normal line and the tangent line to the graph of 
(
x
) = 3
x
"
2
x
"
2 at
 x
 = 3.5. Let
 
(
x
) =
 x
3
"
x
2
"
x
 + 1. Find all points on the curve
 y
 =
 f 
(
x
) where thetangent line is horizontal.6. Let
 f 
(
x
) = 14
x
4
+ 13
x
3
"
3
x
2
+ 74. Find all points on the curve
 y
 =
 f 
(
x
) wherethe tangent line is horizontal.7. Given
 f 
#
(
x
) = csc
2
x
 and
 f 
#
!
6
$
 =
"
3, determine the equation of the normal lineto the graph of 
 f 
 at
 x
 =
 !
6.8. Let
 f 
(
x
) = 3
 3
2
x
"
1+tan
%
x
"
14
&
 and
 f 
#
(
x
) = 2(2
x
"
1)
2
/
3
 + 14 sec
2
%
x
"
14
&
.Find the equation of the normal line to the graph of 
 f 
 at
 x
 = 1.9. Find an equation of the normal line to the curve
 y
 = 13
x
2
"
2
x
 + 52 at the pointwhere the slope of the tangent line is 2.10. Determine the equation(s) of the normal line(s) to the graph of 
 y
 = 24
x
"
2
x
2
that is parallel to the
 y
-axis.11. Consider the parabola
 p
 :
 y
 = (
x
"
2)
2
and line
 "
 : 2
x
"
y
 + 2 = 0.i. Find the point/s of intersection of 
 "
 and
 p
.ii. Sketch the graphs of 
 "
 and
 p
.iii. Find all points on the graph of 
 p
 at which the tangent line is perpendicularto
 "
.(a) Is/Are the point/s of intersection necessarily the answer in (iii)?12. Let
 
(
x
)
 x
"
 32
x
2
+ 2 and
 g
(
x
) =
 x
2
+ 1
x
2
+ 2. Determine the value/s of 
 x
 at which thecurves
 y
 =
 f 
(
x
) and
 y
 =
 g
(
x
) have parallel tangent lines.13. Determine the values of 
 a
 and
 b
 so that the line with equation 2
x
 +
 y
 =
 b
 istangent to the graph of 
 y
 =
 ax
2
and when
 x
 = 2.2
5
 
Math 21: Elementary Analysis IDiscussion N
o
2.1: Tangent Line, Derivative,Di
erentiation Rules, and Higher Order Derivatives
14. Let
 f 
(
x
) =
 ax
2
+
 bx
 +
 c
 for all
 x
!
R
. If 
 f 
(2) = 26,
 f 
#
(2) = 23, and
 f 
##
(2) = 14,determine the value of 
 f 
(1).15. Find a number
 c
 such that the line
 y
 = 6
x
+4 is tangent to the parabola
 y
 =
 x
2
+
c
.16. Suppose that the tangent line to the graph of a function
 f 
 at
 x
 = 1 passes throughthe point (4
,
9) and that
 f 
(1) = 3. Determine
 f 
#
(1).17. Suppose that the tangent line to the graph of a function
 f 
 at
 x
 = 2 passes throughthe points (0
,
"
20) and (5
,
40). Find
 f 
(2) and
 f 
#
(2).18. Suppose that the tangent line to the graph of a function
 f 
 at
 x
 = 3 has
 x
-intercept103 and
 y
-intercept
 "
10. Solve for
 f 
(3) and
 f 
#
(3).19. Let
 f,g,h
 be functions whose first derivatives
 f 
#
,g
#
,h
#
exist. Prove that(
fgh
)
#
=
 f 
#
gh
 +
 fg
#
h
 +
 fgh
#
.
VI. True or False.
1. The tangent line to the graph of 
 h
(
x
) at
 x
 =
 b
 intersects the graph of 
 h
 exactlyonce.2. If 
 f 
#
(
x
) =
 g
#
(
x
) for all
 x
!
R
, then
 f 
(
x
) =
 g
(
x
) for all
 x
!
R
.3. If 
 f 
##
(
x
) =
 g
##
(
x
) for all
 x
!
R
, then
 f 
#
(
x
) =
 g
#
(
x
).4. If 
 g
(
x
) is a polynomial of degree
 n
, then
 g
(
n
)
(
x
) = 0.5. Suppose that for all
 x
!
R
,
 f 
(
x
) has derivatives of every order. Then
 D
2
x
(
(3)
x
) =
D
3
x
(
(2)
x
).6. Let
 f 
(
x
) = sec
x
. For any
 x
!
 domf 
, lim
!
x
!"
0
sec(
x
 +
!
x
)
"
sec
x
!
x
 = sec
x
tan
x
.3
5

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