MAT3701

ASSIGNMENT 01

QUESTION 1

(1. 1) 𝑈 = {(𝑧1 , 𝑧2 ) ∈ 𝑉 ∶ 𝑧2 = 𝑖𝑧1 }

= {(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, 𝑖(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)): 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅}
= {𝑎(1, 𝑖) + 𝑏(𝑖, −1): 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅}
= 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 { (1, 𝑖), (𝑖, −1)}

∴ { (1, 𝑖), (𝑖, −1)} 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑈 .

𝑖 0
(1.2 ) 𝛽 = {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 } = {( ) , ( )} 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉 = 𝐶 2
0 𝑖

𝑖 −1 0 0
𝛼 = { 𝑣1 , 𝑖𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑖𝑣2 } = {( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( )} 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑅
0 0 𝑖 −1

𝑖 −1 0 0 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎 ( ) + 𝑏 ( ) + 𝑐 ( ) + 𝑑 ( ) = ( ) , 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ 𝑅
0 0 𝑖 −1 0

⇔ 𝑎𝑖 − 𝑏 = 0 , 𝑐𝑖 − 𝑑 = 0
⇔ 𝑎=𝑏=𝑐=𝑑=0

(1.3 ) 𝑈 = {(𝑧1 , 𝑧2 ) ∈ 𝑉 ∶ 𝑧2 = 𝑖𝑧1 }

= {(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏), 𝑖(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) ∶ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅}
= { 𝑎(1,0) + 𝑏(0, −1) ∶ 𝑖 = 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑉 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑅}
= 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 { (1,0), (0, −1)}

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑈 = { (1,0), (0, −1)}

QUESTION 2

1 1 1 −1 0 1 1 1 −1 0
𝐵 = [2 0 −1 2 2] → [0 2 3 −4 −2] , 2𝑅1 − 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 ,
3 3 3 −3 3 0 0 0 0 1
1
3𝑅1 − 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 , − 3 𝑅_3 → 𝑅_3

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 1,2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5 . 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 1,2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃_2 (𝐶).

𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 = { 1 + 2𝑡 + 3𝑡 2 , 1 + 3𝑡 2 , 2𝑡 + 3𝑡 2 }.

QUESTION 3

(3.1 ) 𝑐−2 = −2 , 𝑐0 = 0 , 𝑐2 = 2
(𝑥−𝑐 )(𝑥−𝑐2 ) 𝑥(𝑥−2) 1 1
𝑓−2 (𝑥) = (𝑐 −𝑐0 )(𝑐 −𝑐 )
= −2(−2−2) = − 4 𝑥 + 8 𝑥 2
−2 0 −2 2
 (𝑥−𝑐−2 )(𝑥−𝑐2 ) (𝑥+2)(𝑥−2) 1
𝑓0 (𝑥) = (𝑐0 −𝑐−2 )(𝑐0 −𝑐2 )
= 2(−2)
= 1 − 4 𝑥2

(𝑥−𝑐−2 )(𝑥−𝑐0 ) 1 1
𝑓2 (𝑥) = = 𝑥 + 𝑥2
(𝑐2 −𝑐−2 )(𝑐2 −𝑐0 ) 4 8

(3.2 ) 1 = 𝑓−2 (𝑥) + 𝑓0 (𝑥) + 𝑓2 (𝑥)

𝑥 = −2𝑓−2 (𝑥) + 0𝑓0 (𝑥) + 2𝑓2 (𝑥)

𝑥 2 = 4𝑓−2 (𝑥) + 0𝑓0 (𝑥) + 4𝑓2 (𝑥)

(3.3 ) 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛(𝛾) = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛{(1, 𝑥, 𝑥 2 )} = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃2 (𝑅).

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 |𝛾| = 3 = dim(𝑃2 (𝑅)) , 𝑖𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝛾 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃2 (𝑅).

1 −2 4
(3.4 ) 𝑃 = [1 0 0]
1 2 4

0 1 0
1 1
(3.5 ) 𝑃−1 = [− 4 0 4]
1 1 1
−
8 4 8

QUESTION 4

1 𝑖 0 0
(4.1) 𝛽 = {( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( )} 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉.
0 0 1 𝑖

𝑅(𝑇) = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛(𝛽) = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛{ 𝑇(𝑣1 ), 𝑇(𝑣2 ), 𝑇(𝑣3 ), 𝑇(𝑣4 )} = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛{ 𝐴𝑣1 , 𝐴𝑣2 , 𝐴𝑣3 , 𝐴𝑣4 }

−1 −𝑖 𝑖 −1
= 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 { ( ) , ( )} {( ) , ( )}
−𝑖 1 −1 −𝑖

−1 −𝑖
= 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 {( ) , ( )}
−𝑖 1

−1 −𝑖
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝛼 = {( ) , ( )} 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅(𝑇).
−𝑖 1
𝑧1
(4.2 ) 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑣 = (𝑧 ) , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 ∈ 𝐶 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑣 ∈ 𝑁(𝑇) ⇔ 𝑇(𝑣) = 0
2

−1 −𝑖 𝑧1 0
⇔ 𝐴(𝑣) = 0 ⇔ ( ) (𝑧 ) = ( )
−𝑖 1 2 0

−𝑧 − 𝑖𝑧2 0 −𝑧1 − 𝑖𝑧2 = 0

⇔ ( 1 )= ( ) ⇔
−𝑖𝑧1 + 𝑧2 0 −𝑖𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 0

𝑧1 = −𝑖𝑧2
⇔
𝑧2 = 𝑖𝑧1

𝑧1 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 1 𝑖
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑣 = (𝑖𝑧 ) = 𝑧1 ( ) = 𝑎( )+𝑏( )
1 𝑖𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑖 −1
 1 𝑖
∴ 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑁(𝑇) , 𝛿 = {( ) , ( )}.
𝑖 −1

−1 −𝑖 1 𝑖 0
(4.3 ) 𝑎 ( ) + 𝑏 ( ) + 𝑐 ( ) + 𝑑 ( ) = ( ) , 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ 𝑅
−𝑖 1 𝑖 −1 0

⇔ −𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑖𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑖𝑐 − 𝑑 = 0

⇔ 𝑎=𝑏=𝑐=𝑑 = 1

∴ 𝛼 ∪ 𝛿 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑉 ≠ 𝑅(𝑇) ⊕ 𝑁(𝑇).

(4.4 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 dim(𝑣) = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘(𝑇) = 𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑇) = 2

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 dim(𝑣) = 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘(𝑇) + 𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑇) = 4 .

QUESTION 5

1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝛽 = {𝐴11 = ( ) , 𝐴12 = ( ) , 𝐴21 = ( ) , 𝐴22 = ( )} then
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

1+𝑖 2
𝑇(𝐴11 ) = 𝐴𝐴11 = ( ) = (1 + 𝑖)𝐴11 + 2𝐴12 + 0𝐴21 + 0𝐴22
0 0

1 1−𝑖
𝑇(𝐴12 ) = 𝐴𝐴12 = ( ) = 𝐴𝐴11 + (1 − 𝑖)𝐴𝐴12 + 0𝐴𝐴21 + 0𝐴22
0 0

0 0
𝑇(𝐴21 ) = 𝐴𝐴21 = ( ) = 0𝐴11 + 0𝐴12 + (1 + 𝑖)𝐴21 + 2𝐴22
1+𝑖 2

0 0
𝑇(𝐴22 ) = 𝐴𝐴22 = ( ) = 0𝐴11 + 0𝐴12 + 𝐴21 + (1 − 𝑖)𝐴22
1 1−𝑖

So that

(1 + 𝑖) 1 0 0
2 (1 − 𝑖) 0 0
[𝑇]𝛽 = [ ]
0 0 (1 + 𝑖) 1
0 0 2 (1 − 𝑖)

(1 + 𝑖) − 𝜆 1 0 0
2 (1 − 𝑖) − 𝜆 0 0
And det([𝑇]𝛽 − 𝜆𝐼) = | |
0 0 (1 + 𝑖) − 𝜆 1
0 0 2 (1 − 𝑖) − 𝜆

(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 2𝑟𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑤. )

(1 − 𝑖 − 𝜆) 0 0 1 0 0
= ((1 + 𝑖) − 𝜆) | 0 (1 + 𝑖 − 𝜆) 1 | − 2 |0 (1 + 𝑖 − 𝜆) 1 |
0 2 (1 − 𝑖 − 𝜆) 0 2 (1 − 𝑖 − 𝜆)
 (1 − 𝑖 − 𝜆) 0 (1 − 𝑖 − 𝜆) 0
= ((1 + 𝑖 − 𝜆)2 ) | | − (1 + 𝑖 − 𝜆) | |
0 (1 − 𝑖 − 𝜆) 0 2

1 0 1 0
−2(1 + 𝑖 − 𝜆) | + 2|
0 (1 − 𝑖 − 𝜆)| 0 2
|

= (1 + 𝑖 − 𝜆)2 (1 − 𝑖 − 𝜆)2 − 2(1 + 𝑖 − 𝜆)(1 − 𝑖 − 𝜆) − 2(1 + 𝑖 − 𝜆)(1 − 𝑖 − 𝜆) + 4

= 𝜆4 − 4𝜆3 + 4𝜆2
= 𝜆2 (𝜆2 − 4𝜆 + 4)
= 𝜆2 (𝜆 − 2)2

∴ 𝜆 = 0 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 2.

𝜆 = 2 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 2.

(1 + 𝑖) 1 0 0 (1 + 𝑖) 1 0 0
2 (1 − 𝑖) 0 0 0 0 (1 + 𝑖) 1] ,
([𝑇]𝛽 − 0𝐼]) = [ ] ⇒ [
0 0 (1 + 𝑖) 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 2 (1 − 𝑖) 0 0 0 0
2𝑅1 − (1 + 𝑖)𝑅2 → 𝑅2
2𝑅3 − (1 + 𝑖)𝑅4 → 𝑅4
𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3 .

𝑠𝑜 𝑛 − 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘([𝑇]𝛽 − 0𝐼) = 4 − 2 = 2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 0 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 2.

(−1 + 𝑖) 1 0 0 (−1 + 𝑖) 1 0 0
2 (−1 − 𝑖) 0 0 0 0 (−1 + 𝑖) 1] ,
([𝑇]𝛽 − 2𝐼) = [ ]⇒ [
0 0 (−1 + 𝑖) 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 2 (−1 − 𝑖) 0 0 0 0
2𝑅1 − (−1 + 𝑖)𝑅2 → 𝑅2
2𝑅3 − (−1 + 𝑖)𝑅4 → 𝑅4
𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3

𝑠𝑜 𝑛 − 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘([𝑇]𝛽 − 2𝐼) = 4 − 2 = 2, 2 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 2

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒.

1 0
𝐸0 ([𝑇]𝛽 ) = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 {[
−(1 + 𝑖) 0 1 −(1 + 𝑖) , 0 0
],[ 1 ]} = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 {[ ] [ ]}
0 0 0 1 −(1 + 𝑖)
0 −(1 + 𝑖)

0 0
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝛽1 = {[1 −(1 + 𝑖)] , [ ]}
0 0 1 −(1 + 𝑖)

1 0
(1 − 𝑖) 0 1 (1 − 𝑖) 0 0
𝐸2 ([𝑇]2 ) = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 {[ ] , [ 1 ]} = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 {[ ],[
0 0 0 1 (1 − 𝑖)]}
0 (1 − 𝑖)

(1 − 𝑖) 0 0
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝛽2 = {[1 ],[ ]}
0 0 1 (1 − 𝑖)
 0 0 1 (1 − 𝑖) , 0 0
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝛽 = 𝛽1 ∪ 𝛽2 = {[1 −(1 + 𝑖)] , [ ],[ ] [ ]}
0 0 1 −(1 + 𝑖) 0 0 1 (1 − 𝑖)

𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ,

0 0 0 0
[𝑇]𝛽 = [0 0 0 0].
0 0 2 0
0 0 0 2

QUESTION 6

2−𝜆 −2
(6.1 ) det(𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼) = | | = (2 − 𝜆)(−1 − 𝜆) + 2
1 −1 − 𝜆
= 𝜆2 − 𝜆 = 𝜆(𝜆 − 1)

𝜆1 = 0 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆2 = 1 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 1.

2 −2 1 −1 1
𝐸0 = ( ) → ( ) , 2 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 , 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 → 𝑅2
1 −1 0 0
𝑎−𝑏 =0 ⇒ 𝑎 =𝑏

1
𝐸0 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 {[ ]}
1

1 −2 1 −2
𝐸1 = ( ) →( ) , 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 → 𝑅2
1 −2 0 0
𝑎 − 2𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 = 2𝑏.

2
𝐸1 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 {[ ]}
1

1 2 −1 2
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑋 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋 −1 = [ ]
1 1 1 −1

0 0 −1
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑋 [ ]𝑋
0 1

0 0 𝑛 −1 0 0 −1
𝑠𝑜 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑋 [ ] 𝑋 = 𝑋[ ]𝑋
0 1 0 1𝑛

1 2 0 0 −1 2
= [ ][ ][ ]
1 1 0 1𝑛 1 −1
2 −2
= [ ]
1 −1

(6.2 ) A is a transition matrix since it has 1 as an eigenvalue.

QUESTION 7

1 1 1 2 1
(7.1 ) 𝑇 2 = 2𝑇 ⇒ 4 𝑇 2 = 2 𝑇 ⇒ (2 𝑇) = 2 𝑇 .
(7.2 ) 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑇 ≠ 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑣 ∈ 𝐶 3 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑇(𝑣) ≠ 0. 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑇 2 (𝑣) = 2𝑇(𝑣) =
= 2𝑇(𝑣)

𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑇(𝑣) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝜆 = 2.

(7.3) 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣 ∈ 𝐶 3 ,

𝑇 2 (𝑣) = 2𝑇(𝑣) ⇒ 𝑇(𝑇(𝑣)) = 2𝑇(𝑣) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑇(𝑣) ∈ 𝐸2 (𝑇) 𝑎𝑛𝑑
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅(𝑇) ⊆ 𝐸2 𝑇(𝑣)
𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑅(𝑇) = 𝐸3 (𝑇)

(7.4 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 (0,0,1) 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑁(𝑇), 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑇(0,0,1) = (0,0,1)

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 (1,0,0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,1,0) ∈ 𝑅(𝑇) 𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡

𝑇(1,0,0) = 2(1,0,0) = (2,0,0)

𝑇(0,1,0) = 2(0,1,0) = (0,2,0)

𝑇(𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 ) = 𝑇(𝑧1 , 0,0) + 𝑇(0, 𝑧2 , 0) + 𝑇(0,0, 𝑧3 )

= 𝑧1 𝑇(1,0,0) + 𝑧2 𝑇(0,1,0) + 𝑧3 𝑇(0,0,1)
= 𝑧1 (2,0,0) + 𝑧2 (0,2,0) + 𝑧3 (0,0,0, )
= (2𝑧1 , 0,0) + (0,2𝑧2 , 0)
= (2𝑧1 , 2𝑧2 , 0)

QUESTION 8

1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
(8.1 ) 𝐽 = [0 0 0] , 𝑇(𝐽) = [0 0 0] , 𝑇 2 (𝐽) = [0 0 0] , 𝑇 3 (𝐽) = [0 0 0]
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑇 − 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑊 𝑖𝑠 { 𝐽, 𝑇(𝐽), 𝑇 2 (𝐽)} , 𝑇 3 (𝐽) = 𝑇 2 (𝐽)

(8.2) 𝑐𝑇𝑊 = (−1)𝑘 (𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑡 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑘−1 𝑡 𝑘−1 + 𝑡 𝑘 ) 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑎0 𝑣 + 𝑎1 𝑇(𝑣) + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑘−1 𝑇 𝑘−1 +
𝑇 𝑘 (𝑣) = 0
2 𝑘−1
𝑎𝑛𝑑 { 𝑣, 𝑇(𝑣), 𝑇 (𝑣), … , 𝑇 (𝑣)} 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑊

∴ 𝑐𝑇𝑊 = (−1)3 (𝑡 3 − 𝑡 2 )

(8.3) 𝑁𝑜, 𝑇𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑇𝑊 .

(8.4) 𝑁𝑜, 𝑇𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑜𝑛𝑒.

(8.5) 𝑇 2 (𝑇 − 𝐽)(𝐽) = 0 𝑠𝑜 𝑇(𝐽) − 𝐽 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑤 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝜆 = 0.

𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 (𝑇 − 𝐽)(𝑇 2 (𝐽)) = 0 𝑠𝑜 (𝑇(𝐽) − 𝐽) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑤 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝜆 = 1.