Ceramics Dyp
Ceramics Dyp
Ceramics Dyp
SR . CONTENTS PAGE
NO. NO.
1. INTRODUCTION 4-8
2. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF DENTAL CERAMICS 9-22
3. CERAMICS
COMPOSITION
RESISTANCE OF CERAMICS
4. ALL CERAMIC SYSTEMS
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
5. GLASS CERAMICS
FELDSPATHIC PORCELAIN
ZIRCONIA PRODUCTS
1
PREPARING ZIRCONIA FOR USE
Y-TZP
9. CAD-CAM SYSTEMS
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
CAD/CAM COMPONENTS
CAM TECHNOLOGIES
PREPARATION DESIGN
MARGINAL FIT
SURFACE TREATMENT
CEMENTATION
11. CAUSES OF FAILURE OF ALL-CERAMIC RESTORATIONS
12. SURVIVAL RATES OF ALL-CERAMIC RESTORATIONS
13. DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY
14. REFERENCES
2
INTRODUCTION
3
the principal disadvantages of inherent brittleness and strength by
making. Many of these advances have not replaced, but have rather
4
stone age more than 10,000 years ago and they have retained their
Marco Polo in the 13th century from the term porcelino, which is
the Italian name for the cowrie shell (also called the Venus
shell).
The cowrie got its name because of its resemblance to a "little pig",
strength.
feldspathic porcelains have been too weak to use reliably for the
5
construction of all ceramic crowns without a cast-metal core or
material.
metal.
6
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 1,4
developed,1
porous.
strength.
The originator of the first porcelain paste used for denture work
7
with the Parisian dentist Nicholas Dubois de Chemant and the two
with gold to platinum denture base. This was the first landmark in
8
Amber Tess in 1880 improved the design of dental coke
and crown.
9
The porcelain Jacket crown is said to have originated from
California in 1873.
cement.
material was much less prone to static fatigue than earlier material.
10
In the late 1960s, Veneer materials developed from
alloys.
OF DENTAL PORCELAIN 1
effect.
strength.
11
Vacuum firing of dental porcelain was introduced in the late
and using the first vacuum furnace as early as 1913 for fusing silica
DENTAL CERAMICS 1
PERIOD DEVELOPMENT
24,000 B.C. Human made ceramics uncovered in
Tching in China.
1671 Jhon Dwight granted English patent No. 164 for
transparent porcelain.
1717 D’ Entrecolles learns secret Chines porcelain.
1723 Pierre Fauchard first suggested the use of
12
porcelain in dentistry.
1774 Alexis Duchateau and Nicholas Dubois De
work.
1801 Guiseppangelo Fonzi fused porcelain to metal to
13
1816 De chemant suggested use of porcelain for bridge
work.
1830 Stockton produces first porcelain teeth in United
States.
1837 Ash Wildman produced porcelain with much
denture teeth.
1880 Tess improved the design of porcelain furnace.
1886 Porcelain inlays and Jacket crowns were
No. 2301)
1956 Development of porcelain fused to gold systems.
1957 Strength of low fusing and high fusing porcelains
14
systems.
1971 CAD - CAM technique was introduced first time.
1974 Introduction of palladium-silver alloys which was
O’Brien.
1984 First international standard published for dental
Ceramic”.
technique.
system.
1992 Mikrona Technologie, Spreitenback, Switzerland
15
designed Celay machinable Ceramic System as a
fusing ceramic.
Tokyo Dental.
spinell blanks.
1998 IPS Empress 2 introduced.
ProCAD introduced.
1999 LAVA Zirconium oxide ceramic system was
16
2000 CEREC3 introduced.
bridges.
2003 Vitablocs Triluxe milling blocks.
CEREC 3D introduced.
2004 IPS Empress Esthetic launched.
17
(1) Conventional Leucite- containing porcelain.
a. Leucite.
b. Glass-ceramic,
1) Pure alumina,
2) Pure zirconia,
3) Silica glass,
1) Denture teeth,
2) Metal – Ceramics,
3) Veneers,
18
4) Inlays,
METHOD -
1) Sintering,
3) CAD/CAM,
4) Copy milling.
1) Opaque,
2) Translucent,
3) Transparent.
TEMPERATURES-
19
4) Ultra- low fusing -- < 8500C (15620 F)
MATERIAL
1) Cast metal,
2) Swaged metal,
3) Glass ceramic,
4) CAD/CAM porcelain
COMPOSITION6,7
20
as porcelain, the principle difference being in the proportioning of
1. Feldspar
3. Kaolin (Clay)
FELDSPAR: -
21
Natural feldspar is a mixture of albite (Na2Al2Si6O16) and
light colored pieces are selected. These pieces are ground in ball
mills until they become fine powder. The final particle size is
22
particles. The dry powder is then slowly vibrated down the inclined
separated and remove, and the feldspar is made ready for use.
form leucite and a glass phase than will soften and flow slightly.
The softening of this glass phase during porcelain firing allows the
23
glasses (has coefficient of thermal expansion less than 10x10-6/0C).
SILICA:-
24
this contributes stability to the mass during heating by providing a
creep) deformation.
25
KAOLIN:-
process the residue is deposited along the banks and at the bottom
water until all foreign materials are separated. The clay is then
allowed to settle, and after it has been dried and screened, the
nearly white powder is ready for use. Kaolin gives porcelain its
26
COLOR FRITS:-
powdered frit to provide the proper hue and chroma. The metallic
pigments include:
27
OPACIFYING AGENTS:-
overlaid by enamel.
(between 8% and 15%) ground to a very fine particle size (<5 µm)
Cerium oxide
Zirconium oxide
Titanium oxide
Tin oxide
28
is claimed that particles between the size of 0.4 to 0.8 µm produce
and/or zinc oxide. The opaque layer serves three primary functions:
made from lower fusion point glasses so that they can be applied at
29
GLAZES AND ADD-ON PORCELAIN:-
avoided.
obtain when separate glazes are used since they tend either to
Add-on porcelain can be made from the same frit as used for the
contact points.
30
FRITTING:-
The term “frit” is used to describe the final glass product. The raw
escape and the melt is then quenched in water. The red hot glass
feldspar and glass fluxes are mixed together in powder form before
GLASS MODIFIERS:-
31
addition of alkali metal ions such as sodium, potassium and
calcium. These ions are associated with the oxygen atoms at the
linear chains of silica tetrahedral that are able to move more easily
at lower temperatures than the atoms that are locked into the three-
32
The Add - on glaze slurry material that is applied to the porcelain
years of service.
BODY MODIFIERS:-
mixing with dentin and enamel powders for more subtle shade
alteration.
33
OTHER ADDITION TO DENTAL PROCELAINS:-
interspersed with the silica lattice, it still interrupts the more rigid
34
PROPERTIES AND LIMITATIONS
35
processing error during the build-up and baking of the porcelain)8.
36
Irregularities in a bulk of the material, such as discontinuities
Stress around a stress raiser is higher than the average stress in the
on the shape of the stress raiser (e.g._ stress at the tip of a sharp
37
Compared to metals, which can yield to high stress by deforming
strengths9.
38
Mechanisms of increasing the fracture resistance of
ceramics:
additional strength10.
39
3. Minimize tensile stress through optimal design of ceramic
restorations
This process involves the exchange of larger potassium ions for the
40
places with some of the sodium ions on the surface of the glass
particles. The potassium ion is about 35% larger than the sodium
However, the depth of the compression zone is less than 100 μm,
5. Thermal Tempering:
solidifies_ it tends to shrink, but the outer skin remains rigid. The
cracks20,21.
41
6. Dispersion strengthening:
The amount of toughening depends on the crystal type, its size, its
42
to 50 % reduces the strength due to reduction in feldspar content
7. Transformation toughening:
particle to absorb energy from the crack and deplete its driving
43
existence of tetragonal-phase particles at room temperature. When
compressive stresses at the edge of the crack front and extra energy
44
Based on composition and fabrication8:-
3) Finesse, 6) Ceramco.
2) Cerapearl,
3) Hi- Ceram
4) Cerestore (Alceram)
e.g.- 1) Celay,
2) Cerec
indications23-
45
CORE SYSTEM MANUFACTURING CLINICAL
CERAMIC
Lithium disilicate IPS Empress 2 Heat pressed Crowns,anterior FPD
IPS e.max Press Heat pressed Onlays,3/4th
crowns,crowns,FPD
Leucite IPS Empress Heat pressed Onlays,3/4th crowns,
crowns
Optimal Heat pressed Onlays,3/4th crowns,
Pressable crowns
Ceramic
IPS ProCAD Milled Onlays,3/4th crowns,
crowns
Feldspathic VITABLOCS Milled Onlays,3/4th crowns,
MarkII crowns,veneers
VITA Triluxe Milled Onlays,3/4th crowns,
Bloc crowns,veneers
VITABLOCS Milled Anterior crowns,
Alumina
In-Ceram Milled Crowns
Spinell
Synthoceram Milled Onlays, 3/4th crowns,
FPD
In-Ceram Slip cast,milled Crowns,posterior
46
Zirconia FPD
Procera Densly sintered Crowns,veneers,
anterior FPD
ZIRCONIA
Y-TZP Lava Green milled,sintered Crowns,FPD
Cercon Green milled,sintered Crowns,FPD
Dc-Zirkon Milled Crowns,FPD
Denzir Milled Onlays,3/4th
crowns,crowns
Procera Densly sintered,milled Crowns,FPD,implant
abutments
GLASS CERAMICS
FELDSPATHIC PORCELAIN
POLYCRYSTALLINE CERAMICS
Y-TZP
47
ALL CERAMIC SYSTEM 3,5,6,7,8,26,27
INDICATIONS
48
Patients giving more importance to esthetics than
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Parafunctional activity
crown
ADVANTAGES
49
Biocompatibility: Glazed porcelain produces a non porous
avoided.
DISADVANTAGES
50
some manufacturers (Cerestore and Dicor) claim the
margin.
51
Inability to attach a removable partial prosthesis:
is not possible.
52
by the replacement of the thicker metal coping with a thin platinum
foil, thus allowing more room for porcelain. They did this by
opacity. The solution was to cut back the facing of the aluminous
INDICATIONS -
CONTRAINDICATIONS -
53
ADVANTAGES -
feldspathic porcelain.
restorations.
3. Biocompatibility is good.
5. Transillumination of gingiva.
DISADVANTAGES -
54
ALUMINOUS PORCELAIN CORE POWDERS:
porcelain jacket crown and the free alumina content varies between
the grain size, the greater the strength, but this is accompanied by
indices between the crystals and the glass matrix. Very high opacity
55
firing under vacuum at the maximum maturing temperature is
prolonged periods.
TYPES OF ALUMINA
A) CALOINED ALUMINA:
B) FUSED ALUMINA:
56
crystals formed on cooling are generally very large and may be
150 N/mm2.
to improve translucency.
57
When the thickness of the current high fusing gold alloy
in thin section and obtain a good fit and they tend to induce grey
much further reduced from the melting point of the metal in the
58
oxidized for the application of porcelain, should appear light grey
water vapor and the surface faults in the porcelain crown. This
crack propagation.
over 300 MPa, provided that the platinum is left intact with the
porcelain.
59
PLANTINUM BONDED ALUMINA PORCELAIN CROWN -
edge lengths and occlusion often are altered when the foil is
Initially, two layer of platinum foil are burnished to the die and the
60
INDICATION:
CONTRAINDICATIONS:
ADVANTAGES :
internal surface.
DISADVANTAGES:
61
2. Single layer technique precludes the ability to refine the
order to provide a porcelain butt fit and eliminate the dark shadow
platinum provides a matrix for the baking of the porcelain and the
outer foil which forms the inner skin to crown is tin-plated and
62
the internal fit surface of the crown and will eliminate surface
cementation procedures.
and prevent the fired porcelain from lifting the platinum skirt
second bake will then shrink towards the cervical porcelain and
maintain the fit. The cervical contact technique does not always
63
work since the bulk of the core porcelain still has to shrink during
the second bake. It is for this reason that the cervical ditching
removing the foil, a fine pointed tweezer is used to lift the skirt
away from the edge. Peal the platinum away from the entire
LABORATORY TECHNIQUE
fine sable brush is used. The brush is dipped in distilled water and
The point of the brush is gently pushed into the edge of the
64
porcelain mix so that it picks up a small bead of porcelain. The
over the entire crown. Once the initial buildup of the core is
complete the die is vibrated with a porcelain carver handle and the
The tissue may then be folded over the incisal edge to absorb
and increase the thickness at the labial cervical collar. The lingual
CERVICAL RELIEF --
powder bed and must shrink on firing like any ceramic material.
of porcelain from this area will allow the main bulk of aluminous
65
porcelain to shrink centrally onto to platinum foil without over
porcelain is,
Firing
66
Cooling
67
ALUMINOUS CORE PORCELAIN - SECOND FIRING:
adopted for the first firing, except for the final period of maturation
ground with diamond stones used exclusively for this work. After
any occlusal or contact area adjustments have been made the crown
orange stain on a darker dentin color may be applied behind the tip
68
natural teeth. Orange or brown stain is also effective when applied
on the mesial and distal surface, since these colors are highlighted
GLAZING --
69
I.FELDSPATHIC PORCELAINS 5,6,8,27
and quartz, and also a great deal of feldspar when compared with
Feldspar in fact binds all three forms of clay bodies together once it
process, and then through the final fusing process. The key here is
glass can flow so that the final ceramic body keeps its shape
floor of the kiln. This was why Dr Land's porcelain crowns were
to strengthen it.
70
This refractory skeleton was composed of about equal parts of
porcelain jackets were not very esthetic, and this opacity remained
feldspathic porcelains with less and less kaolin until by 1938 kaolin
but these did not entirely make up for the loss of the crystalline
71
Quartz crystals have a refractive index close to that of the
were (and still are), highly esthetic materials for building tooth-like
structures.
72
(1) FINESSE-
between this formulation and those that have been used for long
73
components. Leucite’s primary function in dental porcelain is to
74
This is relatively new category of restorative material,
75
Duceram LFC is used for the fabrication of ceramic inlays,
at 9300 C. Over the base layer Duceram LFC is applied using the
76
(3) CERINATE25 -
PROPERTIES: -
5. Good esthetics.
INDICATIONS :-
(5) MIRAGE25 -
PROPERTIES :-
3. Hardness is 5 - 7 Gpa.
4. Good esthetics.
5. Opaque.
77
(6) CERAMCO6 –
It is a feldspathic ceramic.
PROPERTIES:-
3) Hardness - 5 to 7 Gpa.
5) Good esthetics.
INDICATIONS :-
1) Inlays,
2) Veneers.
78
VMK 95 is the latest generation ceramic from Vita.
Features:
79
Applications:
GLASS CERAMICS32,
the work of Grossman and Adair in 1984 has been marketed under
80
prepared aluminous porcelain. Although it is highly esthetic, Dicor
(1)DICOR75
dental ceramic was Dicor. The mica crystals formed in Dicor are
pursued the use of this glass ceramic that could be machinable and
translucent. In 1977, Mr. P. Adai felt that this material might prove
develop and market this translucent glass ceramic under the name
of Dicor.
81
The crystals are stacked on top of each other like pages in a book,
and it is easy to pry paper thin sheets of mica off the top using the
sheets which could be separated from each other if one has a fine
above, the flat plane structure of mica crystals is visible from the
top.
crystal size and the difference in the refractive indices of the glass
phase and the crystalline phase. If the crystals are smaller than the
the tendency for light to scatter is lower than for the aluminous
porcelains.
82
Dicor ceramics, introduced in the early 1980”s is
83
appropriate shade, the colorant stains are baked on the surface of
There has been some evidence that the stain layer might be lost
84
fieldspathic porcelain that contains leucite, it is expected that these
porcelain.
ADVANTAGES:-
of conventional porcelain.
DISADVANTAGES :-
INDICATIONS :-
1. Veneers,
4. Three-quarter crowns.
CONTRAINDICATIONS :-
85
1. Where strong lateral forces on the restoration are present as a
dimension.
retention form.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:-
Translucency 0.56
86
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS –
1) AESTHETIC QUALITIES :
and feelings.
2) PRECISION FIT:
87
overextensions.Carving the occlusal anatomy in wax allows for the
extent than metals. Thus, the minute details placed in the wax are
casting.
3) TISSUE ACCEPTENCE:
inherent in its base composition – Sio2, K2o, Mgo, Al2o3 and Zro2 as
88
to act as hosts for plaque, which can irritate the tissues. Secondly,
agent.
89
(2)CERAPEARL68
fused to provide the crown shape; its colour and translucency are
90
density, hardness, thermal expansion and thermal conductivity
INDICATIONS :-
CONTRAINDICATIONS :-
preparations.
COMPOSITION :-
and 15% P205 respectively. Cao and P205 are the important
91
SiO2 constitutes 34% in weight. With the combination of
CRYSTALLIZATION:-
15 minutes so that the mold and casting are evenly heated. Oven
Pearl, apatite crystals are bound with the strong non crystalline
92
They bond cohesively and the resultant homogenous composition
enamel.
removed from the oven and cooled to room temperature and the
can be easily separated from the mould. The sprue is cut with the
oxides. Its fourteen cervical shades and three incisal shades match
93
MICROSTRUCTURE -
some what irregular arrangement. Cera Pearl has the same crystals
mechanical strength.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -
Enamel = 58 Gpa
94
2. The tensile strength of Cera Pearl is approximately 150 Mpa,
Enamel = 14 Mpa
Amalgam = 70 Mpa
Porcelain = 80 Mpa
Hence, Cera Pearl and Gold Alloy are strong enough to with
to that of,
95
Ni - Cr alloys = 300 KHN
prevents wear of opposing enamel, and at the same time Cera Pearl
FABRICATION TECHNIQUE -
used for anterior teeth that provide the ecentric closure stops.
96
(3)CD - 20074
castable glass ceramic material that is bio inert and has excellent
COMPOSITION:-
FABRICATION:-
does not react with the cast glass allows the glasses to be
8500 C for 30 min. The ingot of glass was placed into the casting
97
from the furnace and air abraded with 40 um particles of aluminum
98
Glass ceramics contain a substantial refractory crystalline core.
However, they are not like aluminous glass since they start out as
the veneer is translucent and esthetic, yet they are made out
99
the glass gel allows for much better translucency than the
The crystals formed within the glass lend the finished body
Glass ceramics are still a form of glass, and thus they can
restoration tremendously.
glass body creates opacity which makes the glass unusable for
problem with some of the glass ceramics, and these can be used
100
will become apparent later. The heat treatment that encourages
Ceramming
glass that results in the formation of tiny crystals that are evenly
treatment
and crystal growth. Each phase happens because the glass body
101
FELDSPAR GLASS CERAMICS
of up to 120 MPa.
102
Leucite (KAlSi2O6)
case, the leucite was added because of its optical properties, and
their size and density within the glass matrix produces a much
MPa.
Lucite was the first, and is still probably the most popular of the
103
chemical formula for leucite contains the same elements as are
104
diminished due to the increased elasticity leant by the leucite
internal surface of the PJC with the surface of the prepared tooth
hot-pressing.
contour.
OPC)
105
shrinkage, attention has recently been paid to the possibility of
such approach.
106
IPS EMPRESS I (IVOCLAR PORCELAIN SYSTEM)
After opening the two halves of the flask and removing the wax
with boiling water, the cavity was filled with ceramic powder and
107
and Dental Materials at the University of Zurich. Since 1986 the
crown, inlays and veneers. The glass ceramic ingots used in this
COMPOSITION -
in weight %,
63 % SiO 2
17.7 % AL2 O 3
4.6 % Na2O 3
0.6 % B2o3
0.4 % CeO2
1.6 % CaO
0.7 % BaO
108
0.2 % TiO2
PROPERTIES
109
In addition, pressed ceramics have a coefficient of wear
ADVANTAGES
2. Excellent fit
3. Excellent aesthetics
DISADVANTAGES
tooth structure.
110
INDICATIONS
1. Anterior crowns
2. Inlays
3. Laminate veneers
CONTRAINDICATIONS
2. Parafunctional habit.
FABRICATION PROCEDURES
111
A special furnance (Empress EP500) is designed for this
The cylindrical opening into the mold is filled with a ceramic ingot
and an Al203 pushing rod. The assembly is then placed into the
800C/min.
112
3. The holding time at the final temperature can be varied from
0 to 60 minutes.
be programmed.
to 0.4 Mpa) into the mold. The mold is filled with the glass ceramic
Surface coloration :
113
A strongly pigmented surface colour is applied until the desired
approximately 50 to 60 um.
Veneer Technique :
desired form.
114
Empress Esthetic and Empress CAD
115
The IPS Empress glass-ceramic material is made of a glass phase
and a type leucite crystal phase. The growth of the leucite crystals
starts at the grain boundaries of the glass frit. The leucite crystals
K2O.
The broader ingot shade range gives more selection to meet patient
116
Indications
– Inlays (glazed)
– Onlays (glazed)
Contraindications
– Bridge constructions
– Bruxism
– Limited space
PROCESSING TECHNIQUE
117
Sprue the wax pattern . Mix IPS Empress Esthetic Speed Investment material under
vacuum
Pour the investment material slowly. Avoid the formation of air bubbles. Remove
the stabilizing ring and slowly place the ring gauge on the investment ring
Close the furnace head Remove the investment ring from the preheating furnace.
Place the preheated IPS Empress Esthetic ingot in the investment ring. Place the
rings in the preheating furnace as quickly as possible. Next, position the AlOx
plunger. Place the investment ring with the ingot and the AlOx plunger at the center
of the EP500/EP600 press furnace. Close the furnace head.
The press cycle runs automatically. An acoustic signal indicates the end of 118
the
press cycle. Mark the length of the AlOx plunger on the cooled investment ring.
Break the investment ring at the predetermined breaking point using a plaster
knife. Use a fine diamond disk to cut the sprues
Evenly apply the glaze paste with the glaze and stain liquid on the restoration.
119
The crystalline phase that forms is a lithium disilicate (Li 2Si2O5)
120
The mechanical properties of this glass ceramic are far
ceramic.
expansion does not arise. However, for the lithium disilicate glass
121
(Ca10(PO4)6.2OH), which is the same basic constituent from which
so far.
strong enough to fabricate crowns for molars, and adequate for the
122
IPS EMPRESS II - Eris
disilicate glass ceramic and the chemical basis for the material is to
durability.
COMPOSITION -
123
Components Wt %
SiO2 57-80
Al2O3 0-5
La2 O3 0.1-6
MgO 0-5
Zno 0-8
K2O 0-13
Li2O 11-19
P2O5 0-11
PROPERTIES -
1. Mechanical
124
2. Optical Translucency Similar to that of natural teeth
INDICATIONS :
1. Three unit bridges for the anterior and posterior regions upto the
3. Partial crown.
promising.
CONTRAINDICATIONS:
2. Parafunctional habits
3. Cantilever bridges
125
Recently,a new range of lithium disilicate based products has been
(LS2) offers excellent fit, form and function combined with high
126
translucency and two sizes for maximum flexibility. The resulting
the preparations.
127
diameter, i.e. more volume, which allows more restorations to be
HT ingots
These highly translucent (HT) ingots are suitable for the fabrication
LT ingots
MO ingots
technique.
128
HO ingots
Indications
– Thin Veneers
– Veneers
– Partial crowns
posterior region)
Contraindications
129
– Inlay-retained bridges
– Bruxism
– Cantilever bridges
– Maryland bridges
130
(milling of zirconium oxide). IPS e.max ZirPress can be pressed
onto both IPS e.max ZirCAD single tooth copings and multi-unit
veneered with the efficient IPS e.max Ceram material. The superior
veneered with the layering materials from the IPS e.max Ceram
assortment.
131
HT Ingots
These highly translucent ingots are used for the fully anatomical
LT Ingots
These ingots showing low translucency are ideal for the cut-back
MO Ingots
132
Gingiva Ingots
Indications
frameworks
frameworks
– Veneers
Contraindications
133
– The material should not be pressed onto zirconium oxide
oxide frameworks
– Bruxism
134
CAD/CAM Technology. It is manufactured in an innovative
of IPS e.max CAD ranges between white, blue and bluish grey.
135
IPS e.max CAD
sizes. On the basis of the individual case, one can choose the
HT blocks
136
LT blocks
MO blocks
Because of their high opacity, IPS e.max CAD MO blocks are used
e.max Ceram
Indications
– Veneers
– Partial crowns
Contraindications
– Bruxism
137
IPS e.max ZirCAD
138
With a flexural strength of more than 900 MPa, the material
139
IPS e.max ZirCAD is indicated for long-span bridge frameworks,
140
Combination dentures are particularly difficult to produce.
Indications
regions
– Inlay-retained bridges
141
– Implant superstructures (single tooth and bridge frameworks)
Contraindications
– Bruxism
IN-CERAM SPINELL
142
The In-Ceram spinell (MgAl 2O4) represents a more recent
originally marketed for the fabrication of inlays and onlays, but can
produce blue, brown or even green colour effects. Yet even yellow
and pink spinell can be found quite often. Due to the different types
143
feature some excellent material properties which are utilized in
industrial applications.
Accordingly, due to its high melting point (2135 °C), its excellent
coloured glasses .
144
The spinell cores are more translucent than the aluminum oxide
cores, but some strength has been sacrificed for the translucency.
explained by both the increased size of the spinell particles and the
spinell system.
145
METHOD OF FABRICATION :-
4. Duplicating
POWDER
146
10 Reworking sintered substructure
POWDER
147
12. Glass infiltration firing in the VITA INCERAMAT
148
Advantages:
149
-withstands high functional stress due to excellent physical values
-radiolucent
-expandable system
150
v.MACHINABLE CERAMICS68,70,71,72,74,76,77,80,81
The introduction of machinable ceramics to restorative
material.
Automatic - Ceramatic II
Germany]:
151
Two Classes of ceramics are available for machining of individual
Celay by Vita.
by Dentsply.
follows:
which was the first composition used with the Cerec system
restorations.
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2] CEREC VITABLOCK MARK II
strength and has a finer grain size than the Mark I compositions; an
COMPOSITION -
SiO2 - 60-64 %
Al2O3 - 22-23 %
Na2O - 7-9 %
K2O - 6-8 %
CaO - 0.3-0.6 %
TiO2 - 0-0.1 %
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wear of the opposing tooth structure than Cerec Mark I and more
4] CELAY
composition to Cerec.
cementation.
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MACHINING SYSTEMS
CELAY SYSTEM
The resin pattern (Pre-inlay) is held for all surface tracing in a dry
chamber on the left side of the unit. The tip of the tracer is mounted
the wet carving chamber on the right side. The blank will become
155
is situated between the two stations and acts as a geometric transfer
The size and shape of the tracing tools are matched to the diamond
still connected to this device, the inlay can be checked for fit on the
PRE-INLAY FABRICATION
156
patterns with hard surface to resist deformation from handling as
DIRECT METHOD
good shear characteristics that was ideal for molding. Dark blue
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intraorally, the pattern is removed from the cavity while still
INDIRECT METHOD
also is colored with dark blue pigments but with less light activator
PRACTICAL PROCEDURE -
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pattern is left attached to the device until after final polymerization
cast. The stone die is fabricated, undercuts are eliminated with die
spacer or hard wax and the surface is isolated. After the Celay-Tech
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MILLING PROCEDURE
Mounting Pre-inlay --
split pin with two sharp points allows for an effective contact with
even pressure. This also provides ample access for tracing the
pattern.
Milling Instruments –
used,
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2. A finishing diamond disk with a grit size of 64 µm (Diametal)
Tokyo, Japan).
Cooling --
Three nozzles are directed towards the ceramic block and the
viscosity wax.
PROCEDURE --
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control of the tracing procedure. The surface of the ceramic
pattern has been traced the milling process stops. After the fit to the
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Celay system
163
ADVANTAGES OF CELAY TECHNIQUE: 82
laboratory technician.
DISADVANTAGES:
CERAMATIC II --
of Celay system.
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step, metallic negative moulds (sonotrodes) are produced of the
desired restoration, both form the occulsal as well as from the basal
ZrO2) are very hard with diamonds; hence for this purpose
CAD-CAM IN DENTISTRY
165
impression of the prepared tooth together with adjacent and
used to obtain a hard stone model and the pattern of the crown or
which may incline error in the final casting. This system of casting
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The advent of interactive computer graphics, computer
functional components --
1) Data acquisition,
2) Restoration design,
3) Restoration fabrication.
expert system.
CAM systems.
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CAD-CAM SYSTEMS
1] Duret
2] Procera
3] Cerec System
4] Celay
5] Denticad system
6] Dux System
7] Cicero system
8] LAVA system
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