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Ethnobotanical Wealth of Jandool Valley, Dir

Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Kpk), Pakistan

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 International Journal of Phytomedicine 4 (2012) 351-354
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Original Research Article ISSN: 0975-0185

Ethnobotanical Wealth of Jandool Valley, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

(Kpk), Pakistan
Nasrullah1, 2, Mohammad Nisar 1², Suliman2, 3 and Zahid Ali 4*

*Corresponding author:

Zahid Ali Abstract

The present study contributes to enlist the wealth of ethnobotanical important plants of Jandool valley,
1Department of Dir lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. A total of 67 plants species, belonging to 39 families
Plant Science, Quaid-I-
of herbs (57 %), shrubs (6 %), trees (34 %) and mushrooms (3 %) were found to be used by the local
Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
2Department of Botany, University of inhabitants generally for medicinal, timber wood, fuel, food and fodder purposes. Majority of the plants
identified were used for more than one purpose. The human and cattle pressure has resulted in loss of
Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
3Department of Botany, Hazara the indigenous ethnobotanical important plant species. Therefore reforestation followed by proper
protection is a need of time.
University, Mansehra, Pakistan
4Department of Biosciences, Keywords: Ethnobotanical plants, Jandool valley, Dir lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK)
COMSATS Institute of Information
Technology (CIIT), Park Road
Islamabad, Pakistan

Muslims rulers introduction to India and mix their knowledge of

Introduction medicinal plants with the native Ayurvedic medicines, the
Medicinal Plants have been used throughout the world by mixture/combination is called Unani medicine or in broad sense
human beings as a drug and remedies for various diseases since Eastern medicine. The traditional system of Indian medicine is
time immemorial [1] and these are a good source of income as known as Ayurvedic system, which evolved long before around
well [2]. About 0.259 million species of higher plants have been 2500 B.C and documented in 6000 B.C. The Hindu community
reported worldwide [3] and from these about 53,000 plant species followed the Ayurveda and the Muslims followed the Unani. Both
are used for medicinal purposes [4]. On the other hand about 80 % the sub-continent medicinal systems benefited and complemented
of world population use medicinal plants for their basic health care, from each other [12]. Data of ancient civilizations shows that some
because they are conveniently available and have fewer side of drugs used by the modern doctors/ pharmacist were already use
effects then other pharmaceuticals [5]. Globally the medicinal and in the Egyptian, Babylonians, Greeks, Romans, Chinese and
aromatic plants worth was $62 billion in the year 2002 and if the peoples of the sub-continent (India & Pakistan) [12, 13].
situation will go on as it is today, its worth will reach $5 trillion by Similar works regarding the importance of ethnobotanical plants
2050 [3, 6]. It has been reported that approximately 10,000 been previously reported in Malakand division of Pakistan [5,12-
medicinal plants worldwide are currently under sever threat [4] due 20]. Review of literature study confirms that earlier no
to deforestation, over grazing etc. ethnobotanical research work has been carrying out on the present
In Pakistan about 6000 species of higher plants have been study area. The present study amid to enlist the important plants of
reported and from these 600 to 700 species are used for medicinal the study area and to explore their medicinal wealth and other daily
purposes [3]. 50 % of Pakistani population is commonly treated by life uses.
some 50,000 practitioners of traditional medicine [7]. Mostly due to
lack of proper health facilities the indigenous medicinal plants have Material and Methods
been especially used by the villages community as a medicine
based on long experiences of elders, and this knowledge has been Study area: Dir is an important District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
passed on orally from generation to generation without any written (KPK) Province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of Chitral
documents [1,8-11]. between 35° 50' and 34° 22' N and 71° 2' and 72° 3' E, taking its
name from the village of Dir, the headquarter of the former rulers

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

 Nasrullah et al. International Journal of Phytomedicine 4 (3) 351-354 [2012]

[12]. The District is surrounded by Chitral in North West, Malakand The present study revealed that the study area contain diverse
Agency in South, Swat in east and Bajaur Agency in South West, flora of ethnobotanical importance. A total of 67 plants belonging to
while in the West it adjoins Afghanistan. Dir is administratively 39 families were studied for ethnobotanical uses (Fig. 1). Of these
subdivided into Dir (Upper) and Dir (Lower), having an area of 40 plants were herbs (57 %), 23 trees (34 %), 4 shrubs (6 %) and 2
5,280 km². Dir is lying in the temperate zone of the Northern mushrooms (3 %). Some of the plants are of high market value in
mountainous ranges of Indo-Pak Sub-continent, therefore the respect of medicinal, timber and vegetable and also a primary
weather is affected by all the climatic factors “Latitude, altitude and source of income for the local inhabitants.
rain bearing wind (Cyclone and monsoon wind). January is the In lower parts of Jandool Vallay (i.e Mayar, Munda and
coldest month in which temperature ranges from 2 °C to -2 °C and Samarbagh) the people mainly depend on government hospital,
the hottest month is July in which the temperature rises to more private clinics and pharmacies for their health care while the people
than 32 °C [21]. Basically the area is mountainous, surrounded on of upper parts (i.e Maskiny, Kakas and mainbanda) of Vallay
all sides by high mountains and is floristically rich for medicinal mainly depend on the surrounded medicinal plants. Usually the
plants [12]. elders (mostly woman) of a village or family prescribed treatment to
Collection, preservation and identification: The present study was a patient.
conducted between March 2009 - April 2010, to explore and Pak- Afghan border present in west is a rich home for
document the local flora and their local uses of Jandool valley, Dir ethnobotanical important plants and these plants are transported
lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. Regular trips were throughout the country for different purposes. Due to lack of
made to the selected area and plants specimens were collected, education, poverty, proper awareness, overgrazing, no legislations
dried and preserved in the Herbarium of University of Malakand. form government and no reforestation followed by proper
The plants specimens were identified with the help of taxonomists, protection about the medicinal plants, Some of the trees species
previous available literature [22, 23] and flora of Pakistan [24, 25]. (e.g. Cedrus deodara (Roxb.ex Lamb) G. Don, Olea ferrginea
A questionnaire was design to interview the local inhabitants during Royle and Juglan regia L.) and high medicinal value plants (e.g.
field trips and ethanobotanical information were gathered. Ajuga bracteosa Wall.ex Benth, Artimisia vulgaris L. and Berberis
Normally, the elderly people including men and women, who were lycium Royle etc) present in Valley are under high biotic pressure
familiar with traditional uses of indigenous plants, were interviewed due to high market prices and are now infrequent in Valley. Most
for the extraction of folk knowledge. of inhabitants are poor and they can't afford Liquefied petroleum
gas (LPG), therefore they use medicinal plants (Olea ferrginea
Results and Discussion Royle and Accacia) as a source of fuel..
Rhamnaceae Helveliaceae Mimosacea Poaceae
Agaricaceae
4% Ructaceae 1% 3% 4%
Violaceae 1%
Punicaceae 1%
1% 3% Lamiaceae
Urticaceae 7%
1% Simaroubaceae
Portulaceae 1%
1%
Platanaceae Amaranthaceae
1% 1%
Oxalidaceae
1% Oleaceae Ranunculaceae
3%
1%
Brassicaceae
1% Amaryllidaceae Asteraceae
1% 4%
Meliaceae
1% Alliaceae
Juglandaceae 3%
1% Papilionaceae Berberidaceae
4% 1%
Fumaeaceae
Polygonaceae
1%
Moraceae 6%
6% Cannabinaceae
Euphorbiaceae 1%
3% Mystraceae Pinaceae Asclepiadaceae
Equistaceae 1% 4% 1%
1% Rosaceae
Ebenaceae Solanaceae Sapindaceae Convolvulaceae
3%
1% 4% 1% 1%

Fig: 1 Ethnobotanical important plants families distribution in the Jandool Valley of Pakistan.

PAGE | 352 |
 Nasrullah et al. International Journal of Phytomedicine 4 (3) 351-354 [2012]

Mushroo
Shrub
m
6%
3%

Tree
34%

Herb
57%

Fig: 2 Percentages of habits of ethnobotanical plants in Jandool valley of Pakistan.

Bark Resin/Latex Cone

Seeds 3% 3%
4% 1%
Wood
Stem 9%
8% Leaves
21%
Shoot
3%

Gum
Fruit 2%
16%
Whole Plant
Flower 19%
3% Root
Rhizome
5%
3%

Fig: 3 Different part of the ethnobotanical plants used for different purposes in Jandool valley of Pakistan.

Conclusion Acknowledgement
The present study concluded that the medicinal plants of the
We are thankful to the inhabitants and Hakims of Jandool valley for
selected area are of great medicinal and economic importance.
provision of indigenous knowledge of the medicinal plants. Special
The area is under high biotic pressure in the form of deforestation
thanks to Prof. Dr. Jahandar Shah (Vice Chancellor Shaheed
and overgrazing. Especially the woody plants are under threat. So,
Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, District Dir Upper, Pakistan)
Education, awareness and government legislation about the local
for guidance and help during plant identification.
flora is the need of time

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PAGE | 354 |
 Nasrullah et al. International Journal of Phytomedicine 4 (3) 351-354
Supplementary Data
Table: 1 Ethanobotanically important plants of Jandool vallay, District Dir lower, KPK, Pakistan
S/No Botanical name Family Local name Habit Part used Ethanobotanical uses
Wood is used for timber and fuel purposes, leaves is fodder and gum
1- Accacia nilotica L. Mimosacea Kikar Tree Wd, L & Gu
for curing diabetes.

2- Acacia modesta Wall. Mimosacea Palosa Tree Wd & Gu Wood is used for timber and fuel purposes and gum is used as a tonic.

3- Avena sativa L. Poaceae Jawdar Herb WP Powder is used for nervious problems, and feeding cattles
4- Ajuga bracteosa Wall.ex Benth Lamiaceae Buty Herb L Used for jaundice, fever and joint pains.
5- Alianthus altissimab L. Simaroubaceae Spena Bakyanra Tree WP Timber, fuel and fooder
6- Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae Chalwai Herb WP Vegetable, emollient

7- Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.ex Royle Ranunculaceae Zaharmora Herb Rhi As a growth enhancer, general body tonic, fever and pains killer.

8- Aconitum chasmanthum Ranunculaceae Ghra Zahar Herb R As a tonic, appetizer and vomiting.
9- Artimisia vulgaris L. Asteraceae Tarkha Herb L & Fl Nervieous problems and cure skin problems.
Used for spicy test in cooking and sexual strength, high blood presure,
10- Allium sativum L Alliaceae Ooga Herb Rhi
flu
Slightly warmed bulb used as poultice for the treatment of abscesses,
11- Allium cepa L. Alliaceae Piaz Herb Rhi
used in different foods.
12- Berberis lycium Royle Berberidaceae Kawary Shrub R, Ba & Fr Jaundice, Throat pains, diarrhoea, and fruit is edible.
13- Bistorta amplexicaulis (D.Don) Green Polygonaceae Tarva panra Herb Sh & L Mouth inflammation and treament of Ulcer.
14- Canabis sativa L. Cannabinaceae Bhang Herb Se, Fl, R & Re Used as pain killer, and as a cooling agent during summer.

Leaves milk is used for the treatment of asthma, previously it was used
15- Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br Asclepiadaceae Spalmay Herb St & L
for Snake bite treatment, oil are used for scabies and pain killer.

Wood is used for furniture and other house accessories because it

16- Cedrus deodara (Roxb.ex Lamb) G. Don. Pinaceae Diyar Tree Wd and Re
resistant to water and worm and resin is used for skin problems.

Used as a podder, grown in lawn for beauty and previously used for
17- Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers, Poaceae Kabal Herb WP
stomach ulcer.
18- Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulaceae Prewatay Shrub L, St, R & Fl Used as laxative, fodder and for epilepsy
19- Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. Papilionaceae Shawa Tree Wd, L Timber, fuel and furniture

20- Dodonea viscosa L. Jacq Sapindaceae Ghwaraskey Shrub WP Used as a fuel, thatching material in building and anti-inflammatory

21- Datura stramonium L. Solanaceae Harhanda Herb L&R Fruits are poisonous, used as antipyretic as well.
22- Diospyrus lotus L. Ebenaceae Toor amlook Tree Fr, Wd, L Fruits are edible, carminative and wood source of fuel.
23- Duchensea indica (Andr) Rosaceae Zmake tooth Herb Fr Fruits are edible, laxative and wood source of fuel.
 Nasrullah et al. International Journal of Phytomedicine 4 (3) 351-354 supp. Cont.
24- Equisetum arvensis L. Equistaceae Bandaky Herb Sh Used as hair tonic and in urine problems
25- Eugenia jamblana Lam. Mystraceae Jaman Tree Fr & Ba Used to cure diabetes, mouth wash, and fruits are edible.
26- Euphorbia helioscopia L. Euphorbiaceae Prewatki Herb WP Plant are poisonous, used in skin problems and laxative.
27- Ficus caricca L. Moraceae Inzar Tree Fr, L & La Fruits are edible, milk is used for skin problems.
28- Fumaria indica Husskin Fumaeaceae Paprra Herb WP Laxative, purgative, fodder and diuretic.

29- Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Brandis Papilionaceae Ghoreja Herb Sh Shoot are used for making baskets, wood for fuel and as a fodder.

Fruits are edible, the leaves and bark are used espicially by womens for
30- Juglan regia L. Juglandaceae Ghoz Tree Fr, Ba & L cleaning teath locally called Dandasa as a source of makeup, wood are
used for making furniture, Dandasa are also used as hair dye.

Used for gastic problems, Leaves flavour are used in several local
31- Mentha longifolia L. Huds Lamiaceae Vilanay Herb WP
food.

Used in different food as a flavouring agent espicially in Chatni, also

32- Mentha spicata L. Lamiaceae Podina Herb WP
used as a cooling agent and in gastric problems.

Fruits are edible, Stem is used as a source of fuel, timber and for
33- Morus alba L. Moraceae Spin Toot Tree Fr, St & L
furniture, leaves as fodder.
Fruits are edible and used for jaundice, Stem is used as a source of
34- Morus nigra L. Moraceae Toor toot Tree Fr, St & L
fuel, timber and for furniture, leaves as fodder.
35- Melia azadarach L. Meliaceae Tora Bekanrha Tree L & Wd Leaves are used for treatment of diabetes, Wood for fuel.

Fruits are edible and used for jaundice and digestion problems, Stem is
36- Morus lavaegata Wallich. Ex Brandis Moraceae Shah toot Tree Fr, St & L
used as a source of fuel, timber and for furniture, leaves as fodder.

37- Narcissus poeticus L. Amaryllidaceae Gule gangus Herb WP Used for ornamental purposes, usually grown on graves.
Cooked as Saag for eating, Used for tratment stomach problems and as
38- Nasturtium officinale R.Br Brassicaceae Tarmira Herb WP
cooling agent.
39- Ocimum basilicum L. Lamiaceae Kasmalay Herb WP Ornamental plant due good smell and tratment of flu.

Fruit are edible, Oil are highly used for body pain espicially joint pain,
40- Olea ferrginea Royle Oleaceae Khona Tree Fr, St & L leaves are used for treartment of sore throat and antiseptic, the wood is
highly used for preparing agriculture tools, furniture and fuel.

Used as a cooling agent and for stomach problems. Fresh leaves are
41- Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae Threwakay Herb St & L
eaten due to good taste.
Timber, furniture and fuel, the dried leaves locally called "Barwaza"
42- Pinus roxburgii Sargent. Pinaceae Nakhtar Tree Wd and Re are use to spread in floor of Mosque, and as a packing material in local
fruits.
Timber, fuel and furniture. Cones have edible seeds locally called
43- Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex Lamb. Pinaceae Chilghoza Tree Wd, L, Se and Co
Chagoza, having high market value used as tonic.
44- Plantnus oriantalis L. Platanaceae Chinar Tree WP Used as in Tember, fuel and furniture purposes.
 Nasrullah et al. International Journal of Phytomedicine 4 (3) 351-354 supp. Cont.
45- Portulaceae oleracea L. Portulaceae Warkharay Herb WP Used as a vegetable.
46- Polygonum glabrum L. Polygonaceae Palpolak Herb WP Plant powder used for fish hunting.
47- Pyrus communis L. Rosaceae Naspatay Tree Fr & St Fruit are edible and wood used as a fuel.

48- Punica granatum L. Punicaceae Anangori Tree Fr Fruit are edible, used as blood purifier and in digestive problems.

49- Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae Arhanda Tree Se Used as a Laxative and treatment of cough and fever.
50- Rumex dentatus L. Polygonaceae Shalkhy Herb WP Cooked as a vegetable (Saag) and used as a healing agent.
51- Rabdosia rugosa (Wllich ex. Benth) Hara Lamiaceae Spearkhy Herb WP Vermicide and insecticide.

52- Rumex hastatus L. Polygoniaceae Tarokhy Herb WP Used in Snup (Locally called Naswar), and as a cooling agent.

53- Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Kachmacho Herb Fr Used for treatment of liver, heart and skin problems.
54- Sorghum helipense (L) Pers Poaceae Ddum Herb WP Fodder
55- Taraxacum officinale Webber. Asteraceae Zair gulae Herb Fr, L & R Used for diabetes, snake bite and kidney problem.
56- Trifolium repens L. Papilionaceae Shautal Herb Se & L Fodder.
57- Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae Seezonkey Herb Sh Vegetable and used for treatment of jaundice.
58- Voila canescens Wall. Violaceae Benofsha Herb L Used as anticancer and for treatment fever, flu.
59- Voila biflora L. Violaceae Benofsha Herb L Used for treatment of fever.
60- Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Solanaceae Koti Lal Herb Fr & L Used in fever and in rheumatism, tonic
61- Xanthium stramarium L. Asteraceae Geshkey Herb WP Pain killer and fodder.

62- Zizyphus jujube Mill. Rhamnaceae Baira Tree Fr Fruits are edible, wood as a source of fuel and blood purifier.

63- Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Ructaceae Dambara Shrub Se, St & Ba Used as a cooling agent, carminative and tonic.
64- Zizyphus oxyphyla Edgew Rhamnaceae Elanai Tree Fr, L, R & Wd Antidiabetic, heart tonic and wood as a source of fuel.
Fruits are edible, wood as source of fuel, leaves as a fodder and
65- Zizyphus mauritiana L. Rhamnaceae Markhanai Tree Fr, L & Wd
treatment of flu.
66- Agaricus compestris L. Agaricaceae Kharerhai Mushroom WP Cooked as food.
67- Morchella esculenta Helveliaceae Kharerhai Mushroom WP Used as a delicious food and body tonic.

Wd = Wood, L = Leaves, Gu = Gum, Wp = Whole Plant, Rhi = Rhizome, R = Root, Fl = Flower, Fr = Fruit, Se = Seed, Ba = Bark, St = Stem, Sh =Shoot, Co = Cone, Re = Resin, La = Latex.

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