Viability of Talahib Grass and Chicken Feathers As Carbon Paper
Viability of Talahib Grass and Chicken Feathers As Carbon Paper
Viability of Talahib Grass and Chicken Feathers As Carbon Paper
We dedicate our work to God Almighty, for watching over us, for his guiding hand, and
To our beloved parents, for their never-ending support, for their patience and being
To our dear adviser, Mrs. Velilla, for giving us the necessary confidence, for giving us
complete creative freedom, and for imparting us with knowledge and wisdom.
To our groupmates, for being with us all the way, for cooperating, supporting,
To our school, for shaping us and guiding us, giving us courage to face our futures, and
And last but not the least, for ourselves. For our continued growth, for the precious
experiences both pleasant and unpleasant, for our pride, and in order to achieve greater heights.
RESEARCH PAPER
VIABILITY OF TALAHIB GRASS AND CHICKEN FEATHERS AS
CARBON PAPER
GROUP 3
Basquiñas, Marion
Submitted to:
CHAPTER I:
INTRODUCTION
Carbon paper is a thin paper coated with the mixture of wax and pigment that is used
between two sheets of ordinary paper in order to make one or more copies of an original
document.
Carbon paper is used in many ways. It has high demand in schools, offices, clerks,
accounting managements, and others. The ink used in the production of Carbon paper is truly
expensive because of the materials needed, even its pigment fades as time goes by. Therefore, it
Researchers found a way to help decrease the cost of the carbon paper, and to improve
the time it will last. Thus, the need of more economical replacement arises. Used batteries and
The used battery is a waste that needs effort for its disposal. Being garbage, it might
become hazardous due to the chemicals that it contains. It might also be a threat to people’s lives
and to our environment. In the other hand, charcoals are from burned woods. Therefore, these
two can be a great help in producing carbon paper in a more cost-effective way.
B. Conceptual Paradigm
Carbon Paper Made Out of
Grass and Chicken Feathers
Materials Experimentation
1. Can you really form paper just by using glue and water?
2. Can the paper made from grass and feathers really be carbonized?
3. Will the batteries really provide good pigment for the carbon paper?
4. Does charcoal really strengthen and improve the durability of the carbon paper?
5. Could grass and chicken feathers be really used in making carbon paper?
D. Hypothesis
3. The batteries won’t provide good pigment for the carbon paper.
4. Charcoal would not strengthen and improve the durability of the carbon paper.
5. Grass and chicken feathers could not be used in making carbon paper.
clerks, students, teachers, or anyone who is using carbon paper in making copies of legal
documents or receipts. It helps them make better paper copies and lessen the number of carbon
papers being used. In this study, the researcher makes long-lasting carbon paper. The result of
using grass and chicken feathers as a replacement for trees and plastics in making the paper will
help reduce the cutting of trees and contributes in solving the problem of having too much plastic
waste in our environment. This study will show that carbon paper can last longer with a good
quality of ink and be environmentally friendly at the same time. For future researchers who will
make this study as their reference, this will give them helpful information that will help them in
F. Definition of Terms
Carbon Paper
Thin paper made from grass and coated with carbon black from batteries.
Pigment
Carbon Black
A chemical found inside batteries that contain pigment that will be used for the
Talahib Grass
areas
The fibers in this grass would be used in the creation of paper in this research.
Chicken Feathers
A byproduct of chickens that will be used as a strengthener for the grass paper
Charcoal
A residue of burned wood, that will be used to increase the longevity of the product.
Glue
A sticky substance that will help the fibers stick together and form paper.
LOCAL STUDIES
Packaging Paper from Coconut Husk and Chicken Feathers (IV - Jacinto, Meycauayan
College, 1996). In this research, it is explained that paper was discovered by the Egyptians.
The Coconut Husk has been used in several studies and experiments relating to creation of
paper. Coconut Husk and Chicken Feathers can be used as substitute over other materials in
packaging paper.
The Feasibility of Charcoal and Ink from the old Battery for the production of Carbon Paper
(Daez, 1997). This study states that carbon black pigment that can be obtained in old
batteries is passable to be a replacement for ink used in carbon paper. In the researcher's
Cogon Paper with Polystyrene (IV - Lapu-lapu, Meycauayan College, 1996). This study
stated that the Cogon grass, a fibrous material that is a very common plant in the Philippines,
can be used as an alternative in making paper. And according this study, it can help reduce
1996). In this research, the researchers stated that the materials used are all recycled like
Styrofoam that is used for packaging, excess gasoline, old newspaper, used paint brush and
many others. The polystyrene-coated paper is very useful nowadays. It has the characteristics
Paper out of Dayami (Eledia, 1994). In this study, the researchers stated that dayami that are
sometimes considered trash in rice fields can be useful and be made into paper.
Paper from Sawdust (Solano, et al.) This study stated that sawdust coming from wood that is
being cut can be used to make paper by recycling and using a simple drying technique with
ingredients like water, cornstarch, glue, and sawdust. In the researchers experiment the paper
Handmade Paper (IV - Recto, Meycauayan College, 1997). This research stated that the
Garbage such as Rice straw that consume a lot of space in the field can be turned into more
Paper bag out of Chicken Feathers (Beley, et al.). This study stated that paper maybe flexible,
fragile, or soft, it is the cheapest and most useful material. This product is environment
friendly and does not causes pollution. In this study, the researchers aim to make a paper bag
out of chicken feathers that will be more affordable and environment friendly.
Handmade Parchment Paper (Baldivas, 1994). This research stated that wood pulp can be
used as paper-making. Pulp material are need long enough to make strong paper.
The Production of Marker Pen Ink from Carbon Black in used Batteries. (IV - Lakandula,
Meycauayan College, in this research, the researchers stated that carbon black has a great
alternative ink even though its quality is not the same as the commercial pens.
Production of Paper from Carabao Grass (College of Engineering and Technology Chemical
Engineering Department). This study stated that Carabao grass also known as Laua-Laua, a
number of crops, it absorbs the nutrients of the soil thus creating lesser yield of crops and
The Feasibility of Bamboo Pulp as an Additive Component for Handmade Paper (IV -
Bonifacio, Meycauayan College, 2000). In this research, the researchers stated handmade
papers can be more durable if bamboo pulp and two parts of rice straw pulps, that decreases
the tear factor, is added in making paper. And helps reduce deforestation.
Wrapping Papers out of Chicken Feathers. (Macaraig, et al.). This study stated that chicken
feathers, an abundant waste in poultry, can be a good substitute for paper and packaging
material by mixing the filtered pulp of chicken feathers to starch solution and alum. It will
Production of Computer Ink from Carbon of Vehicles (Hermano). In this study, the
researchers were able to produce an alternative ink from carbon of vehicles even though it is
The Production of Paint from the Carbon Black in used of Batteries (Lunaria, et al. 2001). In
this study, the stability and intensity of the blackness of carbon black from used batteries are
tested. The researchers were able to produce the alternative paint qualities but it is not as
FOREIGN STUDIES
Production of Printing and Writing Paper grade pulp from Elephant Grass (Andrade, Federal
University of Vicosa). This study aimed to characterize chemically and morphologically elephant
grass. They evaluate the potential of its fibers for production of printing and writing paper grade
pulp. The paper is characterized for their beat ability, drain ability, and physical-mechanical
properties. The resulting pulps were fully bleached and indicates that the elephant grass has shot
fiber material similar to hardwood. It was concluded that elephant grass is suitable for the
Cogon Grass as an alternative Fiber for Pulp and Industry: On Chemical and Surface
Morphological (San Mond and Mohn Aripin, Faculty of Technology Engineering University Tun
Hussein, Malaysia). This study had the goal to search for an alternative fiber to produce paper.
Good potential fiber resource from pulp and paper making analyzing its chemical and
morphological properties. It shows that Cogon Grass and long fibers provides good strength to
Grass Species as Raw Material for Pulp and Paper (Pankala, Finland). This research says that
green canary grass that shows the short-fiber fraction obtained from birch can be used to replace
with grass in fine paper. The use of non-wood fibers as an alternative material for the production
The Perennial Grasses in the Pulp and Paper Industry (Patrick and Samson, Girouard). This study
aimed to prove that perennial grass is highly applicable to use for the production of pulp and
paper. The study states that the grass can easily be found anywhere and able to supply using a
small trucking haul. The researchers stated that the key to the production of a long term, stable,
low cost supply of agricultural fiber for the pulp and paper industry is the development of high
This study states that non-wood plants were examined as alternative fiber due to the limited
origin resources in paper production. In Malaysia, Imperata cylindrica was used as renewable
materials to obtain cellulosic pulps to produce paper and hence preventing the environmental
problems. The chemical compositions, fiber dimension, pulp and mechanical properties of I.
cylindrica were investigated for application in paper-based production. The surface morphology
of hand sheet was also visualized. The chemical compositions involved in this were determined
according to the chlorite method, Kurscher-Hoffner approach and TAPPI test method.
Chicken Feathers Keratin to Produce Paper. (Castanano and Velasco-Santos) The study shows
that chicken feathers can be considered as a waste in poultry. In this research, the feathers keratin
and polyurethane are combined in order to synthesize hybrid synthesis-natural membrane. This
study shows that keratin is grafted in polyhesive and therefore there is an influence of carboxylic
groups (NH and COOH) into the synthetic polymer structure. According with characterization
results, the obtained membranes are functional materials that can be useful in diverse application,
among them the separation process can be emphasized. Chicken feathers keratin can produce
Structure and Properties of Chicken Feather Barbs as Natural Protein Fibers (Reddy and Yang,
University of Nebraska). This study states that the structure and properties of chicken feather
barbs makes them unique fibers preferable for several applications. The presence of hollow
honeycomb structures, their low density, high flexibility and possible structural interaction with
other fibers when made into products such as textiles provides them unique properties unlike any
other natural or synthetic fibers. In this study, the researchers report the physical and
morphological structure and the properties of chicken feather barbs for potential use as natural
protein fibers. The morphological structure of chicken feather barbs is similar to that of the
rachis but the physical structure of the protein crystals in chicken feather barbs is different than
that reported for feather rachis keratin. The tensile properties of barbs in terms of their strength
and modulus are similar but the elongation is lower than that of wool. Using the cheap and
abundant feathers as protein fibers will conserve the energy, benefit the environment and also
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Chicken Feather Materials (Dr. Kurtis, Georgia Institute
of Technology) This study states that materials derived from chicken feathers could be used
advantageously in composite building material applications. Such applications could potentially
consume the five billion pounds of feathers produced annually as a by-product of the U.S.
poultry industry. To aid the development of successful applications for chicken feather materials
(CFM), the physical and mechanical properties of processed CFM have been characterized in
this research. Results describing the moisture content, aspect ratio, apparent specific gravity,
chemical durability, and tensile strength for processed CFM and specifically their fiber and quill
components are presented herein. Finally, a simplified approach for comparing the effective
Strong and Super Tough Carbon Sheets at Low Temperature (University of Texas, Dallas. 2018).
This study shows how scientists developed high-strength, super-tough sheets of carbon that can
be inexpensively fabricated at low temperature. The team made the sheets by chemically
stitching together platelets of graphitic carbon, which is in certain ways similar to graphite found
Making Paper from Grass (Brittgow, 2013). This is an article that shows on how people can
make a paper by the use of grass. Compared to using virgin wood, paper made with 100%
recycled content uses 44% less energy, produces 38% less greenhouse gas emissions, 41% less
particulate emissions, 50% less wastewater, 49% less solid waste and — of course — 100% less
wood. It contains six steps on how to make a paper: First cut the grass and grind it with the
mortar and pestle, add caustic soda to release the cell contents, wash and rinse to remove
chemicals and cell contents, add bleach and bring to the boil, wash and rinse to remove the
bleach, and form the paper. It also includes a video that shows the demonstration of this process.
Carbon Paper made out of Used Tissue and Wax (Council of Industrial and Scientific
Research, India). A study involving the process of manufacturing carbon paper. Carbon coating
mix, coating on paper surface, cutting into standard size and packaging demand on this study.
Produced carbon paper made out from tissue and wax can be used as a stationary for your
everyday life.
Michigan State University Copy Paper Study (J. Palmer, Michigan). This study aimed to find the
ways of making an alternative to reduce the consumption of paper by using paper made from
post-consuming waste, making paper from agricultural by-products, and making paper from
sustainably harvested virgin fibers. This study determines the ways of reducing the consumption
A New Leaf: Making Paper from Weeds (L. Conti). This study aimed to use the “giant reed”
weed as a substitute on making paper instead of wood. The study stated that this material is a
rapid renewable source that is an eco-friendly way to produce paper that is decreasing the
processing requirement and with a 25 percent savings in terms of both energy and chemicals.
Production of Carbon Paper Using Charcoal and Black Mix of Used Battery as Pigment
(Castelo, Gonzales, Quito). This study aimed to find the ways of making an alternative way to
produce a carbon paper without using carbon black and wax. The authors stated that the ink used
in the production of commercial carbon paper is expensive due to its high production costs that’s
why they have come up for a cheaper substitute. This study also aimed to help reduce the
Carbon of Dry Celled Batteries as Pigment of Production of Carbon Paper (J. Callao).
This study aimed to find alternative materials in making Carbon Paper that you can easily found
anywhere. This study aimed to prove that carbon from dry celled batteries will be an effective
substitute in making pigment for producing carbon paper. This study also aimed to prove that
G. Synthesis
This research, is a combination of all said researches in the form of carbon paper made from
grass and chicken feathers. We gave the other researches a new purpose, an innovation which
makes use of infrequently used materials such as grass and chicken feathers, which can also help
The researches are proof that paper can be made from grass and/or chicken feathers, and that
used batteries can be recycled as pigment for carbon paper. All the researches show that there are
innumerable ways to recycle used items such as feathers of chickens, batteries, and grass that has
been cut. A lot of resources and materials may be saved by using these kinds of alternatives. The
studies proved that batteries have components that have the capacity to be made into pigment,
and that grass fibers and chicken feathers are suitable substitutes to trees in making paper.
All of these researches aim to use environment friendly materials than traditional materials such
as trees in order to recycle, to avoid deforestation, and to innovate. All these studies and methods
prove that our research is a feasible alternative to making carbon paper. All of the information in
their researches could help shape a better, more environmental, and more economical future.
Through these studies and this research, we can steadily improve the health of the environment
and thus ensure a brighter future. Each and every one of the researches contributes to making
CHAPTER II:
RESEARCH METHODS
A. Research Design
This study used experimental research design and tests methods for the researchers to fully
conduct and measure any change within subjects’ experiments. This method is the most common
way in obtaining data which includes the use to answer a particular research question. This
research is a blueprint of the procedure that enables the researcher to test their hypothesis by
reaching valid conclusions about relationships between independent and dependent variables. In
this study, the researchers need to make a lot of experiments until they reach their goal. It needs a
lot of testing to do like how many talahib grass and chicken feathers do they need to make the
paper that will answer their problems and know if their hypothesis is right and also to know the
results in each and every experiment that will determine if this research is really reliable.
B. Research Locale
interviewed in any comfortable place that the respondent will choose to. To gather the best
results, the researchers will interview respondents who have experience with carbon paper, or
paper in general. The study is conducted during the school year of 2018 - 2019.
C. Research Participants
The participants in this research worked in various companies who considered carbon paper as
an everyday need in their work. Some of these are cashiers, accountants, clerks, and workers
(most especially in the field of numbers). The individuals in this study are considered as the
participant of this research because the carbon paper remain for them as an effective tool for
making copies in point of sale transactions, tracking slips for mail delivery services, on-the-go
copying services, duplicate checks, and money orders. Each individual of this study also looks
for this as a kind of device that is easier and more comfortable to use even though it is not nearly
popular as much. In addition, workers who are in the field of numbers were also considered as an
appropriate participant of this study area because they constitute carbon paper as the most
Therefore, those participants are in the best position to furnish the researcher with the
D. Research Instrument
A set of survey questionnaire was prepared for gathering data. The questionnaire consisted of 6
questions with 2 choices for each. The questions gathered data about the product’s durability,
writability, longevity, visibility, the overall efficiency and the overall feasibility of each product.
All in all, the questionnaire served to compare the quality of each product based on its
characteristics.
The researchers gathered five people in order to gather data about the product.
The researchers asked them to compare commercial carbon paper and the research product itself
During the experimental phase of our research topic we have applied the trial and error method
in making the paper, and as a result we have observed the following and used as a guide:
washing soda
2 5 minutes 16 grams
4 10 minutes 28 grams
6 15 minutes 32 grams
5 20 minutes 30 grams
9 30 minutes 33 grams
15 50 minutes 36 grams
CARBONIZATION PROCESS
1 20 grams 5 tablespoons
3 60 grams 11 tablespoons
By using the above aforementioned tables, we therefore conclude that the best statistical method
Additional Information:
These are the total amount of materials we used in the making of our experimental product.
4 grams = teaspoon
7 grams = teaspoonful
5 cups are added after the first 10 minutes + 3 cups after every 10 minutes.
G. Ethical Considerations
This study aims to produce a good quality of carbon paper made up of talahib grass and chicken
feathers. The researchers formed the paper using glue and water and used old batteries and
charcoal as a substitute pigment for the carbon paper. After making the carbon paper, the
researchers tested the quality of the paper and compared it to commercial carbon paper. With all
the data gathered in this study, the researchers prove that carbon paper can be environmentally
friendly and have good quality with the use grass and chicken feathers.
CHAPTER III:
A. Presentation of Data
Using a survey, 5 people were asked how they would rate and compare the product to the
Commercial Research
Product Product
Durability 3 5
Writability 5 4
Longevity of
4 4
Pigment
Visibility of
5 5
Text
Efficiency 3 5
Overall
4 5
Feasibility
TOTAL 24 28
B. Analysis of Data
Based on the survey the researchers conducted, here are the results they’ve gathered.
According to the results the researchers conducted, using grass and chicken feathers in carbon
paper making with used batteries and charcoal as its pigment is possible although its quality
would not be as good as the quality of the commercial quality paper itself.
C. Correlation
To assess the correlation of this research, experimental analysis will determine if there's a
significant relationship between the production of Carbon Paper and the ingredients that are
included in the experiment (measurements and time duration). Based on the experiments that
have been conducted, the correlation of this research is a positive coefficient: as the amount of
Talahib grass and Chicken feather increases, the amount of water, washing soda, and carbon
black also increases. As one of these decreases you will see other variables also decreases. When
it comes to the materials, as the researcher use the kitchen stove, the shorter time and lower
amount of ingredients have been used. When the researcher used the charcoal and wood furnace,
the longer time and higher amount of ingredients have been used. As the result, the higher the
amount of the ingredients, the higher the amount of production of carbon paper.
CHAPTER IV:
A. Summary
During the experiments, the researchers have observed a change in the quality of the paper
caused by changing the mix of the formula. The more glue in the formula the thicker and harder
the paper. Adding more water means thinning out the paper. The amount of the solution is also
directly proportional to the amount of grass and feathers. The solution needs to be extremely
Before the experiments, the researchers were unsure about using old batteries as a substitute for
carbonizing paper. But after trial and error, a method to use carbon black was discovered. After
obtaining the carbon black, it is ground and mixed wit minimal water, then applied onto paper (in
this case, the product). Carbon Black is a recyclable, eco-friendly, and efficient substitute for
substitute for the commercial version. It is more efficient and is more convenient, while also
This research aimed to prove if the product is a better alternative to commercial carbon paper.
The main focus was making the process low-cost and environment friendly. It was achieved
through the use of good, recycled substitute ingredients. Using grass, used feathers, used
batteries, and charcoal effectively made it more environment friendly and affordable.
All in all, this research proves that recycled materials can feasibly be used in the making of
carbon paper. The quality is close enough to the original. After a few years of development and
complete research, this product can successfully replace the commercial product.
B. Conclusion
Based on the information’s the researchers have gathered from the experimentation analysis, the
researchers concluded that making carbon paper using grass and chicken feathers is possible and
useful not only to those individuals who uses carbon paper in work but also it is also useful to the
environment for it uses recyclable materials such as used batteries and charcoal. The researchers
also concluded that the quality of a handmade carbon paper is could be as good as the
commercial carbon paper. Although the research can be still improved upon and perfected.
C. Recommendations
2. The grass should be more thoroughly hand-picked as opposed to just picking every grass
to be used.
4. A larger storage for the grass and glue mixture is more appropriate than what was used.
5. A proper presser is required to be able to make the grass more paper-like in thinness
6. The glue used must be stickier than the former to ensure that the grass paper is more
refined and flatter, as the grass will have bonded together more.
D. Bibliography
https://www.dw.com/en/paper-made-of-grass/av-18928474.
December 20, 2015.
https://www.fespa.com/en/news-media/blog/paper-made-from-grass.
January 2, 2019.
Colonette, Jorge. “Production of Printing and Writing Paper Grade Pulp from Elephant Grass.”
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-77602016000300325.
July 3, 2016
http://technoscience.global2.vic.edu.au/2013/03/20/making-paper-from-grass/comment-page-1/.
https://www.motherearthnews.com/diy/making-paper-from-plants-zm0z17jjzqui.
June/July 2017.
https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/ask-an-expert/viewtopic.php?t=8135.
anyone/321fc3a1-59e7-4146-8757-0b386c581afe/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.0e711483988a.
May 4, 2001.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318249927_Valorisation_of_chicken_feathers_Applic
Cluck”https://www.greenbiz.com/news/2002/03/31/recycling-poultry-feathers-more-bang-cluck.