INTRODUCTION

The Breadboard
The breadboard consists of two terminal strips and two bus strips (often broken in the
centre). Each bus strip has two rows of contacts. Each of the two rows of contacts are a node.
That is, each contact along a row on a bus strip is connected together (inside the breadboard).
Bus strips are used primarily for power supply connections, but are also used for any node
requiring a large number of connections. Each terminal strip has 60 rows and 5 columns of
contacts on each
side of the centre gap. Each row of 5 contacts is a node.
You will build your circuits on the terminal strips by inserting the leads of circuit
components into the contact receptacles and making connections with 22-26 gauge wire. There
are wire cutter/strippers and a spool of wire in the lab. It is a good practice to wire +5V and 0V
power supply connections to separate bus strips.
 The 5V supply MUST NOT BE EXCEEDED since this will damage the ICs (Integrated
circuits) used during the experiments. Incorrect connection of power to the ICs could result in
them exploding or becoming very hot - with the possible serious injury occurring to the
people working on the experiment! Ensure that the power supply polarity and all
components and connections are correct before switching on power. Building the
Building the Circuit:
Throughout these experiments we will use TTL chips to build circuits. The steps for wiring a
circuit should be completed in the order described below: 1. Turn the power (Trainer Kit) off
before you build anything! 2. Make sure the power is off before you build anything! 3. Connect
the +5V and ground (GND) leads of the power supply to the power and ground bus strips on
your breadboard. 4. Plug the chips you will be using into the breadboard. Point all the chips in
the same direction with pin 1 at the upper-left corner. (Pin 1 is often identified by a dot or a
notch next to it on the chip package) 5. Connect +5V and GND pins of each chip to the power
and ground bus strips on the breadboard. 6. Select a connection on your schematic and place a
piece of hook-up wire between corresponding pins of the chips on your breadboard. It is better to
make the short connections before the longer ones. Mark each connection on your schematic as
you go, so as not to try to make the same connection again at a later stage. 7. Get one of your
group members to check the connections, before you turn the power on. 8. If an error is made
and is not spotted before you turn the power on. Turn the power off immediately before you
begin to rewire the circuit. 9. At the end of the laboratory session, collect you hook-up wires,
chips and all equipment and return them to the demonstrator. 10.Tidy the area that you were
working in and leave it in the same condition as it was before you started.
Common Causes of Problems:
1. Not connecting the ground and/or power pins for all chips.
2. Not turning on the power supply before checking the operation of the circuit.
3. Leaving out wires.
4. Plugging wires into the wrong holes.
5. Driving a single gate input with the outputs of two or more gates
6. Modifying the circuit with the power on. In all experiments, you will be expected to obtain all
instruments, leads, components at the start of the experiment and return them to their proper
place after you have finished the experiment. Please inform the demonstrator or technician if you
locate faulty equipment. If you damage a chip, inform a demonstrator, don't put it back in the
box of chips for somebody else to use.
NAND GATE IC

NOR GATE IC
NOT GATE

AND GATE IC
7432(OR GATE)

EX-OR GATE IC
MAGNITUDE COMPARATOR (7485)
 EXPERIMENT-
Implement Logic Gates Using NAND and NOR Gates

I. Objective: To implement AND, OR, NOT using NAND and NOR Gates.
II. Apparatus:
1. Logic trainer kit/ Electronic Circuit Designer Kit
2. IC 7400
3. IC 7402
4. Connecting wires
III. Theory: Logic gates are electronic circuits which perform logical functions on one or
more inputs to produce one output. There are seven logic gates. When all the input
combinations of a logic gate are written in a series and their corrresponding outputs written
along them, then this input/ output combination is called Truth Table. Various gates and
their working is explained here.
IV. Experiment:
AND Gate using NAND
AND gate produces an output as 1, when all its inputs are 1; otherwise the output is 0. This gate
can have minimum 2 inputs but output is always one. Its output is 0 when any input is 0.

OR Gate using NAND

OR gate produces an output as 1, when any or all its inputs are 1; otherwise the output is 0. This
gate can have minimum 2 inputs but output is always one. Its output is 0 when all input are 0.

NOT Gate using NAND

NOT gate produces the complement of its input. This gate is also called an INVERTER. It
always has one input and one output. Its output is 0 when input is 1 and output is 1 when input is
0.

AND Gate using NOR

OR Gate using NOR

NOT Gate using NOR

V. Truth Table:
NOT Gate:

INPUT A OUTPUT Y= A’

0 1

1 0

AND Gate:

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT Y= A.B

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

OR Gate:

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT Y= A+B

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1
VI. Procedure:
1. Connect the trainer kit to ac power supply.
2. Connect the inputs of any one logic gate to the logic sources and its output to the logic
indicator.
3. Apply various input combinations and observe output for each one.
4. Verify the truth table for each input/ output combination.
5. Repeat the process for all other logic gates.
6. Switch off the ac power supply.

VII. Observations:
Logic Gates Using NAND Gate:
NOT Gate:

INPUT A OUTPUT Y= A’

AND Gate:

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT Y= A.B

OR Gate:

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT Y= A+B

Logic Gates Using NOR Gate:

AND Gate:

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT Y= A.B

OR Gate:

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT Y= A+B

NOT Gate:

INPUT A OUTPUT Y= A’

VIII. Result: Hence logic gates are implemented using NAND and NOR gates.
 Experiment-
DESIGN A 4 BIT COMPARATOR USING GATES/IC
I. Objective: Implementation of 4-bit magnitude comparator using IC 7485.
II. Apparatus:
1. Digital Logic Trainer.
2. IC Type 74L85 4-bit magnitude comparator.
3. Switches for inputs and
4. LED displays for outputs.
5. Connecting wires.
III. Theory:
Magnitude comparator is a combinational logic circuit that compares between two binary
numbers A and B and determines their relative magnitudes. The output of the circuit is specified
by three binary variables whether: A>B, A=B or A<B.

IV. Pin Configuration(IC 7485)

V. PROCEDURE:
1. Check all the components for their working.
2. Insert the appropriate ICs into the IC base.
3. Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram in figure 5.
4. Verify the Truth Table and observe the outputs.
5. Repeat the same steps but for the circuit diagram and apply inputs in the following table,
also record the output at each.
VI. Observation:

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT

VII. RESULT:
Hence 4-bit magnitude comparator output is verified.