PHYSICS PROJECT

TOPIC:- “LOGIC GATES”

NAME: -- ANUJEET SAHA

CLASS: -- XI

SECTION: -- A (SCIENCE)

ROLL NO.: -- 7

SUBJECT: -- PHYSICS

UID: --
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Anujeet Saha, student of, Class- XI, Section- A
(SCIENCE), Roll No. - 7, worked on a project titled- “LOGIC GATES”, held in St.
Paul’s Academy school during the academic session of 2020-2021.

He worked sincerely under the guidance of the respective subject faculties and
prepared this Project.

External teacher Subject Teacher

 PREFACE
Investigatory project is a very effective method of learning by doing the
research work, which includes collecting materials from different sources and
presenting them in an interesting manner.

Making an investigatory project helps the students to develop a scientific outlook

and make them think analytically and logically as well. It makes their thinking
process more creative and they also become curious to learn new things.

At last I would like to convey my heartfelt gratitude towards my subject teacher,

Mr. Arijit Mukherjee, who inspired me and guided me to make this project
successful.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the successful accomplishment of this project, which became possible due to
the blessings bestowed upon me by the people and also for their heart pledged
support, I would like to utilize this time for thanking all of those who have been
concerned with this Project.

First of all, I would like to thank God for guiding me through all the steps that I
took, which made the project a success.

Then I would like to thank my subject teacher, Mr. Arijit Mukherjee, for
providing me the opportunity of doing the project and also for his valuable
guidance which helped me patch up the project. His suggestion and instructions
has served as a major contributor towards the completion of the project.

Last, but certainly not the least, I would like to thank my parents for providing all
the resources which have been helpful in various phases of the completion of the
project.
 CONTENTS
SERIAL NUMBER TITLE PAGE NUMBER
1. INTRODUCTION 6
2. PRINCIPE 7
3. BASIC GATES 8
4. THE OR GATE 9-10
5. THE AND GATE 11-12
6. THE NOT GATE 13-14
7. THE NOR GATE 15-16
8. THE NAND GATE 17-18
9. THE EX-OR GATE 19-20
10. THE EX-NOR GATE 21-22
11. CONCLUSION 23
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY 24
 INTRODUCTION
1. GATE:-
A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical relationship
between input and output voltages. It is defined as a digital circuit which
either allows a signal to pass through or stops it.
The logical gates are building blocks of digital electronics. They are used in
digital electronics to change one voltage level to another according to some
logical statement relating to them.
2. TRUTH TABLE:-
A logic gate may have one or more than one inputs, but it has only one output.
The relationship between the possible values input and output voltages are
expressed in the form of a table, called the Truth Table.
This table shows all the input and output values possible for a logic gate
3. BOOLEAN ALGEBRA:-
The algebra which is based on the binary nature of logic gates.
4. BOOLEAN EXPRESSION:-
They are logical statement followed by logical gates.
 PRINCIPLE
Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated with input and output values,
which represents the statement of Boolean algebra. Although these circuits may
be complex, they may all be constructed from three basics- Devices like a P-N
Junction Diode, a Resistance and a N-P-N Transistor.

LOGICAL STATEMENTS

1 0
HIGH LOW
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
ON OFF
CLOSE OPEN
CONDUCTING NON-CONDUCTING
RIGHT WRONG
TRUE FALSE
YES NO
 BASIC GATES
We have three different types of logic gates and they are:-

a) The AND Gate:-

It is a device which combines with A and B to give Z as result. The
AND gate has two or more inputs and one output. In Boolean algebra,
multiplication sign is referred as the AND.
The Boolean expression: A.B=Z or, A x B=Z
This indicates that Z equals to A and B.

b) The OR Gate:-
It is a device that combines A and B to gives Z as result. It also has
two or more inputs but one output. In Boolean algebra addition
symbol(+) is referred as the OR.
The Boolean expression: A+B=Z
This indicates that Z is equals to A or B.

c) The NOT Gate:-

It is a device that inverts the input. The NOT gate has one input and
one output. In Boolean algebra bar symbol is referred as NOT.
The Boolean expression:
This indicates that Z is not equal to A
 The OR Gate
AIM:-

To design and stimulate the OR Gate Circuit.

COMPONENTS:-

Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2)

THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:-

An OR gate can be realized by the electronic circuit, making use of two diodes D1
and D2.

Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to the 0
level, and the positive terminal of the battery corresponds to 1 level.

(The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth)

The following conclusions can e drawn from the above circuit:

1. If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0, B=0), then bulb does not glow,
hence Y=0.
2. If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0), then bulb glows,
hence Y=1.
3. If switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb glows,
hence Y=1.
4. If switch A and B both are closed (A=1, B=1), then bulb glows, hence Y=1.

TRUTH TABLE:-

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT Y

0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 1
 The AND Gate
AIM:-

To design and stimulate the AND Gate circuit.

COMPONENTS:-

Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2) and resistance R.

THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:-

An AND Gate can be realized by the electronic circuit, making use of two diodes
D1 and D2. The resistance R is connected to the positive terminal of a 5V battery
permanently.

Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to 0 level,
and the positive terminal of the battery to 1 level.

(The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth)

The following conclusions can be drawn from the above circuit:

1. If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0, B=0), then bulb does not glow,
hence Y=0.
2. If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0), then bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0.
3. If switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0.
4. If both switch A and B is kept closed (A=1, B=1), then bulb glows, hence Y=1.

TRUTH TABLE:-

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT Y

0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
 The NOT Gate
AIM:-

To design and stimulate the NOT Gate circuit.

COMPONENTS:-

An ideal n-p-n transistor.

THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:-

A NOT Gate cannot be realized by using diodes. However, an electronic circuit of

NOT Gate can be realized by using n-p-n transistor.

The base of the transistor is connected to the input A through a resistance Rb

and the emitter is earthed. The collector is connected at the 5V battery.

(The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth)

The following interference can be easily drawn from the circuit:

1. If switch A is kept open (A=0), then bulb glows, hence Y=1.

2. If switch A is kept closed (A=1), then bulb does not glows, hence Y=0.

TRUTH TABLE:-

INPUT A OUTPUT Y
0 1
1 0
 The NOR Gate
AIM:-

To design and stimulate the NOR Gate circuit.

COMPONENTS:-

Two ideal p-n junction diodes (D1 and D2).

An ideal n-p-n transistor.

THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:-

In Boolean expression NOR Gate is expressed as:

If we connect the output Y of the OR Gate to the input of a NOT Gate, then the
gate obtained is the NOR Gate.

(The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth)

The interferences drawn from the above circuit are:

1. If switch A and B is kept open (A=0, B=0), then bulb glows, hence Y=1.
2. If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0), then bulb does not
glows, hence Y=0.
3. If switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb does not
glows, hence Y=0.
4. If both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1), then bulb does not glows
hence Y=0.

TRUTH TABLE:-

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT Y

0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 0
 The NAND Gate
AIM:-

To design and stimulate the NAND Gate circuit.

COMPONENTS:-

Two ideal p-n junction diodes (D1 and D2).

A Resistance R.

An ideal n-p-n transistor.

THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:-

In Boolean expression NAND Gate is expressed as:

If we connect the output Y of the AND Gate to the input of a NOT Gate, then
the gate obtained is the NOR Gate.

(The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth)

The interferences drawn from the above circuit are as follows:

1. If switch A and B is kept open (A=0, B=0), then bulb glows, hence Y=1.
2. If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0), then bulb glows,
hence Y=1.
3. If switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb glows,
hence Y=1.
4. If both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1), then bulb does not glows
hence Y=0.

TRUTH TABLE:-

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT Y

0 0 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0
 The EX-OR Gate
AIM:-

To design and stimulate the EX-OR Gate circuit.

COMPONENTS:-

(a) Two AND Gates

(b) An OR Gate
(c) Two NOT Gate

THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:-

In Boolean expression EX-OR Gate is expressed as:

The operation EX-OR checks for the exclusivity in the value of two signals A and
B. It means that if A and B are not identical, the output Y=1, and if both are
identical then output Y=0. This operation is also called as Exclusive OR Gate.
The interferences drawn from the above circuit are as follows:

1. If switch A and B is kept open (A=0, B=0), then bulb does not glows, hence
Y=0.
2. If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0), then bulb glows,
hence Y=1.
3. If switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb glows,
hence Y=1.
4. If both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1), then bulb does not glows
hence Y=0.

TRUTH TABLE:-

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT Y

0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0
 The EX-NOR Gate
AIM:-

To design and stimulate the EX-NOR Gate circuit.

COMPONENTS:-

(a) Two AND Gates

(b) An OR Gate
(c) Three NOT Gate

THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:-

In Boolean expression EX-NOR Gate is expressed as:

The operation EX-OR checks for the exclusivity in the value of two signals A and
B. It means that if A and B are not identical, the output Y=0, and if both are
identical then output Y=1. This operation is also called as Exclusive NOR Gate.
The interferences drawn from the above circuit are as follows:

1. If switch A and B is kept open (A=0, B=0), then bulb does glows, hence Y=1.
2. If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0), then bulb does not
glows, hence Y=0.
3. If switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb does not
glows, hence Y=0.
4. If both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1), then bulb glows hence Y=1.

TRUTH TABLE:-

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT Y

0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
 CONCLUSION
Logic gates are used to develop many IC circuits or microchips in today’s modern
world. They also have a wide application in microprocessors, microcontrollers,
embedded system applications and in electrical project circuits.

Logic circuit is one that behaves like a switch, that is, a two positive device with
ON or OFF states. This is termed as a Binary Device.

NAND Gate and NOR Gate are known as universal gates because we can construct
all the three basic gates using NAND and NOR gates.

Without Logic Gates electronic world would be nearly incomplete.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
This project would be nearly incomplete without the information provided by the
following sources:

1. NCERT Physic Class 12

2. Concepts of Physics Part-2- H. C. Verma
3. Nootan ISC Physics (Class 12)- Kumar - Mittal