Diversity of Organisms and Classification

Diversity of Organisms and
Classification
Taxonomy
 Organizing, classifying
and naming living things
 Formal system
originated by Carl von
Linné (1701-1778)
 Identifying and
classifying organisms
according to specific
criteria
 Each organism placed
into a classification
system
Classification of Organisms
Kingdom  Domain
 Kingdom
Phylum / Division
 Phylum
Class  Class
Order  Order
 Family
Family  Genus
Genus  Species
Species
3 Domains
 Eubacteria
– true bacteria, peptidoglycan
 Archaea
– odd bacteria that live in extreme
environments, high salt, heat, etc. (usually
called extremophiles)
 Eukarya
– have a nucleus & organelles (humans,
animals, plants)
Taxonomy
 5 main kingdoms:
– Monera
– Protista
– Fungi
– Plantae
– Animalia
Naming Micoorganisms
 Binomial (scientific) nomenclature
 Gives each microbe 2 names:
– Genus - noun, always capitalized
– species - adjective, lowercase
 Both italicized or underlined
– Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)
– Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis)
– Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Evolution - living things change gradually
over millions of years
 Changes favoring survival are retained and less

beneficial changes are lost
 All new species originate from preexisting
species
 Closely related organism have similar features
because they evolved from common ancestral
forms
 Evolution usually progresses toward greater
complexity
Insert figure 1.15
Woese-Fox System
Bacteria Kingdom
 Unicellular,
microscopic
 No nucleus
– Prokaryotic
 No chlorophyll
– Saprophytic or
parasitic
Protist kingdom
 Unicellular; microscopic
 Nucleus present
– Eukaryotic
 Autotrophic or heterotrophic
Fungus kingdom
 Eukaryotic
 Made up of hyphae
 No root, stem and
leaf
 No chlorophyll
– Saprophytic or
parasitic
 Reproduce by
forming spores
Animal Kingdom
 Eukaryotic
 Divided into two groups according to the
presence or absence of backbone:
– Invertebrates : without backbone
– Vertebrates : with backbone
Invertebrate
Coelenterates
•2 layers of cells
•Have tentacles with
sting cells
•One opening
Flatworm
•Long and flattened body
•Free living or parasitic
Ringed worms
•Long and segmented body
•Have chaetae for locomotion
Roundwoms
Long, cylindrical and segmented body
Most of them are parasites
•Molluscs
•Soft and unsegmented body
•Covered by a hard shell
Echinoderms
•Marine animals with 5-radial plan body

•Have external spines
Arthropods
• Segmented body
• Have a hard exoskeleton and several pairs

of jointed legs
• Divided into 4 classes

1. Crustaceans
2. Arachnids
3. Myriapods
4. Insects
Crustaceans
Arachnids
Myriapods
Insects
Vertebrates
 Divided into 5 groups:

– Fish
– Amphibians
– Reptiles
– Birds
– Mammals
Fish
 Aquatic
 Cold-blooded
 Body covered with
wet and slimy scales
 Streamline body for
easy movement
through water
 Fins for balance and
to control movement
 Gills for breathing
 External fertilization
Amphibians
 Cold-blooded
 Moist, scaleless skin
 Limbs present
– tetrapods
 Larvae (tadpoles) use
gills for breathing;
adults use lungs
 External fertilization
Reptiles
 Cold-blooded
 Body covered with
dry, hard scales
 Live on land
 Breathe with lungs
 Internal fertilization;
lay shelled eggs
Birds
 Warm-blooded
 With feathers and
wings
 Beak for feeding
 Lungs for breathing
lay shelled eggs
Mammals
 Warm-blooded
 Hairs on skin
 Females have
mammary glands for
producing milk
 Lungs for breathing
 Diaphragm present
embryos develop
inside mothers’ bodies
Plant Kingdom
 Eukaryotic
 Most plants contains photosynthetic
pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for
photosynthesis
– Autotrophic
 Can be divided into two groups:
– Non-flowering plants
– Flowering plants
Non-flowering plants
 4 groups:
– Algae
– Mosses
– Ferns
– Gymnosperms
Algae
 Aquatic
 May be unicellular or
multicellular
 No root, stem or leaf
 Contain photosynthetic
pigments (e.g.
chlorophyll) for
photosynthesis
Mosses
 With simple leaves and stems
 No root; with rhizoids for anchorage and
absorption of water
 Reproduce by spores
 No vascular tissues
 Found in damp area
Ferns
 With true roots,

stems, leaves and
vascular tissues
 Reproduce by
spores
 Live in damp
places
Gymnosperms
 Reproduction by
producing seeds
– Seeds develop in
cones, not enclosed
by fruits
 naked seeds
 Needle-shaped
leaves to reduce
water loss
Angiosperms (Flowering plants)
 With flowers for

reproduction
 Seeds are
produced inside
the fruit (matured
ovary)
Two groups of flowering plants
Dicotyledons Monocotyledons
Cotyledons Two One
Leaf venation Netted Parallel
Root system Tap root system Fibrous root

system

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Diversity of Organisms and

 Changes favoring survival are retained and less

•Marine animals with 5-radial plan body

• Have a hard exoskeleton and several pairs

• Divided into 4 classes

 Divided into 5 groups:

 With true roots,

 With flowers for

Cotyledons Two One

Leaf venation Netted Parallel

Root system Tap root system Fibrous root

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