Kingdom Plantae & Kingdom Animalia Prepared by: Ms. Jonna Karla C.

Bien, RN

KINGDOM PLANTAE
2 MAJOR GROUPS
TRACHEOPHYTES Vascular plants BRYOPHYTES Nonvascular plants

Tracheophytes have:
VASCULAR TISSUES

Xylem transports water Phloem transports food Produce lignin strengthens the cell walls Encased within a cutin a waxy-waterproof substance It includes the most advance species of plant life.

 SPORE-FORMING TRACHEOPHYTES Ferns, clubmosses, horsetails and true ferns

 SEED-FORMING TRACHEOPHYTES 1. GYMNOSPERMS woody plants with seeds that are

not enclosed by fruits Divisions: a. Coniferophyta cone-bearing plants with needlelike leaves b. Cycadophyta palm-like c. Gingkophyta broad-leaved deciduous d. Gnetophyta shrubby gymnosperms with scale-like leaves and trees climbing vines with leathery leaves

 Conifers Most common gymnosperms Prefer low temperature Importance Sources of food for animals Provide habitat to wildlife Economically important Important in erosion control, protection of water sheds Enhancement of aesthetic value of a community

 ANGIOSPERMS Have well-developed roots, stems and leaves Have vascular tissues Reproductive organs are enclosed within a flower Seed of the plant are enclosed in a fruit Reproductive organs are enclosed within a flower All plants that develop a fruit

KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Characteristics: Composed of eukaryotic cells
Multicellular cells (with diploid cells) Heterotrophic Respire aerobically Stages of development involve a series of mitotic

division

 Fertilization occurs ater the union of the egg and

sperm cell. It forms a hollow ball of cells called the blastula. Certain cells begin to move inward to form blastopore.
Protostomes- may develop to a mouth Deuterostomes - anus

 The migrating surface cells become an endoderm,

ectoderm and mesoderm.

 Body Symmetry

corresponding arrangement/balancing of the parts or elements of the body Animals may be: Asymetrical- arrangement of body parts does not follow a certain pattern Radial arrangement of the body parts are arranged in a regularly repeated pattern around a central point Bilateral arrangement of the body plane can be divided along a single plane into two exact halves.

 PRIMITIVE ANIMAL PHYLA They have no true organs (tissue level) Belonging to the early ages Composed of Phylum placoza with single specie: Trichoplax adherens

 Trichoplax adherens A microscopic animal found in sea water and on walls of marine tanks in laboratories & aquariums

 PHYLUM PORIFERA (porus-pore; ferre to bear) The body of sponges is filled with holes/pores called ostia Its body has 3 types of cells:

EPITHELIAL CELLS covers the outer body surface INNER FLAGELLATED CELLS ingest and digest food AMOEBOID CELLS digest and distribute food, produce and reproduce cells

Secrete spicules serve as the skeletal elements If you press it hard, it might prick you

 Radially Symmetrical Phyla

Examples: Jellyfish Sea Anemone Corals

 ACOELOMATE PHYLA Composed of 5 phylum of wormlike anmials that are either parasitic or free-living

 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES (platys-flat; helminths worm) Flatworms have more advanced characters than cnidarians as they have developed bilateral symmetry which permits more active body movement.

 Fasciola hepatica adult liver fluke Lives in liver of cows, sheep, pigs and other mammals

 Tapeworm Taenia saginata

 PHYLUM NEMATODA Includes unsegmented worms Most are parasitic They are more advanced than flatworms because they have a complete digestive tract.

 Ascaris lumbricoides Lives in intestines of pigs and man Causes abdominal distention and pain

 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA Have soft bodies which are often protected by an exoskeleton (spicule/shell) 3 GROUPS

Class Gastropoda Usually have a coiled shell snails & slugs Extremely diverse Slugs = terrestrial gastropod which has lost shell

 Class Cephalopoda - octopus, squid

body and a head surrounded by tentacles Most advanced nervous system and sensory organs of any invertebrate

 Class Bivalva - clams, oysters

 PHYLUM ANNELIDA Includes segmented worms

Example: Earthworm (Lumbricus terretris) Leeches (Hirudo medicinalis)

 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA Largest animal phylum Subphyla: Crustacea Chelicarates Uniramians

 CRUSTACEA

CHELICERATES

 UNIRAMIANS

 INSECTA

 MODES OF ADAPTATION Protective coloration

Color of insects blend with the environment

Protective mimicry

The shape of the insects make them look like objects in their surroundings

 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA Echinos-hedgehog; derma-skin Have tube feet for feeding (with suction effect)

Water vascular system - system unique to this phylum

Decentralized nervous system Rapid regeneration Secondary radial symmetry

Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

Tube foot
an extension of the water

vascular system of a starfish. The tube feet act like little suction cups which enable to starfish to grasp onto the sediment for movement or to break into bivalves for food. Note that since this is not a muscular system, they will not tire.

 PHYLUM CHORDATA Contains most advanced animals Have dorsal hollow nerve cord located near the back and gill slits during the embryonic stage of development

Notochord string like structure that supports the body of a young chordate. Present in some stages of development and replaced by a backbone/vertebral column.

 CARTILAGINOUS FISHES Class Chondrichthyes Ex. Shark & Stingray

 Bony fishes Osteichthyes Have ossified skeleton With skull, vertebral column and ribs

 SUPERCLASS TETRAPODA
Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

 AMPHIBIANS Have smooth, miost skin and gills slits at some life stage Most develop lungs as adults Living skin - must be moist to breathe
Lay eggs in water Outcompeted in water (fish) and land (reptiles)

 REPTILES first truly terrestrial animals Amniotic egg Scales (lungs now sole respiratory organ) Modificatons of pectoral and pelvic girdles to facilitate movement on land

 AVES (BIRDS) Retain their reptilian-like scales on their feet With feathers Lay eggs that have hard, waterproof, calcium impregnated cells

 MAMMALS

Characteristics: - presence of hair - functional RBCs without nuclei - with female mammary glands.

PROTOTHERIA

Consists of the duckbilled platypus & the spiny anteater

THERIA
True mammals Composed of the other species

MARSUPIALS
have internal fertilization and early development. Later Development occurs in an external pouch where the embryo feeds on milk through the nipple of mammary gland.

PLACENTAL MAMMALS

Complete their development in the female uterus (nourished by the placenta)