DOUBLE STAGE SINGLE PHASE HYBRID STAND ALONE

SOLAR INVERTER

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by Under the supervision of

Khushboo Sunariya(14EUCEE042) Prof. S.C. Mittal
Kushagra(14EUCEE043) (Department of Electrical Engineering)
Lubhavan Parihar(14EUCEE045) University Teaching Department of RTU
Mahendra Choudhary()14EUCEE046) Kota-324010

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Apart from the efforts of us, the success of any project report depends largely on the
encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude
to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this Report.
We wish to express our profound gratitude and indebtedness to Prof. S.C. Mittal, Department
of Electrical Engineering, UTD, RTU-KOTA for introducing the present topic and for their
inspiring guidance, constructive criticism and valuable suggestion throughout the project
work. Last but not least, our sincere thanks to all our friends & co-partners who have patiently
extended all sorts of help for accomplishing this undertaking.

2
 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

We undernamed solemnly declare that the project report DOUBLE STAGE SINGLE PHASE
HYBRID STAND ALONE SOLAR INVERTER is based on our own work carried out during
the course of our study under the supervision of prof. S.C. Mittal . I assert the statements made
and conclusions drawn are an outcome of my research work. I further certify that
1. The work contained in the report is original and has been done by me under the general
supervision of my supervisor.
2. The work has not been submitted to any other Institution for any other
degree/diploma/certificate in this university or any other University of India or abroad.
3. We have followed the guidelines provided by the university in writing the report.
4. Whenever we have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, and text) from other sources, we
have given due credit to them in the text of the report and giving their details in the
references.

NAME :
KHUSHBOO SUNARIYA (14EUCEE042)
KUSHAGRA (14EUCEE043)
LUBHAVAN PARIHAR(14EUCEE045)
MAHENDRA CHOUDHARY (14EUCEE046)

SIGNATURE OF PROJECT SUPERVISOR

3
 ABSTRACT
Today effective solar power generation is necessary for smart grid implementation. Also
reliable and protected solar inverter is necessary for effective smart grid. Double-stage single-
phase standalone solar inverter with incremental conductance MPPT (INC), boost controller is
implemented here. In normal condition inverter current T.H.D is under the limit as per IEEE-
519. At the time of fault near solar panel or inverter, load will be supply by main supply through
inverter. Results are obtained by simulation in MATLAB R2015a software. The whole system
can be used in local distribution system as an application in future effectively.

4
 Contents

Declaration 3

Abstract 4
List of Figures 7
List of Tables 8
Acronyms 9
Nomenclatures 10

Chapter 1: Introduction 11-13

1.1 Introduction 11
1.2 Objective 11
1.3 Literature survey 11-12
1.4 Work layout 13
Chapter 2: Solar Inverter 14-18
2.1 Introduction 14-16
2.1.1 Open Circuit Voltage and Temperature 15
2.1.2 Module Current and Irradiance 16
2.2 DC-AC Converter 16
2.3 Solar inverter 16
Chapter 3: Plan of work 19-27
3.1: Introduction 19
3.2 : PV Plant Modelling 19
3.3: INC MPPT Controller with regulator 22
3.4 :DC-DC Boost controller and H-Bridge PWM Inverter 25
Chapter 4: Hybrid Single Phase Double Stage Standalone Solar Inverter 28-29

4.1 Proposed Hybrid solar inverter 28

4.2 MATLAB Implementation 29

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Chapter 5: Simulation Results 30-33
5.1 Under Normal Condition 30
5.2 Under solar supply outage condition 31
5.3 Under proposed hybrid solar inverter condition manually 32
5.4 Under proposed hybrid solar inverter condition using relay and breaker 33
Conclusions And Future work 34
References 35-37

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No. Title Of Figure Page no.

1.1 Traditional two stage grid connected solar inverter 12

2.1 Photoelectric effect in solar cell 14

2.2 I-V characteristic of PV module with temperature variation 15

2.3 I-V characteristic of PV module with irradiance variation 16

2.4 Basic solar inverter system 17

3.1 Block diagram of work plan 19

3.2 Equivalent circuit PV module 20

3.3 PV module (BP MSX_60) circuit [16] with varying irradiation 20

3.4 Simulated P-V and I-V characteristic of PV module 21

3.5 PV curve having maximum power point 22

3.6 Responses of the 60 W peak PV module with variable irradiance. 22

3.7 Basic flowchart of Incremental conductance MPPT 23

3.8 Increamental conductance mppt controller with regulator 24

3.9 Boost controller simulated model 24

3.10 Basic circuit diagram of two stage solar inverter 26

3.11 Complete standalone connected double stage single phase solar inverter 27

4.1 Schematic single line diagram of hybrid standalone system 28

4.2 Simulation model of Double-stage single-phase Hybrid solar inverter 29

4.3 Simulation model of 2-stage 1-φ Hybrid solar inverter with relay and breaker 29

5.1 Various voltages at the time of normal condition 30

5.2 Load Current in normal condition 30

5.3 Load voltage at the time of fault or solar inverter fails 31

5.4 Load Current in fault condition 31

5.5 Various voltages at the time of hybrid solar inverter action manually 32

5.6 Load Current in at the time of hybrid solar inverter action manually 32

5.7 Voltages at the time of hybrid solar inverter action using relay and breaker 33

5.8 Load Current in at the time of hybrid solar inverter action using relay-breaker 33

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 LIST OF TABLES
S. No. Title Of Tables Page no.

1. Parameters of 60W PV Module 21

2. Parameters of Boost controller 25

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Acronyms

CSP Concentrated Solar Power

INC Increment Conductance

L-G Line to Ground

MATLAB Matrix Laboratory

MPPT Maximum power point tracking

OCC One cycle control

P&O Perturb and Observe

PLL Phase Locked Loop

PV Photovoltaic

PWM Pulse Width Modulation

RMS Root Mean Square

THD Total Harmonic Distortion

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Nomenclatures

G Irradiance in w/m2

ipv / ig Solar panel output current in amp

il Load current in amp

ƞ Efficiency

P i/p Output power from PV panel in watt

Po/p Output power from Solar inverter in watt

R Resistance in ohm

Vpv, Vg Solar panel output voltage in volt

X Inductance in henry

Z Ohmic load in ohm

Ipv,cell Current generated by the incident light

ID Shockley diode equation

Io,cell Reverse saturation or leakage current of diode

q Electron charge

k Boltzmann Constant

T Temperature in Kelvin

Rsh It is due to leakage current of P-N junction

Rs Contact resistance of semiconductor layers

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 CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
In 2010 world electricity consumption was 20.45 trillion kWh in which share of solar
inverter was around 20% [1]. In 2015 world electricity consumption will be 27 GW in which
share of solar inverter will be around 15.66 GW [1]. Efficient solar inverter has its own
importance in smart grid especially in domestic purpose. Photovoltaic is defendable, clean,
conserving, ubiquitous and everlasting system. But still compactness, protection, reliability and
monitoring functions are receiving more and more attention in this area.

Solar inverter is a power electronics device that converts the variable direct current output
of a solar PV panel into an alternating current that can be supply into an electrical grid or to a
off-grid local system. Now-a-days maximum power point tracking (MPPT), phase locked loop
(PLL), boost controller are combined in double stage [7].

This work describes the study of whole solar inverter system in subsections of four parts
including PV plant modeling, MPPT type and controller. Under normal condition inverter
current, total harmonic distortion (T.H.D) is under limit and conversion efficiency is greater than
94 percent. Main aim of this work to achieve a double stage standalone solar inverter system
having improved reliability of system. Proposed hybrid systems can be used in local distribution
system as application in future effectively.

1.2 Objective
Designing of 230 V, 60 Hz single phase double stage hybrid standalone solar inverter in
MATLAB 2015a Software. Also improving reliability of system at the time of pv panel outage
or solar inverter failure.

1.3 Literature survey

1.3.1 Double stage solar energy conversion system
Most of the traditional photovoltaic (PV) supply systems are composed of multi-stage
converter. The input-stage DC/DC converter is used to promote the input voltage and to draw the
maximum power of solar energy source while the output-stage inverter is used to supply AC

11
power to various AC loads. Such a system will cause much power dissipation due to multi-stage
structure. In addition, when the illumination is insufficient during a cloudy day, rainy day or
night, the PV supply system will suspend work. Thus, the overall utility of the PV supply system
will greatly reduce.
For solving the above problems, a DC power system with PV grid-connection is explained in
this the output voltage of PV array is promoted only via single-stage DC/DC converter and
supply directly DC power to the DC loads. Thus, the power dissipation which results from multi-
stage converter will be improved. Besides, for promoting effectively the utility of PV supply
system, the system except fed the surplus PV power to the grid via DC/AC inverter, the grid can
also supply insufficient power to the AC loads during illumination insufficient.
Conventionally in this area of solar energy conversion, two stage conversion topology [8] was
used. In which maximum power point tracking [MPPT] and inversion action were done in two
stages as shown in Fig. 1.1.

Fig.1.1 Traditional two stage grid connected solar inverter

The DC/DC converter is controlled so as to track maximum power point of the PV array, and to
transfer energy to the inverter. The DC/AC inverter is controlled to produce an output current in
phase with the utility voltage.

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1.4 Work layout
Chapter-1:- Presents the introduction of dissertation work in brief.
Chapter -2:- Presents PV characteristic and various types of solar inverter.
Chapters-3:-Presents work plan to achieve double-stage single-phase standalone solar inverter
model in MATLAB software.
Chapter -4:- Presents proposed Hybrid solar inverter system
Chapter -5:- Presents MATLAB simulation results of all proposed cases of solar inverter.

13
 CHAPTER 02
SOLAR INVERTER

2.1 Introduction

Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, is harnessed using a range of ever- evolving
technologies such as solar heating, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal electricity, solar architecture
and artificial photosynthesis.
Solar power is the conversion of sun light into electricity, either directly using photovoltaic
(PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP system use lenses or mirrors and
tracking systems to focus a large area of sun light into a small beam. PV converts light into
electric current using the photo electric effect.
A solar cell, or Photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into electric current
using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s.
The more sun there is, the more electricity is produced by a PV system. At night, no electricity is
produced even if the moon seems very bright. Because electricity is usually needed at night,
electricity made during sunny days is stored in a battery. Electricity can be drawn from the
battery at any time to do useful things such as operate lights, radios and television. Basic
photoelectric effect is shown in Fig. 2.1

Fig.2.1. Photoelectric effect in solar cell

14
2.1.1 Open Circuit Voltage and Temperature

A PV module’s voltage output is actually a variable value that is primarily affected by

temperature. The relationship between module voltage and temperature is actually an inverse
one. As elaborated in Fig.2.2.the module’s temperature increases, the voltage value decreases
and vice versa.

Fig.2.2. I-V characteristics of a PV module with temperature variation

2.1.2 Module Current and Irradiance

The amount of current produced by a PV module is directly proportional to how bright the
sun is. Higher levels of irradiance will cause more electrons to flow off the PV cells to the
load attached. However the amount of voltage produced by the PV module is affected by the
Irradiance value, but the effect is very small.
As demonstrated in Fig.2.3.the PV module’s voltage changes very little with varying levels
of irradiance.

15
 Fig.2.3. I-V characteristics of a PV module with irradiance variation [10]

2.2 DC-AC Converter

Formally called inverters, these convert fixed DC voltage to a variable AC voltage. The
output may be variable voltage and variable frequency. These converters use line, load or forced
commutation for turning off the SCRs. Inverters find wide use in induction motor drives and
synchronous motor drives, induction heating, UPS, HVDC transmission etc. At present,
conventional SCRs are also being replaced by GTOs in high-power applications and by power
transistors in low-power applications.

2.3 Solar Inverter

Solar inverter is a power electronics device that converts the variable direct current output of a
solar PV panel into an alternating current that can be supply into an electrical grid or to a off-
grid local system. As we have already said that solar power is varying in nature so we can
conclude that solar inverter is entirely different from conventional inverter. Fig.2.4 shows basic
picture diagram of solar inverter system.

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 Fig.2.4. Basic Solar inverter system

We have to keep in mind various factors at the time of design a solar inverter like control
techniques to control:-
 Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
 DC-AC conversion having least THD and high efficiency
 Frequency similar to Grid by Phase locked loop (PLL)
 Battery back at the time of low irradiance
 Fault ride through capability
 Islanding situation
 Voltage and current disturbances etc.
There are many types of topologies in the literature of solar inverter. Solar inverter topologies
can be divided into following ways as:-
On the basis of phases
1. Single phase topology
2. Three phase topology [16]
On the basis of stages
1. Double stage solar inverter topology
2. Single stage solar inverter topology

On the basis of Grid integration

1. Stand alone solar inverter
2. Grid connected solar inverter
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3. Hybrid solar inverter
Micro inverter also known as integrated AC module inverter is the latest research in the area of
solar inverter. In the smart grid implementation solar inverter is useful component.

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 CHAPTER 03
PLAN OF WORK

3.1 Introduction

Fig. 3.1 shows work plan through block diagram. Firstly we need a complete solar inverter
model in MATLAB software. For this we require four basic components as PV panel,
incremental conductance MPPT, H bridge PWM inverter and boost controller. At last reliability
of system is improved by hybrid solar inverter structure using relay and circuit breaker .

Boost
controller

Hybrid solar
inverter

Fig.3.1. Block diagram of work plan

3.2 PV Plant Modelling

Electricity can be produced directly by photovoltaic system. PV cell is the basic unit of a PV
system. Several PV cells are assembled in series or parallel to make a PV module. They may be
assembled to make panels. A PV module equivalent circuit is shown in Fig.3.2, in which the
simplest model can be indicated by a current source in anti-parallel with a diode and the non
idealities are indicated by introducing series resistance Rs and parallel resistance RP [10].Large
PV plants are composed of several PV panels or modules to produce desired level output.
Equation 1 mathematically shows the I–V characteristic of the ideal solar cell [10].

19
 Fig.3.2. Equivalent circuit PV module

(1)

Fig.3.3 shows the implemented simulated model of BP MSX_60 PV modules pv panel having
three pv module in series, which is used in series in this work as PV source. Table II shows the
parameters used in PV module modeling. After simulation we got the PV & IV curves as shown
in Fig.3.4.

Fig.3.3. PV module (BP MSX_60) circuit [15] with vary irradiation

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Fig.3.4. PV module (BP MSX_60) circuit [15] with vary irradiation

TABLE I
Parameters of 60W PV Module
Peak Power (Pmax) 60W
Maximum power voltage Vmax 17.1V
Isc 3.8A
Voc 21.1V
Rs 0.18 ohm
Rp 360 ohm
N 1.36
Temp. 298 K

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 Fig.3.5. Simulated PV & IV characteristic of PV Module

3.3 INC MPPT Controller with regulator

MPPT [18] is the automatic adjustment of electrical load in order to obtain the at most power out
of the connected solar panels. It is also defined as control technique applied to a switching
converter which forced the system to operate at optimal operating point. Fig.3.5 shows maximum
operating point on PV curve.

Fig.3.6. PV curve having maximum power point

There are many methods to find maximum operating points. Earliest method of MPPT is perturb
and observe (P&O), which having some disadvantage as it can’t compare the array terminal

22
voltage with actual maximum power operating voltage. So here we used incremental
conductance type MPPT. Incremental conductance

Fig.3.6 proves basic idea of variation of PV module voltage and power with changes in
irradiance. Also there is always need to track maximum power point in vigorous conditions of
change in irradiances and temperature. Incremental conductance (INC) MPPT has been first time
used in [3].

Time (sec.)
Fig.3.7. Responses of the 60 W peak PV module with variable irradiance.

Here INC MPPT is implemented with regulator. Regulator is used to minimize the error and also
for providing new current and voltage values for MPPT. Fig. 3.7 shows the flowchart of INC
which is used as simulated component in this work.

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 Fig.3.8. Basic flowchart of Incremental conductance MPPT

Fig.3.8 shows implemented MATLAB simulation circuit of concern INC MPPT with regulator.

Fig. 3.9.Increamental conductance mppt controller with regulator

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3.4 DC-DC Boost controller and H-Bridge PWM Inverter
The solar PV array voltage appears as input to the boost converter [6] and the output from this
converter is given as input to the H-Bridge inverter. The boost converter consists of a switch,
inductor on the input side and capacitor on the load side. Since it is a step-up converter, the
output voltage will always be greater than the input voltage. Thus, it is also known as step-up
converter. Based upon the duty cycle of the switch, the boost converter amplifies the applied
input PV array voltage. In order to obtain maximum power, the duty cycle of the switch is
controlled by a MPPT controller in this paper. The inductor and capacitor values are designed by
using the following formulae:

𝐸𝑑𝑐 𝛼
L=
𝐹𝑠 ∇𝐼

𝐸𝑜𝛼
C>=
𝐹𝑠𝑅∇𝑉

𝐸𝑜−𝐸𝑑𝑐
Where α=
𝐸𝑜

By substituting the values listed in Table III in above equations, the inductor and capacitor of the
boost converter are calculated as L = 12 mH and C = 8 mF.

Table II
Parameters of Boost Controller
Parameters Value
Input Voltage 63 volt
Output Voltage 230 volt
Switching Frequency 5000 Hz

Here enhanced version of novel MPPT controller [5] is implemented with boost converter in
MATLAB software as shown in Fig. 3.9.

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 Fig. 3.10. Boost controller simulated model

2 Level H- bridge inverter with PWM switching is used here, in which modulating wave is
coming from controller. First stage involves conversion of solar panel low voltage to high DC
voltage.

Second stage involves high DC voltage to desired AC voltage. To achieve this system having
three main parts as solar module, boost converter and inverter. For better control and to reduce
the system complexity it is necessary to control the boost converter through a MPPT controller.
MPPT control technique is used for enhancing the performance of system.

Pulse width modulation technique, pulse generator and MPPT controller are used to control the
switches used in converter and inverter circuit. At the end filter is connected to give acceptable
AC voltage. Fig. 3.10 shows implemented MATLAB simulation circuit of concern double stage
stand alone. We can see here that after complete operation we get four switching signals S1, S2,
S3 and S4, which will be fed to the H- bridge inverter.

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Fig. 3.11. Complete standalone connected double stage single phase solar inverter

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 CHAPTER 04
HYBRID SINGLE PHASE DOUBLE STAGE STANDALONE
SOLAR INVERTER
4.1 Proposed Hybrid solar inverter

In general condition solar inverter is capable to feed load. But at the time of any contingency
happens load supply is disturbed. To make system reliable we introduce a concept of hybrid solar
inverter in which main inverter is operating in parallel to the solar inverter operating via sensing
fault by relay and isolate via high speed circuit breaker. High speed AC circuit breaker [14] is
capable to disconnect the main inverter within one cycle. Fig.4.1 shows proposed hybrid [15]
standalone single phase double stage system model.

Battery
Bank

Fig. 4.1 Schematic single line diagram of hybrid standalone system

4.2 MATLAB Implementation

Fig. 4.2 shows the implemented MATLAB Simulink model of the proposed system described
above section. In this manually tripping is done at the time supply failure from pv panel. In Fig.
4.3 relay and circuit breaker concept has been used for feeding load at the time of outage.

28
 Fig. 4.2 Simulation model of Double-stage single-phase Hybrid solar inverter

Fig. 4.3 Simulation model of Double-stage single-phase Hybrid solar inverter with relay and breaker

29
 CHAPTER 05
SIMULATION RESULTS
5.1. Under Normal Condition
In normal condition solar inverter supply load according to irradiance and temperature.
Fig.5.1 shows various voltages with respect to time in seconds. We can see that even solar
voltages drops due to irradiance drop load still be fed up smoothly as we use mppt and boost
controller here. Also Fig. 5.2 shows load current.

Time (sec.)
Fig. 5.1 Various voltages at the time of normal condition

Fig.5.2 Load Current in normal condition

30
5.2 Under solar supply outage condition
In faulty condition or solar supply outage solar inverter fails to supply load. Fig.5.3 shows
various voltages with respect to time in seconds. We can see that load voltage become zero after
0.25 second. Also Fig. 5.4 shows load current is also zero. So we need some other supply to feed
load in such condition.

Time (sec.)
Fig.5.3 Load voltage at the time of fault or solar inverter fails

Fig.5.4 Load Current in fault condition

31
5.3 Under proposed hybrid solar inverter condition manually
In general when fault come we can switch off solar inverter and switch on main inverter
simultaneously by hand. Fig.5.5 shows inverter switching and load voltage with respect to time
in seconds. We can see that load voltage now fed up by main inverter after 0.25 second. Also
Fig. 5.6 shows load current. So we achieve reliability of system. But it is not an automatic
system. So we move on relay and breaker system in next section.

Fig.5.5 Various voltages at the time of hybrid solar inverter action manually

Fig.5.6 Load Current in at the time of hybrid solar inverter action manually

32
5.4 Under proposed hybrid solar inverter condition using relay and breaker
In proposed system when supply fails from solar side relay sense under voltage condition, and
give commands to main inverter to switch on using high speed circuit breaker, now load is fed up
by main inverter. Fig.5.7 load voltage with respect to time in seconds. We can see that load
voltage now fed up by main inverter after 0.25 second smoothly. Also Fig. 5.8 shows load
current. So we achieve better reliability of system with protection.

Fig.5.7 Various voltages at the time of hybrid solar inverter action using relay and breaker

Fig. 5.8 Load Current in at the time of hybrid solar inverter action using relay and breaker

33
 CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE WORK

This work implemented the application of hybrid solar inverter for improving reliability of
standalone double stage single phase solar inverter. Load remains connected even failure of pv
panel or inverter. Also entire modeling of standalone double stage single phase solar inverter is
presented.

The complete work also proves the reliability of proposed system in smart grid application as
local distribution system in future.

According to my point of view this work may give better results when we keep in mind some
issues as:-

 Battery backup at the time of low irradiance.

 Sensor based technology; reserve PV panel may become solution of above problem.
Also there is a possibility of islanding protection through single inverter.

34
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Books

 “Power electronics and control techniques for maximum energy harvesting in

photovoltaic systems”, by Nicola Femia.

 “Solar photovoltaic technology and system: a manual for technicians, trainers and
engineers”, by Chetan Singh Solanki.

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36
Website

 http://www.troquedeenergia.com/Produtos/LogosModulosSolares/BP-MSX-60-64.pdf
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power
 http://www.mathworks.in/videos/modeling-and-simulation-of-pv-solar-power-inverters-
81813.html?form_seq=conf882&confirmation_page&wfsid=5766758

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