Vibration Monograph

Report
Vibration
Submitted by:
Muhammad Najam ud din, Arslan arif, sheraz,
asad ali, shahzaib
Submitted to:
Sir. Tahir Abbas sb
Program:
BSC-MET-6th-B
Roll NO:
59072,59071,59074,59075,59073
SUBJECT:
Maintenance and condition monitoring
2
VIBRATION NOMO GRAPH AND

VIBRATION CRITERIA
Vibration leads to wear of machinery and discomfort of
humans, thus we want to
eliminate vibration
• Designer must compromise betweenacceptable amount
of vibration and
manufacturing cost
• Consider various techniques of vibration control.
Source of vibration
Rotating or reciprocating machinery
Engines
Compressors
Turbines
Motors
Usual Ranges of Vibrations
Atomic vibrations
Frequency = 1012 Hz
Displacement amplitude =10-8 to 10-16 mm
Microseism or minor tremor of earth’s crust
Frequency = 0.1 to 1 Hz
Displacement=10-5 to 10-3 mm1
1
https://dokumen.tips/
3
VIBRATION ANALYSIS
Vibration analysis of industrial machinery
has been around for many decades, but gained prominence
with the introduction and widespread use of the personal
computer.
Vibration Analysis refers to the process of
measuring the vibration levels and frequencies of industrial
machinery, and using that information to determine the
“health” of the machine, and its components.
When an industrial machine (such as a
fan or pump) is operated, it generates vibration. This
vibration can be measured, using a device called an
accelerometer.
An accelerometer generates a voltage
signal, proportional to the amount of vibration, as well as
the frequency of vibration, or how many time per second or
minutes the vibration takes place.
This voltage signal from the
accelerometer is fed into a data collector, which records this
signal as either a time waveform (amplitude vs. time), as a
Fast Fourier Transform (amplitude vs. frequency), or as
both. This signal can then be analyzed by a trained
vibration analyst, or by the use of a “smart” computer
program algorithm.
The analyzed data is then used to
determine the “health” of the machine, and identify any
impending problems in the machine, such as misalignment,
unbalance, a bearing or lubrication problem, looseness,
and more.
4
As an example, if we took a general

industrial fan, removed one of the fan blades, and started
the fan up, we could expect the fan to vibrate, due to an
unbalanced fan wheel.
This unbalance force would occur one time
per revolution of the fan.
If we re-installed the fan blade, this
vibration would be reduced.
In another example, if a bearing on this fan
had a spall (a portion of the bearing race damaged, much
like a “pot hole” on a highway), each time one of the
bearing’s roller contacted this spall, it would generate a
vibration.
If rollers “hit” the spall per revolution, we
should expect to see a vibration signal of 3.2 times the
running speed of the fan.
The use of vibration analysis can determine
problems caused due to improper installation, machining
errors, insufficient lubrication, improper shaft or sheave
alignment, loose bolting, bent shafts, and much more.
It can, in most cases, detect these problems
long before the damage can be seen by maintenance, and
long before it damages other machine components.
2
https://vibralign.com/
5
DATA REDUCTION
Data reduction is the transformation of
numerical or alphabetical digital information derived
empirically or experimentally into a corrected, ordered, and
simplified form.
The basic concept is the reduction of
multitudinous amounts of data down to the meaningful
parts.
When information is derived from
instrument readings there may also be a transformation
from analog to digital form.
When the data are already in digital form
the 'reduction' of the data typically involves some
editing, scaling, encoding, sorting, collating, and producing
tabular summaries.
When the observations are discrete but
the underlying phenomenon is continuous
then smoothing and interpolation are often needed. Often
the data reduction is undertaken in the presence of reading
or measurement errors. Some idea of the nature of these
errors is needed before the most likely value may be
determined.
An example in astronomy is the data
reduction in the Kepler satellite. This satellite records 95-
megapixel images once every six seconds, generating tens
of megabytes of data per second, which is orders of
magnitudes more than the downlink bandwidth of 550
KBps.
The on-board data reduction
encompasses co-adding the raw frames for thirty minutes,
6
reducing the bandwidth by a factor of 300. Furthermore,

interesting targets are pre-selected and only the relevant
pixels are processed, which is 6% of the total. This reduced
data is then sent to Earth where it is processed further. 3
CORRECTIVE ACTION
Corrective and preventive action (CAPA,
also called corrective action/preventive action or
simply corrective action) consists of improvements to an
organization's processes taken to eliminate causes of non-
conformities or other undesirable situations.
It is usually a set of actions that laws or
regulations require an organization to take in
manufacturing, documentation, procedures, or systems to
rectify and eliminate recurring nonperformance. Non-
conformance is identified after systematic evaluation and
analysis of the root cause of the non-conformance.
Non-conformance may be a market
complaint or customer complaint or a failure of a machinery
or a quality management system, or misinterpretation of
written instructions to carry out a work. The corrective and
preventive action is designed by a team that includes
quality assurance personnel and personnel involved in the
actual observation point of nonconformance. It must be
systematically implemented and observed for its ability to
eliminate further recurrence of such non-conformation.
In certain markets and industries,
CAPA may be required as part of the quality management
system, such as the Medical Devices and Pharmaceutical
3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
7
industries in the United States. In this case, failure to adhere

to proper CAPA handling is considered a violation of US
Federal regulations on good
manufacturing practices. As a consequence, a medicine or
medical device can be termed as adulterated or
substandard if the company has failed to investigate, record
and analyse the root-cause of a non-conformance, and
failed to design and implement an effective CAPA.4
ACOUSTICS
Acoustics is the branch of physics that
deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases,
liquids, and solids including topics such
as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound.
A scientist who works in the field of
acoustics is an acoustician while someone working in the
field of acoustics technology may be called an acoustical
engineer.
The application of acoustics is present in
almost all aspects of modern society with the most obvious
being the audio and noise control industries.5
Acoustics, the science concerned with the
production, control, transmission, reception, and effects
of sound.
Beginning with its origins in the study of
mechanical vibrations and the radiation of these vibrations
through mechanical waves.
Acoustics has had important applications in
almost every area of life. It has been fundamental to many
4
5
8
developments in the arts—some of which, especially in the

area of musical scales and instruments, took place after
long experimentation by artists and were only much later
explained as theory by scientists.
For example, much of what is now known
about architectural acoustics was actually learned by trial
and error over centuries of experience and was only
recently formalized into a science.
Other applications of acoustic technology are
in the study of geologic, atmospheric, and underwater
phenomena. 6
ANALYSIS OF NOISE
Noise analysis can be used to detect imminent
mechanical failure of common military equipment or provide
a quick diagnosis of mechanical problems.
The noise analysis technique is based on
monitoring the noise or AC signal in frequency domain
(using FFT) or in time domain (using autoregressive
modeling) to obtain the response time of the pressure
transmitters.
The technique’s advantage is that it
measures process variables under operation without
disturbing the sensor or shutting down the process
The abnormal state of the system is discovered either by a
shift of these parameters into non-permitted regions, or by
the appearance of a changed structure of the noise
signatures, usually the frequency spectra, indicating an
anomaly. The technique’s advantage is that it
measures process variables under operation without
6
https://www.britannica.com/
9
disturbing the sensor or shutting down the process – in

contrast to conventional invasive I&C ageing management
techniques. Figure shows actual noise data from
a pressure transmitter in an NPP. This is just a 50-second
portion of a data record that is one hour long. 7
7
https://www.sciencedirect.com/

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VIBRATION NOMO GRAPH AND

As an example, if we took a general

reducing the bandwidth by a factor of 300. Furthermore,

industries in the United States. In this case, failure to adhere

developments in the arts—some of which, especially in the

disturbing the sensor or shutting down the process – in

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