International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056

Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Dec-2015 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF ROTARY AIR PREHEATER: A REVIEW

Dilip S. Patel1, Mitesh D. Patel2, Shreyash A. Thakkar3
1 Associate Prof., Department of mechanical engineering, S. K. Patel College of engineering, Gujarat, India
2 Student of ME, Department of mechanical engineering, S. K. Patel College of engineering, Gujarat, India
3 Assistant Prof., Department of mechanical engineering, S. K. Patel College of engineering, Gujarat, India

---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - The Ljungstrom air preheater is a experimental results confirmed a minimum reduction of
regenerative type heat exchanger used for preheating 10% in power plants fuel consumption [2].
the combustion air, mainly in steam power plant. The
warm gas and cool air ducts are arranged to allow both
the flue gas and inlet air to flow simultaneously
through the air preheater. The hot flue gas heats the
rotor material and as the rotor rotates, the hot rotor
section moves into the flow of the cold air and preheats
it. If the incoming air is not preheated, then some
additional energy must be supplied to heat the air to a
temperature required to facilitate combustion. Due to
this, more fuel will be consumed which decreases
overall efficiency of the power plant. In this paper
different techniques used to optimize the process
parameters of rotary regenerator are discussed.

Key Words: Rotary air preheater, Preheater Fig -1: Layout of steam power plant

performance, Element profile

1. INTRODUCTION

Air preheater is the device used to heat the air supplied for
the combustion with the help of hot flue gases. The
purpose of the air preheater is to recover the heat from
the boiler flue gas which increases the thermal efficiency
of the boiler by reducing the heat lost in the flue gas. As a
result, the flue gases are conveyed to the chimney at a
lower temperature, allowing simplified design of the
conveyance system. It also allows control over the
temperature of gases leaving the chimney to meet the
emission regulations.
There are two types of air preheater in thermal power
stations. In recuperative air preheater the heat exchange Fig -2: A view of rotary air preheater
between the carrier and the air to be heated takes place
continuously through the walls of the heating surface that 2. FLUENT SOFTWARE
separate them. In regenerative air preheater the heat
exchange is accomplished by the alternate heating and Armin Heidari-Kaydan, Ebrahim Hajidavalloo investigated
cooling metallic or ceramic fixed or rotating surfaces of the RAH in 3-D and treating it as a porous media [3]. They
preheater. presented temperature distribution for different
Rotary air preheater is one of the important energy conditions. They discussed effect of parameters such as
recovery systems in the steam power plant which was first rotational speed of the matrix, fluid mass flow, matrix
introduced in 1920 by Ljungstrom [1]. Warren published material and temperature of the inlet air on the
his studies on Ljungstrom air preheater and base on the performance of the preheater. To simulate flow and heat

© 2015, IRJET ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 2496

 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Dec-2015 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

transfer, Navier-stoke equations are used. To solve Navier- (Double Undulated). These profiles were tested using
stoke equations FLUENT 6.3 software was used. They residual time test and Cold flow study. There performance
compared experimental and fluent results. They found was compared at different Reynolds number. Residual
that increasing rotational speed increases efficiency time test concluded that FNC elements have more residual
rapidly up to certain limit after that no any significant time compared to DU elements, so it has more heat
change in efficiency with rotational speed. Material also transfer coefficient. The fluid pumping power is directly
affects the efficiency of RAH. Material with more thermal proportional to the pressure drop in the fluid across
diffusivity, give higher efficiency. Air and gas flow rate element. They concluded that performance of the FNC
increase results in reduced efficiency. Air and gas inlet elements is more than DU elements.
temperature does not affect efficiency.

Fig -4: FNC element profile

Fig -3: Actual shape of the plates used in the matrix

3. FINITE VOLUME FORMULATION

Jonathan Dallaire optimized the thermal performance of a

rotary heat exchanger considering internal structure as
porous media [4]. The objective is to maximize the rotary
Fig -5: DU element profile
heat exchanger’s heat transfer rate per unit surface area.
They considered length and porosity as a variable. Two
5. GENETIC ALGORITHM
different porosity geometries have been investigated, a
series of parallel channels and a packing of spheres. For
numerical calculations finite volume formulation is used. Saeid Jafari optimized operational conditions of the rotary
The numerical results are validated by an extensive scale regenerator using genetic algorithm optimization
analysis. The performance of the RHE was nearly doubled technique [6]. They took thermal effectiveness as objective
by allowing the porosity of the matrix to be unevenly function. Decision variables were volumetric flow rates of
distributed over the length. Performance of the RHE cold and hot air streams, matrix rotational speed, heat
increased with increase in length. The future scope of this transfer surface area. At optimum condition numerical and
work is to extend the study in 2-D and 3-D and consider experimental values are compared and acceptable match
the factors such as fouling, frosting and leakages. was found between two. Maximum effectiveness occurred
at the maximum mass flow rate of hot stream and
minimum mass flow rate cold stream. Also effectiveness
4. COLD FLOW STUDY
increases with rotational speed up to a certain value after
which no considerable change in effectiveness with speed.
Sreedhar Vulloju tested air preheater elements using cold
Increasing the hot stream temperature resulted in
flow studies [5]. He proved that performance of
increased effectiveness.
Ljungstrom air preheater is dependent on the heat
transfer element profiles. It is necessary to develop
element profiles with lesser pressure drops for efficient
6. 1-D AND 3-D NUMERICAL MODEL
heat transfer with lower power consumption to improve
overall efficiency of power plant. Two types of element Sandira ELJŠAN shows how operation parameters of an
profiles used are FNC (Flat notched crossed) and DU regenerative air preheater can be optimized to increase its
efficiency and consequently the overall efficiency of a

© 2015, IRJET ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 2497

 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Dec-2015 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

steam boiler [7]. Installation of air preheater reduced fuel

consumption by as much as 25%. In modern utility boilers As a part of this research work, an extensive literature
preheater contributes up to 20% of the overall boiler review have been carried out on Rotary air preheater by
efficiency and 2% of total investment. For every 200c drop studying numerous research papers. The most related
in flue gas temperature, the boiler efficiency increases by research papers on effect of different parameters using
1%. In this paper 1-D and 3-D numerical models of heat different study methods are thoroughly studied and
transfer are used to estimate the preheater performance. explained in this present work. The work of different
1-D model uses 3 energy balance equations. n3-D model authors is summarized below;
uses a set of differential equations of continuity,
momentum and energy. This paper only optimized Table -1: Summary of results
rotational speed. Author found that with increasing
rotational speed up to certain optimum point air preheater Sr. Study Parameter Effect/Result
efficiency and overall efficiency of boiler increases after No.
that increasing speed results in decreased efficiency. In 1) FLUENT Rotational Increasing
order to truly optimize preheater, all parameters (load, software speed rotational speed
solid filling geometry and rotational speed) should be increases
taken into account at the same time. efficiency up to
certain limit
7. COMPUTATIONAL CONTINUUM MECHANICS after that no
significant
Sandira Alagi made use of the commercial CCM change in
(computational continuum mechanics) solver to obtain efficiency.
results [8]. The results are displayed in the form of the Material Material with
temperature distribution within the preheater solid more thermal
elements and fluid flow of both the hot combustion diffusivity, give
products and cold air. The results of both the 1-D and 3-D higher efficiency.
calculations and field measurement are compared and Air & gas Air and gas flow
good agreement was achieved. The result of this study is flow rate rate increase
the development of an effective procedure for computer results in
calculation of processes in a Ljungstrom air preheater to reduced
optimize its parameters. 1-D model is adequate and efficiency.
simplifies the problem statement significantly and speed Air & gas Does not affect
up calculation. 3-D model serves for the better inlet temp efficiency.
understanding of processes. The experimental results 2) Finite Porosity Uneven porosity
confirmed the validity of both numerical analysis methods. volume along length
In order to apply numerical methods, the authors have formulation nearly doubles
developed a general and flexible grid generation the RHE
procedure. performance.
Length Performance
8. SEMI ANALYTICAL METHOD increases with
increased length
Hong Yue Wang employed semi analytical method to 3) Cold flow Element Performance of
investigate the 3-D heat transfer of the tri-sectional rotary study profile FNC is more
air preheater [9]. The main focus was on the temperature than DU
change of fluids and temperature distribution of the elements.
matrix. Semi-analytical method is based equations 4) Genetic Mass flow Max.
generated by trapezoidal rule. Standard numerical results algorithm rate Effectiveness at
and semi-analytical results for the temperature max. mass flow
distribution of the metal matrix are compared. To validate rate of hot
simulation results of the semi-analytical method, an stream and min.
experiment was carried out. Considerable reduction in the mass flow rate of
amount of computational effort required when using semi- cold stream.
analytical method instead of standard numerical methods. Rotational Effectiveness
Precision and convergence are better than standard speed increases with
numerical methods. speed up to
certain point
9. CONCLUSIONS after that no
© 2015, IRJET ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 2498
 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Dec-2015 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

significance Optimizing Working Parameters of Regenerative

change. Air Preheaters, Researches and Applications in
Hot stream Increasing hot Mechanical Engineering (RAME) Volume 2 Issue
temp. stream temp. 1, March 2013.
resulted in 8. Sandira Alagi, Nikola Stoši, Ahmed Kova, Indira
increased Buljubašic, Numerical analysis of heat transfer
effectiveness. and fluid flow in rotary regenerative air pre-
5) 1-D & 3-D Rotational Increasing heaters, Journal of Mechanical Engineering
numerical speed rotational speed 51(2005)7-8, 411-417.
model increases 9. Hong Yue Wang, Ling Ling Zhao, Zhi Gao Xu ,
efficiency up to Won Gee Chun , Hyung Taek Kim, The study on
certain point heat transfer model of tri-sectional rotary air
after which preheater based on the semi-analytical method,
efficiency Applied Thermal Engineering 28 (2008) 1882–
decreases. 1888.
6) CCM Temp.
Distribution
within solid
elements and
fluid flow of hot
gases and cold
air.
7) Semi Precision and
analytical convergence in
method semi-analytical
method is better
than standard
numerical
methods.

REFERENCES
1. T. Museet, The Ljungstrom Air Preheater 192,
ASME History, 1995.
2. I. Warren, Ljungstrom heat exchangers for waste
heat recovery, Heat Recovery
Syst. CHE 2 (3) (1982) 257-271.
3. Armin Heidari-Kaydan, Ebrahim Hajidavalloo,
Three-dimensional simulation of rotary air
preheater in steam power Plant, Applied Thermal
Engineering 73 (2014) 399-407.
4. Jonathan Dallaire a, Louis Gosselin a, Alexandre K.
da Silva, Conceptual optimization of a rotary heat
exchanger with a porous core, International
Journal of Thermal Sciences 49 (2010) 454–462.
5. Sreedhar Vulloju Ȧ, E.Manoj Kumar Ȧ, M. Suresh
Kumar Ȧ and K.Krishna Reddy Ḃ, Analysis of
Performance of Ljungstrom Air Preheater
Elements, International Journal of Current
Engineering and Technology.
6. Sepehr Sanaye , Saeid Jafari, Hadi Ghaebi,
Optimum operational conditions of a rotary
regenerator using genetic algorithm, Energy and
Buildings 40 (2008) 1637–1642.
7. Sandira ELJŠAN, Nikola STOŠIĆ, Ahmed
KOVAČEVIĆ, Indira BULJUBAŠIC Improvement of
Energy Efficiency of Coal- fired Steam Boilers by

© 2015, IRJET ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 2499