Use of Waste Tyre Rubber in A Partial Replacement of Aggregate in Concrete
Use of Waste Tyre Rubber in A Partial Replacement of Aggregate in Concrete
Use of Waste Tyre Rubber in A Partial Replacement of Aggregate in Concrete
AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE”
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The waste problem considered as one of the most crucial problems facing the world as a
source of the environmental pollution. During last recent years, many improvement in India
have occurred in all parts of life such as social, industrial, economical etc., this will lead to
generate new ways of living and increase the human requirements, and will also increase
types and quantities of the waste in India, without any active processes to provide solution
to this problem. Waste rubber tires cause serious environmental problems all over the
world. One of the potential means of utilizing the waste tires is to process this waste
material for the protection of the environment and society. It is suggested to use this waste
tires as an additive in portland cement concrete mixes, which would partially help in
solving this problem.
India manufacture 11.92 Crore tires in year 2010 – 11 increase by 22.72% than year 2009
– 10 (ATMA – Automotive Tire Manufacturer Association). With the exponential growth
in number of automobiles in India during recent years, the demand of tires as original
equipment and as replacement has also increased. The quantity of scrap tires produced in
India is not exactly available but the increasing trend of use of road transportation will
definitely create a problem of disposal in very near future. The total number of registered
buses, trucks, cars/jeeps/taxis and two wheelers up to 1997 in India were 0.5 million, 2.25
million, 4.7 million and 26 million, respectively. Considering the average life of the tires
used in these vehicles as 10 years after rethreading twice, the total number of waste
disposable tires will be in the order of 112 million per year. That’s why this is one of the
most crucial environmental issues all around the world is the disposal of the waste
materials.
Controlling of waste-tire rubber is very challenging for metropolises to handle because the
waste tire rubber is not easily biodegradable even after long-period of landfill treatment.
However, recycling of waste tire rubber is an alternative. Tire recycling or rubber recycling
is the process of recycling vehicles tires that are no longer suitable for use on vehicles due
to wear or irreparable damage such as punctures or wear and tear. These tires are among
the largest and most problematic sources of waste, due to the large volume produced and
their durability. Those same characteristics, which make waste tires such a problem, also
make them one of the most re-used waste materials, as the rubber is very resilient and can
be reused in other products. Approximately, one tire is discarded per person per year.
Accumulations of discarded waste tires have been a major worry because the waste rubber
is not easily biodegradable even after a long-period landfill treatment. Thus it gets gathered
and creates variety of problems. It creates unsightly appearance. If burnt under
conventional uncontrolled fashion it creates harmful vapors. If dumped in land fill sites, in
rainy seasons it collects water and harbors mosquito and fly breeding. If buried in land fill
sites, it slowly decomposes under anaerobic environment and generates methane. Methane
is generated by other sources also in land fill sites.
Waste-Tire rubber is one of the significant environmental problems worldwide. With the
increase in the automobile production, huge amounts of waste tire need to be disposed. Due
to the rapid depletion of available sites for waste disposal, many countries banned the
disposal of waste tire rubber in landfills The main objectives of this research were to
provide more scientific evidence to support the use of legislation or incentive-based
schemes to promote the reuse of accumulated waste tires. This research focused on using
scrap tires as a replacement for a percentage of the local fine aggregates used in the concrete
mixes. In order to prevent the environmental problem from growing, recycling tire is an
innovative idea or way in this case.
Recycling of waste tire rubber is a substitute. Recycled waste-tire rubbers have been used
in different application. It has been used as a fuel for cement kiln, as feedstock for making
carbon black, and as artificial reefs in marine environment (Siddique and Naik, 2004). It
has also been used as a playground matt, erosion control, highway crash barriers, guard rail
posts, noise barriers, and in asphalt pavement mixtures. Other construction products are
also based on rubber powder obtained from the cryogenic milling of tires mixed with
asphalt or bituminous materials. Over the past two decades, research had been performed
to study the availability of using waste tire rubber in concrete mixes.
Recycling tire is the processes of recycling vehicles tires that are no longer suitable for use
on vehicles due to wear or irreparable damage (such as punctures). The cracker mill process
tears apart or reduces the size of tire rubber by passing the material between rotating
corrugated steel drums. By this process an irregularly shaped torn particles having large
surface area are produced and this particles are commonly known as crumb rubber.
Unfortunately, not much attention has been paid to use the waste tires in Portland cement
concrete mixtures, particularly for highway use. Limited work was done by researchers to
investigate the potential use of rubber tires in conventional concrete mixtures.
Tire waste is one such waste material. It is basically a hard rubber material and as such is
sparingly biodegradable. There is a tremendous scope to re-use tire waste in cement
concrete. This is a nascent concept and needs due nourishing. The use of accumulated
waste materials in third world countries is still in its early phases. It will take courage for
contractors and others in the construction industry to recycle selected types of waste
materials in the concrete mixes. Different concrete specimens were prepared and tested in
terms of uniaxial compression and splitting tension. The main variable in the mixture was
the volumetric percentage of crumb tires used in the mix. The test results showed that even
though the compressive strength is reduced when using the crumb tires, it can meet the
strength requirements of light weight concrete. In addition, test results and observations
indicated that the addition of crumb rubber to the mix has a limited effect toward reducing
the workability of the mixtures. The mechanical test results demonstrated that the tested
specimens of the crumb rubber concrete remained relatively intact after failure compared
to the conventional concrete specimens.
It is also concluded that modified concrete would contribute to the disposal of the non-
decaying scrap tires, since the amount being accumulated in third world countries is
creating a challenge for proper disposal. Thus, obliging authorities to invest in facilitating
the use of waste tires in concrete, a fundamental material to the booming construction
industry in these countries, serves to purposes.
Waste-Tire rubber is one of the significant environmental problems worldwide. With the
increase in the automobile production, huge amounts of waste tire need to be disposed. Due
to the rapid depletion of available sites for waste disposal, many countries banned the
disposal of waste tire rubber in landfills. Research had been in progress for long time to
find alternatives to the waste tire disposal. Among these alternatives is the recycling of
waste-tire rubber. Recycled waste tire rubber is a promising material in the construction
industry due to its light weight, elasticity, energy absorption, sound and heat insulating
properties. The main objectives of this research were to provide more scientific evidence
to support the use of legislation or incentive-based schemes to promote the reuse of
accumulated waste tires.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF WORK
To study the existing disposal method of tire waste.
To investigate proportional relationship between rate of strength loss and contain
of rubber in mix.
To investigate the effect of tire waste on compaction factor of concrete.
To investigate the effect of tire waste on compressive strength of concrete.
To investigate the effect of tire waste on split tensile strength of concrete.
The present work proposes to investigate the impact of tire waste combination on various
parameters of concrete like cube compression strength, split tensile strength, etc. The tire
waste shall be used as a substitute of coarse aggregate in varying proportions.
Some researchers have reported that the loss of strength is due to the poor bonding between
tire material and concrete mixtures. They have treated tire material with alkali to roughen
the surface that leads to better bond formation and thus a better strength. These studies will
suggest a safe and environmentally consistent method of disposal of tire waste material.
2.LITERATURE REVIEW
1) Ahangar-Asr A., Faramarzi A, & Javadi A.A. et al (1) found that, as rubber
aggregate are increase there is decrease in mechanical properties of concrete
depends on type and content of rubber used. A new data mining technique, named
Evolutionary Polynomial Regression (EPR) is developing to predict the mechanical
behavior of rubber concrete. Three separate models were developed to predict the
properties of concrete. The developed EPR models provide very accurate
predictions for strength parameters of rubber concrete. (A Ahangar-Asr 2010)
2) Aiello M. A. et al (2) investigate the properties of various concrete mixture at fresh
and hardened state produced by partial substitution of coarse and fine aggregate
with proportion of 31.10%, 29.10%, 17.40%, 9.24%,and 8.44% by weight and
having opening size 20, 16, 12.5, 10, and 8mm respectively of waste tires rubber
particle having same dimension of replaced aggregate .After the analysis
workability of fresh concrete is slightly improved by partial substitution of coarse
and fine aggregate with rubber shreds. Reduction in the compressive strength for
both type of rubcrete specimen with increase in amount of replaced aggregate. (
M.A.Aiello et al 2009 )
3) Azmi N. J., Mohammed B. S., Al-Mattarneh H. M. A. et al (3) had carried out a
program to develop information about the mechanical properties of rubberized
concretes. The results revealed that although there is a reduction in strength for
crumb rubber mixture, but slump values increase as the crumb rubber content
increase from0% to 30%.Means that crumb rubber mixture is more workable
compare to normal concrete and can be acceptable to produce crumb rubber
concretes. The results also indicated that inclusion crumb rubber in concrete
reduced the static modulus elasticity. (N. J. Azmi et al 2008)
4) Batayne Malek K. Marie Iqbal, Asi Ibrahim et al (4) focused on use of crumb
tires as a replacement of the local fine aggregates used in the concrete mixes in
Jordan. The test results showed that even though the compressive strength is
reduced when using the crumb tires, it can meet the strength requirements of light
weight concrete. The mechanical test results demonstrated that the tested specimens
of the crumb rubber concrete remained relatively intact after failure compared to
the conventional concrete specimens. Although the strength of modified concrete
is reduced with an increase in the rubber content, its lower unit weight meets the
criteria of light weight concrete that fulfill the strength requirements. Although it is
not recommended to use this modified concrete in structural elements where high
strength is required, it can be used in many other construction elements like
partition walls, road barriers, pavement, sidewalks, etc. which are in high demand
in the construction industry. (Malek K. Batayne et al 2008)
5) Bignozzi M.C., Sandrolini F et al (5) prepared self-compacting concrete
containing different amount of untreated tire waste to investigate and their
mechanical and microstructural behavior. They concluded that self-compacting
rubberized concrete required slightly higher amount of super plasticizer than self-
compacting concrete to reach self-compacting properties, keeping constant
water/cement and water/powder ratios. Concrete compressive strength and stiffness
decreases with increasing amount of rubber phase in the mix, but the obtained
values are higher than those of Ordinary Portland cement concretes admixed with
similar amount of tire mix. Significant concrete deformability before failure and
capability to withstand post failure loads with some further deformations are
exhibited by loads with some further deformation due to tire rubber waste presence.
Self-compacting rubberized concrete porosity is only poorly affected by the
presence of significant amount of rubber phase in comparison with that of ordinary
self-compacting concrete. (M.C.Bignozzi et al 2006)
6) Cairns R. A. & Kew H.Y. & Kenny M.J. et al (6) study investigates the potential
of incorporating recycled rubber tire chips into ordinary Portland cement concrete.
Plain rubber aggregate and rubber aggregate coated with cement paste were used.
The results showed that, that concrete incorporating rubber aggregate has lower
workability, unit wt. & exhibited a notable reduction in compressive strength. It
does not exhibit a typical failure mode of plain concrete and a beneficial effect on
flexural strength was observed. The use of rubberized concrete in concrete block
probably shows the greatest potential for success at present. (Cairns R. A. 2004).
7) Durham Stephan A., Kardos Adam et al (7) having primary object of study to
evaluate the reuse potential of crumb rubber in concrete mixtures for pavement
application. Based on the result of this study confirms that upto 30% crumb rubber
may be used for highway application and still produce concrete with the fresh and
hardened properties required of such mixtures. (Stephan A. Durham et al 2012)
8) Eldin Neil N. et al (8) investigated the strength and toughness properties of
concrete in which amount of rubber tire particle of several size were used as
aggregate. The two type of rubber used in experiment named ‘Edges’ and ‘Preston’
with 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% replacement by coarse aggregate for each type. The
compressive, tensile strength test are conducted on specimen. He concludes that
reduction up to 85% of compressive strength and up to 50% of tensile strength were
observed when coarse aggregate was replace by rubber. A smaller reduction in
compressive strength (65%) was observed when sand was replacement by crumb
rubber. Rubber containing concrete did not exhibit brittle failure under compressive
and split tension. (Neil N. Eldin,et al 1993)
9) Emira Nadim A., Bajaba Nasser S. et al (9) The results of this study indicate that
there is a great potential for the utilization of waste tires in concrete mixes upto
10%, 20%, and 30%. Based on these results, they concluded that, increasing the
curing time tend to increase the compressive strength for all crumbed rubber sizes.
The rubberized concrete mix using recycled tires agreed with the values of
compressive test for light and moderate weight structural concrete. Although the
strength of rubberized concrete is reduced with an increase in the rubber content,
its lower unit weight meets the criteria of light weight concrete that fulfill the
strength requirements. Although it is not recommended to use this rubberized
concrete in structural elements where high strength is required, it can be used in
many other construction elements like partition walls, road barriers, pavements,
sidewalks, etc. which are in high demand in the construction industry. Rubberized
concrete can be used in applications where energy and impact attenuation is
required due to its high flexibility.(Nadim A. Emira et al 2012).
10) Gammal El, Abdel Gawad A.K. et al (10) investigated the effect of waste tire
rubber as a replacement to natural aggregate in concrete mixture on the density and
PR with rubber particles from truck tires and mix 010-PR with rubber from car tires
satisfied the required qualifications of having a low specific gravity (<2100 Kg/m3)
and acceptable compressive strength for possible structural applications. Mix 08-
PR with particles from truck tires and 012-PR with rubber from car tires showed
very low density (even <1000 kg/m3), offering concrete useful for non-structural
applications. (Sara Gobba et al 2010)
14) Guneyisi Erhan Gesoglu Mehmet, Turan O zturan et al (14) investigated that
rubberized concrete mixtures with and without silica fume appeared to be workable
to certain degree and reduction in weight by 77% by replacing 50% total aggregate
volume. There is systematic reduction in compressive, splitting tensile strength and
modulus of elasticity with the increase in the rubber content from 0 to 50%.
However the use of silica fume considerably enhances these mechanical properties,
from practical point of rubber content should not exceed 25% of total aggregate
volume due to the severe reduction in strength. (Erhan Guneyisi 2004)
15) Hilal Ameer Abdula Rahman et al (15) Studied that, a partial replacement in
foamed concrete by crumb rubber leads to reduced density of concrete. Water
absorption increases with increasing in crumb rubber of tire content. With increase
in crumb rubber content in the mixture decreasing in the strength of rubberized
foamed concrete (that is Compressive, flexural, tensile & impact). Rubberized
concrete shows a cohesive behavior at failure. He found that rubberized concrete is
the best solution for non-structural purpose. (Ameer Abdula Rahman Hilal 2011)
16) Huang Bashan et al (16) Conducted the investigation into waste tire rubber filled
concrete in this study rubberized concrete was treated as a multiphase particulate
filled composite material. A modified three layer built in composite model was
proposed based on a previous study on ordinary concrete. It is found that the
following ways will be effective in increase the strength of rubberized concrete- I)
Reducing the maximum rubber size, II) Using Stiffer coarse aggregate, III)
Employing uniform coarse aggregate size distribution. (Bashan Huang,et al 2008)
17) Mavroulidou M., Figueiredo J et al (17) studied physical and mechanical
properties of concrete containing recycled tire aggregates to assess its suitability as
a construction material. They observed that, the particle size distribution of the
rubber aggregates is very close to that of the respective mineral coarse aggregates.
Due to low specific gravity of the rubber aggregates, there was reduction in the
density of concrete. The mixes with rubber aggregates showed very little increase
in compressive strengths between the 7 and 28 days of curing with the only
exception of the 10% coarse rubber aggregates. Split tensile strength of the mixes
was also reduced with rubber aggregates content. Modulus of elasticity is reduced
upon the addition of rubber aggregates implying a loss in stiffness which would
result in increased deflection of elements built with concrete containing rubber
aggregates. A slight reduction in the modulus of rupture is smaller compared to
other properties. There is a potential large market for concrete products like
sidewalks, driveways etc. in which inclusion of rubber aggregates would be
feasible. (M. Mavroulidou et al 2010).
18) Naik Tarun R. and Siddique Rafat et al (18) studied that, an effect of utilize scrap
tires in portland cement concrete and benefits of using magnesium oxychloride
cement as binder for rubberized concrete. The reduction in compressive strength of
concrete due to the inclusion of rubber aggregates, limits its use in some structural
applications. The properties like lower density, higher impact and toughness
resistance, enhanced ductility, and better sound insulation etc. can be advantageous
to some construction application. They found relatively high-strength in rubber
concrete using magnesium oxychloride cement, which gives better bonding to
rubber and significantly improves the performance of rubber concrete. (Tarun R.
Naik et al 2002)
19) Nehdi Moncef and Khan Ashfaq et al (19) they concluded that, although a rub
Crete mixture generally has reduced compressive strength that may limit its use in
certain structural application. But it possesses desirable properties such as lower
density, higher toughness, higher impact resistance, enhance ductility and more
efficient in sound and heat insulation. Structural application involving rub Crete
may still be possible if appropriate percentage of rubber aggregate is use. It is also
possible to produce relatively high strength rub Crete mixtures by using magnesium
oxycloride cement, which achieves better bonding characteristics to rubber and
greatly improves the performance of rub Crete mixtures. In addition, the adhesion
between rubber particles and other constituent of the rub crete matrix can be
improved by pretreating the rubber aggregate. Rub crete mixtures usually absorb
significant plastic energy & undergo relatively large deformation without full
disintegration. Using rub crete as flexible sub base for pavements, as pipe bedding,
for tunnel lining, and other major construction work has the potential to make good
use of the billions of worn out tire stockpiled worldwide. (Nehdi et al 2001)
20) Oikonomou N. et al (20) analyze the mechanical and physical properties of cement
mortar as replacing tire rubber granules by sand in proportion 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%,
10%, 12.5%, and 15%. The tire used in powder form. According to result
workability decrease with increase in tire rubber content. The use of tire rubber in
products based on cement causes decrease in mechanical properties. Percentage of
tire rubber powder affected compressive strength more than flexural strength.
(N.Oikonomou et al 2007)
21) Reda Taha M.M. et al (21) investigate the properties of concrete by replacing the
chipped and crumbed tire rubber particles for coarse and fine aggregate respectively
with 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. There is reduction in the unit weight of the fresh
and hardened concrete by replacing the rubber particle. Also increase in tire rubber
content had an adverse effect on workability. There is reduction in strength due to
use of chipped tire rubber particles was more significant that when crumbed tire
rubber particles were used. Moreover, the reduction in compressive strength is
directly proportional to the tire rubber content. ( M.M. Reda Taha et al 2008)
22) Seyfu Abrham Kebede et al (22) evaluated the properties of fresh and hardened
concrete produced by replacing part the natural coarse aggregate with an aggregate
produced from locally available recycled tire rubber. He observed that Slump and
workability was significantly increased with the introduction of recycled rubber
tires into concrete. Slump has increased with the increase in the percentage of
rubber in concrete. A reduction in the unit weight up to 24% was observed when
50% by volume of the coarse aggregate was replaced by rubber aggregates. Rubber
aggregate tends to behave like weak inclusions or voids in the concrete resulting in
a reduction in the compressive strength. There was a smaller reduction in split
tensile strength as compared to the reduction in the compressive strength. Addition
3. METHODOLOGY
A mix of concrete is designed using locally available materials. All required material
including Cement, Sand, Gravel and rubber aggregate are characterized as per IS code
methods. The tire waste is shredded in the size ranges 10 to 20 mm is added in concrete
mix as a substitute of aggregate respectively in 6%, 12%, 18% proportions. The present
work proposes to cast test specimen of concrete cube, cylinder for experimental study and
testing. After 7 & 28 days of curing the test on various concrete specimen is taken to
analyze results
Flowchart of study Start
Testing on material
Mixing
Test specimen for compressive strength and tensile strength after 7 & 28
days of curing
End
Table 3.1 No of specimen used for different % of 20mm Rubber aggregate replaced
20mm Rubber aggregate (%) Specimen
0% 6 cubes & 6 Cylinders
6% 6 cubes & 6 Cylinders
12% 6 cubes & 6 Cylinders
4.EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
4.1 TEST ON MATERIAL TAKEN:-
Cement-
Coarse Aggregate-
4.2 MATERIALS
Gravels are obtained by crushing natural basalt stone obtain from quarries nearby Dhule.
They are hard, strong, tough, clear and free from veins, alkali, vegetable matter and other
deleterious substances. Aggregates are free from such material, which will reduce strength
or durability of concrete.
4.2.2 Sand
Natural sand free from silt, veins, alkali, vegetable matter and other deleterious substances,
obtained from Tapi River Dhule.
4.2.3 Cement
Ultratech 53 GRADE Ordinary Portland cement is used for all mixes.
Water used for drinking purpose is used for mixing and curing.
Ultra tech 53 grade ordinary Portland cement is used for this work. This cement is
most widely used in construction industries. The specific gravity of cement is 3.15. Storage
of cement requires extra special care to preserve its quality and fitness for use. To prevent
its deterioration it is necessary to protect it from rain, winds and moisture. The cement was
purchased from local building material supplier in Dhulia, Maharashtra.
Cement is in the form of powder, which is obtained by grinding the various raw
materials after calcining. The grinding produces finer particles of cement. The degree
which the cement is ground to smaller and particles is called fineness of cement. During
use of cement in structure water mixed with cement. A chemical reaction takes place
between water and cement, and it is called hydration. The strength of cement concrete
or mortar develops with the cement, higher the rate of hydration. More the rate of
hydration faster is the developer of strength. Finer the cement, higher rate of hydration
and so faster the development of strength .This is because finer cement offers greater
surface area of particles for hydration. At the same time the rate of development of heat
due to hydration also increases. As per BIS 269-1976, the residue by weight on 90
micron IS sieve by dry sieving. Should but exceed 10% by weight in case of OPC. The
coarser more than 10% signifies less fine cement and vice versa. As per BIS 269-1976,
the residue by weight on 90 micron IS sieve by dry sieving. Should but exceed 10% by
weight in case of OPC. The coarser more than 10% signifies less fine cement and vice
versa.
The initial setting time is the time interval between the time when water is added to
cement and the time of partial loss of plasticity, as determined by a standard test in which
the needle penetrates the block to a depth of 5mm from bottom.
1. The final setting time is the time interval between the time when water is added to
cement &the time it acquires a certain firmness to resist certain definite pressure, as
determined a standard test in which the needle make an impression on the block while
an attachment fails to do so. As per BIS 269 for OPC T1 the initial setting time should
not be less than 30 min and T2 final setting time should not be more than 600 min.
Any structure has to have a longer life, i.e. it has to be durable. Durability depends
on how sound is the material used, may be cement, sand or aggregate, As far as the cement
is concerned, the soundness depends on its ingredients, specially excess of lime and/or
magnesium oxide present in the cement cause its soundness. These materials expand in the
structure and thus the concrete to mortar also expands, causing disintegration. The test is
designed to accelerate the expansion in cement paste by application of heart. The expansion
beyond certain limit indicates unsound cement. As per BIS 269-1987 for OPC, the
Expansion should not be more than 10 mm.
The most important properly of cement in this form is its compressive strength.
Many other properties of mortar or concrete are related to its compressive strength, and so
knowledge of this strength is essential. As per BIS 269-1987 for OPC, comp strength of
cement mortar at 3 days should not be less than 16.3N/mm2 and at 7 days should not be less
than 22.4 N/mm2.
4.4.2 Test to Determine Water Absorption and Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate
Water absorption is the aggregate absorbs water in concrete and thus affects the
workability and final volume of concrete. The rate and amount of absorption within a time
interval equal to the final set of the cement is more significant. The absorption capacity of
CA is about 0.5 to 1 % by weight of aggregate. Average specific gravity of the rocks varies
from 2.6 to 2.8.
Water- It is an important ingredient of concrete almost any nature water i.e. fit for drinking
and has no undesirable paste or color is generally acceptable for making concrete
The purpose of the test is to determine the crushing strength of hardened concrete
and is conducted on test specimens of concrete either during mix design in laboratory or
from concrete being used on construction. It serves as a good guide for quality control.
The compressive strength is the maximum force per unit area, in compression which
a material can withstand before breaking. The compressive strength of concrete is the most
useful and important property of concrete. Many other properties concrete such as
durability, resistance to shrinkage, young are modulus; imperviousness, etc. are depended
on the compressive strength of concrete. Thus the compressive strength reflects the overall
quantity of concrete.
1 93 300 31 21
2 97 300 32.33 16
RESULT: The percentage by weight of water with respect to cement to produce standard
consistency = 35%
4.6.3 Initial and final setting time of cement (IS: 4031 PART 5)-1988
The initial and final setting time is the interval between the times when water is
added to cement.
Average
Crushing Compressive
Age Area A Compressive
No. Load Strength
Strength
Days (mm2)
(N) (N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
1 3 130000 5000 26
3 3 140000 5000 28
6 7 180000 5000 36
RESULT: The compressive strength of cement mortar at age of 3 days is 26.33 N/mm2
and at age 7 days is 35.13 N/mm2, thus it satisfies as per IS specification.
The coarse aggregates are collected from local approved Rajendra Stone Crusher
Unit, Dhulia, Maharashtra, India.
Weight of sample = 5 Kg
Table 4.4: - Observations and Calculation to Determine Fineness Modulus and Particle
Size of coarse Aggregate
Weight of
Cumulative
IS Sieve Aggregate Percentage Cumulative
No. % Remarks
Size (mm) Retained Retained % Retained
Passing
in Kg
1 80 0 0 0 100
2 40 0 0 0 100
3 20 0 0 0 100
10 150µ 0 0
Sample weight = 2 Kg
Water absorption is the aggregate absorbs water in concrete and thus affects the
workability and final volume of concrete.
𝐵−𝐶 1955−1924
Water Absorption = ∗ 100 = = 1.61
𝐶 1924
Table 4.7: - Observations to Determine Fineness Modulus and Sieve Analysis of fine
aggregates
Weight of
Cumulative
IS Sieve Aggregate Percentage Cumulative
No. % Remarks
Size (mm) Retained Retained % Retained
Passing
in Kg
7 75µ
Residue
8
sum losses
Control mixture for M-20 grade concrete was designed as per IS:10262-2009. Mix
design is the process of selection of suitable ingredients of concrete and to determine their
properties with object of producing concrete of certain maximum strength and durability,
as economical as possible. The purpose of designing is to achieve the stipulated minimum
strength, durability and to make the concrete in the most economical manner.
1) To find target mean strength of concrete for a tolerance factor of 1.65 and using Table
1 of BIS 10262:1982, the target mean strength for specified characteristics cube
strength is, σ = fck + 1.65 x Standard deviation
= 20+1.65x4 =26.6 MPa
2) To find selection of water cement ratio from fig. 2 of IS 10262:1982, the free water
cement ratio required for the target mean strength of 26.6N/mm2 is 0.50
3) Selection of water content and fine to total aggregate ratio : from table 4 of IS
10262:1982, for maximum size aggregates and sand conforming to grading zone II,
i. Water content for per cubic meter of concrete = 186Kg
ii. Sand content as percentage = 3% of total aggregate by absolute volume
adjustment of values in water content and sand percentage for other conditions as
percentage for other conditions as percentage of per table –6 of IS 10262:1982
From table 3 of IS: 10262:1982, for the specified maximum size of aggregate of
20mm the amount of entrapped air in the wet concrete is 2.0% taking this into account and
applying equations from IS: 10262-1982
Volume Calculations:
Table No. 4.11. Total quantity of materials required for one set of cube, cylinder for each
percent
1. The sample of concrete to be tested placed gently in the upper hopper of compacting test
factor apparatus using the hand scoop.The hopper filled level with its brim.
3. The trap-door of upper hopper is opened so that the concrete falls into the lower hopper.
4. During this process, the cylinder is covered by the trowels.
5. Immediately after the concrete has come to rest, the cylinder is uncovered and the trap-
door of the lower hopper is then opened, and concrete allowed falling into the cylinder.
6. The excess of concrete remaining above the level of the top of the cylinder is then cut
off and level the surface by a trowel.
7. The outside of the cylinder then be wiped clean.
8. The weight of the concrete in the cylinder is then determined. This weight is known as
the weight of partially compacted concrete.
9. The cylinder refilled with concrete from the sample in layers approximately 5 cm deep,
the layers heavily rammed so as to obtain full compaction.
10. The top surface of the fully compacted concrete to be struck off level with the top of
the cylinder. The outside of the cylinder then wiped clean.
Weight of partially compacted concrete.
11. Calculation : Compaction factor= Weight of fully compacted concrete.
1. The test specimen stored in moist air of 90 percent relative humidity, free from vibration
and at a temperature of 270 c for 24 hour from the time of addition of water to the dry
ingredients.
2. After this period, the specimens marked and removed from the moulds.
3. Immediately submerged in clean, fresh water and kept until taken out just prior to test.
4. The water in which specimen are submerge renewed after every seven days and
maintained at a temperature of 270c.
5. The specimens are not allowed to become dry at any time until they had tested.
4.15.1 Test for Compressive Strength on Concrete Cube Specimen (IS: 516)-1959
1. Specimen tested after removal from water, while they are in wet condition.
2. The weight of specimen noted before testing.
3. The bearing surfaces of the testing machine wiped clean and loose sand or other material
removed from the surface of the specimen, which are to be in contact with the compression
platens.
5. The cube specimen placed in the machine in such a manner that the load applied to
opposite sides of the cube as cast.
6. The axis of the specimen carefully aligned with Centre of thrust of the spherically seated
platen.
7. As the spherically seated block is brought to bear on the specimen, the movable portion
rotated gently by hand so uniform seating may be obtained.
8. The load applied without shock and increased continuously until the resistance of the
specimen to the increasing load breaks down and no greater load can be sustained.
10. The maximum load applied to the specimen then recorded and the appearance of the
concrete and any unusual features in the type of failure recorded.
Maximum load applied to the specimen
11. Calculation:- Compressive strength= cross−sectional area of specimen
4.15.2 Test for splitting tensile strength of concrete specimen (IS: 5816)-1999
1. Cylindrical specimen tested immediately on removal from the water while, they are still
in weight.
2. Surface water and grit then wiped off the specimen and any projecting fins removed
from the surfaces which are to be in contact with the packing strips.
3. Central line drawn on the two opposite faces of the cylinder to ensure that they are in
the same axial plane.
4. The test specimen placed in the machine so that the specimen is located centrally.
5. It is ensured that the upper platen is parallel with the lower platen.
6. The load applied without shock and increased continuously until failure.
8. The appearance on broken surface of concrete observed if any unusual features in the
type of failure then noted.
2p
9. Calculation Spitting tensile strength, fct= π l d , Where,P= Maximum load in
Newton.
Discussion –
Discussion –
Discussion –
Discussion –
1. As per IS 12269 for 53 grade OPC permissible limit of Initial setting time is not less
than 30 minutes.
2. As per IS 12269 for 53 grade OPC permissible limit of Final setting time is not more
than 600 minutes.
1 02/04/2016 02/04/2016
0% 2 02/04/2016 02/04/2016
94.25%
3 02/04/2016 02/04/2016
1 02/04/2016 02/04/2016
3 02/04/2016 02/04/2016
1 04/04/2016 04/04/2016
3 04/04/2016 04/04/2016
1 04/04/2016 04/04/2016
96
94
92
Compaction factor in %
90
88
86
84
82
0 6 12 18
COMPACTION FACTOR
94.25 86.87 91.22 94.31
TEST
Discussion-
1. The minimum workability of concrete is 86.87% at 6% replacement of 20mm scrap
tire rubber aggregate.
2. The maximum workability of concrete is 94.31% at 18 % replacement of 20mm scrap
tire rubber aggregate.
3. At 6% replacement of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate, the workability of concrete is
decreased by 7.38% as compared with Workability of traditional concrete.
4. At 12% replacement of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate, the workability of concrete
is increased by 4.35% as compared with 6% replacement of 20mm scrap tire rubber
aggregate.
25
15
10
0
0 6 12 18
COMPRESSIVE
23.2 17.15 14.12 9.23
STRENGTH
% replacement by 20mm scrap tyre rubber aggregate
Fig.5.2 Compressive strength of concrete cube specimen tested after 7days of curing
Discussion-
1. The maximum compressive strength is 23.2 N/mm2 at 0% replacement of 20mm Scrap
tire rubber aggregate.
2. The compressive strength is at 6% replacement of 20mm Scrap tire rubber aggregate is
6.05% smaller than the compressive strength of traditional concrete.
3. At 18% replacement of 20mm Scrap tire rubber aggregate compressive strength is
decreased by 7.92 % as compared with the compressive strength of concrete at
replacement of 6% and by 13.97% of Compressive strength of traditional concrete.
Table 5.7 Compressive strength of concrete cube specimen tested after 28 days of curing
Replacement Avg.
of 20mm Load at Strength
Date of Date of failure at 28 days
scrap tire Sr. No. Strength
casting testing
coarse agg. (KN) (N/mm2)
in % (N/mm2)
30
25
15
10
0
0 6 12 18
COMPRESSIVE
28.19 26.28 22.39 17.52
STRENGTH
% replacement by 20mm scrap tyre rubber aggregate
Fig.5.3 Compressive strength of concrete cube specimen tested after 28 days of curing
Discussion-
1. The maximum compressive strength is 28.19 N/mm2 at 0% replacement of 20mm
Scrap tire rubber aggregate.
2. The compressive strength is at 6% replacement of 20mm Scrap tire rubber aggregate
is 1.91% smaller than the compressive strength of traditional concrete.
3. At 18% replacement of 20mm Scrap tire rubber aggregate compressive strength is
decreased by 8.76% as compared with the compressive strength of concrete at
replacement of 6% and by 10.67% of Compressive strength of traditional concrete.
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 6 12 18
SPLIT TENSILE
2.09 2.01 1.6 1.11
STRENGTH
% replacement by 20mm scrap tyre rubber aggregate
Fig.5.4 Split tensile strength of concrete cylinder specimen tested after 7 days of curing
Discussion-
2. The Split tensile strength at 6%replacement of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate is
0.08% smaller than the Split tensile strength of traditional concrete.
3. For 6% replacement of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate the Split tensile strength is
nearly equal to Split tensile strength of traditional concrete.
4. At 18% replacement of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate Split tensile strength is
decreased by 0.9 % as compared with the Split tensile strength at 6% replacement of
20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate and by 0.98% for traditional concrete.
Table 5.9 Split Tensile strength of concrete cylinder specimen tested after 28 days of
curing
Replacement
of 20mm Load at Strength at Avg.
Sr Date of Date of
scrap tire failure 28 days Strength
no casting testing
rubber (KN) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
aggregate in
%
1 02/04/2016 30/04/2016 180.8 2.55
0
2 02/04/2016 30/04/2016 183.4 2.6 2.57
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 6 12 18
SPLIT TENSILE
2.57 2.12 1.69 1.4
STRENGTH
% replacement by 20mm scrap tyre rubber aggregate
Fig.5.5 Split tensile strength of concrete cylinder specimen tested after 28 days of curing
Discussion-
2. The Split tensile strength at 6%replacement of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate is
0.45% smaller than the Split tensile strength of traditional concrete.
3. At 18% replacement of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate Split tensile strength is
decreased by 0.72% as compared with the Split tensile strength at 6% replacement
of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate and by 1.17% for traditional concrete.
CONCLUSION
1. The test conducted on materials like Aggregate, Sand, Cement and rubber having
all test results within permissible limit as per IS codes.
2. The modified concrete mix using recycled tires performs satisfactorily on various
tests, with acknowledgement to the proportional relationship between its rates of strength-
loss and contain of the rubber in the mix. Mixing, casting and compacting the concrete mix
using 20mmscrap tire rubber aggregate with local materials can be carried out in a similar
fashion to that of traditional concrete mix.
3. Modified concrete casted using 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate as a replacement
to coarse aggregate shows reduction in density of concrete compare to traditional concrete.
4. As density of concrete is reduces, self-weight (Dead load) of the structure is
reduces. Therefore design becomes economical.
5. Up to 6% replacement of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate, compressive strength
is nearly equal to compressive strength of traditional concrete at 28 days.
6. Up to 12% replacement of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate, split tensile strength
is less than split tensile strength of traditional concrete.
7. The test result of this study indicate that there is a great potential for the utilisation
of 20mmscrap tire rubber aggregate in concrete mixes up to 6%.
FUTURESCOPE
1. Although it is not recommended to use this modified concrete in structural Element
where high strength is required, it can be used in other construction elements like
partition walls, road barriers, pavements, sidewalks, etc. which are high demand in
construction industries.
2. With the addition of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate, the reduction of strength
cannot be avoided. However, this data provides preliminary guidelines of strength-
7. REFERENCES
2. Aiello M.A. F. (2010). “Waste tire rubberized concrete:Properties at fresh and hardend
state”. Waste Management , 1696-1704.
3. Azmi N. J., Mohammed B. S., Al-Mattarneh H. M. A., (2008) “Engineering Properties
of Concrete Containing Recycled Tire Rubber”, International Conference on Construction
and Building Technology 2008, MalyasiaICCBT 2008 - B - (34), 373 – 382.
4. Batayneh Malek K., Marie Iqbal, Asi Ibrahim, (2008), “Promoting the use of crumb
rubber concrete in developing countries”, Science Direct Elsevier Ltd, Waste Management
28 (2008) 2171–2176.
5. Bignozzi M.C., Sandrolini F., (2006), “Tire rubber waste recycling in self-compacting
concrete”, SCIENCE DIRECT Elsevier Ltd, Cement and Concrete Research 36, 2006,
735–739.
6. Cairns R.A. and Kew H.Y. and Kenny M.J. (2004), “The use of recycled rubber tires in
concrete construction”, International Conference of the Concrete and Masonry Research
Group 2004: Sustainable Waste Management and Recycling ISBN 0-7277-3286-2 Used /
Post-Consumer Tires, Thomas Telford Ltd, 135-142. .
7. Durham Stephan A., Kardos Adam, (2012) “Beneficial use of crumb rubber in concrete
mixtures”, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Colorado Department
of Public Health and Environment 4300 Cherry Creek Dr. S. Denver, CO 80246-1530.
8. Eldin Neil N. (1993). “Rubber tire particle as concrete aggregate”. Materials in Civil
Engineering , 478-496.
9. Emira Nadim A., Bajaba Nasser S., “The effect of rubber crumbs addition on some
mechanical properties of concrete composites,” Mechanical design and production dept.
13. Gobba Sara, Giuseppe Carlo Marano, Massimo Borsa And Marcello Molfetta, (2010),
“Use of Rubber Particles from Recycled Tires as Concrete Aggregate for Engineering
Applications”, Second International Conference on Sustainable Construction Material and
technologies, ISBN 978-1-4507-1490-7 June 28 – June 30, 2010, University of
politechnicadelle Marche, Acona, Italy, 1-11.
14. Guneyisi Erhan, Gesoglu Mehmet, Turan O zturan, (2004), “Properties of rubberized
concretes containing silica fume”, Science Direct Elsevier Ltd, Cement and Concrete
Research 34, 2004, 2309–2317.
15. Hilal Ameer Abdulrahman, (2011), “Effect of Crumb Tires Rubber on Some Properties
of Foamed Concrete”, Anbar Journal for Engineering Sciences, AJES-2011,Vol.4,./2,1-17
16. Huang Baoshan G.S. P. (2004). “Investigation into Waste tire rubber-filled Concrete”.
Materials in Civil Engineering , 287-194.
17. Mavroulidou M., Figueiredo J., (2010) “Discarded tire rubber as concrete aggregate: A
possible outlet for used tire”, Global NEST Journal, Greece, Vol 12, No 4, 359-367.
18. Naik Tarun R. and Siddique Rafat, (2002), “Properties of concrete containing scrap tire
rubber – An Overview”, Report No. CBU-2002-06 REP-459, Center for By-Products
Utilization, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA, 1-20.
19. Nehdi Moncef and Khan Ashfaq, “Cementitious composite containing recycled tire
rubber: An overview of engg. Properties and potential application”, Cement, concrete and
aggregates, CCAGDP, Vol.23, No.1, june2001, pp.3-10.
22. Seyfu, Abrham Kebede “The use of recycled rubber tires as a partial replacement for
coarse aggregate in concrete construction”, Addis Ababa University, School of graduate
studies faculty of technology, dept. of civil engg. June 2010.
23. Vadivel T. Senthil and Thenmozhi R., “Experimental study on waste tire rubber
replaced concrete – An Ecofriendly contruction material”, journal of applied science
research, 8(6):2966-2973, 2012 ISSN 1819-544X.
24. Wesam Amer Aules, “Department of Civil Engg. Tikrit University, Utilization of
crumb rubber as a partial replacement in sand for cement mortar”, Euro Journals
Publishing, Inc.2011.