(un-official translation – NRB use only)

Bank and Financial Institution Act, 2073 (2017)

Nepal Gazette

Published by Government of Nepal

Part 67 Kathmandu, Baishakh 10, 2073 BS (April 23, 2017 AD) (Pre-Additional Number 1A)

Part-2

Government of Nepal

Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs

The Act, enacted by Legislature-Parliament pursuant to Sub-Article (1) of Article 296 of

Constitution of Nepal as mentioned hereunder, is hereby published for the information of
general public.

Act No. 1 of the year 2074

An Act enacted for amendment and consolidation in laws relating to

Banks and Financial Institutions

Preamble: Whereas, it is expedient to amend and consolidate forthwith the prevailing

laws relating to banks and financial institutions in order to increase confidence of general
public towards the overall banking and financial system of the country; to protect and
promote the rights and interests of depositors; to provide quality and reliable banking and
financial services to general public through healthy competition among banks and
financial institutions thereby making national economy sustainable and strong; and to
maintain financial stability and make necessary legal provisions concerning establishment,
operation, management, regulation, inspection and supervision of banks and financial
institutions;

Now, therefore, be this Act enacted by the Legislature-Parliament pursuant to in Sub-

Article (1) of Article 296 of the Constitution of Nepal

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 Chapter- 1
Preliminary
1. Short Title, Extension and Commencement: (1) This Act may be called as “Banks
and Financial Institutions Act, 2073 (2017)."

(2) This Act shall extend to the whole territory of the state of Nepal and also enforce
to a branch or liaison office opened outside of Nepal by a bank and financial
institution incorporated in Nepal.

(3) This Act shall come into force at once.

2. Definitions: Unless the subject or the context otherwise requires, in this Act,-

(a) "Court" means Commercial Bench of the Court designated by Government of

Nepal with approval from the Supreme Court by publishing a notice in the
Nepal Gazette.
(b) "Chairperson" means the Chairperson of the Board of Directors and the word
also includes the Executive Chairperson.
(c) “License” means the license issued by the Rastra Bank under this Act in the
name of a bank or financial institution to carry on banking and financial
transactions.
(d) “Licensed transaction” means banking and financial transaction to be carried
out by bank or financial institution by obtaining license under this Act.
(e) "Bank or financial institution" means a bank or financial institution which
has obtained a license pursuant to this Act for carrying on banking or
financial transaction.
(f) “Significant Ownership” means a situation where any person has, solely or
jointly in association with other person or institution, subscribed two
percent or more shares of a bank or financial institution and due to which
he/she/it may have influence on management of the bank or financial
institution.

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(g) "Borrower" means person, firm, company or institution obtained credit from
bank or financial institution.
(h) “Credit” means the amount lent by bank or financial institution to any
person, firm, company, institution or other business enterprise subject to
repay principal, interest or other charge within certain time limit, direct or
indirect commitment, interest or other charge of the credit, re-finance,
restructuring and renewal of the credit, guarantee and other commitment
issued for the repayment of such credit and the term also includes any type
of credit as specified by the Rastra Bank by publishing public notice.
(i) “Chief Executive” means the Chief Executive Officer having responsibility of
operating a bank or financial institution and the term also includes the
Executive Chairperson and Managing Director working as the Chief
Executive.
(j) “Office” means the registered and central office of bank or financial
institution and the term also includes any branch office of a bank or financial
institution located within Nepal and outside from the territory of Nepal and a
branch office of a foreign bank or financial institution located in Nepal.
(k) “Net worth” means the amount remaining after deducting the external
liabilities from the grand total of the assets to be mentioned in the balance-
sheet of a bank or financial institution.
(l) “Non-executive Director” means the Director except the Executive Director
performing daily function of bank or financial institution.
(m) “Current account” means an account of funds deposited with a bank or
financial institution by the costumer as may be withdrawn at any time on
demand.
(n) "Paid-up Capital" means the portion of the capital paid up on behalf of
shareholders out of the issued capital of a bank or financial institution.
(o) “Risk-weight asset” means the total assets calculated by multiplying the
amounts coming under each heading of on-balance sheet and off-balance
sheet operations of a bank or financial institution by the risk-weight on the
format as prescribed by the Rastra Bank.
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(p) “Liquid assets” means the cash balance of a bank or financial institution,
the balance remained in the current account, the balance maintained in
Rastra Bank and such assets of a bank or financial institution specified as
liquid assets by the Rastra Bank from time to time.
(q) “Prescribed” or "as prescribed" means prescribed or as prescribed in the
Rules or Byelaws framed under this Act.
(r) “Securities” means a share, stock, bond, debenture, debenture stock, or
mutual investment scheme certificate issued by a bank, financial institution
or body corporate; certificate, saving bond or bond issued by Government of
Nepal or by a corporate body against the guarantee of Government of Nepal,
and the word also includes other stock specified by the Securities Board as
the stock to be transacted or transferrable through the stock market to sell or
exchange such stock.
(s) "Articles of Association" means Articles of Association of a bank or financial
institution framed pursuant to the prevailing laws relating to companies.
(t) “Deposits” means amounts deposited in current, savings or fixed accounts of
a bank or financial institution through costumer with or without accruing
interests and the term also includes such amounts which a bank or
financial institution accepts through different financial instruments as
specified by the Rastra Bank from time to time.
(u) "Deposit Guarantee" means the act of security of deposit or guarantee of such
deposit pursuant to Section 107.
(v) “Office bearer” means a Director, Chief Executive, Company Secretary and
officer level employee of a bank or financial institution authorizing to make
decision on any matter.
(w) “Family” means Director’s husband or wife, son, daughter-in-law,
daughter, adopted daughter, father, mother, stepmother including elder
brother, elder sister-in-law, younger brother, younger sister-in-law, elder
sister and younger sister of the Director, to be cared or nurtured by him or
her.

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 Provided that the term does not include the member of the family being
separated with partition of the family property and carrying out his/her
profession or business on his/her own.
(x) “Capital” means the authorized capital, issued capital and paid up capital of a
bank or financial institution.
(y) “Capital Fund” means the total sum of primary capital and supplementary
capital of a bank or financial institution as specified by the Rastra Bank and
the term also includes other fund or amount as specified by the Rastra Bank
from time to time.
(z) “Infrastructure Development Bank” means an Infrastructure Development
Bank incorporated to carry on financial transactions as mentioned in sub-
section (5) of section 49.
(aa) “Letter of credit” means a letter written by one bank or financial institution
in the name of any other bank or financial institution stating thereon to
accept cheques, drafts, or bills of exchange of any specified person
within the limit of the amount specified therein.
(bb) "Memorandum of Association" means the Memorandum of Association of a
bank or financial institution framed pursuant to the prevailing companies’
law.
(cc) “Primary Capital” means the funds of a bank or financial institution listed
under such headings as the paid-up capital, share premium, non-redeemable
preference shares, general reserve fund and accumulated profit and loss,
and the term also includes such other funds listed under other headings as
may be prescribed as primary capital by the Rastra Bank from time to time.
(dd) "Acquiring Institution" means the holding bank or financial institution
acquiring an institution being licensed pursuant to this Act.
(ee) "Acquisition" means the act of acquisition by a bank or financial institution to
another bank or financial institution having settled the accounts of entire
assets and potential liabilities by winding up the legal capacity of such bank
or financial institution and the term also includes the act of accepting all

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 contractual liabilities by the acquiring bank or financial institution created by
the target institution before its merger.
(ff) “Saving Account” means the account containing details of the amount
deposited by any customer for saving in a bank or financial institution.
(gg) “Bank” means a corporate body incorporated to carry on banking and
financial transactions pursuant to Sub-Section (1) of Section 49 and the term
also includes a branch office of a foreign bank located in Nepal, a branch
office opened outside of Nepal by a bank incorporated in Nepal and an
Infrastructure Development Bank to carry on functions pursuant to sub-
Section (5) of Section 49 and branch office of the same bank.
(hh) “Banking and financial transaction” means the banking and financial
transaction as referred in Section 49.
(ii) “Bonus share” means a share issued as an additional share to shareholders,
by capitalizing the saving earned from the profits or the reserve fund of a
bank or financial institution, and this term also includes the increase of the
paid up value of a share by capitalizing the saving or other fund.
(jj) “Fixed Account” means a periodic account of funds deposited with a bank
or financial institution for a specified term, during such term normally the
deposited amount cannot be withdrawn.
(kk) "Rastra Bank Act" means Nepal Rastra Bank Act, 2058 (2002).
(ll) "Rastra Bank" means the Nepal Rastra Bank.
(mm) “Targeted Institution" means the bank or financial institution to be merged in
the acquiring institution under this Act with entire assets and liabilities.
(nn) “Audit Committee” means the Audit Committee a referred to in section 60.
(oo) “Dividend” means the cash dividend, interim dividend or bonus share to be
given by a bank or financial institution according to this Act and prevailing
laws.
(pp) "Liquidator" means the person appointed for carrying out the functions of
liquidation of the bank or financial institution according to an order of a

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 court or a resolution passed by a meeting of the creditors and the word also
includes an office carrying out the function of liquidator.
(qq) "Leasing" means the act of acquiring only the possessory right of a movable
or immovable assets for specified period of time by retaining the ownership
thereof with the bank or financial institution and subject to pay amount
therefor in specified timetable by the costumer according to an agreement.
(rr) "Off-balance-sheet transaction" means letter of credit, letter of guarantee,
letter of acceptance, commitment, swap, option and transaction in advance
concerning foreign exchange having possibility of bearing liabilities by a
bank or financial institution and the word also includes transaction of the
instruments as specified by the Rastra Bank from time to time.
(ss) “Financial institution” means a corporate body incorporated to carry on
banking and financial transactions pursuant to sub-sections (2), (3) or (4) of
Section 49 and the terms also includes a branch office of a development bank,
finance company, micro finance institution or a branch office of a foreign
finance company located in Nepal or a branch office opened in abroad by a
financial institution incorporated in Nepal.
(tt) “Financial interests” means a situation where any Director, shareholder
subscribing one percent or more shares or Chief Executive or family member
of such person or the person, company, or corporate body having authority
to appoint a Director subscribes ten percent or more shares of a firm,
company or corporate body separately or jointly, such person or persons are
deemed to have financial interests in the institution having ten percent or
more shares, and the term also include the interests which the Rastra Bank
specifies as having financial interests depending upon the nature and
circumstance of financial transaction.
(uu) “Branch of a foreign bank or financial institution” means a branch of any
bank or financial institution having obtained license from Rastra Bank under
this Act in order to carry out banking and financial transactions having
established a branch office in Nepal.

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(vv) “Electronic transaction” means the business of accepting deposits,
making payments and transferring funds through telephone, telex,
computers or magnetic tapes or similar types of other electronic
equipment; and this term also includes the transactions to be carried on
through terminal, automated teller machines and cash dispensing
machines, as well as those to be carried on through charge cards, debit
or credit card.
(ww) “Prospectus” means the prospectus to be published by bank or financial
institution pursuant to Section 8.
(xx) “Branch Office” means any branch, sub-branch, unit, area, and representative
or liaison office of a bank or financial institution within and outside Nepal
and any office including branch or representative office or liaison office or
other office of a foreign bank or financial institution in Nepal.
(yy) “Share” means the divided portion of share capital of a bank or financial
institution.
(zz) “Shareholder” means a person having ownership in a share of bank or
financial institution.
(aaa) “Director” means a member of the Board of Directors and the term also
includes the Chairperson of the Board of Directors as well as an Alternate
Director.
(bbb) “Board of Directors” means the Board of Directors constituted pursuant to
Section 14.
(ccc) "Promoter" means a person who, having undertaken to subscribe at least one
share, signs the Memorandum of Association and the Articles of Association
in the capacity of Promoter for establishment of a bank or financial
institution pursuant to this Act.
(ddd) “Affiliated person” means a Director, official of bank or financial institution
or his/her family member or any firm, company or institution having
substantial ownership of such person or any person, firm, company or
institution having substantial ownership in such firm, company or institution
or beneficial owner with substantial ownership thereof.
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 (eee) “Independent Director” means the person appointed to the position of
Independent Director pursuant to Sub-Section (3) of Section 14.
(fff) "Voluntary Liquidation" means the situation in which a bank or financial
institution initiates voluntary liquidation pursuant to Chapter 11.
(ggg) “Creditor” means a person or a body corporate to whom/which a bank or
financial institution has to pay and the term also includes a depositor and
debenture-holder for the purpose of liquidation process.
(hhh) "Hypothecation Loan" means the loan disbursed having entered into an
agreement between a bank or financial institution and a Borrower against
the collateral security of the stock having retained such stock under
possession of the concerned borrower.

Chapter - 2

Provisions on Incorporation of Bank or Financial Institution

3. Incorporation of Bank or Financial Institution: (1) Any person, who is desirous of

incorporating a bank or financial institution to carry on financial transactions
according to this Act shall have to incorporate it by getting such bank or financial
institution registered as a public limited company in accordance with the prevailing
laws.

Provided that the bank or financial institution which has already been
incorporated and in operation during commencement of this Act does not require to
be incorporated pursuant to this sub-Section.

(2) The official authorized under the laws in force to register a company
pursuant to Sub-Section (1) shall have to register the company subject to Section 4.

4. Prior-approval to be obtained to incorporate bank or financial institution : (1)

The person or institution willing to incorporate a bank or financial institution under
Section 3 shall, while submitting application for getting such bank or financial

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institution registered according to the prevailing laws, have to submit an application
to the Rastra Bank along with the prescribed fee for obtaining prior approval having
enclosed therewith the following documents:-

(a) Memorandum of Association of the proposed bank or financial

institution,
(b) Articles of Association of the proposed bank or financial institution,
(c) Feasibility study report of the proposed bank or financial institution,
(d) Personal details of applicants in the form as prescribed by the Rastra
Bank,
(e) A certified copy of the agreement, if any, made between the
applicants prior to incorporation of the bank or financial institution in
relation to incorporation of the bank or financial institution,
(f) Evidence of the statement disclosing the sources of incomes and of tax
clearance by the applicants up to the fiscal year immediately
preceding for making of application pursuant to this Section,
(g) Details as to whether or not the applicant of the proposed bank or
financial institution is declared bankrupt in Nepal and abroad, whether
or not he/she has borrowed any loan from any bank or financial
institution, whether or not person has been blacklisted in any
transaction with a bank or financial institution, if so, whether or not a
period of three years is passed after having such blacklisting,
(h) Self-declaration of the applicant stating that no action has been taken
and no punishment has been imposed against the applicant in Nepal or
abroad for being involved in cheating, fraud or criminal offence as per
the prevailing laws,
(i) Details as to whether or not action has been taken against the applicant
in Nepal or abroad by any regulating or supervisory authority or
whether or not license of the company or bank or financial institution in
which he/she is associated with has been suspended, revoked or
subjected to mandatory dismissal or is in the course of being so,

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 (j) Details as to name and address and relationship of the members of
family of applicant; significant ownership and capacity of each of them
and if any of them is a Director, official or employee in any institution,
details as to the title of posts each of them holds,
Provided that in case the applicant is a body corporate, details as to
the person having substantial ownership or capacity in that body
corporate, the audited financial statements of the last three years as well
as the tax clearance certificate of that corporate body shall also be
enclosed.

(k) Written authority given to the Rastra Bank to allow it to conduct or to

cause to conduct an inquiry as to the financial and professional
background of the applicant and to share such notice and information,
(l) An undertaking that the deposits to the limits as prescribed by the
Rastra Bank will be guaranteed/insured,
(m) Other details or documents as specified by Rastra Bank from time to
time.
(2) Rastra Bank may, if it finds appropriate to grant approval upon the
examination of the application submitted for prior approval pursuant to Sub-
Section (1) and enclosed documents, grant its approval to incorporate such bank
or financial institution within one hundred twenty days after filing of the
application, with or without prescribing any conditions.

(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in Sub-Section (2), no prior approval

shall be given to incorporate a bank or financial institution to the following persons
and the firms or companies having substantial ownership of such person and of the
member of their family:-

(a) Subjected to regulatory actions of the Rastra Bank,

(b) Punished in banking offence,
(c) Punished in cheating, fraud, forgery,

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 (d) Punished in the offence of money laundering and terrorist financing,
(e) Punished in the offence of corruption,
(f) Punished in the serious types of offences such as human trafficking,
kidnapping, hostage, and rape.
5. Prior Approval to be obtained for Incorporation of Bank or Financial Institution on
Foreign Investment:(1) Any foreign bank or financial institution shall, prior to
incorporation of a bank or financial institution as a subsidiary company under this
Act in joint venture with a body corporate registered in Nepal or a Nepali citizen or
to maintain the share capital as specified by the Rastra Bank, have to submit the
following documents and details as well along with the fee specified by the Rastra
Bank while submitting an application pursuant to sub-Section (1) of Section 4:-

(a) The Memorandum of Association, Articles of Association of foreign bank

or financial institution and a copy of the certificate of incorporation of
the bank or financial institution in the concerned country and capital
structure thereof,
(b) Copy of license of the foreign bank or financial institution obtained from
concerned country for carrying on banking and financial transactions,
(c) Details as to the principal place of business,
(d) Certified copy of the audited balance-sheet and profit and loss account of
latest three years of the foreign bank or financial institution,
(e) Details as to proposed business plan in Nepal, business strategies and
types of transaction to be carried out, internal control, and risk
management,
(f) Decision made by the foreign bank or financial institution as per the
prevailing laws of concerned country to open bank or financial
institution in Nepal and authority granted by regulatory body of
concerned country.
(2) Rastra Bank may, if it finds appropriate to grant approval upon
examination of the application submitted for prior approval pursuant to Sub-
Section (1) and enclosed documents, grant its approval to foreign bank or

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 financial institution for incorporation of bank or financial institution in joint venture
or within the prescribed share limit within one hundred twenty days after filing
of the application, with or without prescribing any conditions.

(3) A foreign bank or financial institution may, with approval from the Rastra
Bank, take share ownership of local bank or financial institution having been in
operation, as a joint venture by completing the procedures as prescribed by the
Rastra Bank.

(4) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Act, the investment

made by any foreign bank or financial institution or other foreign institution by
getting approval pursuant to prevailing laws before commencement of this Act shall
be deemed to have been continued.

6. Approval to be obtained to open Branch Office of Bank or Financial Institution:(1) If

any internationally rated foreign bank or financial institution desires to open branch
office to carry on banking and financial transaction or non-banking financial
transaction within Nepal, prior approval of the Rastra Bank should be obtained
before opening such branch office.

(2) For purpose of Sub-Section (1), an application has to be submitted to the

Rastra Bank along with the capital and fees as prescribed by the Rastra Bank.

(3) While submitting application pursuant to Sub-Section (2), such foreign bank
or financial institution shall have to submit the following details and documents in
addition to the details and documents as referred to in Sub-Section (1) of Section 5:-

(a) Written commitment of the Board of Directors that it will make available
on demand of the Rastra Bank the amount necessary for fulfilling its
entire liabilities with regard to business activities of its branch of
representative or liaison office of concerned foreign bank or financial
institution in Nepal,

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 (b) Details as to the location of the proposed branch office of the foreign
bank or financial institution,
(c) Details as to the possible office bearers to be engaged in the proposed
branch office of the foreign bank or financial institution.
(4) The Rastra Bank may, If deems necessary to demand further documents or
details while carrying out inquiry to the documents or details submitted pursuant to
Sub-Section (3), demand required documents or details from concerned applicant.
(5) The Rastra Bank may, if it deems appropriate to grant prior approval while
carrying out inquiry of the additional documents submitted pursuant to Sub-Section
(3) and of the documents asked for submission pursuant to Sub-Section (4), grant
approval to open a branch office in Nepal within one hundred twenty days after
filing of the application, with or without prescribing any conditions.

(6) The foreign bank or financial institution, after obtaining prior approval
pursuant to Sub-Section (5), shall have to get registered as the branch office
according to the prevailing laws relating to companies.

(7) The branch office of the foreign bank or financial institution registered
pursuant to Sub-Section (6) shall have to submit an application before the Rastra
Bank along with the following documents and details as well as the charge or fee as
prescribed by the Rastra Bank for approval to carry on baking and financial
transaction in Nepal:-

(a) Registration certificate of being registered according to the prevailing

laws to carry on baking and financial transaction in Nepal as a branch
office,
(b) Letter of approval or consent granted by the Government or central bank
or regulating agency according to the law of concerned country of the
foreign bank or financial institution to open branch office of such bank
or financial institution in Nepal,

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 (c) Details of the discrepancy, if any, in any matter to be completed by the
concerned foreign bank or financial institution under this Act after
submission of application before the Rastra Bank for establishment of a
branch office of the foreign bank or financial institution or after
obtaining approval from the Rastra Bank,
(d) Other information and documents demanded by the Rastra Bank.

(8) The Rastra Bank may, if it deems appropriate upon carrying out inquiry
over the application received pursuant to Sub-Section (7), grant approval to such
branch office of foreign bank or financial institution for carrying on banking and
financial transaction in Nepal within 90 days from the date of filing the application.

(9) The Rastra Bank may, while granting approval pursuant to Sub-Section (8),
prescribe necessary terms and conditions.

(10) A bank or financial institution may open branch office outside of Nepal by
obtaining approval of the Rastra Bank.

(11) The Rastra Bank may frame necessary policy from time to time with regard
to open branch office outside of Nepal pursuant to Sub-Section (10).

7. Prior Approval may be denied: (1) The Rastra Bank may deny to grant prior
approval for incorporation of any bank or financial institution and for open
branch office of the foreign bank or financial institution in following circumstances:

(a) If the name or banking and financial transaction to be carried out by the
proposed bank or financial institution is not found to be appropriate
from the point of view of public interests, religion, ethnicity or
traditional belief, etc.,

(b) If the objective of the proposed bank or financial institution is contrary

to the prevailing laws,

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 (c) If incorporation of the proposed bank or financial institution does not
seem to be technically appropriate,
(d) If study of the feasibility study report, details and documents other
infrastructures submitted by the proposed bank or financial
institution does not provide a ground to believe that it may carry on
financial transactions in a healthy and competitive manner,
(e) If not all promoters of the proposed bank or financial institution have
signed the Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association,
also stating their names, address and number of shares subscribed by
them, in the presence witness and the name and address of the
witnesses have not been mentioned,
(f) If per person share investment limit and share ownership ratio has not
been found to have been maintained as specified by the Rastra Bank
from time to time,
(g) If it is found to be inconsistent with the policy relating to incorporation
of bank or financial institution and licensing policy issued by the Rastra
Bank,
(h) If any condition as prescribed by the Rastra Bank has not been found to
be fulfilled.
(2) If the Rastra Bank denies granting prior approval to the proposed bank
or financial institution for any of the reasons referred to above, information shall be
given to the applicant stating reasons thereof.

Chapter-3
Provisions Concerning Transactions of Securities

8. Prospectus: (1) A bank or financial institution shall, before public offering of its
securities, have to get the prospectus registered at the Rastra Bank having obtained
necessary approval concerning securities according to the prevailing laws.

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 (2) Unless such prospectus is registered pursuant to Sub-Section (1), the said
bank or financial institution or anyone on behalf of the bank or financial institution
shall not be allowed to publish prospectus of such bank or financial institution.

(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in Sub-Section (1), unless the Rastra

Bank receives a written notification of the approval from the Securities Board to
register the prospectus, the Rastra Bank shall not register such prospectus.

9. Allotment of Shares: (1) The bank or financial institution shall set aside at least
thirty percent share of its total issued capital for subscription by the general public.

Explanation: For the purpose of this section, “general public” means natural person.

(2) The shares allotted to general public pursuant to Sub-Section (1) shall be
sold to the general public within the stipulated time. The shares that could not be
sold in such a manner may be sold to other firm, company or institution.

(3) The bank or financial institution may allot 0.5% shares, except that of the
limit referred to in Sub-Section (1), to its employees.

(4) The bank or financial institution may, if it desires, convert the shares to
ordinary shares having fulfilled the process specified by the Rastra Bank subject not
to be the share ownership of the promoter shares group less than 51 percent.

Explanation: For the purpose of this Chapter,-

(a) “Promoter shares group” means the promoter shares group as

prescribed by the Rastra Bank.
(b) “Ordinary shares group” means the shares groups other than the
promoter shares group.
(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in Sub-Section (1), the ratio of share
ownership is not necessary in case of the bank or financial institution and

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 infrastructure development bank to be incorporated under significant ownership of
Government of Nepal.

(6) The bank or financial institution to be incorporated in joint venture with

a foreign bank or financial institution or other foreign institution or infrastructure
development bank shall have to allot the shares to general public as specified by the
Rastra Bank.

(7) While call upon application from the general public for subscription of
its shares, every bank or financial institution shall demand payment of hundred
percent amount of the face value of its shares along with application.

10. Transactions of Securities: (1) The bank or financial institution shall, while
issuing its securities for subscription to the general public, carry out the acts of
sale, allotment and the act of exchange in accordance with the prevailing laws
relating to securities.

(2) The bank or financial institution shall submit a copy of an agreement

entered into by it on the dealing of securities through any institution dealing in
securities before the Rastra Bank, within seven days after the date of entering
into such agreement.

(3) The bank or financial institution shall, while issuing any type of
debenture or financial instrument, have to obtain prior approval of the Rastra Bank.

(4) The Rastra Bank ma, while granting approval pursuant to Sub-Section (3),
specify required terms and conditions and it shall be the duty of the concerned bank
or financial institution to abide by such terms and conditions.

11. Provision on Sale or Pledging of Securities: (1) The promoter of the bank or
financial institution shall not be entitled to sell or pledge any share registered under
his/her ownership for at least five years from the date of commencement of
financial transactions.

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 (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in Sub-Section (1), in case of arising
a special circumstance due to emergence of any obstruction or hindrance in the
operation of the bank or financial institution or the promoter shareholder is
included in the blacklist owing to transactions with another bank or financial
institution, shares may be sold or brought amongst promoters by obtaining
approval from the Rastra Bank.

Explanation: For the purpose of this Section, “special circumstance” means failure
of holding meeting of the Board of Directors due to lack of quorum for a consecutive
period of three times or a situation of indecision because of disputes amongst
Directors.

(3) If the promoter of the bank or financial institution wishes to sell or

pledge the shares held in his/her name after five years from the date of
commencement of financial transactions by the bank or financial institution,
his/her/its’ may sell or pledge such shares by obtaining approval from the Rastra
Bank subject to belong such share under the promoter’s group.

Provided that, approval of the Rastra Bank shall not be required while selling
or pledging the shares by the promoter having subscribed the shares of less than
two percent of the paid up capital.

(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in Sub-Section (1) and Sub-Section

(2) of Section 9, after completion of a period of ten years of transactions of bank or
financial institution, the promoter shares may be converted into ordinary shares
with approval of the Rastra Bank by giving due consideration to impact it causes on
the capital market, banking and overall financial sector.

(5) In case any company or body corporate has subscribed promoter shares,
prior approval of the Rastra Bank shall be obtained before alteration of
shareholders or sale or transfer the ownership of share among the shareholders
having substantial ownership of such company or body corporate.

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 Provided that, approval of the Rastra Bank shall not be required while selling
or mortgaging the shares by company or body corporate having subscribed the
shares of less than two percent of the paid up capital of the bank or financial
institution.

12. Prohibition on Transaction of Securities: (1) The Director, Chief Executive, Auditor,
Company Secretary of the bank or financial institution or the person directly
involved in management and account of a bank or financial institution shall not buy
or sell, mortgage or cause to be mortgaged, transfer or transact or give or accept as
donation the securities of the concerned bank or financial institution or of its
subsidiary company in his/her name or in name of member of his/her family or a
firm, company or institution under the control of such person or to any other person
until he/she is in such position or until one year from the date of retirement from
such position.

Provided that this Sub-Section is not deemed to have hindered to buy and sell
securities among Directors to Directors or Directors to Promoters with the approval
of the Rastra Bank while issuing bonus shares, rights shares or the shares allotted
for employee or issuing new shares, or while implementing a directive of the Rastra
Bank or while selling entire share having in any bank or financial institution under
own ownership by any Director or any corporate body having power to appoint
Director or while merging or amalgamating bank or financial institutions in each
other according to provisions made in Chapter-10 or while acquiring all assets or
liabilities of one bank or financial institution by another bank or financial institution
or while carrying out purchase or sale of securities among promoter directors or
directors to directors with the approval of the Rastra Bank in case of emergence of
any hurdle in operation of the bank or financial institution or while carrying out
purchase or sale or transfer of shares during the process of reformative or
settlement process of a problematic bank.

20
 (2) In case anyone commits any act in contrary with Sub-Section (1), the
concerned bank or financial institution shall have to forfeit such securities and sell
them according to the process as prescribed by the Rastra Bank.

13. Prohibition on purchase by Bank or Financial Institution of its’ own Shares: (1) No
bank or financial institution shall purchase its own shares or lend loan against
security of its own shares.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in Sub-Section (1), in the following

circumstances, a bank or financial institution may, with the approval of the Rastra
Bank, purchase its shares out of its free reserves available for being distributed as
dividends not exceeding the percentage prescribed by the Rastra Bank: -

(a) If the shares issued by the bank or financial institution are fully paid
up,
(b) If the shares issued by the bank or financial institution have already
been listed in the securities market,
(c) If the buy-back of own shares is authorized by the Articles of
Association of the concerned bank or financial institution,
(d) If a special resolution has been adopted at the General Meeting of the
concerned bank or financial institution authorizing the buy-back of
own share,
(e) If the ratio of the debt owed by the bank or financial institution
is not more than double of the capital and general reserve fund
after such buy-back of shares,
Explanation: For the purposes of this sub-Section, “debt” means
all amounts of secured or unsecured debts borrowed by the bank
or financial institution.
(f) If the value of shares to be bought back by a bank or financial
institution is not more than twenty percent of the total paid up
capital and general reserve fund of that bank or financial institution,

21
 (g) If the buy-back of shares comply with the directives relating to capital
fund issued by the Rastra Bank to the bank or financial institution,
(h) If it is not against the directives issued by the Rastra Bank from time
to time with regard to buy back of shares.
(3) Any bank or financial institution shall have to make an application before
the Rastra Bank for getting approval to buy-back own share pursuant to Sub-Section
(2) with the following details:-

(a) The reason, necessity, time duration and modus-operandi for the
buy-back of shares,
(b) A statement of the evaluation of possible impacts on the financial
situation of the bank or financial institution as a result of the buy-
back of shares,
(c) The type of share, par value of share and number of shares purpose
to buy-back,
(d) The maximum or minimum amount required to buy-back shares as
referred to in Part (c), and source of such amount,
(e) Such other matters as specified by the Rastra Bank with regard to the
buy-back of shares,
(f) Other necessary matters to be mentioned as per the prevailing laws.
(4) The Rastra Bank may, in case it deems appropriate to grant approval to
such bank or financial institution to buy back its own shares based on the
application acquired pursuant to Sub-Section (3) and details enclosed with it, grant
such approval.

(5) Upon receipt of the approval pursuant to Sub-Section (4), the concerned
bank or financial institution may buy back its shares in any of the following
manners, within six months from the date of receipt of such approval or within
twelve months of the adoption of a special resolution at the General Meeting,
whichever occurs later: -

22
 (a) Purchasing through the securities market,
(b) Purchasing from the existing shareholders on a proportional basis.
(6) If a bank or financial institution buys back its own shares pursuant to
Sub-Section (5), it shall file with the Rastra Bank a return containing the number of
shares bought back, amount paid for the same and other necessary details
within thirty days of the date of such buy-back.

(7) There shall be established a separate capital redemption reserve fund,

to which a sum equal to the face value of the shares bought back pursuant to Sub-
Section (5) shall be transferred; and the amount of such fund shall be maintained
as if it is the paid-up capital.

(8) If the bank or financial institution buys back its shares pursuant to Sub-
Section (5), it shall cancel the shares so bought back within one hundred twenty
days of the date of such buy-back.

(9) Other provision regarding to buy-back own shares by the bank or

financial institution shall be as prescribed by the Rastra Bank.

Chapter 4

Provisions on Board of Directors and Chief Executive

14. Formation of Board of Directors: (1) A bank or financial institution shall have a
Board of Directors comprising of at least five Directors and not exceeding seven
Directors.

(2) Subject to this Act and the Articles of Association, the General Meeting of
the bank or financial institution shall appoint Directors.

Provided that,-

23
 (a) Until the First Annual General Meeting of the bank or financial
institution is held, promoters shall appoint the Directors.
(b) In case the position of any Director falls vacant before the holding of
the Annual General Meeting, the Board of Directors may appoint
Director until next General Meeting is held.
(c) In case any corporate body has subscribed shares, it may appoint
Director to the proportion of the number of shares it has subscribed
and while nominating in such a manner, the same person shall not be
nominated to more than one bank or financial institution.
(d) Notwithstanding anything contained in Part (c), there shall be no
obstruction to appoint a person, who is Director in any bank or
financial institution as Director of an Infrastructure Development
Bank.
(3) The Board of Directors shall appoint at least one Professional Director
from among the persons possessing qualifications and experience pursuant to
Section 17 and information thereof shall be furnished to the First General Meeting to
be held after such appointment.

Provided that the promoter, Director or shareholder possessing more than 0.1
percent share of the bank and financial institution and his/her member of family
shall not be allowed to become a Professional Director.

(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in Sub-Section (1) and (3), no more

than one member of a family may become the Director of any bank or financial
institution at the same time.

(5) A Director chosen by the Directors from among themselves by majority

decision shall be the Chairperson of the Board of Directors.

(6) The company, corporate body, foreign bank or financial institution which
has subscribed shares of a bank or financial institution may, while appointing a

24
 director proportionate to the shares as it has subscribed, appoint an Alternate
Director to work in absence of the Director.

15. Term of Office of the Director: (1) The term of office of a Director shall be of four
years in maximum as provided for in the Articles of Association and he/she may be
reappointed or re-nominated.

Provided that the Independent Director may be appointed for only single
tenure of office.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in Sub-Section (1), the Executive

Chairperson or Managing Director appointed after commencement of this Act shall
remain in the office only for two consecutive terms.

16. Qualifications of Director: (1) The person to be appointed to the office of Director
shall have to possess following qualifications:-

(a) Having had work experience of five years as a Director or office bearer
level of a foreign or local bank or financial institution or of body
corporate of related sector or in officer level of Government of Nepal,
or
(b) Having attained bachelor degree and had work experience of at least
three years as a Director or office bearer level of a foreign or local
bank or financial institution or of body corporate of related sector or
at least in officer level of Government of Nepal, or
(c) Having attained master degree in the related subject as prescribed.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in Sub-Section (1), the academic
qualifications and experiences of Director of a financial institution of class "D" shall
be as prescribed by the Rastra Bank from time to time.

Provided that qualification of independent director shall be as mentioned in

Section 17.

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17. Qualifications of Independent Director: While appointing Independent Director of
the bank or financial institution, appointment shall be made from amongst the
persons having met the following qualification and experience:-

(a) In case of class “A” bank or national level class “B” development bank, having
obtained at least master’s degree in the subject as prescribed by the Rastra
Bank and experiences as prescribed by the Rastra Bank,
(b) In case of class “B” development bank and financial institution of class "C",
except the class “B” development bank of national level, having obtained at
least bachelor’s degree in the subject prescribed by the Rastra Bank and
work experiences as prescribed by the Rastra Bank,
(c) In case of micro finance institution of class "D", the person possessing the
qualifications and experiences prescribed by the Rastra Bank.
18. Disqualification of Directors: (1) Following persons shall not be eligible to become a
Director of the bank or financial institution:-

(a) Having not attained the age of 25 years,

(b) Having unsound mind or insane,
(c) Having declared bankrupt in Nepal or in abroad for being unable to pay
debt,
(d) Having blacklisted or declared defaulter in connection with any
transaction with any bank or financial institution in Nepal or in
abroad, and a period of at least three years has not been completed after
removal of his\her name from blacklist or list of defaulter,
(e) The incumbent Director or an employee of any corporate body carrying
out transactions of bank or financial institution or any institution
collecting any type of deposits or carrying out transactions relating to
insurance,
(f) Borrower or incumbent auditor or advisor of concerned bank or financial
institution or the person, firm or company who/which is the partner in

26
 any kind of contract with the concerned bank or financial institution or
having personal interests,
(g) Who has acquired membership of the Stock Exchange to act as a
securities broker of merchant banker,
(h) Incumbent Director of the bank or financial institution,
(i) The person, who has not subscribed to the minimum number of
shares required to be subscribed to be eligible for appointment as a
Director pursuant to the Articles of Association of the bank or
financial institution,
(j) Incumbent employee of Government of Nepal, or an organization having
ownership of Government of Nepal, or Rastra Bank or of a bank or
financial institution,
Provided that this provision shall not be deemed to have made
obstruction to nominate Director in micro-finance or infrastructure
development bank, of which share has been purchased by Government of
Nepal or the institution having under the ownership of Government of
Nepal or Rastra Bank or bank or financial institution.

(k) Who, having a liability to pay tax pursuant to the laws in force, has
failed to pay the same
(l) Having not completed a period of ten years after replenishment of
punishment upon being convicted of an offence of theft, cheating, forgery,
fraud, corruption, any offence involving moral turpitude or a banking
offence from a court of Nepal or of a foreign country,
(m) Having been taken action by a regulatory agency as per law for
committing an act against law and not having completed a period of five
years after being taken such action,
(n) In case of an independent director, promoter or shareholder holding
ownership of more than 0.1 % share of concerned bank or financial
institution,

27
 (o) Having remained to clear imprisonment and dues of fine as imposed by
the court or having defaulted to pay government due.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in Part (e) of Sub-Section (1), an

official or employee of a bank or financial institution may work as a Director of the
subsidiary company of the same bank or financial institution.

19. Circumstances for ineligibility to remain in office of Director :(1) No person shall be
remained in the office of Director of the bank or financial institution in any of the
following circumstances:-

(a) If having no qualifications as referred to in Section 16 or 17 or is

ineligible pursuant to Section 18,
(b) In case the motion to remove from the office of a Director is passed by
majority of the general meeting at the recommendation of the group from
which he/she is appointed to the office of Director that is passed by the
shareholders having representation of at least 51 percent of the shares of
the same group,
Explanation: For the purpose of this Section, “group” means a group of
promoters and shareholders from general public.
(c) In case the resignation tendered by a Director from his/her position is
approved,
(d) In case of commission of any act that is not supposed to be committed
under this Act or directives of Rastra Bank,
(e) In case the Rastra Bank directs to remove from the office stating that
since a Director has committed acts against rights and interests of the
bank or financial institution or of the depositors and since he/she is not
competent to carry out works as in the office of a Director of the bank or
financial institution.
(2) In case a bank or financial institution deems that any of its directors is
ineligible to remain in the office of the Director according to this Act or the Rastra

28
 Bank Act or is no more in the office, written information thereof shall be given to the
Rastra Bank within fifteen days.

(3) The Rastra Bank may, if it has received in written form with regard to a
Director that he/she is ineligible to remain in the office as stated in sub-Section (2),
issue appropriate direction after carrying out necessary enquiry.

20. As to an incumbent Constitutional Position Holder: No person who holds a

constitutional position shall, so long as he/she is holding such position, be eligible
in the Board of Directors or as the Chief Executive of any bank or financial
institution.

21. Meetings of Board of Directors: (1) Meetings of the Board of Directors shall have to
be held at least 12 times in a year.

Provided that gap between two meetings shall not be more than sixty days.

(2) The chairperson shall convene a meeting of the Board of Directors at any
time when at least one-third of the Directors request in writing to convene the
meeting by mentioning the agenda to be discussed in the meeting.

(3) Meetings of the Board of Directors shall be presided over by the

Chairperson. In absence of the Chairperson, the meeting shall be presided over by a
Director selected by majority of the Directors from amongst themselves.

(4) No meeting of the Board of Directors shall be held unless it is attended by

at least fifty one percent of the total number of Directors.

(5) The decision of a majority in the meeting of the Board of Directors

shall be binding and the chairperson may exercise the casting vote only in the
event of a tie.

29
 (6) Minutes regarding the names of Directors attend in the meeting of Board
of Directors, the agenda discussed and the decisions taken thereon shall be
recorded in a separate book, and such minutes shall be signed by all Directors
attended in the meeting.

Provided that, if any Director puts forward any dissenting opinion in the
decision of the Board of Directors, he/she may mention such dissenting opinion in
the minutes by putting own signature.

22. Functions, Duties and Powers of Board of Directors: (1) All functions, duties

and powers to be exercised by the bank or financial institution, except those

functions to be performed by the General Meeting, shall be vested in the Board of
Directors subject to this Act, prevailing laws and the Memorandum of Association
and Articles of Association.

(2) It shall be the duty of the Board of Directors to operate bank in the
interests of depositors, costumers and general shareholders having taken overall
risks management of the bank or financial institution and to make assurance not to
intervene into daily conduct of business such as deposit collection, lending,
investing, managing personnel, making expenses from budget having maintained
appropriate corporate governance in the bank or financial institution.

(3) Other functions, duties and powers of the Board of Directors shall be as
follows:-

(a) To frame necessary Byelaws, directives, procedures and to enforce them

subject to this Act, the prevailing laws and directives of the Rastra Bank in
order to carry on the functions of bank or financial institution in well
order,
(b) To prepare internal control system and risks management norms for
avoiding the emergence of risk or risk-prone situation in transactions of

30
 bank or financial institution and to carry on banking and financial
transactions carefully according to its policies and strategies,
(c) To make necessary policy management for carrying out functions of bank
or financial institution and to operate the bank or financial institution in
well order and rational manner by carrying out regular monitoring of
such functions,

(d) To prepare clear organizational structure of the bank or financial

institution and frame policies and implement it accordingly,
(e) To submit audit report including annual progress report of the bank or
financial institution before the General Meeting,
(f) To carry out other functions as specified by the Rastra Bank from time to
time.
23. Accountability and Responsibility of Director: (1) A Director shall not commit or
cause to be committed any act for personal benefit through a bank or financial
institution or in the course of business of bank or financial institution.

(2) A Director shall be personally liable to any act carried out exceeding
his/her authority as in the capacity of a Director of the bank or financial institution.

(3) A Director of a bank or financial institution shall have to assume

responsibility with regard to risks management and internal control by following
sound business strategies of the institution.

(4) A Director shall not have to intervene in the daily functions and activities
of the management of the bank or financial institution.

(5) A Director shall have to fully comply with the directives issued by the
Rastra Bank from time to time.

24. Details of Directors to be collected: A bank or financial institution shall collect the
following details of a Director:-

31
 (a) Name, surname, address, academic qualifications, profession and
experience of the director,
(b) Details as to designation and responsibility if he/she has worked earlier
as Director, official or employee of any other agency,
(c) Details as to name and address of family of the Director and relevant
person's details and financial interests of himself/herself or his/her
family in bank or financial institution or other agencies, share ownership
in his/her name and names of the family of said institution,
(d) Details of the shares and debentures subscribed by the Director or
his/her family members in the bank or financial institution or its holding
or subsidiary company,
(e) Details of the family members is working as official or employee in the
concerned bank or financial institution, if any,
(f) Details as to whether the concerned bank or financial institution has, or is
going to have, any type of agreement with himself/herself or his/her
family member,
(g) Details as to whether any type of interests or concerns with regard to
appointment of Chief Executive, Company Secretary and Auditor,
(h) Written authority given to the Rastra Bank to allow it to conduct an
inquiry or to cause to be conducted the inquiry as to the financial and
professional background of the Director,
(i) Self-declaration that he/she is qualified to be the Director pursuant to
this Act,
(j) Any other details as specified by Rastra Bank from time to time to be
furnished before the Rastra Bank and the Board of Directors.
25. Information of Director and Record: (1) A Director shall have to submit the details
referred to in Sub-Section (1) of Section 24 to the bank or financial institution
within seven days of his/her appointment.

(2) The bank or financial institution shall have to separately maintain

records of the details submitted pursuant to Sub-Section (1).

32
 (3) In case a Director or any member of his/her family acquires any
substantial ownership or any type of interests in the bank or financial institution
directly or indirectly, such Director shall have to present full details thereof at the
first meeting of the Board of Directors.

(4) The Director shall, while conducting discussions on any subject related to
any interests in the Board of Directors or in any other sub-committee, have to
inform about such interests at the beginning of the meeting and he/she shall not
take part in the discussions or voting on such subjects.

(5) In case there is change in the details as referred to in Sub-Section (2) or

Director has been changed, information thereof has to be submitted to the Rastra
Bank within 15 days.

(6) The Rastra Bank, if it deems it appropriate to conduct an inquiry on the

information forwarded pursuant to Sub-Section (5), shall have powers to conduct or
cause to be conducted inquiry on it.

26. Sub-Committees may be formed: (1) Except otherwise expressly provided for in
this Act that particular work shall be carried out by any particular agency or official,
the Board of Directors may form one or more sub-committee/s for any specific
purpose subject to the directives of the Rastra Bank.

Provided that the Chairperson of the Board of Directors shall not be allowed
to remain in the sub-committee.

(2) The functions, duties, powers and rules of procedure of the sub-
committee formed pursuant to Sub-Section (1) and the remuneration or
allowances receivable by the member for attending its meetings shall be as
prescribed by the Board of Directors and such functions carried out by such sub-
committee and expenditures incurred thereof shall be clearly mentioned in the
annual report.

33
27. Delegation of Power: The Board of Directors may, having stated the rational and
reasons, delegate any of its powers to any Director, a sub-committee formed
pursuant to Section 26, the Chief Executive or any person acting as the Chief
Executive of the bank or financial institution on the condition that such powers shall
be exercised under its supervision or direction.

28. Allowances and Facilities of the Director: Meeting allowances and other facilities to
be entitled to a Director for being present in the meeting shall be as provided for in
the Articles of Association.

29. Appointment of Chief Executive and Terms and Conditions of Service:(1) The Board
of Directors shall, subject to this Act, Memorandum of Association and Articles of
Association, appoint one Chief Executive for management of the bank or financial
institution.

(2) The tenure of office of the Chief Executive shall be of four years in
maximum and he/she may be re-appointed again for next one term of office.

(3) The provision referred to in Sub-Section (2) shall come into force after
commencement of this Act.

(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in Sub-Section (2), the Board of

Directors may remove the Chief Executive from his/her office at any time; in case
his/her work performance has not been satisfactory.

Provided that before removing from the office, reasonable opportunity shall
have to be provided to him/her to submit clarification.

(5) While appointing an Chief Executive, the persons having possessed the
following qualifications and experience shall be appointed and information thereof
shall be furnished to the Rastra Bank within seven days from the date of
appointment:-

34
 (a) Having attained Master’s degree in management, banking, finance,
monetary, economics, commerce, bookkeeping, statistics, account,
mathematics, business administration or law,
(b) Having work experience of at least ten years as an officer level or above in
banking or finance sector, government agency, corporate body, university
or an international institution or organization to carry on similar works
after having attained bachelor’s degree in chartered accountancy or
management, banking, finance, monetary, economics, commerce,
bookkeeping, statistics, account, mathematics, business administration or
law,
Provided that in case of the Chief Executive of a Class "D" financial
institution, one shall have to possess the academic qualifications and
work experience as specified by the Rastra Bank.
(c) Having completed the criteria as prescribed by the Rastra Bank with
regard to appointment of the Chief Executive,
(d) Not been disqualified pursuant to Sub-Section (1) of Section 18.
Provided that disqualifications as mentioned in Part (i) and (n) of Sub-
Section (1) of the Section 18 shall not apply with regard to the Chief
Executive.
(6) In case the Chief Executive appointed pursuant to Sub-Section (1) has not
been found qualified according to this Act, the Rastra Bank may issue order to the
concerned bank or financial institution to remove such Chief Executive and to
appoint another person being qualified to get appoint in the post of Chief Executive.

(7) Remuneration and terms and conditions of service and other facilities of
the Chief Executive shall be as specified by the Board of Directors and the terms and
conditions of service and facilities shall have to be fixed at the time of his/her
appointment.

35
 (8) The Chief Executive of any bank or financial institution may not be
appointed as the Chief Executive, official, employee or in other position in any other
business organization.

Provided that provision of this Sub-Section shall not be deemed to have made
obstruction to be the Director of an Infrastructure Development Bank in which the
bank or financial institution has made investment in such development bank.

30. Functions, Duties and Powers of the Chief Executive: (1) The functions, duties and
powers of the Chief Executive shall be as follows:-

(a) To exercise the powers delegated by the Board of Directors and to

implement decisions of the Board of Directors subject to the
Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association and oversee and
control the activities and transactions of the bank or financial institution,
(b) To prepare annual budget and action plan of the bank or financial
institution and submit before the Board of Directors for approval,
(c) To manage necessary human resources subject to the Personnel Byelaws
of the bank or financial institution,
(d) To implement or cause to be implemented the decisions of the General
Meeting,
(e) To operate the institution according to this Act and directives of the
Rastra Bank and to have effective internal control system and risks
management,
(f) To submit statements, documents, decisions, etc. to be submitted by the
bank or financial institution to the Rastra Bank or any other agency on
time subject to this Act, directives of the Rastra Bank and Memorandum
of Association and Articles of Association,
(g) To operate the institution with optimum protection of interests of
depositors, shareholders and the institution itself,

36
 (h) To apply appropriate norms for senior management subject to the policy
as determined by the Board of Directors.
(2) The Chief Executive shall be accountable to the Board of Directors for own work.

Chapter-5
Provisions on License

31. Prohibition on carrying on Financial Transactions by anyone other than Bank or

Financial Institution: (1) No one, except the bank or financial institution having
obtained license pursuant to Section 34, shall carry on banking or financial
transactions according to this Act.

(2) The Rastra Bank shall formulate and execute licensing policy concerning
bank or financial institution for the purpose of granting license to the bank or
financial institution.

32. Use of Name of Bank or Financial Institution: (1) No one shall use the name of a
bank or financial institution for the purpose of carrying on banking and financial
transactions without obtaining approval from the Rastra Bank.

(2) Any person, company, or institution shall not be entitled to use in its
name the words such as “bank”, “banking”, “finance”, “financial” or other words or
symbol or adjective indicating similar meaning without getting prior approval from
the Rastra Bank, except the bank or financial institution having obtained license to
carry on banking and financial transaction pursuant to Section 49 of this Act and a
foreign bank or financial institution opening a branch office in Nepal.

(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in Sub-Section (2), the provision as

referred to in Sub-Section (2) shall not be applicable in case of following
organization:-

(a) Any organization established or recognized according to law, or

international agreement or practice,

37
 (b) The company submitting application for carrying on banking and
financial transactions within six months of incorporation.
(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in Sub-Section (2), any bank or
financial institution having obtained approval to carry on financial transactions
according to the prevailing laws during the commencement of this Act may carry on
financial transactions by using the name prevailing at the time of approval.

(5) Financial institution of Class “B”, “C” and “D” shall use the name as
“development bank”, “finance company” and “micro finance financial institution”
respectively.

(6) The bank or financial institution having used the name of micro-finance
development bank before commencement of this Act shall use the name as referred
to in Sub-section (5) after the commencement of this Act.

33. Application to be filed to obtain License for carrying on Banking and Financial
Transactions: (1) A bank or financial institution desirous of carrying on banking or
financial transactions pursuant to this Act shall make an application to the Rastra
Bank for obtaining license with fee as prescribed by the Rastra Bank.

(2) The bank or financial institution shall also enclose following details
and documents with the application to be made pursuant to Sub-Section (1): -

(a) A copy of the Memorandum of Association, Articles of Association

of the bank or financial institution along with the certificate of
incorporation according to the prevailing laws,
(b) Particulars of an office building equipped with all infrastructures
required by the bank or financial institution to carry on financial
transactions, or, if such building is to rented, a copy of the lease
agreement and the particulars of the building to be rented, including
that there are enough bases for making available banking and
financial services and facilities,

38
 (c) Document evidencing that the amount of the shares undertaken to be
subscribed by promoters is paid and deposited to the Rastra Bank,
(d) Byelaws Relating to Conditions of Service and Facilities of the
Employees, Financial Administration Byelaws; and Bye-laws relating
to Write-off of Loans of the bank or financial institution,
(e) Principal place of business or if address of the branches have been
ascertained, address thereof,
(f) Consent that the terms and conditions set forth by the Rastra Bank for
carrying out banking and financial transaction will be abided by,
(g) Business plan prepared by incorporating business strategy of the
bank or financial institution, organizational structure suitable to
nature of the transaction to be operated, internal control and risk
management process,
(h) Name-list of the Directors and officials of the bank or financial
institution and details stating that they are qualified to become the
Director and officials according to this Act,
(i) Commitment to meet the minimum capital adequacy ratio set by the
Rastra Bank from time to time until the bank or financial institution
carries on banking and financial transactions,
(j) Commitment that the bank or financial institution will maintain an
internal control system for proper management of all potential risks,
(k) Other details and documents specified by the Rastra Bank from time
to time.
(3) In case of a bank or financial institution to be established in joint venture
in Nepal by any foreign bank or financial institution, the following details and
documents have also to be submitted to the Rastra Bank in addition to those matters
as mentioned in Sub-Section (2):-
(a) In case of bank or financial institutions of Class “A”, “B”, “C” and “D”,
letter of consent or approval given by the government of the
concerned country or central bank or regulating agency formed
according to the laws of the concerned country of foreign bank or
39
 financial institution, for operating banking and financial transactions
in Nepal by such foreign bank or financial institution,
(b) Upon submitting application to the Rastra Bank to incorporate foreign
bank or financial institution or upon obtaining permission from the
Rastra Bank, if any matter to be fulfilled by such foreign bank or
financial institution under this Act could not be fulfilled, details of that
matter,
(c) Other information and documents specified by the Rastra Bank.

(4) The Rastra Bank may, if any documents or details are not adequate or
sufficient while carrying out enquiry to the documents and details received
pursuant to Sub-Section (2) or (3), ask for additional documents or details from
concerned bank or financial institution.
34. License may be granted for carrying out Banking and Financial Transactions:(1) In
case the Rastra Bank finds, while carrying out inquiry on the application submitted
pursuant to Section 33 and documents and details enclosed therewith, that all
requirements to carry on the banking and financial transaction under this Act are
met, the Rastra Bank may issue license of any class based on the classification of
bank or financial institution pursuant to Section 37 within one hundred twenty days
to operate banking and financial transaction.

(2) Before issuing license pursuant to Sub-Section (1), the Rastra Bank shall
ascertain the following matters:-

(a) Granting of license for operation of bank or financial institution will

result in development of healthy competition and effective financial
intermediary transaction and it will result in protection of interests of
depositors,
(b) It is capable to carry on banking and financial transactions subject to
this Act, Rules, Byelaws framed thereunder, Orders or Directives as
well as Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association,

40
 (c) The documents and details submitted along with application pursuant
to Section 33 for license are sufficient and physical infrastructures are
adequate,
(d) Any official appointed or included or to be appointed or to be included
in the bank or financial institution is capable of carrying out banking
and financial transactions.
(3) In case the Rastra Bank has specified the date of enforcement of license
while issuing license to carry on banking and financial transactions, the license shall
be deemed to have been activated from that specified date and if no such date has
been specified, the license shall be deemed to have been activated from the date of
issuance of the license.

35. Issuance of License may be denied: (3) Notwithstanding anything contained in

Section 34, the Rastra Bank may deny to issue license to operate banking and
financial transactions to a bank or financial institution in any of the following
circumstances:-

(a) If it causes adverse effects on the stability, fair competition and

credibility of the financial system of Nepal,
(b) If it is not reasonable and appropriate to issue license for operation of
financial transaction for protection of interests of depositors,
(c) If the infrastructure to operate banking and financial transactions are
not completed,
(d) If other particulars or conditions pursuant to this Act are not found to
be completed.
(2) The Rastra Bank shall, in case there is a situation that the license to
operate banking and financial transactions could not be issued according to this
Section, inform to the concerned bank or financial institution stating the reasons
thereof within ninety days of the date of filing of the application.

41
36. Rastra Bank may Specify Conditions :(1) The Rastra Bank may, while granting
license for carrying on banking and financial transactions pursuant to Section 34,
specify necessary terms and conditions by giving consideration to existing position
of the bank or financial institution, healthy operation of financial transaction and
interests of depositors. It shall be the duty of the concerned bank or financial
institution to abide by such terms and conditions.

(2) The Rastra Bank may bring necessary alterations and changes from time
to time as per the requirement in the terms and conditions as specified pursuant to
Sub-Section (1).

37. Classification of Bank or Financial Institution: The Rastra Bank shall, based on
minimum paid up capital of the bank or financial institution submitting application
pursuant to Section 33 for carrying on banking and financial transactions and
transaction to be operated on by such bank or financial institution and working
areas, classify banks or financial institutions in classes “A”, “B”, “C” and “D” and issue
license to concerned banks or financial institutions accordingly.

Provided that an infrastructure development bank shall not be classified in any

class.

38. May be Converted into Higher Class of Bank or Financial Institution: (1) If a bank or
financial institution of lower class desires to be converted into a bank or financial
institution of one level higher class, it has to submit an application to the Rastra
Bank.

Provided that the class "D" institutions may not be converted into the higher
class.

(2) If the Rastra Bank deems appropriate, upon carrying out inquiry into the
application and details enclosed with the application according to Sub-Section (1),

42
 to convert bank or financial institution as the bank or financial institution of higher
class, it may grant prior approval subject to the following terms and conditions:-

(a) If it has the met the paid up capital requirement for a bank or
financial institution of higher class as prescribed by the Rastra
Bank,
(b) If it has continuously maintained the capital fund adequacy
according to the Rastra Bank directives for the last five years, it is in
profit continuously for the last five years, and the average non-
performing loans of the last five years is within the limits as
prescribed by the Rastra Bank,
(c) If preliminary expenses have already been written off,
(d) If the shares to be issued publicly have been issued and already been
allotted,
(e) If the General Meeting has already passed the special resolution for
conversion into upper class of the bank or financial institution,
(f) If it has met all conditions as prescribed by the Rastra Bank.
(3) The Rastra Bank shall issue the license of upper class bank or financial
institution pursuant to this Act causing amendment to be made to the Memorandum
of Association and Articles of Association of the bank or financial institution
according to prevailing law having obtained prior approval pursuant to Sub-Section
(2).

39. List to be Published: (1) The Rastra Bank shall publish a list of the bank or
financial institutions carrying on banking and financial transactions every month
in national level newspaper or through any other means.

(2) The Rastra Bank may include the date of commencement of transaction,
paid up capital, position of capital fund, total loans, status of non-performing loans
and other details as deemed necessary by the Rastra Bank in list to be published
pursuant to Sub-Section (1).

43
40. Special Provision on Branch of Foreign Bank: (1) In case the Rastra Bank has
granted license to an internationally classified foreign bank to carry on banking and
financial transactions through a branch in Nepal, the branch so established in Nepal
as per the prevailing law shall be deemed as equivalent to the bank or financial
institution established under this Act and unless otherwise provided by this Act or
Rules, Byelaws, order or directives framed under this Act, all other provisions shall
be applicable equally even in case of such a branch.

(2) The Rastra Bank may issue necessary directives with regard
responsibility of the officials and employees taking responsibilities of the functions,
duties, powers, responsibility, liability, assets, accounts, etc. of the branch of the
foreign bank and carrying out such functions.

(3) The branch of a foreign bank located in Nepal shall, while using its own
assets in the course of bearing own responsibility, give first priority to its liability
towards Nepal subject not to make adverse effect in any other legal provisions.

(4) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Act, branch of the

foreign bank may carry on wholesale banking transactions.

(5) Function and activities of branch office of foreign bank shall be as

prescribed by the Rastra Bank.

Chapter-6

Provisions on Capital, Capital Fund and Liquid Assets

41. Capital to be Maintained :(1) The minimum paid up capital of the bank or financial
institutions shall be as prescribed by the Rastra Bank from time to time.

(2) Banks or financial institution shall have to fulfill the minimum paid up
capital pursuant to Sub-Section (1) within the time frame as set by the Rastra Bank.

44
 (3) The Rastra Bank may make provisions that any person, firm, company or
institution may only invest up to fifteen percent of the paid up capital of any one
bank or financial institution.

(4) While investing in other bank or financial institution by any person, firm,
company or institution having investment in one bank or financial institution
pursuant to Sub-Section (3), investment shall have to be made subject to be less
than one percent of the paid up capital of said bank or financial institution.

(5) Provisions concerning investment by any person, firm, company or

institution in the paid up capital of any bank or financial institution to be established
in foreign joint venture, "D" class financial institution and infrastructure
development bank shall be as prescribed by the Rastra Bank.

(6) The percentage of the share capital that may be invested by any person or
institution in order to incorporate a bank or financial institution or invest in a bank
or financial institution shall be as prescribed by the Rastra Bank from time to time.

42. Capital Fund: (1) A bank or financial institution shall have to maintain a capital fund
in the ratio as prescribed by the Rastra Bank on the basis of its total assets or total
risk-weighted assets. The Rastra Bank may, while prescribing such ratio, also
prescribe the ratio of additional capital fund.

(2) If any bank or financial institution fails to maintain the capital fund
in accordance with Sub-Section (1), the Board of Directors of such bank or
financial institution shall have to give information thereof to the Rastra Bank
within one month.

(3) The information given pursuant to Sub-Section (2) shall also be

accompanied by, inter alia, the reasons for the failure to maintain the capital
fund and the plans or programs prepared by the Board of Directors to increase the
capital fund and restore it to the position as prescribed by the Nepal Rastra Bank.

45
 (4) On receipt of the information referred to in Sub-Sections (2) and (3) ,
if the Rastra Bank deems the plan or program submitted by the Board of Directors
reasonable, it may give directive to the concerned bank or financial institution to
implement such plans or programs; and if any amendment or alteration is to be
made in the proposed plans or programs it may give a direction to the concerned
bank or financial institution to amend or alter such plan or programs stating the
reasons for such amendment or alteration, and to implement the same.

43. Provisions on Possible Loss: A bank or financial institution shall have to make
provisions of loan loss as prescribed by the Rastra Bank so as to be able to cover its
potential risks concerning assets including loans and liabilities incurring from the
off balance sheet transactions.

44. General Reserve Fund: (1) A bank or financial institution shall have to maintain a
general reserve fund. At least twenty percent of the net profits of each fiscal year
shall have to be added until the paid up capital is doubled and at least ten percent
shall have to be deposited in every fiscal year thereafter in such reserve fund.

(2) The amount credited to the reserve fund of a bank or financial institution
under Sub-Section (1) may not be invested or transferred to any other headings
without obtaining prior approval of the Rastra Bank.

45. Exchange Equalization Fund: (1) A bank or financial institution carrying on

foreign exchange business shall make necessary accounts adjustments in the profit
and loss account of the revaluation profits earned as a result of fluctuations in
the exchange rates of foreign currencies, other than the Indian currency, every year
at the end of the same fiscal year. While making such accounts adjustment in the
profit and loss account, if revaluation earning has been made in any fiscal year, at
least twenty five per cent of such profits shall be credited to the exchange
equalization fund.

46
 Provided that in the case of revaluation profit-loss resulting from
fluctuation in the exchange rate of the Indian currency, it shall be as
prescribed by the Rastra Bank.

(2) No amount credited to the exchange equalization fund pursuant to

Sub-Section (1) shall, without the approval of the Rastra Bank, be spent or
transferred for any purpose other than the adjustment of loss resulting from the
devaluation of foreign currencies.

46. Liquid Assets to be maintained: A bank or financial institution shall have to maintain
liquid assets as prescribed by the Rastra Bank from time to time.

47. Declaration and Distribution of Dividends: (1) A bank or financial institution shall
have to obtain approval of the Rastra Bank before declaring and distributing
dividends.

(2) No bank or financial institution shall be allowed to declare or distribute

dividends to its shareholders until it recovers all of its preliminary expenses and the
losses sustained by it until the previous year, capital, capital fund and possible loan
loss provisioning as prescribed by the Rastra bank and for general reserve fund
pursuant to Section 44 and until complete sale of shares to be allotted to general
public.

48. Order may be issued to decrease Capital: Notwithstanding anything contained in the
prevailing laws, the Rastra Bank may issue order to decrease the issued and paid up
capital of a bank or financial institution.

Chapter -7

Provisions on Operation of Banking and Financial Transactions

49. Bank or Financial Institution may carry on Banking and Financial Transactions: (1)
The class “A” banks may carry on the following banking and financial transactions

47
subject to this Act, Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association and
limitation, conditions imposed and direction issued by the Rastra Bank:-

(a) To accept deposits or to mobilize deposits through various financial

instruments and make payment thereof with or without interest,
(b) To accept deposits, making payments, having transactions, carry on
intermediary services and transfer funds through various electronic
instruments or devices,
(c) To lend loan including hire-purchase, leasing, housing and overdrafts,
(d) To lend loan on collateral of project and hypothecation and lending or
causing to be lending loans in consortium financing having divided the
collateral on pari passu according to mutual agreement entered into
between one another,
(e) To lend loans on the guarantee of foreign bank or financial institution,
(f) To lend loans in the amount covered by the value of the movable or
immovable assets which has already been mortgaged to it or lending
loans on remortgage in the amount to be covered by the value of the
movable or immovable assets which has already been mortgaged to
other bank or financial institution,
(g) To issue guarantees on behalf of its customers and getting executed
necessary bonds with such customers in consideration thereof,
obtaining security, and acquire their movable or immovable assets
as collateral or on mortgage, or the assets of third persons as
collateral and to acquire, accept the assets holding as security and to
carry on other related transaction,
(h) To make available of refinance from the Rastra Bank as may be
necessary or to lend or borrow loans from other bank or financial
institution,
(i) To supply loan or managing loans from the amount received from
Government of Nepal or other native or foreign agency for promotion
of a project,

48
(j) To Write-off credits subject to the prevailing credits write-off Byelaws,
(k) To issue shares, debenture, debenture bond, etc. so on for the purpose
of meeting the capital fund,
(l) To issue, accept, pay, discount or purchase and sell letters of credit,
bills of exchange, promissory notes, cheques, travelers cheques,
drafts or other financial instruments,
(m) To issue, accept and manage digital card or other instruments for
electronic transactions and appointing agents for carrying out acts
relating thereto,
(n) To carry on foreign exchange business subject to the prevailing laws,
(o) To carry on government transactions subject to the limits, terms and
conditions or direction of the Rastra Bank,
(p) To purchase, sell or accept treasury bills issued by Government of
Nepal or bonds issued by the Rastra Bank,
(q) To remit or transmit amount to different places within or outside
Nepal through bills of exchange, cheques or other financial
instruments; receiving remittance from abroad and to make payment
thereof,
(r) To take responsibility of and arranging for the sale or purchase of
shares, debentures or securities; collecting interest, dividends etc.
accruing from shares, debentures or securities; remitting or
transmitting such interests or dividends to places within or outside
Nepal; and arranging safe deposit vaults for customers acting as a
commission agent of its customers,
(s) To carry on off-balance sheet transactions,
(t) To disburse credits upto the amount as prescribed by the Rastra Bank
against individual or collective guarantee for the economic
upliftment of the peoples from deprived sector, low-income families,
victims of natural calamities and inhabitants in any area of the country,
(u) To exchange details, information or notices on debtors or customers
who have obtained credits from it or other banks or financial
49
 institutions with the Rastra Bank or any other bank or financial
institutions,
(v) To buy and sell of gold and silver bullions,
(w) To conduct, or causing to be conducted, study, research and survey
work relating to the establishment, operation and evaluation of
projects, and providing training, consultancy and other information,
(x) To manage properly or sell its assets of every type to come under its
ownership according to this Act and the prevailing laws,
(y) To give guarantee with consent of the parties involved on matters of
payment to be made or values to be recovered for performance of any
act between two or more persons, subject to the prevailing laws,
(z) To perform other functions as may be prescribed by the Rastra Bank.
(2) The Class “B” financial institution may carry on the following banking and
financial transactions, in addition to banking and financial transactions as referred
to in clauses (a), (b), (c), (f), (h), (i), (j), (k), (n), (p), (r), (s), (t), (u) and (x) of Sub-
Section (1) subject to this Act, the Memorandum of Association and Articles of
Association and limitation and conditions imposed and directives issued by the
Rastra Bank:-

(a) To lend credit in collateral of project, to make or cause to be made

arrangements for jointly lending credits on the basis of consortium
financing in collaboration with other bank or financial institutions in
accordance with the mutual agreement entered into for the division
of the collateral (pari passu)
(b) To issue guarantees on behalf of its customers and to cause to be
executed necessary bonds with such customers, to acquire their
movable or immovable assets as collateral or on mortgage, or the
assets of third persons as collateral in consideration thereof,
(c) To issue, accept, make payment, discount or purchase and sell bills of
exchange, promissory notes, cheques, travelers cheques, drafts,
(d) To accept loans in mortgage of its movable and immovable assets,

50
 (e) To carry on transactions of letters of credit and remittance with prior
approval of Rastra Bank,
(f) To take custody of and arrange for the sale or purchase of shares,
debentures or securities, to collect interest, dividends etc. accruing
from shares, debentures or securities, to make arrangement of safe
deposit vaults for customers acting as a commission agent of its
customers,
(g) To carry on transactions of transfer of amount within Nepal,
(h) To carry on, or cause to be carry on study, research and survey work
relating to the project establishment and operation as well as
banking, account, property, loan evaluation and to provide training,
consultancy and other services and to provide information thereof,
(i) To carry out other functions as may be prescribed by the Rastra Bank.
(3) Class “C” financial institution may carry on the following financial
transactions, in addition to the financial transactions referred to in clauses (a), (b),
(f), (h), (j), (k), (p), (r), (t) (u) and (x) of Sub-Section (1) subject to this Act and the
Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association, the limitation and
conditions imposed and directives issued by the Rastra Bank: -

(a) To disburse credit for hire-purchase, leasing, housing loans,

(b) To make arrangements for jointly disbursing credits on the basis of
consortium financing in collaboration with other bank or financial
institutions in accordance with the mutual agreement entered into for
the division of the collateral pari passu,
(c) To accept loans having mortgaged its movable and immovable assets,
(d) To properly manage its assets, to sell or rent or lease them out,
(e) To issue, accept, make payment, discount or purchas and sell bills of
exchange, promissory notes, cheques, travelers cheques or other
financial instruments,
(f) To carry on the transaction of foreign currencies by obtaining approval
from the Rastra Bank,

51
 (g) To disburse installment or hire-purchase loan to any person, firm,
company or institution for motor vehicles, machinery, tools,
equipment, durable household goods or similar other movable
property,
(h) To provide leasing finance to any person, firm, company or institution
to hire vehicle, machines, tools or instruments, household durable
goods, or similar types of movable assets or to accept or provide such
goods on hire,
(j) To issue guarantees on behalf of its customers and to cause to be
executed necessary bonds with such customers, to acquire their
movable or immovable assets as collateral or on mortgage, or the
assets of third persons as collateral in consideration thereof,
(i) To sell off or leasing out whole or part of its assets,
(j) To prescribe prices of goods on consent with the finance company and
seller in case any goods procured has to be sold to other purchaser on
current price or deferred price,
(k) To carry out other functions as may be prescribed by the Rastra Bank.
(4) The Class “D” financial institution may carry on the following banking and
financial transactions subject to this Act, Memorandum of Association and Articles of
Association and limitation, conditions imposed and direction issued by the Rastra
Bank:

(a) To Disburse micro-credit, with or without any movable or

immovable property as the collateral or security, for operating any
micro-enterprise prescribed by the Rastra Bank to any project, any
group or a member thereof which/who have regularly saved for the
period and maintained the prescribed saving,
(b) To accept loans or grants from any bank or financial institution or
native or foreign organization or institution, and use such loans or
grants for the supply of micro-credit or for making the same
effective,

52
 Provided that approval of the Rastra Bank shall be obtained prior to
obtaining loans or grants from any foreign organization.
(c) Prior to disbursing micro-credits, evaluating the schemes for which
micro-credits have been requested and determining whether or not
they are feasible,
(d) To provide necessary services and consultation to groups with regard
to mobilization of micro finance,
(e) To carry out necessary actions for recovery of the micro credits on
time,
(f) To accept deposits and refund such deposits subject to the limit
prescribed by the Rastra Bank by getting approval of the Rastra
Bank,
(g) To issue shares, debentures, bonds, etc. for the purpose of meeting the
capital fund requirements,
(h) To exchange information or notices on debtors or customers who
have obtained credit or any kind of facility from it and other bank or
financial institutions with the Rastra Bank or any other bank or
financial institutions particulars of,
(i) To carry out such other functions as may be prescribed by the Rastra
Bank.
(5) The infrastructure development banks may carry on the following
transactions subject to this Act, Memorandum of Association, Articles of Association,
and limits, conditions and directives of the Rastra Bank:-

(a) To Disburse loans and financing in shares in projects relating to

infrastructure development,
(b) To Finance in securities of the companies operating projects
relating to infrastructure development,
(c) To open letters of credits and issue guarantees for purchase, sale
or supply or installation of machineries, equipment and tools

53
 required for construction and operation of projects relating to
infrastructure development,
(d) To issue financial instruments in national or foreign currencies
with approval of the Rastra Bank for collecting fund required for
investment in projects concerning infrastructure development and
to acquire loan to that effect,
(e) To mobilize resources by accepting long term deposits or issuing
debenture,
(f) To carry on leasing transactions with approval of the Rastra Bank,
(g) To provide loans and facilities for projects by accepting guarantee
of foreign banks and financial institutions,
(h) To carry out other acts as prescribed by the Rastra Bank.
50. Acts not to be carried out by Bank or Financial Institution: (1) A bank or financial
institution shall not have to carry out or cause to be carried out any of the following
acts:-

(a) To purchase and sell goods with an objective of business and to

purchase immovable land and to construct building except those
are necessary for its own purposes,
(b) To disburse credit against security of one’s own shares,
(c) To provide any type of credit facility to the Directors, person
having subscribed one percent or more than that of the paid up
capital, Chief Executive, or a member of family of such persons, or
the firm, company or organization having significant ownership or
financial interest in any person, firm, company or organization
having authority to nominate or appoint Director or managing
agent,
(d) To provide any type of credit or facility exceeding per customer
limit prescribed by the Rastra Bank from its capital fund to the
single customer, company, companies or partnership firms of the
same group and relevant person,

54
 (e) To provide any type of credits to any person, firm, company or
institution on the guarantee of promoters, Directors, or Chief
Executive,
(f) To make investment in the securities of the bank or financial
institutions of class “A”, “B” and “C”, classified by the Rastra Bank,
(g) To invest the amount more than the limit as prescribed by the
Rastra Bank in share capital of other institution,
(h) To create any type of monopoly or other type of restrictive
practices in banking and financial transactions in collusion of
banks or financial institutions,
(i) To commit in any act to create an artificial hurdles in competitive
environment in financial sectors with a intention to get undue
advantage,
(j) To carry out any other functions which are prescribed by the
Rastra Bank as the functions not be carried out by a bank or
financial institutions.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Act, there shall be
no restriction to carry on own banking and financial transaction or to provide
housing or other facilities for its own employees according to prevailing Personnel
Byelaws of bank or financial institution, to disburse any credit against the collateral
security of the bond issued by Government of Nepal or Rastra Bank, amount
deposited in any account or fixed deposits receipts or to make available credit and
credit card facilities up to the prescribed limit to promoters, Directors, Chief
Executive or shareholders having subscribed more than one percent of shares
against the collateral security of their own fixed deposit receipts, and the bonds
issued by Government of Nepal or the Rastra Bank.

51. Provisions concerning Subsidiary Company: (1) A bank or financial institution may
incorporate subsidiary company with the approval from the Rastra Bank.

55
 (2) The Rastra Bank may prescribe necessary terms and conditions while
granting approval pursuant to Sub-Section (1).

52. Prohibition on carrying out transactions with relevant persons: No bank or financial
institution shall be allowed to provide any type of loan or facilities to the relevant
persons.

53. Information of Suspicious Transaction to be furnished: A bank or financial

institution shall have to take actions as per the provision mentioned in the
prevailing law preventing money laundering and terrorist financing with regard to
informing about suspicious transactions with its account holder or customer having
had transactions with it.

54. Rastra Bank may issue Directive: The Rastra Bank may issue necessary directives
with regard to procedural aspects and other matters to be followed by the bank or
financial institutions while carrying out activities under this Chapter.

Chapter -8

Provisions on Disbursement and Recovery of Credits

55. Provisions on Disbursement of Credit: (1) A bank or financial institution shall have
to disburse credit only after disclosing the purpose subject to the directives issued
by the Rastra Bank from time to time and the credit policy as determined by the
Board of Directors.

(2) While disbursing credit, a bank or financial institution shall have to

obtain any movable or immovable property acceptable to it as a collateral security
or an appropriate guarantee so as to safeguard interests of its own and of the
depositors.

(3) A bank or financial institution shall have to write to the concerned office
to withhold any property which it has taken up as collateral security against a

56
credit pursuant to this Section in the name of the bank or financial institution so
that such property may not be registered in name of, or transferred to, any person
in any manner whatsoever.

(4) When requested in writing to withhold, registration or transmission of

property pursuant to Sub-Section (3), the concerned office shall have to withhold
the registration or transmission thereof accordingly.

(5) In case the Rastra Bank gives direction to disburse credits for such
class and in such area as prioritized for the economic upliftment of the persons
belonging to a low-income group and indigent class and of the inhabitants
residing in any specific geographical region, to banks or financial institutions shall
have to disburse credits according to the direction .

(6) The terms and conditions, repayment schedule, and interests of the
credits borrowed by the borrower shall be according to the deeds or agreement
executed between the bank or financial institution and the borrower.

(7) The bank or financial institution shall have to collect necessary details of
identity documents of the borrower, guarantor or, if the borrower is a firm,
company or an institution, the directors, the shareholders having subscribed the
shares in numbers more than the percent prescribed by the Rasta Bank or partners
or owners in any manner thereof; the members of families of all of the above
persons and if any of them is a beneficiary of any institution, and evidence of
identity that may be required while taking legal actions.

(8) While disbursing any credit by a bank or financial institution to anyone,

the regular installment of the credit, interests, penal interests and repayment
schedule shall have to be clearly specified in deed or contract and information
thereof must be given to the borrower and guarantor.

57
 (9) A borrower may request for details of the payable or paid principal,
interests, penal interests, and other fees and the deed or contract executed in the
course of availing the credit and the bank or financial institution shall have to make
such details available.

56. Monitoring as to Utilization of Credit Amount: A bank or financial institution shall

have to carry out regular monitoring by preparing a monitoring schedule as to
whether or not the borrower has utilized the credit for the purpose for which it has
been disbursed.

57. Provisions on Recovery of Credit: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the

deed of loan or in the prevailing Nepal law, the bank or financial institution may
recover its principal and interests having sold by auction the assets taken or put as
mortgaged by the borrower in the name of the bank or financial institution, if the
borrower fails to abide by the terms of the credit as mentioned in the deed or
agreement or any terms and covenants made with a bank or financial institution or
fails to repay credit to the bank or financial institution within the time-limit
stipulated in the deed, or if the bank or financial institution is found, through the
monitoring conducted pursuant to Section 56, that it has misused the credit by using
it for the purpose other than the purpose for which it was disbursed.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in the prevailing law, in case the

borrower gives off the title in any manner whatsoever over the assets mortgaged
collateral security or the value of assets mortgaged as collateral security to the bank
or financial institution is decreased, the bank or financial institution may ask such
borrower to place more assets as collateral security within the time limit specified
by it and the borrower shall have to place additional collateral security within the
time-limit prescribed by the bank or financial institution.

(3) In case the borrower fails to place more assets as collateral within the
time limit pursuant to Sub-Section (2) or the principal and interests could not be
recovered from the collateral security so mortgaged, the bank or financial

58
institution may recover its principal and interests from the movable or immovable
assets under the ownership or title of the borrower according to the prevailing laws.

(4) In case any amount remains after deducting the amount realized from
auction sale or other provisions under this Section from the amount of expenses and
the amount of principal and interests of the bank or financial institution, such
remaining amount shall have to be refunded to the concerned borrower.

(5) The bank or financial institution shall write to the concerned office to
register or transfer the ownership of the assets so auctioned as per this Section in
the name of the person accepting the auction in accordance with the prevailing law.

(6) In case the bank or financial institution writes for registering or

transferring the ownership of the assets pursuant to Sub-Section (5),
notwithstanding anything contained in the prevailing laws, the concerned office
shall have to register or transfer the ownership of the assets as requested.

(7) In case no one accepts the movable or immovable assets while carrying
out auction by the bank or financial institution under this Section, the bank or
financial institution shall take into its ownership such assets as prescribed.

(8) The bank or financial institution shall write to the concerned office to
register or transfer the ownership of the assets it has taken into its ownership
pursuant to Sub-Section (7). In case such request is received, the concerned office
shall, notwithstanding anything contained in the prevailing laws, register or transfer
the ownership of the assets in the name of the concerned bank or financial
institution.

(9) In case the then owner denies to, or obstructs in, possessing the property
accepted by any person or a bank or financial institution and the party accepting the
auction who has the right to enjoy the assets according to laws, the concerned body

59
of Government of Nepal shall take action to cause to possess of said property as per
the prevailing law.

(10) The licensed institution shall not be entitled to suspend the recovery
process of the credit written off subject to the prevailing Credit Write-off Byelaws.

(11) In case a borrower does not repay the credit from a bank or financial
institution and the interests accrued thereto and penal interests within the time
limit stipulated in the deed of the credit or the contract, the bank or financial
institution shall have to write to the Credit Information Bureau Limited to blacklist
such borrower according to the prevailing laws.

(12) In case the credit could not be recovered even after taking actions
against the borrower under this Section, the bank or financial institution may, for
the purpose of recovering such credit amount, take actions for recovery of the
credits according to the prevailing laws including freezing of any assets of the
borrower located in a foreign country.

(13) In case the credit could not be recovered even after taking all actions
under this Section, the concerned bank or financial institution may request the
Rastra Bank for making necessary provisions to withhold or confiscate the
passport/s of the concerned borrowers and to deprive the concerned borrower
from availing the services to be made available by the state. Upon receipt of such
request, Rastra Bank shall have to forward the request to Government of Nepal for
necessary actions along with its opinion.

(14) The taking actions by any bank or financial institution against anyone in
the course of recovery of credits shall not be deemed to have prevented to take legal
actions for any offence as per the prevailing laws.

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 Chapter-9

Provisions on Accounts, Records, Details and Reporting

58. Accounts to be maintained accurately: (1) Bank or financial institution shall have to
maintain its accounts, books, records precisely and correctly.

(2) The accounts to be maintained pursuant to Sub-Section (1) shall have to

be maintained according to recognized principle of double entry book keeping
system reflecting the exact status of transactions of the bank or financial institution.

(3) Without prejudice to the generality of Sub-Section (1) and (2), licensed
branch or office of a foreign bank or financial institution shall have to prepare and
maintain financial statements including separate accounts, books and records of its
assets, liabilities, income and expenses and profit and loss accounts.

(4) Unless otherwise approved by the Rastra Bank, the accounts and other
statements to be maintained pursuant to Sub-Section (1) shall have to be
maintained at its central office.

59. Balance-sheet, Profit and Loss Accounts to be prepared: (1) Bank or financial
institution shall have to prepare and maintain its balance-sheet, profit and loss
account and cash flow statement and other statements in the formats as prescribed
by the Rastra Bank.

(2) Bank or financial institution shall have to submit balance-sheet, profit

and loss account to the Rastra Bank within three months of the completion of every
fiscal year and details of such balance-sheet and profit and loss account shall have to
be published for information of general public as prescribed by the Rastra Bank. A
bank or financial institution shall have to publish the audited balance-sheet of every
Fiscal Year and profit and loss accounts of the transactions within and outside Nepal
as in the prescribed formats within nine months of next fiscal year.

61
 (3) If a bank or financial institution is having its subsidiary company, the
balance-sheet and profit and loss accounts and status of transaction of business of
the subsidiary company and parent company must be separately stated and stated
in integrated manner as well.

(4) The format, contents, methods of certification and details of the matters
to be made public in the balance-sheet and profit and loss accounts to be prepared
by bank or financial institutions under this Chapter shall be as prescribed or
directed by the Rastra Bank.

(5) In case the Rastra Bank has suspicion that any details publicized by a
bank or financial institution pursuant to Sub-Section (2) is erroneous, incomplete,
misleading or false, the Rastra Bank may require by a notification in writing to the
concerned bank or financial institution to do as follows:-

(a) To publicize the matters escaped or not stated, or

(b) To re-publicize the details which are erroneous, incomplete,
misleading or false, or
(c) To publish by making correction of the matters required by
directives of the Rastra Bank.
60. Audit Committee: (1) The Board of Directors of a bank or financial institution shall
have to form an Audit Committee comprising of three members under the headship
of one non-executive Director.

(2) The Chairperson of the bank or financial institution, convener of the sub-
committee and the Chief Executive shall not be allowed to act in the audit committee
referred to in Sub-Section (1).

(3) Members of the committee referred to in Sub-Section (1) shall not be

entitled to be engaged in collecting deposits, disbursing credits, investing in
securities, and making decisions in any daily transaction that requires for making
expenses out of the approved budget.

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 (4) Except in cases of meeting called by the Board of Directors, meeting of the
Audit Committee shall normally be held once in three months.

(5) Procedures of the meeting of the Audit Committee shall be as prescribed

the committee itself.

61. Functions, Duties and Powers of the Audit Committee: Functions, duties and powers
of the Audit Committee shall be as follows:-

(a) To ascertain whether or not the accounts, budget and internal

auditing procedures, internal control mechanism of bank and
financial institution are appropriate and if they are appropriate, to
carry out monitoring and supervision, whether or not they are
complied with,
(b) To cause to carry out internal auditing of the accounts and books of
records of the bank or financial institution and to ascertain that
whether or not such documents are prepared according to the
prevailing law, regulation and directives of the Rastra Bank,
(c) To conduct or to cause to conduct auditing of management and
operation, managerial and work performance of the bank or financial
institution to be assured that the laws in force in the bank or financial
institution are fully complied with,
(d) To carryout monitoring that whether or not actions are being taken
according to the Act or Rules enacted under the Act, Byelaws, policies
or given directives in the bank or financial institution and to submit
the report thereof to the Board of Directors,
(e) To recommend names of three auditors for appointment of the
external auditor,
(f) To furnish opinion on the subjects as required by the Board of
Directors.

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62. Auditing: (1) A bank or financial institution shall, within four months from the date
of completion of the Fiscal Year, have to prepare the balance sheet, profit and loss
account, cash flow statement and other financial statements in the formats and
according to the methods specified by the Rastra Bank and get the external audit
conducted. Such financial statement shall have to be signed by at least two
Directors, Chief Executive and the auditor.

Provided that it shall be as prescribed by the Rastra Bank in case of a branch

office of a foreign bank or financial institution carrying on financial transactions by
getting approval from the Rastra Bank.

(2) In case the bank or financial institution not completing the auditing
within the period referred to in Sub-Section (1) makes a request for extension of
time for auditing stating reasonable cause, the Rastra Bank may extend the period
upto two months.

(3) The external auditor shall have to submit the report of auditing to the
concerned bank or financial institution and the Rastra Bank as well.

63. Appointment and Remuneration of Auditor: (1) General Meeting of a bank or

financial institution shall appoint an auditor.

(2) The General Meeting shall not appoint the same auditor for more than
three consecutive times.

(3) While appointing an auditor pursuant to Sub-Section (1), the General

Meeting shall appoint a Chartered Accountant in the case of a licensed bank or
financial institution of Class “A” or “B” or “C”, and a Chartered Accountant or a
Registered Auditor in the case of a bank or licensed bank or financial institution of
Class “D”.

(4) In case any bank or financial institution does not or could not appoint
auditor pursuant to Sub-Section (1), the Rastra Bank may appoint the auditor.

64
 (5) In case the position of Auditor falls vacant for any reason whatsoever, the
Board of Directors shall appoint another Auditor for the remaining period.

(6) The remuneration of an auditor of a bank or financial institution shall be

as determined by the Rastra Bank in case the auditor has been appointed by the
Rastra Bank; as determined by the General Meeting in case the Meeting has
appointed and as determined by the Board of Directors, in case the Board has
appointed the Auditor.

64. Ineligibility for Appointment as Auditor: Any of the following persons or any
firm, company or institution in which such person is a promoter or partner shall
not be eligible to be appointed as an auditor of a bank or financial institution: -

(a) A promoter, Director, Chief Executive of a bank or financial

institution or his\her family member,
(b) An official, employee or internal auditor of the bank or financial
institution,
(c) A person working as a partner of any promoter, Director or
employee of the bank or financial institution,
(d) A borrower of the bank or financial institution, a person with
significant ownership or relevant person or person having financial
interests,
(e) A person who has been declared bankrupt in Nepal or abroad,
(f) A person, firm, company or institution having subscribed one
percent or more shares of the bank or financial institution,
(g) A person, who has been punished in any criminal offense by the
court and a period of five years has not been lapsed after he\she
has served the punishment,
(h) A person, who is disqualified to become an auditor according to
prevailing laws.

65
 (2) If any person appointed as auditor of bank or financial institution is found
to be ineligible pursuant to Sub-Section (1), his/her appointment shall be deemed to
have been ipso facto invalid.

65. Details to be Furnished: (1) A bank or financial institution shall, at all times,
provide all such accounts, records, books, ledgers and other statements as
demanded by the auditor in the course of performing audit.

(2) For the purpose of Sub-Section (1), the officer, responsible for providing
accurate statement or answer as demanded, shall also have to furnish forthwith
accurate statement or answer to the queries made by the auditor.

66. Functions, Duties and Powers of Auditor: (1) The functions, duties and powers of
the auditor shall be as follows:-

(a) To conduct auditing of accounts and financial statements,

(b) To prepare audit report by including audited accounts, balance-sheet, and
profit and loss accounts and to produce it before the Board of Directors of
the bank or financial institution,
(c) If it is found that there are irregularities committed in the activities of the
bank or financial institution or works are not being carried out in
appropriate manner and such matters will cause harms or loss to the
bank or financial institution, to inform the same to the Board of Directors,
(d) To inform the Rastra Bank, if any of the following situation is like to
emerge:-
(1) Violation of the terms and conditions as prescribed by the Rastra
Bank during issuance of the license or this Act or Rules, Byelaws,
Directives framed under this Act,
(2) To cause adverse effect on regular activities of the bank or financial
institution,
(3) To prohibit the auditor to submit the audit report or asking to prepare
false audit report.

66
 (2) The auditor shall have power to inspect all documents concerning
accounts including ledger, books, account, voucher, and goods at any time and the
auditor may seek answers or explanations from a Director or official of a bank or
financial institution on matters required by him/her in the course of performing
his/her duties and carrying out his/her functions in appropriate manner.

(3) The auditor shall have to include the following matters in his/her report
clearly:-

(a) Whether or not replies to the queries as per the demand were
provided,
(b) Whether or not the balance sheet, off-balance sheet transactions,
profit and loss account, cash flow statement and other financial
statements, as well, have been prepared in such format and in
accordance with such procedures as prescribed by the Rastra Bank,
and whether or not they actually matched with the accounts,
records, books and ledgers maintained by the bank and financial
institution,
(c) Whether or not the accounts, records, books and ledgers have
been maintained accurately in accordance with prevailing laws,
(d) Whether or not any official of the bank or financial institution has
committed any act contrary to the prevailing laws or committed
any irregularity or caused any loss or damage to the bank or
financial institution,
(e) Whether or not credits have been written off as per the Credit
Write-off Byelaws or directives of the Rastra Bank,
(f) Whether or not the transactions of the bank or financial institution
have been carried on in a satisfactory manner as prescribed by the
Rastra Bank,
(g) Matters to be informed to the shareholders,

67
 (h) Matters prescribed by the prevailing laws and other matters as
prescribed by the Rastra Bank to be mentioned in audit report by the
auditor,
(i) Other suggestions which the auditor deems necessary to be furnished.
(4) Upon receipt of the audit report, the Rastra Bank may order the auditor of
the bank or financial institution to carry out the following additional functions:-

(a) To submit additional information as required by the Rastra Bank

concerning auditing,
(b) To make more expand the areas of auditing of the bank or financial
institution or its subsidiary company,
(c) To carry out other tests as recommended to the bank or financial
institution or as required by the Rastra Bank in any particular subject.
67. Recommendation for taking actions against Auditor: (1) The Rastra Bank shall write
to the concerned regulating authority to remove name of an auditor, who does not
perform his/her duties as per this Act, from the panel of the auditors subject to
prohibit him/her to carry out audit of any bank or financial institution for one year
to three years.

(2) In case of recommendation pursuant to sub-section (1), the concerned

regulating agency shall have to take actions against such auditor as per the
prevailing laws.

68. Auditor to certify: The auditor shall mark the accounts, records, books and
ledgers audited by him/her by affixing his /her signature thereon and also
mentioning therein the date on which he/she has audited them.

Chapter-10

Provisions on Merger and Acquisition of Bank or Financial Institutions

68
69. Bank or Financial institutions may be merged or acquisitioned: (1) One bank or
financial institution may be merged with another bank or financial institution or one
bank or financial institution may acquire another bank or financial institution by
fulfilling the procedures prescribed by this Act and the Nepal Rastra Bank Act.

(2) A class "D" financial institution may be merged with or such institution
may acquire another institution of the same class.

Provided that, an infrastructure development bank and a bank or financial

institution may not be merged into each other and none of them may acquire the
other.

(3) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, in case

any of the following circumstances is found from an Inspection and Supervision
Report of the Rastra Bank, the Rastra Bank may order such bank or financial
institution or any of its assets, liabilities, or business to merge or be merged into
another bank or financial institution:-

(a) Capital fund is inadequate or financial position has been

deteriorating for last three years,
(b) An act causing adverse effect on depositor's interests and liabilities
towards depositors or such situation is prevailing,
(c) It is necessary to enhance the competitive capacity at national and
international level for stability, development and promotion of the
financial system of the state.
(4) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, in case
any of the following circumstances is found from an Inspection and Supervision
Report of the Rastra Bank, the Rastra Bank may order such bank or financial
institution to acquire or cause to be acquired another bank or financial institution,
having stated the reasons thereof:-

69
 (a) In case more than one bank or financial institution belonging to
single group of persons, firms and companies are in operation and
there is unhealthy financial relation,
(b) In case rights and interests of the depositors, ordinary
shareholders, and other costumers could not be protected due to
the negative impact, if the bank or financial institution is operated
in the status quo,
(c) System-based risks are increased and the licensed institution is
unable to pay its liabilities,
(d) In case shares have not been issued in the ordinary group within
the prescribed time, the issued shares have not been sold or
subscribed, or the prescribed minimum proportional paid up
capital has not been met,
(e) In case a bank or financial institution is subjected to actions of
rapid reforms for three times or more or good governance has
become weak due to arising of frequent disputes in the Board of
Directors of the bank or financial institution.
(5) While issuing order by the Rastra Bank pursuant to sub-Section (3) or (4)
for merger or acquisition of bank or financial institutions, it may specify the
procedures thereof in such order.

70. Application to be submitted for Merger or Acquisition: (1) In case any bank or
financial institution desires to be merged into another bank or financial institution,
two or more bank or financial institution/s so desiring to merge or be merged shall
have to decide the matter first from their respective Board of Directors and submit
joint application to the Rastra Bank for theoretical approval stating the following
matters:-

(a) Necessity of and justification for merger of the bank or financial

institutions and general projection of the impact it is likely to cause
in the banking and financial sector and fiscal system,

70
 (b) Latest auditor's report of bank or financial institutions to merge or
be merged including the audited balance-sheets, profit and loss
account, cash flow statement and net worth and so on,
(c) Provisions made for protection of interests of the creditors of the
bank or financial institutions to merge or be merged,
(d) Actual report of movable and immovable assets of the merging
bank or financial institutions and period of payment of liabilities,
(e) Details of management of employees of the merged or merging
bank or financial institutions,
(f) Approval process under the laws concerning company and
securities;
(g) Preliminary agreement concluded for merger by the institutions;
(h) Other details as prescribed by the Rastra Bank.
(2) In case any bank or financial institution desires to acquire another bank
or financial institution, the concerned two or more banks or financial institutions
shall have to decide the matter first from their respective Board of Directors and
submit joint application to the Rastra Bank for theoretical approval stating the
following matters:-

(a) Necessity of and justification of acquisition of the bank/s or

financial institution/s and general projection of the impact it is
likely to cause in the banking and financial sector and fiscal system,
(b) Latest auditor's report of the principal institution and of the target
institution/s including the audited balance-sheets, profit and loss
account, cash flow statement and net worth and so on,
(c) Provisions made for protection of interests of the creditors of the
bank or financial institutions to be acquired,
(d) Approval process under the laws concerning companies and
securities,
(e) Preliminary agreement concluded for acquisition of the bank or
financial institution,

71
 (f) Other details as prescribed by the Rastra Bank.
(3) The Rastra Bank shall inquire into the application submitted pursuant to
Sub-Section (1) or (2) and in the course of the inquiry, the Rastra Bank may ask for
discussions with the applicants as may be necessary and ask for additional
documents.

(4) If the Rastra Bank is satisfied upon inquiry carried out pursuant to Sub-
Section (3) that the merger or acquisition would not have any negative impact on
the development of banking and financial system of the country and in fair
competition and compliance of the prevailing laws, it may give theoretical consent
for moving ahead the process of merger or acquisition and while giving such
approval, it may prescribe additional conditions or issue additional directives.

71. Provisions concerning Valuation of Assets and Liabilities:(1) Upon obtaining

theoretical approval of merger of bank/s or financial institution/s pursuant to
Section 70, such bank/s or financial institution/s shall have to appoint, on mutual
consent a person, firm, company or institution that is at least capable for auditing of
bank for valuation of their respective assets, liabilities, and transactions and
information thereof must be furnished before the Rastra Bank.

Provided that, the bank or financial institutions may carry out such valuation
to be conducted before submitting application to the Rastra Bank.

(2) Upon obtaining theoretical approval to acquire a bank or financial

institution pursuant to Section 70, the target institution shall have to get the
auditing of its assets, liabilities and transactions through an auditor appointed by
the General Meeting or by the Board of Directors under the authority of the General
Meeting.

(3) The acquiring institution may also conduct comprehensive valuation of

the assets and liabilities of the target institution.

72
 (4) In case the Rastra Bank does not find actions of the Valuator appointed
pursuant to sub-Section (1) or (2) credible, it may remove him/her and order to
concerned bank or financial institution to appoint another valuator.

(5) The terms and conditions of services of the valuator shall be as

determined by the concerned bank or financial institution.

(6) While valuating the assets, liabilities, net worth, and overall transaction
by the valuator, it has to be carried out according to the established norms, bases
and procedures.

(7) The Rastra Bank may issue necessary directives as to the methods of
valuation, bases of valuation and scope thereof.

72. Provisions on Agreement: Unless otherwise ordered by the Rastra Bank according
to this Act, the banks or financial institutions having obtained theoretical approval
of merger or acquisition shall have to enter into an agreement having stated the
following matters:-

(a) Provisions concerning protection of interests of depositors, creditors

and shareholders,
(b) Provisions concerning valuation system and matching of assets and
liabilities of bank or financial institutions,
(c) Provisions concerning management of investment and transaction,
inter-agency ownership and inter-agency give and take, guarantee
and assurance, management of non-banking transaction, assets and
liabilities,
(d) Merger, merging and acquisition processes, the time to be taken and
costs to be incurred,
(e) Operation and management structure and name list of Directors,
(f) Matching of levels of employees of both institutions, or of the
principal institution and of the target institution/s getting theoretical

73
 approval for merger or acquisition and matching of terms and
conditions of services,
(g) Details of the shareholders with substantial ownership and of other
shareholders,
(h) If the bank or financial institutions to be merged or acquired as a new
bank or financial institution, the name, Memorandum of Association
and Articles of Association, capital structure, restructuring and class,
(i) In case of foreign bank or financial institution, the letter of approval
from the concerned regulating agency,
(j) In case of foreign bank or financial institution, matters as to whether
or not acquire the business of bank or financial institutions in Nepal
or sell entire business of such bank or financial institutions in Nepal,
(k) Grievance handling system of stakeholders,
(l) The prevailing laws and process for its compliance,
(m) Other necessary details required by the Rastra Bank.
73. Provisions on Approval:(1) The bank or financial institutions obtaining theoretical
approval for initiating merger or acquisition process shall have to adopt special
resolutions from their respective General Meetings and shall submit joint
application to the Rastra Bank having attached therewith the agreement referred to
in Section 72 and other matters prescribed by the Rastra Bank for final approval.

(2) While carrying out inquiry into the application submitted pursuant to
Sub-Section (1), the Rastra Bank, if it deems necessary, may ask for additional
information or documents to concerned bank or financial institution.

(3) While carrying out enquiry pursuant to Sub-Section(1) and (2), the
Rastra Bank may give due consideration to the facts that whether or not the merger
of the bank or financial institutions would create healthy competition in the
financial sector of the country, whether or not monopoly or controlled practice of
any bank or financial institution emerges; whether or not serious negative impact
would cause in the financial market and depositors and also having conducted fit

74
 and proper test of the promoter/s who may has/have significant ownership in the
institution to be created after the merger. After completion of the enquiry, Rastra
Bank may grant final approval to the bank or financial institutions for merger or
acquisition by prescribing any terms and conditions and or limitations.

(4) The Rastra Bank shall, if it has not found to be appropriate to grant
approval pursuant to Sub-Section (3), notify the concerned bank or financial
institution along with reasons thereof within forty five days.

(5) In case it would be difficult for the institutions obtained approval

pursuant to Sub-Section (3) to comply with the provisions of this Act and directives
of Rastra Bank due to merger or acquisition, the Rastra Bank may give privilege as
prescribed on the basis of necessity and rationality.

(6) Other provisions concerning merger and acquisition shall be as

prescribed by the Rastra Bank.

74. Transactions may be acquired: With prior approval of the Rastra Bank, any branch,
office of any bank or financial institution or any property or transaction thereof may
be acquired by, or transferred to, any other bank or financial institution on mutual
consent.

Chapter-11

Voluntary Liquidation of Banks or Financial Institutions

75. Voluntary Liquidation of Bank or Financial Institution: (1) Any bank or financial
institution willing to voluntary liquidation shall have to submit an application along
with an action plan of voluntary liquidation.

(2) In case the Rastra Bank is confident, upon an inquiry on the application
submitted pursuant to Sub-Section (1), that such bank or financial institution or a
branch or office of a foreign bank or financial institution is fully capable of paying all

75
 of its credits and liabilities, the Rastra Bank may grant theoretical consent, along
with some terms and conditions, for voluntary liquidation.

(3) The bank or financial institution obtaining theoretical approval from

the Rastra Bank pursuant to Sub-Section (2) shall have to carry out following
functions:-

(a) To inform the Office of the Companies Registrar about obtaining theoretical
approval within seven days from the date of obtaining;
(b) To send notice to all depositors, creditors or concerned persons by fast,
efficient and reliable means, about obtaining theoretical approval within
thirty days from the date of obtaining;
(c) To publish notice in national newspapers about obtaining theoretical
approval within thirty days from the date of obtaining;
(d) To carry out other acts as prescribed by the Rastra Bank.
76. Initiation of Voluntary Liquidation :(1) The process of initiation of voluntary
liquidation of bank or financial institution shall be deemed to have been initiated
from the date of grant final approval for voluntary liquidation by the Rastra Bank.

(2) The bank or financial institution obtaining theoretical approval for

voluntary liquidation pursuant to Section 75 shall have to complete the following
acts before obtaining final approval of the voluntary liquidation from the Rastra
Bank:-

(a) All the deposits and liabilities have to be refunded or fulfilled

within the set time-limit,
(b) Operation of transactions has to be closed down and no new
transaction to be carried on,
(c) Exercise of other powers, except those essential for voluntary
liquidation, shall not be allowed.
(3) The Rastra Bank may issue necessary directives in the course of carrying
out functions pursuant to Sub-Section (2).

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 (4) In case a person entitled to get payment of the amount and other
liabilities pursuant to Clause (a) of Sub-Section (2) does not come to receive the
payment within the prescribed time-limit, the said amount shall be deposited to the
account as directed by the Rastra Bank.

(5) The approval of voluntary liquidation will not cause any type of adverse
effect on the rights and interests of the depositors and other creditors.

(6)The bank or financial institution opting voluntary liquidation shall, upon

completion of the proceedings of this Act, have to submit to the Rastra Bank an
auditing report of such bank or financial institution.

(7) The Rastra Bank shall grant final approval for voluntary liquidation to the
bank or financial institution that accomplished the function as referred in this
Section. The Rastra Bank shall revoke the license of carrying out banking and
financial transaction.

(8) The amount to be paid by the bank or financial institution opting to

voluntary liquidation for the deposits not claimed at the moment shall have to be
separately retained as directed by the Rastra Bank.

77. No Change in Liability: There shall be no change in the liability of any shareholder,
Director, Chief Executive, official, employee or other person arising out of this Act or
any other prevailing laws due to liquidation of any bank or financial institution
under this Chapter.

Chapter-12

Provisions on Mandatory Liquidation of Bank or Financial Institutions

78. Application may be filed before the Court for Mandatory Liquidation of Bank or
Financial Institution: (1) The Rastra Bank may file an application to the court for

77
 mandatory liquidation of any bank or financial institution under this Chapter and
notice of application of such action shall be published in a daily newspaper of
national level.

(2) The Rastra Bank shall include the following documents along with the
application filed before the court for initiation of the process of liquidation of any
bank or financial institution pursuant to Sub-Section (1):-

(a) Details along with reasons for mandatory liquidation of the bank or
financial institution that the situation referred to in Section 78 is
prevailing,
(b) Financial statement of the bank or financial institution.
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in Sub-Section (1), any of the
following persons may, with prior approval of the Rastra Bank, file application to
the court by mentioning the grounds to show the situation that a bank or financial
institution may be subjected to mandatory liquidation pursuant to Section 79 :-

(a) Joint application of the depositors having representation of more

than 25 percent of the total deposit, who do not get the payment of
the payable deposits or of more than one percent of the depositors,

(b) The person competent to file application for mandatory liquidation

according to the prevailing law relating to insolvency.

(4) In case the court orders for initiation of the process of liquidation of a
bank or financial institution based on the application referred to in Sub-Section (1)
or (3), the process of mandatory liquidation of the bank or financial institution shall
be commenced from the date of passing of such an order.

79. Circumstances leading to Mandatory Liquidation of Bank or Financial Institution:

The bank or financial institution may be subjected to mandatory liquidation in
following circumstances:-

78
 (a) In case the matured deposit or the deposit to be repaid
immediately or other financial liability could not be paid on time
and is due,
(b) In case capital fund of the bank or financial institution is negative,
(c) In case the Rastra Bank recommends for liquidation of a bank or
financial institution based on an inspection report of the bank or
financial institution,
(d) In case the shareholders with significant ownership or officials of a
bank or financial institution frequently commit acts causing
obstruction against the rights and interests of the depositors for the
development of financial system,
(e) In case of frequent violations of the this Act and directives given by
the Rastra Bank,
(f) In other situations as determined by the Rastra Bank for
mandatory liquidation of banks or financial institutions.
80. Transaction to be Suspended:(1) Immediately after submission of the application to
the court pursuant to Section 78 for mandatory liquidation of a bank or financial
institution, the Rastra Bank shall suspend entire financial transactions of such bank
or financial institution.

(2) The Rastra Bank may, while issuing order for suspension of financial
transactions pursuant to Sub-Section (1), revoke the license of such bank or
financial institution.

81. Appointment of Liquidator: (1) Court may issue an order to the Rastra Bank to make
recommendation for appointment of liquidator for initiating process of mandatory
liquidation of any bank or financial institution.

(2) In case the court issues order pursuant to Sub-Section (1), the Rastra
Bank shall recommend names of at least three persons for appointment to the
Liquidator within fifteen days.

79
 (3) While making recommendation to the court by the Rastra Bank pursuant
to Sub-Section (2), the persons having experience of the banking and financial sector
from amongst the licensed insolvency practitioners according to the prevailing laws
have to be recommended.

(4) The court may appoint one of the three persons recommended pursuant
to Sub-Section (2) as the liquidator.

(5) After appointment of the Liquidator pursuant to Sub-Section (4), the

Board of Directors of such bank or financial institution shall be deemed to have been
ipso facto dissolved and unless otherwise ordered by the Liquidator, services of
entire officials and employees appointed by the bank or financial institution shall
ipso facto be terminated.

(6) In case the Liquidator appointed pursuant to Sub-Section (4) resigns,

he/she dies or the Rastra Bank deems that he/she is incompetent to perform the
prescribed works, the Rastra Bank shall file application the court according to this
Section to appoint another Liquidator by removing such liquidator.

(7) Remuneration and terms and conditions of services of the liquidator shall
be as prescribed by the court on the recommendation of the Rastra Bank.

82. Functions, Duties and Powers of Liquidator:(1) The liquidator appointed for the
purpose of initiating the process of mandatory liquidation of bank or financial
institution shall, after his/her appointment, carry out the following actions:-

(a) To publish a notice in a national level Nepali and English daily

newspaper for information of shareholders and other concerned
persons of the bank or financial institution within 15 days of the
appointment,
(b) To send to the Office of the Company Registrar and the institution
established as per the prevailing laws for guarantee of deposits for

80
 information with an authenticated copy of the order of mandatory
liquidation within 15 days of the appointment;
(c) To post or cause to be posted a copy of such order in a conspicuous
manner at the principal place of business of the bank or financial
institution and at each of its offices,
(d) To broadcast the notice through a national level television and
radio for four weeks at least once in a week after the appointment,
(e) To carry out other works prescribed by the Rastra Bank.
(2) After getting information as referred to in Clause (b) of Sub-Section (1),
the Office of the Company Registrar shall make record on the concerned registration
book that the order of initiating the process of mandatory liquidation has been
made.

(3) In addition to the functions, duties and powers as referred to elsewhere

in this Act, the functions, duties and powers of the liquidator, subject to the
directives of the Rastra Bank, shall be as follows:-

(a) To take responsibility of the office, books and accounts, records and
assets of the bank or financial institution,
(b) To carry on most essential regular works of operation and
management of the bank or financial institution,
(c) To carry on all the functions to be carried out on behalf of or in the
name of the bank or financial institution,
(d) To appoint employees to render assistance in own works,
(e) To make necessary expenses for operation, management and
liquidation of the bank or financial institution,
(f) To make coordination with institutions established by the
prevailing laws for security of deposits,
(g) To exercise all the powers to be exercised by the shareholders,
General Meeting, Board of Directors and officials of the bank or
financial institution,

81
(h) To carry out inquiry to the business and financial status of the bank
or financial institution,
(i) To merge or transfer entire or some of the assets and liabilities of
the bank or financial institution to another bank or financial
institution by getting approval of the Rastra Bank,
(j) To get credit in security of the assets of the bank or financial
institution,
(k) If it is deemed that it will be beneficial for the bank or financial
institution by selling any assets or terminating any contract or
liability, to sell such assets or to terminate such contract or liability,
(l) To procure services of professional and qualified persons to assist
for own functions as may be necessary,
(m) To hold necessary discussions and enter into compromise with any
creditor or borrower of the bank or financial institution,
(n) To collect, protect and sell the assets of the bank or financial
institution and to distribute according to this Act,
(o) To inquire whether or not a Director, official, employee, or any
other person has committed fraud, cheating, or misrepresentation
against the bank or financial institution or depositors or creditors
and to take necessary legal actions against them or to file any case
or initiate legal action on behalf of the bank or financial institution
or to defend on behalf of the bank or financial institution,
(p) If anyone has been using property of the bank or financial
institution, to withdraw it or to take legal actions to get such
property back or cash amount from the transaction which has been
declared invalid,
(q) To prepare report in every three months on the actions taken in the
course of liquidation in the format as prescribed by the Rastra Bank
and to submit the report to the Court and Rastra Bank,
(r) To carry out all other functions as required for liquidation of bank
or financial institution,
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 (s) To carry out other functions as prescribed by the Rastra Bank.
(4) In case any difficulty or hurdle arises while exercising any power by the
Liquidator under this chapter, he/she may file application to the court to remove
such hurdles or difficulty.

(5) In case the reasons stated in the application submitted pursuant to Sub-
Section (4) are found to be appropriate, the Court may issue appropriate order.

83. Effects of Order Relating to Liquidation: (1) In case the court orders for initiating the
process of mandatory liquidation of any bank or financial institution, the order
results in the following on the following matters:-

(a) In case any limitation is expired as to any claim or right of the bank or
financial institution, the limitations of such claims or rights shall ipso
facto be deemed to be extended for six months from the date of
issuing the order by the court to initiate the process of mandatory
liquidation.
(b) Except in the situation as mentioned in Clause (c), if any property or
assets of the bank or financial institution has been under impediment
for any reason whatsoever, or such property is pledged for any credit
availed to the bank or financial institution, such property or asset
shall ipso facto be released.
(c) The functions concerning accepting deposits and lending credits shall
ipso facto be stopped.
(d) Case proceedings against the bank or financial institution in any court
shall ipso facto be stopped and unless otherwise ordered by the court,
court proceedings against such bank or financial institution shall not
be revived.
Provided that in case there is any case sub-judiced at the Supreme
Court as to the bank or financial institution, or it is necessary to seek

83
 clearance from the Supreme Court, the Rastra Bank shall file an
application to that Court.
(e) No interests or any type of additional charge shall be levied in the
liabilities of the bank or financial institution.
(f) Share of such bank or financial institution shall not be transferred,
mortgaged or alienated.
Provided however that the act of transfer, mortgage or alienation may be
done with prior approval of the Rastra Bank.

(2) In case the Liquidator comes to know from any source that any action
carried out before six months from the date of passing the order by the court to
initiate process of mandatory liquidation causes harm or loss to the interests of the
depositors or creditors of the bank or financial institution, the Liquidator shall
submit an application about it to the court and information thereof shall also be
given to the Rastra Bank.

(3) In case the court finds from the application submitted pursuant to Sub-
Section (2) that any of the following actions carried out, the court may declare such
action null and void:-

(a) If decision to offer presents is made,

(b) If any act causing loss to the right and interests of the creditors or
depositors is committed,
(c) If payment is made or transferred before repayment of credits or
the collateral is released, transferred or alienated before expiry of
the term of the credit,
(d) If the bank or financial institution has to suffer more liability in
the course of any transaction or contract than that is normally
prevailing practice,

84
 (e) If any agreement or transaction, other than those regular banking
or financial transactions permissible under this Act, is found to
have been made,
(f) If contract has been made for providing employment to the
relevant persons.
(4) In case any bank or financial institution is subjected to mandatory
liquidation, the following transactions shall be null and void:-

(a) Preferential transactions made immediately before six months of

the initiation of the process of mandatory liquidation or within
the period of six months after initiation of the process,
(b) Preferential transactions made with the relevant persons
immediately before one year of initiation of the process of
mandatory liquidation or within the period of one year after
initiation of the process,
(c) The bank or financial institution is subjected to mandatory
liquidation as a result of any transaction made with low price
immediately before one year of the initiation of the process of
mandatory liquidation and other transactions with low price
made within one year after initiation of the process;
(d) Fraudulent transactions made immediately before two years of
the initiation of the process of mandatory liquidation or within
the period of two years after initiation of the process;
(5) The Liquidator shall have to file an application to the court to get the
transactions referred to in Sub-Section (4) invalidated.

(6) In case the court is satisfied about invalidity of any transaction, the court
may issue the following order:-

85
 (a) To issue order the concerned person to pay to the Liquidator all
or some of the amount the payment of which has been made by
the bank or financial institution with regard to such transactions,
(b) To issue order the concerned person to handover the assets so
transacted or to pay the value equivalent to thereof to the
Liquidator,
(c) To issue order to exempt or release, fully or in part, the credit
the bank or financial institution has availed, the security or
collateral pledged by the bank or financial institution against
that credit,
(d) To issue order to invalidate, inactivate or declare as non-
implementable the agreements between the bank or financial
institution and another person executed for pardon or
surrender,
(e) If additional order is required to be given for execution of the
order under this Sub-Section, the court shall issue such an order
as well.
(7) In case any Director, official, employee or any other person is found to
have committed the acts referred to in Sub-Section (3) or (4) and the bank or
financial institution has been facing any loss or damage, they shall be liable to bear
the compensation personally for such loss or damage.

84. Records of Assets and Liabilities: (1) The Liquidator shall have to immediately
prepare a record of the assets, liabilities or potential liabilities of the bank or
financial institution being in mandatory liquidation as per this Act and one copy of it
shall be submitted to the Rastra Bank and one copy shall be retained at the
concerned bank or financial institution.

(2) The record to be prepared pursuant to Sub-Section (1) shall have to

include the following details:-

86
 (a) Liabilities towards the depositors and creditors of the bank or
financial institution,
(b) Entire assets and all types of liabilities of the bank or financial
institution, and its estimated costs,
(c) Contracts the bank or financial institution has entered into for
procuring services,
(d) Significant transactions the bank or financial institution has
made before six months of the date of the order issued for
mandatory liquidation.
(3) The record referred to in Sub-Section (1) shall have to be updated in
every trimester and be made available when desired to inspect by the creditors.

85. Transactions may be terminated: (1) The Liquidator may terminate the following
transactions of the bank or financial institution within six month of the date of order
issued by the court for mandatory liquidation of the bank or financial institution:-

(a) Any contract concluded by the bank or financial institution

concerning employment,
(b) Any contract concluded for any services involving the bank or
financial institution as a party,
(c) All functions and contracts being carried out by the bank or
financial institution as in the capacity of a trustee,
(d) Any regular functions or business of the bank or financial
institution or branches of bank or financial institution according
to need and circumstances,
(e) Any liabilities said to be borne by the bank or financial
institution without any limit,
(f) Other functions or proceedings as prescribed by the Rastra Bank.
(2) For the transactions terminated pursuant to Sub-Section (1), no any type
of additional amount or compensation may be claimed other than the due amount to

87
 be paid or liability to be borne by the bank or financial institution till the date of
termination of the transaction.

86. Notice to submit claims: Upon initiating the process of mandatory liquidation of a
bank or financial institution, the Liquidator shall, within the time prescribed by the
Rastra Bank, have to publish a notice containing the following details asking the
persons having any claim of any type with the bank or financial institution to submit
his/her details of claim within one month from the last date of publication of the
notice stating his/her claims and the amount he/she may receive in a clear manner:-

(a) To publish a notice in daily Nepali and English languages newspaper of

national level,
(b) To publish such notices at the main places of businesses of bank or financial
institution and post it at every offices in a conspicuous manner.
87. Liquidator may accept or reject claims: (1) The Liquidator shall, within 90 days from
the date of submission of the claim pursuant to Section 86, inquire into the claims
and accept or reject the claim fully or partially based on the evidences available and
information thereof shall be given to the claimant and public notice thereof shall
also be published.

(2) The claimant having his/her claim partially accepted or rejected pursuant
to Sub-Section (1) shall, within 15 days from the date of publication of notice
thereof, have to submit his/her claims again enclosing the additional evidences, if
any.

(3) In case there is the need of any change in the claims made pursuant to
Sub-Section (2), the Liquidator may change it partially or wholly.

(4) In case the claimant is not satisfied with the decision of the Liquidator
made pursuant to Sub-Section (1) or (3), the claimant may file an appeal at a court
within 21 days of receiving the decision sent by the Liquidator

88
88. Classification of Claims: (1) The claims accepted, partially accepted or rejected
pursuant to Section 87 shall have to be recorded separately with segregation it in
different title.

(2) The claims partially accepted pursuant to Sub-Section (1) shall have to be
included in the accepted list and the rest of the claims shall have to be included in
the list of rejected claims.

(3) While preparing list of claims, name and address of the claimant, place,
date and amount of payment and whether or not collateral is there for securing the
claim shall have to be clearly stated.

(4) If there is dispute as to a claim, such claim shall have to be stated in the
list of disputed claims until decision is made.

(5) The Liquidator shall have to enlist the approved claims and the claims
having no value fixed in the list as he/she has prescribed.

(6) The claims of the secured creditors shall have to be separately classified.

(6) The approved claims shall have to be listed so as to placing it on priority

in the payment process.

89. Meeting of Creditors: (1) The creditors of the bank or financial institution having its
mandatory liquidation process initiated may form a Meeting of Creditors for mutual
discussions and consensus.

(2) Subject to the directives given and conditions as prescribed by the Rastra
Bank, the Liquidator of the bank or financial institution subjected to mandatory
liquidation may have discussions and build consensus as may be necessary with the
creditors and borrowers of such bank or financial institution.

89
89. Liquidation Plan:(1) The Liquidator shall, within 30 days after completion of
classification of the claims pursuant to Section 88, prepare detail plan of action of
the liquidation of the said bank or financial institution and submit it to the court for
approval and information thereof shall have to be given to the Rastra Bank as well.

(2) The following matters shall have to be incorporated in the liquidation

plan to be submitted pursuant to Sub-Section (1):-

(a) Details description of the assets and liabilities of the bank or

financial institution and its nature and quantity,
(b) The past and projected income and expenditure of the bank or
financial institution,
(c) Detail description as to whether to continue the current financial
transactions of the bank or financial institution or to revoke them,
(d) Decision or order of the court,
(e) Details of the actions taken for compensation from the Director,
official or employee for the offences and other unlawful acts they
have committed,
(f) Details description as to classification of claims and priority order of
payment,
(g) Plan of sale and liquidity of the main asset or group of assets of the
bank or financial institution,
(h) Liabilities of the bank or financial institution and table of details of
the probable payment to be made to depositors and creditors within
the upcoming 90 days,
(i) Costs and expenses of the mandatory liquidation,
(j) Other details as prescribed by the Rastra Bank.
(3) The Liquidator shall update the liquidation plan to be made pursuant to
Sub-Section (1) in quarterly basis.

90
 (4) Once the liquidation plan is approved by the court, the plan shall have to
be made available to the creditors of the bank or financial institution for inspection,
whose claims are stated in the plan.

(5) Notwithstanding anything contains in this Act elsewhere, no bank or

financial institution, which has been subjected to mandatory liquidation, shall be
recapitalized by making full or partial financing.

91. Advance Payment may be made to Depositors Immediately: (1) Notwithstanding

anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, the depositors of the bank or financial
institution subjected to mandatory liquidation may be distributed up to one
hundred thousand rupees per account as an advance with a condition to settle the
account at the time of payment of the deposit.

(2) The amount advanced payment pursuant to Sub-Section (1) shall be

adjusted while making payment pursuant to Section 94.

92. Powers to sell Assets: The Liquidator may, subject to the directives given by the
Rastra Bank, cause auction of the entire assets of the bank or financial institution
including the assets mortgaged as collateral security of the approved secured claim
of the creditors bank or financial institution as follows:-

(a) At the place of transaction of the securities, foreign currencies or other

assets that may be sold easily in the market,
(b) The securities given for security of the loan of creditor, foreign
currencies or other assets that may be sold easily in the market by the
creditors,
(c) In case the Liquidator deems that no reasonable value could be received
by auction of assets, to sell it in any manner,
(d) To make other provisions as prescribed by the Rastra Bank.
93. Notice of Settlement of Claims: The Liquidator shall, in order to settle the claims
according to the liquidation plan as referred to in Section 90, publish and broadcast

91
 public notice stating the nature, quantity and priority order for payment of the
claims.

94. Order of Priority for Payment: (1) The bank or financial institution subjected to
mandatory liquidation shall have to pay its liabilities in the order of the following
priority:-

(a) Expenses incurred for mandatory liquidation,

(b) Amount upto the amount paid for deposit security/insurance
made as per the prevailing laws subject not to exceed the
limitation of total approved claimed amount of the depositor or
the amount equivalent to the paid amount, if payment has been
made to the security/insurance organization incorporated as per
the prevailing laws for security of deposit,
(c) The deposits remaining after payment made pursuant to Clause
(b),
(d) Salary, allowances and amounts for other liabilities payable to
employees of the bank or financial institution,
(e) Amount payable to Government of Nepal, local bodies, and the
Rastra Bank,
(f) Outstanding amounts payable to other bank or financial
institutions as fees or valuation amount,
(g) Amounts payable for other creditors and other claims;
(h) Shareholders according to the prevailing laws.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in Chapter, in case any
creditor submits an application agreeing to accept any of the assets that was not
sold while auctioning pursuant to Section 91 in lieu of the amount which the bank or
financial institution has to pay him/her, the Liquidator may transfer such assets to
such creditor having fixed the value of such assets subject to the norms determined
by the Rastra Bank.

92
 (3) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in Chapter, in case any
asset has been pledged as security for the secured creditors, such asset shall be used
only for fulfilling the liability towards them.

95. Unclaimed Goods or Amount: While notice has been issued under this Chapter to
receive the amount or goods according to details of the claims or liabilities, if the
concerned person does not come to receive the amount or goods within the
specified time, such amount or goods shall have to be kept under the responsibility
of the Liquidator or other body as according to the direction given by the Rastra
Bank.

96. Decision of Liquidation: (1) The Liquidator of the bank or financial institution
subjected to mandatory liquidation or having its license revoked by the Rastra Bank
shall have to submit an application before the court for liquidation after completion
of function of liquidation along with details of the activities performed.

(2) In case the Liquidator submits an application to the court pursuant to

Sub-Section (1), the court shall inquire on it as may be necessary and may decide
that such bank or financial institution has been subjected to mandatorily liquidation.

(3) The Liquidator shall have to publish the decision given by the court
pursuant to Sub-Section (2) in each national level newspaper of Nepali or English
language at least once and while publishing in such manner, main points in the
order of the court and in the liquidation report shall have to be mentioned.

(4) Upon publication of the notice pursuant to Sub-Section (3), the Liquidator
shall request the Office of the Company Registrar to remove the name of the bank or
financial institution from the list of registration of companies and the Office of the
Company Registrar shall publish the notice of removal of the name of the bank or
financial institution from the Companies Registration Book in the Nepal Gazette
accordingly.

93
 (5) The process of mandatory liquidation of the bank or financial institution
shall be completed after removal of the name of the bank or financial institution
subjected to mandatory liquidation after publishing notice thereof in the Nepal
Gazette pursuant to Sub-Section (4) and such bank or financial institution shall be
deemed to have been duly dissolved.

(6) If there is any liability of a Director, Chief Executive, official, employee or

shareholder of the bank or financial institution or other person under this Act or
other prevailing Nepal laws, the mandatory liquidation of the bank or financial
institution shall not absolve them from their respective liability.

97. Mandatory Liquidation of Bank or Financial Institution carrying on transactions in

more than one Country: Process of the mandatory liquidation of the branch of bank
or financial institution carrying on transactions in more than one country shall be as
determined by the Rastra Bank by giving due consideration to best international
practices.

Provided that, mandatory liquidation of the bank or financial institution

engaged as subsidiary company of the bank or financial institution working in more
than one country shall be according to this Chapter.

98. No claim to be entertained: The creditor or other person who does not submit the
claim within the time prescribed while publishing notices for the same pursuant to
Section 86 shall not be entitled to make the claim thereafter.

Provided that in case of the amount in depositor's account, there shall be no

affect in his/her right for the reason of absence of the claim.

Chapter-13

Provisions on Actions, Offences and Punishment

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99. Regulatory Actions may be taken: (1) In case a bank or financial institution is found
to have violated this Act, the Rastra Bank Act, or Rules, Directives, Orders issued
thereunder, the Rastra Bank may, depending upon the nature and gravity of the
violation, take one or more of the following actions against the bank or financial
institution:-

(a) To make aware or issue warning in writing,

(b) To cause the Board of Directors to enter into deed of commitment
for taking reformative steps,
(c) To issue order in writing not to violate this Act or Rastra Bank Act
or Rules, Byelaws, Directives or Order framed thereunder or to
take reformative steps,
(d) To prohibit distributing dividend or issuing bonus shares to the
shareholders of bank or financial institution or to prohibit acts of
distributing dividends or issuing bonus share,
(e) To specify limits on, or prohibit, accepting deposits or disbursing
credits or the act of accepting deposits or disbursing credits by
bank or financial institution,
(f) To impose complete or partial ban on transactions of bank or
financial institution.
(2) The Rastra Bank may suspend or revoke the license to carry out
banking or financial transactions issued to a bank or financial institution in
following circumstances:-
(a) In case banking and financial transactions are not initiated within
six months from the date of obtaining the license for carrying on
banking and financial transactions,

(b) In case banking and financial transactions have been closed

without obtaining approval from the Rastra Bank,

95
 (c) In case of operation of banking and financial transactions against
interests of depositors or demanded or matured deposits are not
repaid or could not be repaid while on-demand,

(d) In case of violation or non-compliance of the Rastra Bank Act, this

Act, and the Rules, Byelaws, Orders, Directives framed thereunder
or the terms and conditions as prescribed by the Rastra Bank,

(e) In case the bank or financial institution is found to have taken

license having submitted false description,

(f) In case the deposits have not been guaranteed as per the
prevailing laws.

(3) In case a promoter, shareholder, Director, Chief Executive, official,

employee or any other relevant person of a bank or financial institution violates this
Act or Rastra Bank Act, or Rules, Byelaws, Directives or Orders issue thereunder, the
Rastra Bank may, having regard to the nature and gravity of the violation, take one
or more of the following actions and impose fines as well:-

(a) To forfeit and freeze the shares of the concerned bank or financial
institution as he/she has subscribed and to direct the Board of
Directors to sell the said shares to other persons,
(b) To direct the Board of Directors to stop or suspend some or all of
the facilities including meeting allowance, monthly remuneration
to be entitled to Board of Directors, Director, official, employee or
any other relevant person of a bank or financial institution,
(c) In case the Chairperson, Director, Chief Executive or the person to
act as in the capacity of the Chief Executive or an employee is,
upon an inspection or monitoring of the Rastra Bank, not found to
have worked in the interests of depositors, shareholders, and

96
 licensed institution, he/she may be removed from the said
position by furnishing a written notification to that effect.
Provided that while taking actions under this clause, a time limit of
three to fifteen days shall be given to such person to submit
explanations of allegation. In case such a person is terminated
from the service, he/she shall not be entitled to any compensation
or benefits as referred to in the Personnel Byelaws and he/she
shall be deemed to be disqualified for service in any bank or
financial institution for a period of five years after such actions.
(d) In case the director, official or other employee subjected to actions
does not receive the letter of taking actions or does not submit the
explanation after receiving the letter while taking actions pursuant
to Clause (c), the Rastra Bank may inform the taking of actions
against through public notice,
(e) In case any bank or financial institution is found to have taken or
given remuneration or other facilities against this Act or in an
unnatural manner, to recover all of such facilities or the amount to
be required for such facilities and the interests to be accrued
thereon from the person gives such facilities,
(f) To issue order to the bank or financial institution to write to the
concerned agency to take action against a Director, official or
employee of the bank or financial institution where he/she is
professionally affiliated.
(4) In case the amount to be paid by a bank or financial institution has been
found to have been paid or incurred because of recklessness or negligence of any
Director, official or employee, the Rastra Bank may issue order to recover the
amount from such director, official or employee.

(5) The Director, official or employee shall have to pay such amount on
personal basis within 35 days from the date of receiving order issued pursuant to
Sub-Section (4).

97
 (6) In case the amount payable within the time limit as referred to Sub-
Section (5) is not paid, said amount shall be recovered from any account of such
Director, official or employee or in any family member’s name at any bank or
financial institution or from any movable or immovable assets in his/her name or in
any family member’s name, as the Government due.

(7) In case the Rastra Bank carries out regulation, inspection, supervision or
any other actions of any bank or financial institution under this Section and
publishes or broadcast public notices thereof, the concerned bank or financial
institution shall have to pay the expenses to be incurred for publishing or
broadcasting such notices.

100. Fines may be imposed: (1) The Rastra Bank may impose the following fines against
the bank or financial institution which does not give information or documents to be
given according to the this Act or Rastra Bank Act, or Rules, Byelaws, Directives or
Orders issued thereunder; or which does not make available within the prescribed
time the documents, description, statistics, or record as required by any officer
deputed by the Rastra Bank for monitoring, inspection or supervision of the said
bank or financial institution:-

(a) Daily one hundred thousand rupees up to one week from the date
of expiry of the term,
(b) Daily one hundred twenty five thousand rupees up to two weeks
from the date of expiry of the term,
(c) Daily one hundred fifty thousand rupees from the date of expiry of
the term referred to in Clause (b) up to indefinite period of time.
(2) In case a Promoter, Director, Shareholder, Chief Executive, official,
employee of a bank or financial institution or any other related person violates this
Act or the Rastra Bank Act or the Rules, Byelaws framed thereunder or the Directive
or Order issued thereunder, or fails to implement the directive issued by Rastra
Bank pursuant to Clause (b) of Sub-Section(3) of section 99, the Rastra Bank may

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 impose a fine up to one million rupees having regard to the nature and gravity of the
violation.

(3) In case the bank or financial institution having been imposed the fines
pursuant to Sub-Section (1) does not pay the fine within three days from the date of
receipt of information of the decison, the said amount shall be recovered by
deducted from the amount deposited in the account of the said bank or financial
institution opened at the Rastra Bank.

(4) The cash fine to be received to the Rastra Bank pursuant to Sub-Section
(1) and (2) shall be deposited to the Government fund.

101. Procedures of Actions: Except otherwise provided in this Act, the Rastra Bank shall
follow the procedures as mentioned hereunder while taking actions pursuant to
Section 99 and imposing fines pursuant to Section 100:-

(a) Before taking the proposed action or imposing fines, the alleged
bank or financial institution or person shall be given a written
notice of seven days to defend its/his/her position, stating the
nature of the act he/she has committed, short description of the
act, the amount that may be imposed as fines and the proposed
actions.
(b) The concerned bank or financial institution or person shall have to
submit clarification in written form within seven days from the
date of receiving written notice pursuant to Clause (a).
(c) If the written clarification submitted pursuant to Clause (b) is
found to be satisfactory, the Rastra Bank may amend to, delimit or
dismiss the charge.
(d) If the written clarification submitted pursuant to Clause (b) is not
found to be satisfactory, the Rastra Bank may take action pursuant
to Section 99 or impose fine pursuant to Section 100.

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 (2) Other procedures to be complied with while taking actions or imposing
fines by the Rastra Bank shall be as prescribed by the Rastra Bank.

102. Control over the Licensed Institutions: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained
elsewhere in this Act, if the Rastra Bank believes that a licensed institution has
violated the this Act or Rastra Bank Act or the Rules or Byelaws framed
hereunder or the Orders or Directives issued hereunder or is satisfied, on the basis
of the inspection and supervision report of the Rastra Bank, that a licensed
institution has failed or is likely to fail to perform the obligations required to
be performed by the licensed institution or that a bank or financial institution has
not been operated smoothly or has carried out anything contrary to the interests
of its shareholders or depositors, the Rastra Bank may suspend the Board of
Directors of such licensed institution for a period of maximum three years and
take such bank or financial institution under own control.

(2) After taking any licensed institution under its control pursuant to Sub-
Section (1), the Rastra Bank may either itself or through any appropriate person,
firm, company or institution appointed by it, carry out the management of such
bank or financial institution.

(3) The Rastra Bank shall, within one year after the management of
licensed institution has been carried out by itself or through any other person, firm,
company or institution pursuant to Sub-Section (2), conduct or cause to be
conducted financial and management audit of such institution and publicly publish
a report thereof.

(4) If the Rastra Bank is satisfied, from the report referred to in Sub-Section
(3), that the concerned licensed institution has become capable of performing the
liabilities required to be performed by it or that the institution has reached a stage
of operating smoothly, the Rastra Bank may take the following actions:-

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 (a) To remove the suspension of the Board of Directors of the licensed
institution made pursuant to Sub-Section (1) and handover the
management of the institution again to that Board of Directors, or

(b) To dismiss the Board of Directors of the licensed institution

which has been suspended pursuant to Sub-Section (1), form a
new Board of Directors from amongst the shareholders of the
licensed institution and handover the management of that
institution to the new Board of Directors, or

(c) To convene the General Meeting of the licensed institution, get a

new Board of Directors formed by the Meeting, and handover the
management of the institution to the Board of Directors, or

(d) To take any other action as the Rastra Bank deems appropriate.

(5) If the Rastra Bank is satisfied, from the report referred to in Sub-Section
(3), that the concerned licensed institution has become incapable of performing the
liabilities required to be performed by it or that the institution has reached a stage
of not being operated smoothly, the Rastra Bank may take any of the following two
actions:-

(a) To initiate the process of mandatory liquidation according to the

provisions made in Chapter 12 of the Act, or

(b) To initiate the process of settlement according to the Rastra Bank

Act.

(6) The Rastra Bank shall, prior to taking a licensed institution under its
control pursuant to Sub-Section (1), give an opportunity to the concerned bank or
financial institution to defend itself, by providing it with a time-limit not exceeding
15 days, having regard to the situation.

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 (7) The concerned licensed institution shall bear all expenses incurred by the
Rastra Bank in every act and action taken by it after taking such institution under its
control pursuant to this Section.

(8) The Rastra Bank shall have to inform Government of Nepal, Ministry of
Finance about the taking of any licensed institution under its control pursuant to
Sub-Section (1).

103. Offences: (1) Whoever commits any of the following acts in contrary with this Act or
the Rules, Byelaws, Directives, Orders issued under this Act or terms or limitation as
prescribed shall be deemed to have committed an offence under this Act:-

(a) Carrying out banking and financial transactions without obtaining

license,
(b) Obtaining license for carrying on banking and financial
transactions submitting wrong or false statements,
(c) Carrying out banking and financial transactions against the terms
and limits of the license for carrying on banking and financial
instruments,
(d) Carrying out foreign currency exchange related business without
license,
(e) Disbursing credits or other financing against this Act,
(f) Committing irregularities while carrying out valuation in artificial
price while disbursing credits, recovering credits, valuating
securities, recovering loan or carrying out any act relating thereto,
creating artificial price while auctioning the assets pledged as
collateral, or while accepting the property as non-banking assets
or while selling by accepting non-banking assets or while taking
collateral,

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 (g) Committing irregularities by any Director, official, employee and
other person while carrying out merger and acquisition,
liquidating, or auditing,
(h) Attempting to commit in the offence referred to in Clauses (a) to
(g) or abetting to the commission of such offence by any manner.
(2) Except in cases where a Director, official or any other person abetting in
commission of the offence referred to as Sub-Section (1) proves that he/she had
tried his/her best effort to avoid committing such offence or that it was committed
without his/her consent, the offence is deemed to have been committed by
himself/herself.

(3) Except in connection with regular transaction of the branch, in case an

official or employee of a branch of a foreign bank transfers assets of such branch to
another country, grants approval therefor, delegates authority to that effect, or
abets the commission of such an act, it shall be deemed to be an offence under this
Act.

104. Punishment: (1) Any person who commits any of the following offenses shall be
liable to the following punishment:-

(a) In case of commission of the offence as referred to in Clause (a) of

Sub-Section (1) of Section 103, the amount involved shall be
confiscated and the offender shall be punished with the fine up to
three times of the amount involved and an imprisonment up to
five years,

(b) In case of commission of the offence referred to in Clause (b) of

Sub-Section (1) of Section 103, the amount involved shall be
confiscated and the offender shall be punished with a fine up to
two times of the amount involved and an imprisonment up to two
years,

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 (c) In case of commission of the offence referred to in Clause (c), (d),
(e), (f) or (g) of Sub-Section (1) of Section 103, the amount
involved, if any, shall be confiscated and the offender shall be
punished with a fine equal to the amount involved and an
imprisonment up to one year,

(d) In case of commission of the offence referred to in Clause (h) of

Sub-Section (1) of Section 103, the amount involved, if any, shall
be confiscated and the offender shall be punished with half of the
punishment to be imposed to the principal offender.

(2) While ascertaining the amount involved for the purpose of Sub-Section
(1), the amount shall have to be calculated having taken into account to the entire
amount involved.

(3) While imposing fines for the offences as referred to in Clause (a) to (e) of
Sub-Section (1), if the claimed amount is revealed, the fines shall be imposed
accordingly and if no such amount is revealed, the amount from one million to five
million has to be fined.

(4) In case of commission to the offence as referred to in Sub-Section (3) of

Section 103, the offender shall be punished with the fine equivalent to the involved
amount and an imprisonment upto five years.

(5) In case an offence as referred to in Section 103 is committed by any firm,

company or corporate body, punishment according to this Section shall be imposed
on the concerned Director, official, employee or concerned person of the concerned
firm, company, or corporate body and if such concerned person could not be
ascertained, the punishment shall be imposed on the chief of the firm, company, or
corporate body.

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 (6) In case anyone is found to have been committed in any offence as referred
to in Section 103 and the proceeds of the offence is found to have been kept or
concealed in name of himself/herself, any member of family or relative or in name
of anyone else, such property and the property accrued therefrom shall also be
confiscated.

105. Appeal: (1) The bank or financial institution or a Director, official or employee
thereof which/who does not satisfy with the actions taken by the Rastra Bank
pursuant to Section 99 or punishment imposed pursuant to Section 100, may file an
appeal at the court within 35 days from the date of getting order of such actions.

Provided that while filing an appeal against an action taken pursuant to

Section 99 or punishment imposed pursuant to Section 100 on a bank or financial
institution by any shareholder, it has to be filed by the representative of the
shareholders representing at least 25 percent of the paid up capital of the bank or
financial institution.

(2) In case any Director, official, employee or any other person desires to file
an appeal pursuant to Sub-Section (1) against the personal actions or fines, fifty
percent of the amount of such fines or any amount as given order to pay must be
deposited.

(3) The Director, official or employee of any bank or financial institution who
is removed or dismissed from the office shall not be eligible to become a Director,
official or employee of any other bank or financial institution until a period of five
years is expired from the date of such taking of actions or until the final decision of
the case, if he/she has filed an appeal.

106. No obstruction to Punishment: In case any person is found to have been committed
in any offence as referred to in Section 103 while holding any position of a bank or
financial institution, there shall be no obstruction to take actions against him/her
for the reason of his/her retirement or non-holding of the position.

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 Chapter-14
Miscellaneous

107. Special Provisions on Infrastructure Development Bank: (1) The Rastra Bank may
formulate separate special policy provisions or issue directives concerning the
establishment, operation, regulation, supervision actions, merger and acquisitions
or liquidation of Infrastructure Development Banks based on the nature, volume
and investment made in respective Infrastructure Development Banks.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Act, the maximum

limit of shares to be subscribed by a promoter or shareholder of an Infrastructure
Development Bank or limit of equity investment to be made by any foreign bank,
financial institution and other corporate body in shares, debentures or other
financial instruments shall be as determined by the Rastra Bank from time to time.

108. Security of Deposits to be made: A licensed bank or financial institution shall have to
make security of the amount remained in deposit account as prescribed by the
Rastra Bank in accordance with the provision as prescribed by the prevailing law.

109. Banking Secrecy to be Maintained: (1) The relationship between a bank or

financial institution and its customers and information pertaining to its accounts,
records, books, ledgers and statements shall not be disclosed to any person
other than the concerned person.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in Sub-Section (1), the secrecy shall

not be deemed to have been violated, if the details or information of any person
remained in bank or financial institution is provided in following manner: -

(a) If the details or information is provided to the Rastra Bank

pursuant to this Act or Rastra Bank Act or the Rules or Byelaws
framed thereunder or the orders or directives issued thereunder
or if the details or information is shared between banks or

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 financial institutions in the course of exchanging credit
information,
(b) If the details or information is provided to the court in connection
with any litigation or any other legal action,
(c) If such notice or information is provided to the legally authorized
official inquiries and investigations or prosecution, in connection
with such inquiries and investigations or prosecution; or if it is
provided to the enquiry committee or the investigation officer
authorized by the other prevailing laws, in the course of
enquiries or if such information is provided to the regulatory
bodies,
(d) If any details or information is provided to the auditor in the
course of auditing,
(e) If any details or information is provided to foreign country in
accordance with prevailing laws relating to mutual legal
assistance,
(f) If, in the course of investigation of any case of specific nature,
the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Finance, has made a request,
accompanied by the reason therefor, for providing the details
of the account of the bank or financial institution or any
details of the account of any person, firm, company or
institution maintained with the bank or financial institution, and if
the Rastra Bank has given direction for the same.
(3) No one shall divulge any information or details received under Sub -
Section (2) to any unauthorized person.

(4) Except in the situation as mentioned in Sub-Section (2), the Directors,

Chief Executive, employees, auditor, advisors of a bank or financial institution or
any other relevant person shall not divulge the secrecy of the accounts, records,
books, ledgers and any other information of the bank or financial institution the

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 secrecy of which is required to be maintained in such a manner as to undermine
the relationship between the bank or financial institution and its customers.

110. Power to give Directive to freeze Accounts: (1) The Rastra Bank may, in following
circumstances, give directive to a bank or financial institution at any time to freeze
any account not allowing any type of payment or transfer of fund in the name of any
person, firm, company or institution:-

(a) In case of request made by an authorized officer to the Rastra

Bank in the course of investigation of any offence,
(b) In order to uphold national interests by preventing money
laundering and terrorists financing and controlling of an offence of
corruption, organized crime or possible offence may be incurred in
the transaction of bank and financial institution.
(2) It shall be the duty of the concerned bank or financial institution to
comply with the directive given by the Rastra Bank pursuant to Sub-Section
(1).

111. Right to Claims over the Deposits: (1) Claims of any person other than the actual
depositor to deposits made with a licensed institution shall not be entertained.

(2) In the event of the death of the depositor, the nominee appointed by
him/ her, if any, and if such nominee also dies or if no nominee has been appointed
by the depositor, the surviving person from amongst his/her relatives, in the
following order, shall have first right to such deposits: -

(a) Husband or wife living in the joint family,

(b) Son or daughter, or adopted son or adopted daughter or widow

daughter-in-law, living in the joint family,

(c) Father, mother, grandson or granddaughter living in the joint

family,

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 (d) Husband or wife, son, daughter, father or mother, son, daughter-
in-law or married daughter living separately,

(e) Grandfather, grandmother, brother, nephew, niece, sister living in

the same family, grandfather or grandmother living separately,

(f) Step mother living in the joint family, grandson and unmarried
granddaughter towards son living separately,

(g) Elder or younger brother living separately, nephew, niece, sister,

nephew, niece

(h) Uncle, widowed aunt, sister-in-law (elder or younger brother's

wife), or grand-daughter-in-law living in a joint family,

(i) Married sisters, grand-daughter-in-law living separately.

(3) If there is no one in the order of priority as referred to in Sub-

Section (2), the successor shall have the title to such deposit, and if there is
not even such successor, the deposit shall be collected to the Banking Development
Fund of the Rastra Bank and be used for banking development.

(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in prevailing laws, no amount

deposited with a bank or financial institution shall be handed over to anyone
without the approval of the person who has the title thereto under Sub-
Section (1).

112. Statement of Unclaimed Deposits: (1) A bank or financial institution shall, within
the first month of each fiscal year, submit to the Rastra Bank statement of
deposit accounts which have remained unreported, and of those the title to
which have not been claimed under this Act for ten years.

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 (2) A bank or financial institution shall publish a notice to collect the unused
or unclaimed deposits as referred to in Sub-Section (1) once in every five years in a
national level daily newspaper. Details description of that shall also have to be kept
by the bank or financial institution in its website.

(3) In case the amount as referred to in Sub-Section (1) is not collected for a
period of twenty years, such deposit shall be collected to the Banking Development
Fund of the Rastra Bank and be used for banking development.

113. Recovery from or confiscation of deposits: If any business or transaction is

carried on by pledging as collateral or security the amount deposited with a
bank or financial institution, or if amounts are deposited with a bank or financial
institution with misappropriated funds belonging to the governmental body or
anybody owned by the Government of Nepal, or with funds obtained by committing
any act which is deemed to be an offense under the prevailing laws, or with funds
collected through any activity relating to terrorism or organized crime or banking or
financial offence or organized crime, such deposits may be confiscated or such
collateral or security or misappropriated or other funds may be recovered from
such deposits or such deposit may be confiscated in accordance with the prevailing
laws.

114. Recovery from Director: In case any Director is found to have taken any cash or kind
for personal benefit in the course of transaction of a bank or financial institution, the
bank or financial institution shall have to recover such cash or kind from such
Director.

115. Claims may not be made: In case any person is found to have entered into any
transaction with any Director or his/her representative knowingly or having
adequate reasons to believe that the Director entered into the transaction for
his/her personal interests or causing loss to the bank or financial institution, such a
person may not make a claim against the bank or financial institution with regard to
such transaction.

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116. Government of Nepal to be plaintiff:(1) The case relating to offenses as referred
to in Section 103 shall be filed with the Government of Nepal being the plaintiff, and
such case shall be deemed to have been included in Schedule 1 of the Government
Cases Act enforce.

(2) Anyone may file a complaint in writing or verbally against any Director,
official, employee, borrower or any other person committing an offence referred to
in Section 103 along with evidence thereof at the nearby police office. While filing
such a complaint, it shall not be required to mention the name.

(3) The Rastra Bank shall have to extend necessary cooperation in all acts of
investigation, prosecution and adjudication of the offences as referred to in Section
103.

117. Provisions on Transparency: (1) A bank or financial institution or a branch of a

foreign bank or financial institution shall have to publish a periodic report on its
financial position and status of risks in every three months for transparency of the
transactions it has carried out.

(2) The minimum matters to be included in the report as referred to in Sub-

Section (1) shall be as prescribed by the Rastra Bank.

118. Provisions on Protection of Customers’ Interests: The Rastra Bank may carry out the
following functions for the purpose of protection of interests of consumers:-

(a) To make assurance that the licensed bank or financial institution

has been carrying out its financial transactions as per the
prevailing laws and that they have been making available financial
services to the consumers in transparent and fair manner,
(b) To make coordination on matters of protection of interests of
customers in the financial sector,

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 (c) To collect necessary information to reform in the sector of
protection of interests of consumers in the banking sector and to
bring financial literacy.
119. Exemption and facilities: (1) Any mortgage deed of movable or immovable assets to
be made for credit not exceeding one million rupees supplied by a bank or financial
institution to any citizen of Nepal or any institution established in accordance with
the laws in force for agriculture, cottage and small-scale industry, irrigation, hydro-
power generation and for any other enterprise as specified by the Government of
Nepal shall not be required to make registration.

(2) The repayment period of the credit and deposits shall be as prescribed
by the bank or financial institution.

(3) No revenue stamp fee shall be charged on any kind of deeds or

documents related with the bank or financial institution.

120. Expenditures Management: The Rastra Bank may issue necessary directives on
preliminary, incorporation, administrative, commercial and managerial as well as
other expenditures of bank or financial institutions.

121. Statement of Assets to be submitted: A Director, official and Chief Executive of a

bank or financial institution shall have to submit the statement of entire movable
and immovable assets and liabilities in his/her name and in name of his/her family
members within sixty days from the date of completion of every fiscal year to
concerned Bank and information thereof shall be given to the Rastra Bank. While
submitting such statement, the source of such income shall also have to be
mentioned.

122. Credit, Liabilities and Titles against the Collateral of Credit may be purchased or
sold: Notwithstanding anything contained in prevailing laws of Nepal and unless
otherwise provided for in the agreement concerning credit, the title over the credit
given by any bank or financial institution to any person or of the liability it has

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 assumed and of the movable or immovable assets pledged as collateral (the title of
mortgage) may also be purchased or sold.

123. Settlement of Disputes: (1) In the event of any dispute incurred between banks or
financial institutions, such dispute shall have to be settled in mutual understanding.

(2) In case the dispute could not be settled through mutual consent in
accordance with Sub-Section (1), the Rastra Bank shall settle the dispute through
mediation or other methods of disputes resolution as per the prevailing laws.

(3) The decision made by the Rastra Bank pursuant to Sub-Section (2) shall
be final.

124. Not to be liable for acts done in good faith: (1) The official or employee of the Rastra
Bank or of a bank or financial institution shall not be held individually or collectively
liable for any act carried out in good faith under this Act or Rastra Bank Act or the
Rules or Byelaws framed hereunder or the orders or directives issued thereunder.

(2) If any kind of lawsuit is filed against the Rastra Bank, a bank or financial
institution or an official thereof in relation to any loss or damage caused or likely to
be caused by any act carried out or supposed to be carried out in good faith for the
compliance with this Act or Rastra Bank Act or the Rules or Byelaws framed
hereunder or the orders or directives issued thereunder, the concerned
institution shall bear the expenses of such lawsuit.

Provided that in case of act committed out of enmity, negligence or malafide

intention, the concerned person shall be liable and Rastra Bank or a bank or finance
company shall not bear the expenses to be incurred on such matter.

125. Actions taken not to be invalidated: No action taken by a Director or Board of

Directors shall be invalidated solely for the reason of commission of any irregularity
in appointment of the Director of a bank or financial institution or formation of any
committee or for vacancy of the office of Director.

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126. Study Committee or Sub-committee may be formed: (1) The Rastra Bank may, in
order to carry out overall study on banking and financial laws, credit recovery,
stability of financial sector, judicial development, and contemporary reforms on the
financial system and to submit the report, form an expert study committee
comprising representative of the Rastra Bank, bank or financial institutions and
concerned agencies and experts.

(2) The Rastra Bank may form sub-committees as may be necessary for the
purpose of Sub-Section (1).

(3) The functions, duties and powers of, and facilities of the Study
Committee as referred to in Sub-Section (1) or of the sub-committee as referred to
in Sub-Section (2) shall be as specified by the Rastra Bank.

127. Oath of Office: (1) Director, official, Chief Executive or employee of a bank or
financial institution shall, prior to assuming the duties of his or her office, take an
oath of office and secrecy according to the format as referred to in the Annex.

(2) The oath referred to in Sub-Section (1) shall be administered by the

Rastra Bank to the Chairperson, by the Chairperson to other Directors and Chief
Executive and by the Chief Executive or official designated by him/her to other
official and employees.

128. Amendment of Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association:

Notwithstanding anything contains in prevailing laws, amendment to the
Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association of the bank or financial
institution shall not be applicable unless approved by the Rastra Bank.

129. This Act shall be Prevailed: (1) On the matters as referred to in this Act or the Rules,
Byelaws, Guidelines or Orders or Directives issued under this Act, it shall according
to those provisions and in other matters, it shall be according to Rastra Bank Act
and other prevailing laws.

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 (2) The provisions of the Rastra Bank Act shall be applied on the activities of
regulation, inspection and supervision and settlement of the bank or financial
institutions established under this Act.

130. Power to Remove Difficulties: (1) If any difficulty arises in enforcement of any
provision of this Act, the Rastra Bank may, with the approval of the
Government of Nepal, issue necessary orders to remove such difficulty.

(2) While issuing order for removing difficulty pursuant to Sub-Section (1),
reasons and justification thereof shall have to be mentioned.

131. Power to issue Order or Direction: The Rastra Bank may, subject to this Act or the
Rules or Byelaws framed hereunder, issue order or directive to bank or financial
institution as may be necessary.

132. Power to frame Rules, Byelaws: (1) The Rastra Bank may, if it deems necessary,
frame and enforce necessary Rules and Byelaws for implementing this Act.

(2) The Rules framed by the Rastra Bank pursuant to Sub-Section (1) shall be
commenced only after granting approval by Government of Nepal.

133. Power to frame Byelaws and Procedures: (1) The Board of Directors may, in order
to operate its institutional, administrative and business transactions in systematic
manner, frame byelaws on any or all of the following matters subject to this Act and
the terms and conditions, limitations and norms as prescribed by the Rastra Bank:-

(a) On appointment, promotion, transfer, dismissal, remuneration,

allowances, gratuity, pension, leave, code of conduct, discipline,
and terms and conditions of services and formation of such
services,
(b) On financial administration of the bank or financial institution,
(c) On writing off of credits,

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 (d) On other matters as prescribed by the Rastra Bank from time to
time.
(2) In addition to the matters as referred to in Sub-Section (1), a bank or
financial institution may frame procedures/guidelines on the following matters as
may be necessary:-

(a) On meeting of the Board of Directors and procedures of the

General Meeting,
(b) On delegation of authority by the Board of Directors to Director,
Chief Executive, Official or employee,
(c) On the terms and conditions of contract to be concluded on behalf
of bank or financial institutions,
(d) On the procedures of the use of seal of bank or financial
institutions,
(e) On valuation of non-banking assets to be mortgaged at the time of
disbursement of credits or at the time of auction,
(f) On other actions and proceedings to be carried out under this Act
by bank or financial institutions,
(g) On crushing documents and papers,
(h) On other matters as prescribed by the Rastra Bank from time to
time.
134. Repeal and saving: (1) The Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 2006 is hereby
repealed.

(2) Acts carried out and actions taken according to the Act repealed pursuant
to Sub-Section (1) shall be deemed to have been taken under this Act.

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 Annex

(Relating to Sub-Section (1) of Section 127)

Format of Oath of Office

I, …………………solemnly and sincerely resolve that as I have been

appointed/nominated/elected to the office of …………............of the
………………………….bank or financial institution, I shall perform the duties of my office
according to the prevailing Act, Rules and policies, regulation and directives of the
Rastra Bank having always taken account of promotion of financial system and
interests of the bank or financial institution and with honesty. I also do solemnly
resolve with high sense of honesty and truth that I shall not disclose the
transactions and matters of the bank or financial institution to be kept confidential
and except in case authorized by the Board of Directors or compelled by the law, I
shall not disclose, directly or indirectly, in any manner any information or matter
that came to my knowledge as in the capacity of …………, whether I shall continue in
the office or discontinue it.

The person taking the oath The person administering the oath

Name: Name:

Designation: Designation:

Signature: Signature:

Date: Date:

Date of authentication: 2074-01-10 BS (April 23, 2017 AD)

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