Synthesis on the course: Philosophical Foundations of Management

A Final Requirement
Respectfully Submitted to:
Dr. Peter Narsico
Center for Advanced Studies
College of Management Business & Accountancy
Cebu Institute of Technology - University

Respectfully Submitted by:

ANNE JERE L. BAJARIAS
Candidate for the Degree
Doctor of Philosophy in Management

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements in the Course
Philosophical Foundation of Management (PhDM 701)

May 25, 2018

 I. Summary of all topics discussed

The practice of management started in the ancient times. Although there is no book about

management in the ancient times but there is a clear evidence of organizational practices.

Egypt. Almost nothing is known of Ancient Egyptian philosophy. It is viewed that Egypt had little

influence on the philosophies of Europe and Asia. One of the philosophers of Egypt is

Ptahhotep. He is known for his work on ethical behavior and moral values. It is believed that

ethics and values are already present during the Ancient Egyptian times.

Greece. Ancient Greek philosophy was part of the Roman Empire. Philosophy was used by

Greek to make sense out of the world in non-religious way. It dealt with wide variety of subjects

such as – politics, ethics, metaphysics, ontology, logic, biology, rhetoric and aesthetics it is

believed that the Greek philosophies greatly influenced the Western culture since its inception

until now.

PHILOSOPHERS CONTRIBUTION

Founder of Lyceum Academy. His philosophy greatly influenced

Plato the Western philosophy. He is known in various subjects

especially in ethics and political philosophy.

He was a student of Plato and was famous for his “Socratic

method” – a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue

Socrates between individuals, based on asking and answering questions

to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and

underlying presumptions.
 Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy,

making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics,

Aristotle physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine,

dance and theatre. He was a student of Plato who in turn

studied under Socrates

Romans. Romans regarded philosophical education as distinctly Greek, and instead focused

their efforts on building schools of law and rhetoric. The single most

important philosophy in Rome was Stoicism – teaches the development of self-control and

fortitude as a means of overcoming destructive emotion, which originated in Hellenistic.

Islam. In the religion of Islam, two words are sometimes translated as philosophy—falsafa

(literally "philosophy"), which refers to philosophy as well as logic, mathematics and physics;

and Kalam (literally "speech"), which refers to a kind of philosophy based on interpretations

of Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism\

China. Chinese Philosophy refers to any of several schools ofphilosophical thought in

the Chinese tradition, including Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, Buddhism and Mohism.

PHILOSOPHY DESCRIPTION

The Buddha taught the famous "Four Noble Truths" and

"Eightfold Path," which allows people to achieve enlightenment.

Buddhism Enlightenment (nirvana, awakening, realization, satori) is the

cessation of suffering, freedom from conditioned existence

(samsara).

Tao expresses the path human beings must take to join with the
Taoism
unity of the universe. Every language, culture, and religion has
 words that convey more than one simple idea. Even though

such words often have several layers of meaning, there is never

any confusion as to what is being said.

Confucianism is often characterized as a system of social and

ethical philosophy rather than a religion. In fact, Confucianism

built on an ancient religious foundation to establish the social

Confucianism
values, institutions, and transcendent ideals of traditional

Chinese society. One of Confucius famous contribution is the

golden rule.

Hindu philosophy refers to a group of darśanas (philosophies,

world views, teachings) that emerged in ancient India. The

Hinduism mainstream ancient Indian philosophy includes six systems

(ṣaḍdarśana) – Sankhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa

and Vedanta

Other Philosophies

PHILOSOPHY DESCRIPTION

The term "schoolmen" is also commonly used to describe

scholastics. Scholasticism is best known for its application in

Scholasticism medieval Christian theology, especially in attempts to reconcile

the philosophy of the ancient classical philosophers

(particularly Aristotle) with Christian theology

It is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief

Rationalism source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason

as a source of knowledge or justification".

 Pragmatism is a philosophical movement that includes those

who claim that an ideology or proposition is true if it works

Pragmatism satisfactorily, that the meaning of a proposition is to be found in

the practical consequences of accepting it, and that unpractical

ideas are to be rejected.

Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes individual

existence, freedom and choice. It is the view that humans define

Existentialism
their own meaning in life, and try to make rational decisions

despite existing in an irrational universe.

Christian philosophy is a development in philosophy that is

Christianity
characterized by coming from a Christian tradition

Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that

matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all

Materialism things, including mental aspects and consciousness, are results

of material interactions. In Idealism, mind and consciousness

are first-order realities to which matter is subject and secondary

It is the idea that all people have the right to do everything in

their power to achieve the greatest amount of pleasure possible

Hedonism
to them. It is also the idea that every person's pleasure should

far surpass their amount of pain.

An economic system in which the means of production and

distribution are privately or corporately owned and development

Capitalism
is proportionate to the accumulation and reinvestment of profits

gained in a free market.

Socialism Socialism is a range of economic and social systems

 characterised by social ownership and democratic control

of the means of production as well as the political theories

and movements associated with them.

Constructivism is a philosophy of learning founded on the

premise that, by reflecting on our experiences, we construct our

Constructivism own understanding of the world we live in. Each of us generates

our own “rules” and “mental models,” which we use to make

sense of our experiences

Progressivists believe that education should focus on the whole

child, rather than on the content or the teacher. This

Progressivism educational philosophy stresses that students should test ideas

by active experimentation. Learning is rooted in the questions of

learners that arise through experiencing the world.

II. My philosophy

After all that has been discussed to the class, I have come up with my own

philosophy in life.

 Family first above all things. I may be nothing in this world but for my family, I

am the world.

 If you wait for everything to be perfect before taking action on your dream,

you will never take the first step.

 Life is what we make it, always has been, always will be.

 God loves me and he will make a way.

III. Relevance, importance, good points of the philosophy

 Family first above all things. I may be nothing in this world but for my family, I

am the world.

Relevance /Importance :

For me, my family is my first priority. Everything I do is for the benefit of my

children. This philosophy is very important to me because everytime I am

down and hopeless, this philosophy keeps me going. I may not a perfect

person, I may not be that successful, I may not achieve all my dreams but for

my family especially to my children, I am their everything. That’s why I keep

on living and striving hard in all my endeavor because I know my family

depended on me. If you are already a mother, everything changes including

your will power. Being a mother means never giving up and continue holding

on even everybody quits.

The good points of this philosophy are the following:

1. It makes me set my priorities

2. It makes me realize what are the best things in life – my family

3. It makes me strong

4. It makes me fight a little more every time

 If you wait for everything to be perfect before taking action on your dream,

you will never take the first step.

Relevance/Importance:

We have been using this philosophy for almost a decade now in almost every

decision we made. The importance of this philosophy is that you don’t get to

waste your life planning and preparing and waiting for the perfect timing but

always be daring to take the first step and everything will follow.
 The good points of this philosophy are the following:

1. It will make us achieve our dreams

2. We would not end the day asking” what if” and “if only”

3. Less regrets in life for not trying

 Life is what we make it, always has been, always will be.

Relevance/Importance:

Life is not a chance but a choice. What we are today is not because it was

meant to be but because we want it to be. What we become is the outcome

of what we do. We are the driver of our life and our life depends on how we

live it.

The good points of this philosophy are the following:

1. It makes us live our life the right way.

2. It reminds us that we blame no one on what we become

3. We take full responsibility of our lives.

4. Success is a choice not a chance. We will be successful if we will work

hard.

 God loves me and he will make a way.

Relevance/Importance:

I know that God loves me and I always believe that. I made it through every

rain because God is always with me and I know he will never leave me, no

matter what. He gave me the man of my dreams, two wonderful kids and a

happy life.
 The good points of this philosophy are the following:

1. It made me strong

2. It reminds me that there is good in everything

3. I am not alone

4. God will make away

IV. Examples in relation to the philosophy

 Family first above all things. I may be nothing in this world but for my family, I

am the world.

Example: I wanted to become a lawyer but I have to stop on my second year

because I gave birth to my eldest daughter. She is so delicate and very fragile

that I would not trust anybody to take care of her that is why I have to let go of a

dream in order to become a hands-on mother. And I never regret any of it

because she turned out to be a wonderful child. Another example is that I have to

quit my dream career, which in the field of marketing, in order to take care of my

family.

 If you wait for everything to be perfect before taking action on your dream,

you will never take the first step.

Example: When we had our first child, it was never planned. When we had our

second child, it was never planned. We got a car, a life insurance, a retirement

plan – all bought impulsively. But we managed everything. All is well and smooth

sailing. What I am trying to say is that we made major decisions in our life in a

snap of a finger than carefully planning and waiting for the right timing. Life is

never easy and is full of challenges but you learned to live with it so why wait for

everything to be perfect before pursuing your dream.

 Life is what we make it, always has been, always will be.

Example: Henry Sy did not become rich by chance. He worked hard for it and he

earned it. Having a nice life is never a destiny, it’s a choice. We are what we

become because we wanted to. When we want to become successful then we

have to work hard for it. I wanted to have a PhD degree that is why I will work

hard for it. If you chose to just sit and relax and wait for the heavens to fall then

don’t blame others that that you are poor and miserable because it was your

choice not to work in the first place.

 God loves me and he will make a way.

Example. I surpassed every challenges in my life because I believed God is with

me. In times that I thought everything will fail, he showed me the way and I

survived. I am driving my own life but when the road gets so bumpy and driving is

no longer possible, I let him take the wheel. That’s how I survived life and that’s

how I managed to be strong.