Internet en Iran Rohani
Internet en Iran Rohani
Internet en Iran Rohani
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Web Sources
The Chosun Ilbo: http://www.chosun.com/
The Hankyoreh: http://www.hani.co.kr/
The Kyunghyang Shinmun: http://www.khan.co.kr/
Rasmus Karlsson
Senior Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Umeå University, Sweden
Hee-Yoon Kim
Graduate Student, Department of U-PEACE, Graduate School of International
and Area Studies, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea
technologies in a country that has one of the highest rates of Internet users in
the Middle East.2 What lies ahead, however, is less about the impact of censor-
ship and more about the interface between people and technology harnessed to
create new forms of civic associations and distinct digital publics that transcend
state control over the media sphere.
(Al-Jazeera, 2012). While global Internet will still be available in parallel with
the national Internet, the formation of the domestic information network is
meant to encourage millions of Iranians to access unfiltered and high-speed
Internet designed and produced by the state. Following the Chinese model of
proactive measures, the move is indirectly aimed at promoting government
sanctioned Internet in order to decrease the popularity of Facebook, Twitter,
and other social media sites. The nationalization of the Internet also has the
objective of promoting domestic economy and technological developments
within a more secured and better-monitored Internet domain.
and other leading politicians openly speak about Facebook and express their
opinions on social media sites, followed by a large audience, is indicative of a
major shift in the Iranian public life, a shift that perhaps all factions within the
Islamic Republic recognize and seek to reconcile with. For sure, during Rouha-
ni’s presidency certain boundaries have been transgressed, the greatest of
which is the very knowledge that the Internet and its public life can no longer
be contained in favor of the few in power.
Notes
1
Before and after his election victory, Rouhani had numerous talks about the speed and filtering of
the Internet. In this particular speech, he explicitly criticized some of the key state policies on the
Internet. For an earlier example of Rouhani’s call for greater Internet freedom in Iran, see his inter-
view with Christiane Amanpour on September 25, 2013, available at http://amanpour.blogs.cnn.
com/2013/09/25/transcript-amanpour-rouhani-interview/.
2
Institutional data about the rates of Internet penetration remain problematic, with different sour-
ces giving various penetration rates. It is likely that the rate of penetration is somewhere between 30%
and 35%, considerably higher than Iran‘s neighboring countries, though most likely less than Turkey
(45%). For a critical study of Internet statistics in Iran, see Bahram Pourghadiri‘s blog post,“ The
bewildering maze of Internet usage statistics in Iran.”Netbina. Retrieved from http://www.netbina.
com/blog/2014/8/8/internet-usage-in-iran, last accessed November 23, 2014.
3
For a report on the speech by the Supreme Leader on soft war in September 2009, see Roozonline
(2009), “‘Instances’ of Soft War.” retrieved from http://www.roozonline.com/english/news3/news-
item/archive/2009/november/27/article/instances-of-soft-war.html.
4
For a comprehensive study of Internet censorship in Iran, see Internet infrastructure and Policy
Report, Small Media, January 2014. http://smallmedia.org.uk/sites/default/files/u8/InternetInfras-
tructure_Jan14.pdf, last accessed November 6, 2014.
5
Field observation, Tehran, Iran, June 6–11, 2013.
6
https://www.facebook.com/search/more/?q5Mahmoud1Vaezi&init5public.
7
See note 2.
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Web Sources
Ayatollah Khamenei, Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/www.Khamenei.ir
Communications Ministry: https://www.ict.gov.ir/
Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB): http://www.irib.ir/
Mohammad Javad Zarif, Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/jzarif
Rouhani’s Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/rouhani.ir
Small Media: http://smallmedia.org.uk/term/1/7.
The Commission to Determine the Instances of Criminal Content (CDICC):
http://internet.ir/
The Iran Cyber Police (FATA): www.cyberpolice.ir/page/2431
WhatsApp: http://www.whatsapp.com
Babak Rahimi
Associate Professor of Communication, Culture and Religious Studies at the
Department of Literature, University of California, San Diego, USA