Coordinates: 27°3′N 88°16′E

Darjeeling
Darjeeling (/dɑːrˈdʒiːlɪŋ/,[4] Bengali pronunciation: [daʤiliŋ], Nepali pronunciation: [dadzĩliŋ]) is a
city and a municipality in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located in the Lesser Himalayas
Darjeeling
at an elevation of 6,700 ft (2,042.2 m). It is noted for its tea industry, its views of City
Kangchenjunga, the world's third-highest mountain, and the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, a
UNESCO World Heritage Site. Darjeeling is the headquarters of the Darjeeling District which
has a partially autonomous status within the state of West Bengal. It is also a popular tourist
destination in India.

The recorded history of the town starts from the early 19th century when the colonial
A view of Darjeeling from the Happy
Valley Tea Estate.
administration under the British Raj set up a sanatorium and a military depot in the region.
Subsequently, extensive tea plantations were established in the region and tea growers developed
Nickname(s): The Queen of Hills
hybrids of black tea and created new fermentation techniques. The resultant distinctive
Darjeeling
Darjeeling tea is internationally recognised and ranks among the most popular black teas in the
world.[5] The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway connects the town with the plains and has some of
the few steam locomotives still in service in India.

Darjeeling has several British-style public schools, which attract pupils from all over India and a
few neighbouring countries. The varied culture of the town reflects its diverse demographic
milieu comprising Lepcha, Khampa, Gorkha, Newar, Sherpa, Bhutia, Bengali[6] and other
mainland Indian ethno-linguistic groups. Darjeeling, alongside its neighbouring town of
Kalimpong, was the centre of the Gorkhaland movement in the 1980s and the summer of 2017.

Contents
Toponymy
History
Geography
Climate
Flora and fauna Location in West Bengal, India
Civic administration
Civil utilities
Economy
Tourism Darjeeling
Transport
Demographics
Religion
Culture
Cuisine
Education
Political unrest
See also
Darjeeling (India)
Notes Coordinates: 27°3′N 88°16′E
References
Country India
Further reading
State West Bengal
External links District Darjeeling
Settled 1815, Treaty of Sugauli
Founded by East India Company
Toponymy Government
• Type Municipality
The name Darjeeling comes from the Tibetan words Dorje, which is the thunderbolt sceptre of • Body Darjeeling Municipality
the Hindu deity Indra, and ling, which means "a place" or "land".[7] • Chairman Pratibha Rai[1]
• Vice- Sagar Tamang
Chairman
History
Area
The history of Darjeeling is intertwined with that of Nepal, Sikkim, British India, and Bhutan. • Total 10.57 km2 (4.08 sq mi)
Until the early 19th century, the hilly area around Darjeeling was controlled by the Kingdom of
Elevation[2] 2,042.16 m
Sikkim[8] with the settlement consisting of a few villages of the Lepcha and Kirati people.[9] The (6,700.00 ft)
Chogyal of Sikkim had been engaged in unsuccessful warfare against the Gorkhas of Nepal.
Population (2011)
From 1780, the Gorkhas made several attempts to capture the entire region of Darjeeling. By the
• Total 132,016
• Density 12,000/km2
beginning of the 19th century, they had overrun Sikkim as far eastward as the Teesta River and
(32,000/sq mi)
had conquered and annexed the Terai and the entire area now belonged to Nepal.[10] In the
Languages
meantime, the British were engaged in preventing the Gorkhas from over-running the whole of
• Official Bengali and Nepali[3]
the northern frontier. The Anglo-Gorkha war broke out in 1814, which resulted in the defeat of
the Gorkhas and subsequently led to the signing of the Sugauli Treaty in 1816. According to the Time zone UTC+5:30 (IST)
treaty, Nepal had to cede all those territories which the Gorkhas had annexed from the Chogyal PIN 734101
of Sikkim to the British East India Company (i.e. the area between Mechi River and Teesta Telephone 0354
River). Later in 1817, through the Treaty of Titalia, the British East India Company reinstated code
the Chogyal of Sikkim, restored all the tracts of land between the River Mechi and the River
Vehicle WB-76 WB-77
registration
Teesta to the Chogyal of Sikkim and guaranteed his sovereignty.[11]
Lok Sabha Darjeeling
constituency
In 1828, a delegation of the British East India Company (BEIC) officials on its way to the Nepal-
Vidhan Darjeeling
Sikkim border stayed in Darjeeling and decided that the region was a suitable site for a Sabha
sanatorium for British soldiers.[12][13] The company negotiated a lease of the area west of the constituency
Mahananda River from the Chogyal of Sikkim in 1835.[14] In 1849, the BEIC Superintendent Website www
Archibald Campbell and the explorer and botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker were imprisoned in the .darjeelingmunicipality
region by the Sikkim Chogyal. The BEIC sent a force to free them. Continued friction between .in (http://www.darjeelin
the BEIC and the Sikkim authorities resulted in the annexation of 640 square miles (1,700 km2)
gmunicipality.in)
of territory by the British in 1850. In 1864, the
Bhutanese rulers and the British signed the Treaty of
Sinchula that ceded the passes leading through the
hills and Kalimpong to the British.[11] Further discord
between Sikkim and the British resulted in a war,
culminating in the signing of a treaty and the
annexation by the British of the area east of the Teesta
River in 1865.[15] By 1866, Darjeeling district had
the King of Sikkim in Darjeeling assumed its current shape and size, covering an area
about 1900 Bringing in the Darjeeling tea
of 1,234 square miles (3,200 km2).[11]
harvest, circa 1890.
During the British Raj, Darjeeling's temperate climate
led to its development as a hill station for British
residents seeking to escape the summer heat of the plains. The development of Darjeeling as a
sanatorium and health resort proceeded briskly.[9] Arthur Campbell, a surgeon with the Company, and
Lieutenant Robert Napier were responsible for establishing a hill station there. Campbell's efforts to
develop the station, attract immigrants to cultivate the slopes and stimulate trade resulted in a
hundredfold increase in the population of Darjeeling between 1835 and 1849.[11][16] The first road
connecting the town with the plains was constructed between 1839 and 1842.[9][16] In 1848, a military
A view of the Darjeeling War depot was set up for British soldiers, and the town became a municipality in 1850.[16] Commercial
Memorial, located at the Batasia cultivation of tea in the district began in 1856, and induced a number of British planters to settle
Loop of the Darjeeling Himalayan there.[12] Darjeeling became the formal summer capital of the Bengal Presidency after 1864.[17]
Railway. Kangchenjunga is visible in
Scottish missionaries undertook the construction of schools and welfare centres for the British
the background.
residents, laying the foundation for Darjeeling's notability as a centre of education. The opening of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway in 1881 further
hastened the development of the region.[18] In 1899, Darjeeling was rocked by major landslides that caused severe damage to the town and the native
population.[19]

Under the British Raj, the Darjeeling area was initially a "Non-Regulation District", a scheme of
administration applicable to economically less advanced districts in the British India; acts and
regulations of the British Raj did not automatically apply to the district in line with rest of the country.
In 1919, the area was declared a "backward tract".[20] During the Indian independence movement, the
Non-cooperation movement spread through the tea estates of Darjeeling.[21] There was also a failed
assassination attempt by revolutionaries on Sir John Anderson, the Governor of Bengal in 1934.[22]
Subsequently, during the 1940s, Communist activists continued the nationalist movement against the
British by mobilising the plantation workers and the peasants of the district.[23]

Map of the station and its environs, Socio-economic problems of the region that had not
ca 1914
been addressed during British Raj continued to linger
and were reflected in a representation made to the
Constituent Assembly of India in 1947, which
highlighted the issues of regional autonomy and Nepali nationality in Darjeeling and adjacent
areas.[23] After the independence of India in 1947, Darjeeling was merged with the state of West
Bengal. A separate district of Darjeeling was established consisting of the hill towns of Darjeeling,
Kurseong, Kalimpong and some parts of the Terai region. While the hill population comprised mainly
ethnic Nepalis, the plains harboured a large ethnic Bengali population who were refugees from the Darjeeling view, 1880
Partition of India.[24] A cautious and non-receptive response by the West Bengal government to most
demands of the ethnic Nepali population led to increased calls, in the 1950s and 1960s, for
Darjeeling's autonomy and for the recognition of the Nepali language; the state government acceded to the latter demand in 1961.[25]

The creation of a new state of Sikkim in 1975, along with the reluctance of the Government of India to recognise Nepali as an official language under
the Constitution of India, brought the issue of a separate state of Gorkhaland to the forefront.[26] Agitation for a separate state continued through the
1980s,[27] included violent protests during the 1986–88 period. The agitation ceased only after an agreement between the government and the Gorkha
National Liberation Front (GNLF), resulting in the establishment of an elected body in 1988 called the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC), which
received autonomy to govern the district. Though Darjeeling became peaceful, the issue of a separate state lingered, fuelled in part by the lack of
comprehensive economic development in the region even after the formation of the DGHC.[28] New protests erupted in 2008–09, but both the Union
and State governments rejected Gorkha Janmukti Morcha's (GJM) demand for a separate state.[29] In July 2011, a pact was signed between GJM, the
Government of West Bengal and the Government of India which includes the formation of a new autonomous, elected Gorkhaland Territorial
Administration (GTA), a hill council endowed with more powers than its predecessor Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council.[30]

Geography
Darjeeling is the main town of the Sadar subdivision and also the headquarters of the district. It is
located at an elevation of 6,700 ft (2,000 m)[2] in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region on the
Darjeeling-Jalapahar range that originates in the south from Ghum. The range is Y-shaped with the
base resting at Katapahar and Jalapahar and two arms diverging north of the Observatory Hill. The
north-eastern arm dips suddenly and ends in the Lebong spur, while the north-western arm passes
through North Point and ends in the valley near Tukver Tea Estate.[31] The hills are nestled within
higher peaks and the snow-clad Himalayan ranges tower over the town in the distance. Kanchenjunga,
the world's third-highest peak, 8,598 m (28,209 ft) high, is the most prominent mountain visible. On
clear days Nepal's Mount Everest, 29,035 ft (8,850 m) high, can be seen.[32] View of Kanchengjunga as seen from
Darjeeling
The hills of Darjeeling are part of the Lesser Himalaya. The soil is chiefly composed of sandstone and
conglomerate formations, which are the solidified and upheaved detritus of the great range of
Himalaya. However, the soil is often poorly consolidated (the permeable sediments of the region do not retain water between rains) and is not
considered suitable for agriculture. The area has steep slopes and loose topsoil, leading to frequent landslides during the monsoons. According to the
Bureau of Indian Standards, the town falls under seismic zone-IV, (on a scale of I to V, in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes) near the
convergent boundary of the Indian and the Eurasian tectonic plates and is subject to frequent earthquakes.[32]

Climate
 Climate data for Darjeeling (1901–2000)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average 9.4 10.4 14.4 17.4 18.5 19.3 19.4 19.6 19.2 18 14.7 11.5 16.0
high °C (°F) (48.9) (50.7) (57.9) (63.3) (65.3) (66.7) (66.9) (67.3) (66.6) (64) (58.5) (52.7) (60.7)

Daily mean 6.6 8.1 11.7 14.7 16.1 17.3 17.8 17.8 17.5 15.3 11.5 8.4 13.6
°C (°F) (43.9) (46.6) (53.1) (58.5) (61.0) (63.1) (64.0) (64.0) (63.5) (59.5) (52.7) (47.1) (56.4)

Average low 1.8 2.9 6.3 9.4 11.5 13.6 14.3 14.2 13.3 10.3 6.3 3.3 8.9
°C (°F) (35.2) (37.2) (43.3) (48.9) (52.7) (56.5) (57.7) (57.6) (55.9) (50.5) (43.3) (37.9) (48.1)

Average
19.7 24.1 47.7 115.8 197.2 570 781.7 635.3 437.3 122.5 23.5 7 2,981.8
precipitation
(0.78) (0.95) (1.88) (4.56) (7.76) (22.4) (30.78) (25.01) (17.22) (4.82) (0.93) (0.3) (117.39)
mm (inches)

Source #1: Indian Meteorological Department.[33]

Source #2: Climate-Data.org (mean temperatures)[34]

Darjeeling has a temperate climate (Köppen: Cwb,[34] subtropical highland climate) with wet summers caused by monsoon rains.[35] The annual mean
maximum temperature is 14.9 °C (58.8 °F) while the mean minimum temperature is 8.9 °C (48.0 °F),[2] with monthly mean temperatures ranging from
6 to 18 °C (43 to 64 °F).[34] The lowest temperature recorded was −5 °C (23 °F) on 11 February 1905.[2] The average annual precipitation is 309.2 cm
(121.7 in), with an average of 126 days of rain in a year.[2] The highest rainfall occurs in July.[33][34] The heavy and concentrated rainfall that is
experienced in the region, aggravated by deforestation and haphazard planning, often causes devastating landslides, leading to loss of life and
property.[36][37] Though not very common, but the town receives snow at least once during two winter months of December and January.[38]

Flora and fauna

Darjeeling is a part of the Eastern Himalayan zoo-geographic zone.[39] Flora around Darjeeling
comprises sal, oak, semi-evergreen, temperate and alpine forests.[40] Dense evergreen forests of sal
and oak lie around the town, where a wide variety of rare orchids are found. The Lloyd's Botanical
Garden preserves common and rare species of plants, while the Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological
Park specialises in conserving and breeding endangered Himalayan species.[41] The town of
Darjeeling and surrounding region face deforestation due to increasing demand for wood fuel and
timber, as well as air pollution from increasing vehicular traffic.[42]

Forests and wildlife in the district are managed and protected by the Divisional Forest Officer of the
Territorial and Wildlife wing of the West Bengal Forest Department.[39] The fauna found in Darjeeling Tea plantations in Darjeeling
includes several species of ducks, teals, plovers and gulls that pass Darjeeling while migrating to and
from Tibet.[43] Small mammals found in the region include small Indian civets, mongooses and
badgers.[44] TA conservation centre for red pandas opened at Darjeeling Zoo in 2014, building on a prior captive breeding program.[45]

Civic administration
The Darjeeling urban agglomeration consists of Darjeeling Municipality and the Tukvar Tea Garden
(Tukvar valley).[46] Established in 1850, the Darjeeling municipality maintains the civic
administration of the town, covering an area of 10.57 km2 (4.08 sq mi).[46] The municipality consists
of a board of councillors elected from each of the 32 wards of Darjeeling town as well as a few
members nominated by the state government. The board of councillors elects a chairman from among
its elected members;[31] the chairman is the executive head of the municipality. The Gorkha Janmukti
Morcha (GJMM) holds power in the municipality As of 2011.

From 1988 to 2012, the Gorkha-dominated hill areas of Darjeeling district were under the jurisdiction
of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC). In 2012, the DGHC was replaced by the Gorkhaland Darjeeling Municipality Building
Territorial Administration (GTA). The elected members of this body are authorised to manage certain
affairs of the hills, including education, health and tourism. Law and order in Darjeeling town comes
under the jurisdiction of the district police force, which is a part of the West Bengal Police; a Deputy Superintendent of Police oversees the town's
security and law affairs. Darjeeling municipality area has two police stations at Darjeeling and Jorebungalow.[47]

Civil utilities
Natural springs in the Senchal Range provide most of Darjeeling's water supply. Water collected is
routed through stone conduits to two lakes that were constructed in 1910 and 1932, from where it is
piped to the town after purification at the Jorebungalow filtration plant.[48] During the dry season,
when water supplied by springs is insufficient, water is pumped from Khong Khola, a nearby small
perennial stream. Increasing demand has led to a worsening shortfall in water supply; just over 50% of
the town's households are connected to the municipal water supply system.[31] Various efforts made to
augment the water supply, including the construction of a third storage reservoir in 1984, have failed to
yield desired results.[48]

The town has an underground sewage system, covering about 40% of the town area, that collects
domestic waste and conveys it to septic tanks for disposal.[49] Solid waste is disposed of in a nearby
dumping ground, which also houses the town's crematorium.[49] Doorstep collection of garbage and
segregation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste have been implemented since 2003.[50]
Vermicomposting of vegetable waste is carried out with the help of non-governmental
organisations.[51] In June 2009, in order to reduce waste, the municipality proposed a ban on plastic
carrier bags and sachets in the town.[52] Mall Road

Darjeeling got from 1897 up to the early 1990s hydroelectricity from the nearby Sidrapong Hydel
Power Station, such being the first town in India supplied with hydropower. Today, electricity is supplied by the West Bengal State Electricity Board
from other places. The town often suffers from power outages and the electrical supply voltage is unstable, making voltage stabilisers popular with
many households. Almost all of the primary schools are now maintained by Darjeeling Gorkha Autonomous Hill Council. The total length of all types
of roads within the municipal area is around 134 km (83 mi).[53] The West Bengal Fire Service provides emergency services for the town.

Economy
The two most significant contributors to Darjeeling's economy are tourism and the tea industry.
Darjeeling tea, due to the unique agro-climatic conditions of Darjeeling, has a distinctive natural
flavour, is internationally reputed and recognised as a geographical indicator. The office of the
Darjeeling Indian Tea Association (DITA) is located at Darjeeling.[5] Darjeeling produces 7% of
India's tea output, approximately 9,000,000 kilograms (20,000,000 lb) every year.[29] The tea industry
has faced competition in recent years from tea produced in other parts of India as well as other
countries like Nepal.[54] Widespread concerns about labour disputes, worker layoffs and closing of
estates have affected investment and production.[55] Several tea estates are being run on a workers'
cooperative model, while others are being planned for conversion into tourist resorts.[55] More than
Plucking the tea leaves in the
60% of workers in the tea gardens are women.[46] Besides tea, the most widely cultivated crops
traditional fashion
include maize, millets, paddy, cardamom, potato and ginger.[56]

Darjeeling had become an important tourist destination as early as 1860.[16] It is reported to be the
only location in eastern India that witnesses large numbers of foreign tourists.[29] It is also a popular filming destination for Bollywood and Bengali
cinema. Satyajit Ray shot his film Kanchenjungha (1962) here, and his Feluda series story, Darjeeling Jomjomaat, was also set in the town. Bollywood
movies such as Aradhana (1969), Main Hoon Na (2004), Parineeta (2005) and more recently Barfi! (2012) have been filmed here.[57][58]

Tourism
Tourist inflow into Darjeeling had been affected by the political instability in the region, and agitations in the 1980s and 2000s hit the tourism industry
hard.[29][59] However, since 2012, Darjeeling has once again witnessed a steady inflow of both domestic and international tourists. Presently, around
50,000 foreign and 500,000 domestic tourists visit Darjeeling each year,[60] and its repute as the "Queen of the Hills" remains unaltered. According to
an India Today survey published on 23 December 2015, Darjeeling is the third most Googled travel destination among all the tourist destinations in
India. Even though there are political instabilities in Darjeeling, its tourism rate is increasing year by year. Many visit this place for food specialities
like momos, steamed stick rice, and mostly steamed foods are famous in this region. Many tourist visit this place for seeing the natural beauty of nature
.[61]

Transport
Darjeeling can be reached by the 88 km (55 mi) long Darjeeling Himalayan Railway from New Jalpaiguri, or by National Highway 55, from Siliguri,
77 km (48 mi) away.[62][63] The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway is a 600 mm (2 ft) narrow-gauge railway that was declared a World Heritage Site by
UNESCO in 1999 for being "an outstanding example of the influence of an innovative transportation system on the social and economic development
 of a multi-cultural region, which was to serve as a
model for similar developments in many parts of the
world",[64] becoming only the second railway in the
world to have this honour.[18][57] Bus services and
hired vehicles connect Darjeeling with Siliguri and
Darjeeling has road connections with Bagdogra,
Gangtok and Kathmandu and the neighbouring towns
of Kurseong and Kalimpong.[62] However, road and
railway communications often get disrupted in the
The narrow gauge train often Darjeeling "Toy Train"
monsoons because of landslides. The nearest airport
crisscrosses the street
is Bagdogra Airport, located 90 km (56 mi) from
Darjeeling.[62] Within the town, people usually traverse by walking. Residents also use two-wheelers
and hired taxis for travelling short distances. The Darjeeling Ropeway, functional since 1968, was closed in 2003 after an accident killed four
tourists.[65] It reopened in February 2012.[66]

Demographics
According to provisional results of 2011 census of
India, Darjeeling urban agglomeration has a
population of 132,016, out of which 65,839 were
males and 66,177 were females. The sex ratio is
1,005 females per 1,000 males. The 0–6 years
population is 7,382. Effective literacy rate for the
population older than 6 years is 93.17 per cent.[67]

Colourful Buddhist prayer flags According to the 2001 census, the Darjeeling urban
St. Andrew's Church, Darjeeling.
around Mahakal Temple at agglomeration, with an area of 12.77 km2
Observatory Hill, Darjeeling. Built- 1843, Rebuilt- 1873
(4.93 sq mi), had a population of 109,163, while the
municipal area had a population of 107,530.[46] The
population density of the municipal area was 10,173 per km2. The sex ratio was 1,017 females per
1,000 males,[46] which was higher than the national average of 933 females per 1000 males.[68] Gorkhas, speaking Nepali as native language, form the
majority which includes indigenous ethnic groups such as the Bhutia, Chhetri, Gurung, Lepcha, Limbu, Magar, Newars, Rajbanshi, Rai, Sherpa,
Tamang, Yolmo, along with several other denominations under the Indo-Aryan Khas and the Mongoloid Kirats. Other communities that inhabit
Darjeeling include the Anglo-Indians, Bengalis, Biharis, Chinese, Marwaris and Tibetans. The prevailing languages are Nepali, Hindi, Bengali and
English. Bengali is prevalent in the plains while Tibetan is used by the refugees and some tribal people.[6] Dzongkha is spoken by the Bhutias and the
Tibetans.

Darjeeling has seen a significant growth in its population, its decadal growth rate being 47% between 1991 and 2001.[46] The colonial town was
designed for a population of only 10,000, and subsequent growth has created extensive infrastructural and environmental problems. The district's
forests and other natural wealth have been adversely affected by an ever-growing population. The official languages of Darjeeling are Bengali and
Nepali.[3]

Religion
The predominant religions of Darjeeling are Shaivite Hinduism and Vajrayana Buddhism, followed by
Christianity[69]. Indigenous communities such as the Lepchas, the Limbus, and many others, also
practice Animism and Shamanism which is very often, but not always, intermixed with the more
mainstream Hinduism and Buddhism.[70]

Dashain, Tihar, Losar, Buddha Jayanti, Christmas are the main festivals. Besides, the diverse ethnic
populace of the town also celebrates several local festivals. Buddhist ethnic groups which include the
Tibetans, Lepchas, Bhutias, Sherpas, Yolmos, Gurungs, and Tamangs celebrate their new
year, called Losar, in January/February, Maghe Sankranti, Chotrul Duchen and Tendong Lho Rumfaat. Buddhist Temple in Darjiling. Sikkim,
The Kiranti Rai people (Khambus) celebrate their annual Sakela festivals of Ubhauli and by Vasily Vereshchagin (1874)

Udhauli. Deusi and Bhaileni are songs performed by men and women respectively, during the festival
of Tihar. All these provide a regional distinctness to Darjeeling's local culture from the rest of India. Darjeeling Carnival, initiated by a civil society
movement known as The Darjeeling Initiative, is a ten-day carnival held yearly during the winter with portrayal of the Darjeeling Hill's musical and
cultural heritage as its central theme.[71]

Culture
The culture of Darjeeling is diverse and includes a
variety of indigenous practices and festivals as
mentioned above. Many of the Nepali Hindus, as well
as the various Buddhist and other ethnic groups such
as the Lepchas, Bhutias, Kiranti Limbus, Tibetans,
Yolmos, Gurungs and Tamangs, have their own
distinct languages and cultures and yet share a largely
harmonious co-existence.

Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre Colonial architecture characterizes many buildings in Peace Pagoda
Darjeeling, exemplified by several mock Tudor
residences, Gothic churches, the Raj Bhawan,
Planters' Club and various educational institutions. Buddhist monasteries showcase the pagoda style architecture. Darjeeling is regarded as a centre of
music and a niche for musicians and music admirers. Singing and playing musical instruments are common pastimes among the resident population,
who take pride in the traditions and role of music in cultural life.[72] Darjeeling also has a Peace Pagoda built in 1992 by the Japanese Buddhist
organisation Nipponzan Myohoji.

Cuisine
Due to the varied mix of cultures in Darjeeling, the local and ethnic food of Darjeeling is also quite varied. Rice, noodles and potatoes seem to make up
the dominant part of the cuisine partly due to the cold climate. The most popular local snack food are Momos, which are steamed flour dumplings with
meat or vegetables fillings served piping hot with a side of clear soup and hot homemade tomato sauce. Locals love Alu Dom (Spicy steamed potato
curry) and various versions of it are served. For example, they add Wai Wai Mimi instant noodles over a bowl of Alu Dom and call it Alu Mimi.[73]

Another popular food is Thukpa which is of Tibetan origins. Thukpa is homemade noodle soup with meat, eggs and/or vegetables. Kinema, Chhurpi,
Shaphalay, (Tibetan bread stuffed with meat).[74] Fermented foods and beverages are consumed by a large percentage of the population.[75] Fermented
foods include preparations of soybean, bamboo shoots, milk and Sel roti, which is made from rice.[76] Tea (esp. the butter tea) is the most popular
delicacy,[74] Alcoholic beverages include Tongba, Jnaard and Chhaang, variations of a local beer made from fermenting finger millet.[74][77][78]

A bowl of Alu Mimi Tongba

Education
There are 52 primary schools, 67 high schools and 5 colleges in the town.[49] Darjeeling's schools are run either by the state government or by private
or religious organisations. Schools mainly use English and Nepali as their media of instruction, although there is the option to learn the official
language Hindi and the official state language Bengali. The schools are either affiliated with the ICSE, the CBSE, or the West Bengal Board of
Secondary Education.

Having been a summer retreat for the British in India, Darjeeling became the place of choice for the establishment of public schools on the model of
Eton, Harrow and Rugby, allowing the children of British officials to obtain an exclusive education.[79] Institutions such as Mount Hermon School, St.
Robert's H.S. School, St. Paul's School, St. Joseph's School - North Point, Loreto Convent are renowned as centres of educational excellence.[80]
Darjeeling has five colleges—St. Joseph's College, Southfield College (earlier known as Loreto College), Darjeeling Government College, Ghoom-
Jorebunglow Degree College and Sri Ramakrishna B.T. College—all affiliated to the University of North Bengal in Siliguri.

Political unrest
See article Gorkhaland

See also
Chowrasta

Mahakal Temple

Notes
1. "Pratibha Rai Takes Over As Chairperson Of Darjeeling Municipal Corporation" (https://siliguritimes.com/pratibha-rai-takes-chairpers
on-darjeeling-municipal-corporation/). Siliguri Times. 17 January 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
2. "District Profile" (http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html). Official webpage. Darjeeling district. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20150817064946/http://darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html) from the original on 17 August 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
3. "Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India: 50th report (delivered to the Lokh Sabha in 2014)" (https://web.archive.
org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf) (PDF). National Commissioner for Linguistic
Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. p. 95. Archived from the original (http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NC
LM50thReport.pdf) (PDF) on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
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References
Aftab, Aaris (2005). Are the Third World cities sustainable? (https://books.google.com/?id=R1HV6aoINaQC). Allied Publishers.
p. 201. ISBN 978-81-7764-869-0.
Dasgupta, Atis (1999). "Ethnic Problems and Movements for Autonomy in Darjeeling". Social Scientist. Social Scientist. 27 (11–12):
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de Bruyn, Pippa; Bain, Keith; Venkatraman, Nilofer; Joshi, Shonar (2008). Frommer's India (https://books.google.com/?id=qMqBvtL_
nI0C&pg=PA578&dq=how+to+get+to+darjeeling#v=onepage&q=how%20to%20get%20to%20darjeeling&f=false). Frommer's.
ISBN 978-0-470-16908-7. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
Gerard, John (1990). Mountain environments: an examination of the physical geography of mountains. MIT Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-
0-262-07128-4.
Kenny, Judith (1995). "Climate, Race, and Imperial Authority: The Symbolic Landscape of the British Hill Station in India". Annals of
the Association of American Geographers. [Association of American Geographers, Taylor & Francis, Ltd.] 85 (4): 694–714.
doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1995.tb01821.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1995.tb01821.x). JSTOR 2564433 (https://www.jst
or.org/stable/2564433).
Lamb, Alastair (1986). British India and Tibet, 1766–1910 (https://books.google.com/?id=MY4OAAAAQAAJ) (2nd ed.). Taylor &
Francis. p. 353. ISBN 978-0-7102-0872-9.
Mackintosh, L.J. (2009). Birds of Darjeeling and India (https://books.google.com/?id=xY6nB640PKkC) (2nd ed.). BiblioBazaar, LLC.
p. 322. ISBN 978-1-116-11396-9.
Negi, Sharad Singh (1992). Himalayan wildlife, habitat and conservation (https://books.google.com/?id=W88pkms1dXEC). Indus
Publishing. p. 207. ISBN 978-81-85182-68-1.
Sarkar, S. (1999). "Landslides in Darjeeling Himalayas, India". Transactions of the Japanese Geomorphological Union. 20 (3).
pp. 299–315. ISSN 0389-1755 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0389-1755).
Srivastava, Suresh C. (2003). "Geographical Indications and Legal Framework in India". Economic and Political Weekly. Economic
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Tamang, Jyoti P.; Sarkar, Prabir K; Hesseltine, Clifford W (1988). "Traditional Fermented Foods and Beverages of Darjeeling" (https://
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Archived from the original (http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/dspace/bitstream/10113/23778/1/IND88052735.pdf) (PDF) on 21 July 2011.

Further reading
Bradnock, R; Bradnock, R (2004). Footprint India Handbook (13th ed.). Footprint Handbooks. ISBN 978-1-904777-00-7.
Brown, Percy (1917). Tours in Sikhim and the Darjeeling District (3rd (1934) ed.). Calcutta: W. Newman & Co. p. 223.
ASIN B0008B2MIY (https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0008B2MIY).
Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2011). China's Ancient Tea Horse Road. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B005DQV7Q2
Kennedy, Dane (1996). Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj (http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft396nb1sf&chunk.i
d=0&doc.view=printThe). University of California Press. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-520-20188-0.
 Lee, Ada (1971). The Darjeeling disaster: Triumph through sorrow: the triumph of the six Lee children. Lee Memorial Mission.
ASIN B0007AUX00 (https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007AUX00).
"Newman's Guide to Darjeeling and Its Surroundings, Historical & Descriptive, with Some Account of the Manners and Customs of
the Neighbouring Hill Tribes, and a Chapter on Thibet and the Thibetans". W. Newman and Co. 1900.
Ronaldshay, The Earl of (1923). Lands of the Thunderbolt. Sikhim, Chumbi & Bhutan. London: Constable & Co. ISBN 81-206-1504-
2.
Roy, Barun (2003). Fallen Cicada - Unwritten History of Darjeeling Hills (2003 ed.). Beacon Publication. p. 223. ISBN 978-81-223-
0684-2.
Saraswati, Baidyanath (ed.) (1998). Cultural Dimension of Ecology. DK Print World Pvt. Ltd, India. ISBN 978-81-246-0102-0.
Singh, S. (2006). Lonely Planet India (11th ed.). Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 978-1-74059-694-7.
Waddell, L.A. (2004). Among the Himalayas. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7661-8918-8.

External links
Darjeeling (https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/India/West_Bengal/Localities/Darjiling/) at Curlie
Darjeeling travel guide from Wikivoyage

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