ASSESSMENT OF THE HYDROLOGIC CAPACITY

OF SAGUDIN RIVER

UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

IN CE 427-15 CE PROJECT STUDY 1

BY:
MICHAEL M. CALICDAN
JADE VINCENT S. CARIZAL
IRYL NATHAN G. GARCIA
RODEL R. RUBIS
JERMINE P. SALWIT
ROEL O. SIONA
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE

TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

APPROVAL SHEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DEDICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF FIGURE/S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER

1 THE PROBLEM

Background of the Study . . . . . . . . .

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework . . . .

Statement of the Problem and Hypotheses .

2 DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design and Methodology . . . . .

Population and Locale of the Study . . . .

Data Gathering Tools . . . . . . . . . . .

Data Gathering Procedure . . . . . . . . .

Treatment of Data . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER Page

3 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Xxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . .

4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . .

Recommendations . . . . . . . . . .

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

APPENDICES

A xxxxxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . .

C xxxxxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . .

CURRICULUM VITAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Title Page

1 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 xxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Title Page

1 xxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 xxxxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM

Background of the Study

One kind of living water that was considered a great

blessing in biblical times was rain. Collecting your own

rainwater is an excellent way to conserve this precious resource.

A basic rainwater collection system catches rainwater from your

roof or other surface and channels it into a container for

storage. But excessive raining can cause flooding specially in

urban areas.

Urban flooding is specific in the fact that the cause is a

lack of drainage in an urban area. As there is little open soil

that can be used for water storage nearly all the precipitation

needs to be transport to surface water or the sewage system. High

intensity rainfall can cause flooding when the city sewage system

and draining canals do not have the necessary capacity to drain

away the amounts of rain that are falling. Water may even enter

the sewage system in one place and then get deposited somewhere

else in the city on the streets.

Urban floods are great disturbance and in worse scenario,

can cause destruction. Roads can be blocked; people can’t go to

work or to schools. The economic damages are high but the number
of casualties is usually very limited, because of the nature of

the flood. The water slowly rises on the city streets.

Common causes of River Flooding include heavy rainfall or

more unpredictable torrential downpours instigated by tropical

cyclones. High level of water that overwhelms the river channel

poses vulnerability and danger to people and establishments

alongside the waterway. Flooding is likely to occur when it rains

rapidly on saturated soil or dry soil that has poor absorption

ability. Urban areas are prone to flooding. The impervious

surfaces in the urban areas do not allow water to infiltrate the

ground, and the water runs off to the low spots very quickly

(National Weather Service). Floods often develop in hilly and

mountainous terrains. The rapid development of the flood is due

to the extremely short concentration time of the drainage

catchment. This means that precipitation falling on a point in

the catchment farthest from the river takes only a short time to

reach the river channel and become part of streamflow. Thus, the

amount of streamflow rapidly increases and, consequently, the

rise in water level (PAGASA).

The mean annual rainfall of the Philippines varies from

965 to 4064mm annually. Baguio City, Eastern Samar and Eastern

Surigao receives the greatest amount of rainfall. Between

September 12 and 15, 2018 Typhoon Mangkhut (locally named Ompong)

swept through the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR)

bringing torrential rain. Benguet station recorded a total of 535

mm on 15 September, which was the highest 24-hr observation

during the passage of OMPONG (PAGASA). The storm caused

widespread wind damage, flooding and landslides. Strong rain left

Benguet with casualties and raging floods, as the typhoon crossed

Northern Luzon. This includes the inundation of Sagudin River

where flood waters rose submerging properties along Brgy.

Brookside.

Figure 1. Car submerged in floodwater in Brgy.Brookside Baguio

City during typhoon Ompong

With this disastrous event we conceptualize this study

to presents a flood estimation model using hydrological and

meteorological conditions in the Sagudin river basin particularly

along Brgy. Brookside. Surface runoff estimation and the simple

method of associating the weather to the catchment area to study

the behavior of the river.

Flood routing is the technique of determining the flood

hydrograph at a section of a river by utilizing the data of flood

flow at one or more upstream sections. The hydrologic analysis of

problems such as flood forecasting, flood protection, reservoir

design and spillway design invariably include flood routing.

Statement of the Problem

The main problem of this study is the river inundation

happened last September 15, 2018 happened during the typhoon

Ompong (Mangkhut) where streets are seen submerged in Floodwater

at Barangay Brookside Baguio City.

The main aim of this study was to define the hydrologic and

hydraulic characteristics of the Sagudin River using simulated

computer models with the aid of advanced computer applications.

The absence of hydrologic model of Sagudin River and

hydraulic flow of the river upstream necessary to understand its

characteristics lead to the conceptualization of this study.

Specifically, this study should address the following:

1. What are the physical characteristics of the Sagudin River?

2. What is the theoretical discharge of the Sagudin River with

respect to the different extreme events?

 3. What is the hydrological model of the Sagudin River with

respect to the different extreme events?

4. What areas are flooded by the river inundation?
5. What appropriate flood mitigation structures can be adopted

to mitigate flooding due to river inundation?

Significance of the study

Lack of hydrological data at the Brookside is a big hindrance

in flood management and control. We can take a look of what

happen during super typhoon Ompong last September 2018 where

vehicles are submerge and the widespread flood is out of control.

From this occurrence, a study must be conducted to prevent or

reduce the impact of flooding.

With this study it will be helpful to understand the flood

hydrology and geomorphic effectiveness of floods and for

management, planning and administration of unusual floods that

may occur in future. Also this will give the idea about the

solution which is best for solving such type of flood problems

and this will be beneficial for local people who suffer from this

problem. This paper can be used by research enthusiast in the

future as their basis in the development of the study area.

Scope, Limitation, and Delimitation

Scope
 The scope of the study only covers the modeling of the

Sagudin River along Brgy. Lower Brookside Baguio City considering

different return period.

1. 10-year return period

2. 25-year return period
3. 50-year return period
4. 100-year return period
5. Identify critical areas possible of flooding

Limitation

Rainfall data is to be gathered from Philippine Atmospheric,

Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration (PAG-ASA).

Also, topographic maps are to be taken from Digital Elevation

Model from Department of Natural Resources (DENR). Site visit and

measurement of the river basin will depend on the weather and

water flow condition.

Delimitation

This study is limited to the determination of the peak

discharge, determination of river inundation areas, and

suggestion of flood mitigation on the areas of flooding.

Structural analysis and cost of construction for the flood

mitigation structures are not included in the study.

Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

 Figure 2. Conceptual Framework

Flood control is defined as the methods of reducing or

preventing the detrimental effects of floods. It is the product

of careful analysis from the precipitation data, physical

characteristics of the river, land use and land cover, water

surface elevations and the contributory areas. Treating these

data using computer software to determine the peak discharge, and

flow capacity. These by-products generated from the software are

finally used to recommend mitigation structures and come up with

a flood risk maps.

 Figure 3. Theoretical Framework

ArcGIS. ArcGIS is a cross-platform free and open source

desktop GIS product that helps one visualize, manage, edit,

analyze, and compose maps with geographic data. It allows to

create maps with many layers using different maps projections.

HEC-RAS. HEC-River Analysis System is a computer software

designed for steady non-uniform flow water surface profile

computations; unsteady flow simulation; movable boundary sediment

transport computations; and water quality analysis. All four

components use a geometric data representation and a common

geometric and hydraulic calculation routines. The system also

contains several hydraulic design features that can be involve

once the basic surface profiles are computed.

 Land Use. Our use of land and our control and use of water

resources have had much potential for affecting the large-scale

operation of water cycle. It has an impact in controlling runoff.

Urbanization, forest-clearing, modern agriculture, and even waste

management all affects rain runoff. Essential to urbanization is

proper planning, design and construction of flood control systems

such as drainage networks, flood mitigation structures or

reservoirs.

The SCS Method of Computing Discharge. Soil Conservation

Service – Curve Number Method (SCS-CN) is applicable for

contributory areas more than 50 hectares. It uses of a Soil

Runoff Curve Number that ranges from 0 to 100. It depends on the

land cover of the area and what Hydrologic Soil Group (HSG) it

belong. It is widely used and efficient method for determining

the approximate amount of discharge from a rainfall even in a

particular area. Moreover, soil classification, comprehensive

land use plan and rainfall intensity duration frequency are

available data to fulfil the study.

Curve Number. The runoff curve number represents the

combined hydrologic effects of soil, land use, agricultural

treatment, hydrologic conditions, and antecedent soil moisture

condition.

Runoff Discharge. A specific rainfall event will yield a

specific runoff discharge; which refers to the rain that was not
absorbed by soil and accumulated to flow on the ground surface.

This amount of rain builds up towards the lowest ground, usually

on streams. Flood occurs if the usual water level of a stream is

exceeded by a higher level overtopping its natural or artificial

banks. Also, flood occurs if runoff builds up and accumulates at

a depressed area, where no drainage is possible. This is what

happen at Brookside during typhoon Ompong.

Peak Discharge. Peak Discharge is the time when the river

reaches its highest flow. There is a delay because it takes time

for the water to find its way to the river. This is called lag

time. The normal (base) flow of the river starts to rise when

run-off, ground and soil water reaches the river.