WAVE

WAVE OPTICS
THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET

CONTENTS

S. NO. TO PI C PAGE NO.

1. Interference ................................................................................................ 5

2. Young's double slit experiment ................................................................... 7

3. Analysis of Interference pattern .................................................................. 8

4. Fringe width ................................................................................................ 9

5. Geometrical path and optical path ............................................................. 12

6. YDSE with Oblique Incidence.................................................................... 14

7. YDSE with white light ................................................................................ 16

8. Thin film Interference ................................................................................ 18

9. Lloyd's Mirror Experiment ........................................................................... 21

10. Fresenel Bi-prims ...................................................................................... 22

11. Huygen's Principle ..................................................................................... 24

13. Reflection and Refraction .......................................................................... 24

14. Exercise - I ............................................................................................ 27 – 35

15. Exercise - II ........................................................................................... 36 – 38

16. Exercise - III .......................................................................................... 39 – 42

17. Exercise - IV ......................................................................................... 43 – 44

18. Exercise - V ........................................................................................... 45 – 50

19. Answer key ............................................................................................ 51 – 52

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IIT-JEE Syllabus :

WAVE OPTICS

Huygen's principle, interference limited to Young's double-slit experiment.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM :

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Radio waves Micro waves Infrared Rays ROYGBIV Ultra Violet X-Rays
Visible light Rays r-rays

λ↓ f↑

Visible light is that part of electromagnetic spectrum which is visible to us

Light is studied under two sections.
1. Geometrical optics (If the dimensions of body is larger as compared to wavelength of light)
2. Wave optics (If the dimensions of body is comparable to wavelength of light)

WAVE FRONT

• Wave front is a locus of particles having same phase.

• Direction of propagation of wave is perpendicular to wave front.
• Every particle of a wave front act as a new source & is known as secondary wavelet.

Shape of wavefronts vary from source to source.

Point source → Spherical Wave fronts
Distant Parallel Rays → Planar wave front
Line source → Cylindrical wave fronts

Planar
wave fronts

Spherical
wave fronts
(i) For point source (ii) For Parallel Rays

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Line source

Cylindrical
wave front

(iii) For line source

Coherent source
If the phase difference due to two source at a particular point remains constant with time, then the
two sources are considered as coherent source.
Note : Sources lying on same wavefront are coherent in nature because their phase difference = 0
y1 = A1 sin (ωt + kx)
(Coherent sources)
y2 = A2 sin (ωt + kx)
Phase difference = 0 (constant)

y1 = A1 sin (ωt + kx + 30°)

(Coherent sources)
y2 = A2 sin (ωt + kx + 60°)
Phase difference = 30 (constant)

PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION :
When two or more waves simultaneously pass through a point, the disturbance of the point is given by
the sum of the disturbances each wave would produce in absence of the other wave(s). In case of
wave on string distrubance means displacement, in case of sound wave it means pressure change, in
case of electro magnetic wave (E.M.W) it is electric field or magnetic field. Superposition of two light
travelling in almost same direction results in modification in the distribution of intensity of light in the
region of superoposition. This phenomenon is called interference.

Susperposition of two sinusoidal waves :

Consider superposition of two sinusoidal wave (having same frequency), at a particular point.
Let, x1(t) = a1 sin ωt
and, x2(t) = a2 sin (ωt + φ)
x = A sin (ωt + φ0)
where A2 = a12 + a22 + 2a1.a2cosφ ...(1.1) {Refer topic : combination of SHM}

a 2 sin φ
and tan φ0 = a + a cos φ ...(1.2)
1 2

Ex.1 If i1 = 3 sin ω t and i2 = 4 cos ω t, find i3 which is given by i3 = i1 + i2

i1 i2
Sol. i3 = i1 + i2
π
= 3 sin ωt + 4 sin (ωt + )
2
i3
4
= 5 sin (ω t + tan –1
3)

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Ex.2 S1 and S2 are two source of light which produce individually disturbance at point P given by E1 =
→ →
3 sin ωt, E2 = 4 cos ω t. Assuming E 1 & E 2 to be along the same line, find the result of their
superposition.

S1

→ → →
E = E 1+ E 2
Sol.

S2 E = E1 + E2 = 5 sin(ωt + tan (–1) 4 / 3 )

INTERFERENCE :

Interference implies super position of waves. Whenever two or more than two waves superimpose
each other they give sum of their individual diplacement.
Let the two waves coming from sources S1 & S2 be
y1 = A1 sin (ω t + kx1 )
y2 = A2 sin (ωt + kx2) respectively.
Due to superposition
ynet = y1 + y2
ynet = A1 sin (ω t + kx1) + A2 sin (ω t + kx2)
Phase difference between y1 & y2 = k(x2 – x1)
i.e., ∆φ = k(x2 – x1)

2π
As ∆φ = ∆x (where ∆x = path difference & ∆φ = phase difference)
λ

Anet = A 12 + A 22 + 2A 1A 2 cos φ

⇒ 2
A net = A 12 + A 22 + 2A 1A 2 cos φ

∴ Inet = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I2 cos φ (as I ∝ A2)

When the two displacements are in phase, then the resultant amplitude will be sum of the two
amplitude & Inet will be maximum, this is known of constructive interference.
For Inet to be maximum
cosφ = 1 ⇒ φ = 2nπ where n = {0,1,2,3,4,5...........}

2π
∆x = 2nπ ⇒ ∆x = nλ
λ
For constructive interference

Inet = ( I1 + I2 )2

When I1 = I2 = I
Inet = 4 I
Anet = A1 + A2
When superposing waves are in opposite phase, the resultant amplitude is the difference of two
amplitudes & Inet is minimum; this is known as destructive interference.

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For Inet to be minimum,

cos ∆φ = – 1
∆φ = (2n + 1) π where n = {0,1,2,3,4,5...........}
2π λ
∆x = (2n + 1) π ⇒ ∆x = (2n + 1)
λ 2
For destructive interfence
Inet = ( I1 – I2 ) 2
If I1 = I2
Inet = 0
Anet = A1 – A2
Generally,
Inet = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I2 cos φ
If I1 = I2 = I
Inet = 2I + 2Icosφ
∆φ
Inet = 2I(1 + cos φ) = 4Icos2
2
( I1 + I2 )2
Ratio of Imax & Imin =
( I1 – I2 )2

Ex.3 Light from two source, each of same frequency and travelling in same direction, but with intensity
in the ratio 4 : 1 interfere. Find ratio of maximum to minimum intensity.
2
 I1 
2
 + 1
Imax  I1 + I2   I2  2
  =  2 + 1
Sol. = =   =9:1
Imin  I1 – I2   I1 – 1  2 – 1
 I 
 2 
Ex.4 Find the maximum intensity in case of interference of n identical waves each of intensity I0 if
the interference is (a) coherent and (b) incoherent.
Sol. The resultant intensity is given by

I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I2 cos φ

(a) The sources are said to be coherent if they have constant phase difference between them. Then
intensity will be maximum when φ = 2nπ; the sources are in same phase.

Thus Imax = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I2 = ( I1 + I2 ) 2

Similarly, for n identical waves,

Imax = ( I0 + I0 +....) 2 = n 2I0

(b) The incoherent sources have phase difference that varies randomly with time
Thus [cosφ]av = 0
Hence I = I1 + I2
Hence for n identical waves,
I = I0 + I0 +............ = nI0

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YOUNG'S DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT (Y.D.S.E.) :

In 1802 Thomas Young devised a method to produce a stationary interference pattern. This was based
upon division of a single wavefront into two ; these two wavefronts acted as if they emanted from two
sources having a fixed phase relationship. Hence when they were allowed to interfere, stationary
interference pattern was observed.

S2
Max
d Max
S0
Central Max
S1
Max

Max
D C
A B
Figure : Young's Arrangement to produce stationary interference pattern by division of wave front S0
into S1 and S2

Figure : In Young's interference experiment, light diffracted from pinhole S0 encounters pinholes S1 and
S2 in screen B. Light diffracted from these two pinholes overlaps in the region between screen B and
viewing screen C, producting an interference pattern on screen C.
The geometry of experiment is simple Parallel wavefront of a monochromatic wave are incident on two
identical narrow slits, each of width a separated by a distance d. The slit widths & their separation are
of the order of the wavelength of the incident monochromatic light. Monochromatic light after passing
through two slits S1 & S2 acts as coherent sources of light waves that interfere constructively &
destructively at different point on the screen to produce a interference pattern.

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S1 S1
l1 l1 Dark fringe
Bright fringe (Destructive
(constructive Interference)
Interference)
l1 central maxima λ
S2 l2 = S2
2 =
1 +
2
λ
2

l1
S1
λ
Bright fringe
+

(constructive

1
=

Interference)

2

S2 λ

Analysis of Interference Pattern :

We have insured in the above arrangement that the light wave passing through S1 is in phase with that
passing through S2. However the wave reaching P from S2 may not be in phase with the wave reaching
P from S1, because the latter must travel a longer path to reach P than the former. We have already
discussed the phase-difference arising due to path difference. if the path difference is equal to zero or
is an integral multiple of wavelengths, the arriving waves are exactly in phase and undergo constructive
interference. If the path difference is an odd multiple of half a wavelength, the arriving waves are out
of phase and undergo fully destructive interference. Thus, it is the path difference ∆x, which determines
the intensity at a point P.

r2
S2 P
y
r1
d θ
S0
A
S1
D

screen

2 2
 d 2  d 2
Path difference ∆p = S1P – S2P = y +  +D – y –  +D ...(1)
 2  2
Approximation I :
 
For D >> d, we can approximate rays r1 and r2 as being approximately parallel, at angle θ to the
principle axis.
Now, S1P – S2P = S1A = S1 S2 sin θ
⇒ path difference = d sin θ ...(2)

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r2
Approximation II :

y θ
further if θ is small, i.e., y << D, sin θ ~
– tan θ = s2
D

dy θ
and hence, path difference = ...(3) d
D
for maxima (constructive interference) r1
A
d. y s1
∆p = = nλ
D

nλD
⇒ y= , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3 ...(4)
d
Here n = 0 corresponds to the central maxima
D1
n = ± 1 correspond to the 1 st maxima
n = ± 2 correspond to the 2nd maxima and so on. B2
II minima D2 β
for minima (destructive interference).

λ 3λ 5λ B1 First maxima
∆p = ± ,± ± S2 I minima D1
2 2 2
B0 Central maxima
 λ S1
 ( 2n – 1) 2 n = 1, 2, 3........ D1
⇒ ∆p = 
λ
(2n + 1) n = –1,– 2, – 3...... B1
 2 D2 β

consequently,
B2
D3
 λD
(2n – 1) 2d n = 1, 2, 3........... B3
y=
( 2n + 1)
λD ...(5)
n = –1, – 2, – 3........
 2d Figure : fringe pattern in YDSE

Here n = ± 1 corresponds to first minima,

n = ± 2 corresponds to second minima and so on.

FRINGE WIDTH :

It is the distance between two maxima of successive order on one side of the central maxima. This is
also equal to distance between two sucessive minima.

λD
fringe width β =
d
Notice that it is directly proportional to wavelength and inversely proportional to the distance between
the two slits.
y ∆y
As vertical distance y is related to θ by θ = so ∆θ = which is referred as angular fringe width
D D
β λ
Bθ = =
D d

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Ex.5 In a YDSE performed with wavelength λ = 5890 Å the angular fringe width is 0.40°. What is the
angular fringe width if the entire set-up is immersed in water ?
Sol. Angular fringe width is given by

λ
βθ =
d

λ air λ
So, β air
θ =
water
, βθ = water
d d

β air
θ λ air n 3
= = air =
β θwater λ water n water 4

3 air 3
Thus β θwater = β θ = 0.40° × = 0.30°
4 4

Ex.6 A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths 6500Å and 5200Å is used to obtain interference
fringes in a Young's double slit experiment. What is the least distance from the central maximum
where the bright fringes due to both the wavelengths coincide? The distance between the slits
is 2 mm and the distance between the plane of slits and the screen is 120 cm.
Sol. The position of nth bright fringe on the screen is

nλD
yn =
d
Let the n th bright fringe of 6500Å and the n th bright fringe of 5200Å coicide; then

m × 6500 × D n × 5200 × D
=
d d

m 5200 4
= =
n 6500 5
Thus the minimum values of m and n are 4 and 5 respectively.

4 × 6500 × 120
Hence y = = 0.156 cm = 1.56 mm
0.2

Ex.7 In a YDSE, D = 1m, d = 1mm and λ =1/2 mm

(i) Find a distance between the first and central maxima on the screen.
(ii) Find the no of maxima and minima obtained on the screen.
Sol. D >> d
Hence ∆P = d sin θ
d
=2,
λ
d
clearly, n << = 2 is not possible for any value of n.
λ
dy
Hence ∆p = cannot be used
D
for Ist maxima,
∆p = d sin θ = λ

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λ 1
⇒ sinθ = = ⇒ θ = 30°
d 2
1 y
Hence, y = D tan θ = meter S1
3
θ
(ii) Maximum path difference d
D
∆Pmax = d = 1 mm S2
d
⇒ Highest order maxima, nmax =   = 2
λ 

 d 1
and highest order minima nmin =  +  = 2
λ 2
Total no. of maxima = 2nmax + 1* = 5 *(central maxima)
Total no. of minima = 2nmin = 4

Ex.8 Monochromatic light of wavelength 5000 A° is used in Y.D.S.E., with slit-width, d = 1mm, distance
between screen and slits, D = 1m. If intensity at the two slits are I1 = 4I0 , I2 = I0, find
(i) fringe width β
(ii) distance of 5th minima from the central maxima on the screen

1
(iii) Intensity at y = mm
3
(iv) Distance of the 1000th maxima
(v) Distance of the 5000th maxima

λD 5000 × 10 –10 × 1
Sol. (i) β= = = 0.5 mm
d 1 × 10 –3

λD
(ii) y = (2n – 1) , n = 5 ⇒ y = 2.25 mm
2d

1
(iii) At y = mm, y << D
3

dy
Hence ∆p =
D

2π dy 4 π
∆φ = ∆p = 2π =
λ λD 3
Now resultant intensity

I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I2 cos ∆φ

4π
= 4I0 + I0 + 2 4I20 cos ∆φ = 5I0 + 4I0 cos = 3I0
3

d 10 –3
(iv) = = 2000
λ 0.5 × 10 –6
n = 1000 is not << 2000
Hence now ∆p = d sin θ must be used
Hence, d sin θ = nλ = 1000 λ

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λ 1
⇒ sin θ = 1000 = ⇒ θ = 30°
d 2
1
y = D tan θ = meter
3
(v) Highest order maxima

d
nmax =   = 2000
λ 
Hence, n = 5000 is not possible.

Ex.9 A beam of light consisting of wavelength 6000 Å and 4500 Å is used in YDSE with D = 1 m and
d = 1 mm. Find the least distance from the central maxima, where bright fringes due to the two
wavelengths coincide.
λ1D 6000 × 10 –10 × 1
Sol. β1 = = = 0.6 mm
d 10 –3
λ D
β2 = 2 = 0.45 mm
d
Let n1 th maxima of λ1 and n2 th maxima of λ2 coincide at a position y.
the, y = n1P1 = n2P2 = LCM of β1 and β2
⇒ y = LCM of 0.6 cm and 0.45 mm
y = 1.8 mm Ans.
At this point 3rd maxima for 6000 Å & 4th maxima for 4500 Å coincide

GEOMETRICAL PATH & OPTICAL PATH

Actual distance travelled by light in a medium is called geometrical path (∆x). Consider a light wave
given by the equation
E = E0 sin (ω t – kx + φ)
ω
If the light travels by ∆x, its phase changes by k∆x = ∆x , where ω, the frequency of light does not
v
c
depend on the medium, but v, the speed of light depends on the medium as v =
µ
Consequently, change in phase,
ω
∆φ = k∆x = (µ∆x)
c
It is clear that a wave travelling a distance ∆x in a medium of refractive index µ suffers the same phase
change as when it travels a distance µ∆x in vacuum. i.e. a path length of ∆x in medium of refractive
index µ is equivalent to a path length of µ∆x in vacuum.
The quantity µ∆x is called the optical path length of light, ∆xopt. And in terms of optical path length,
phase difference would be given by,

ω 2π
∆φ = ∆xopt = ∆xopt .....(1)
c λ0
where λ0 = wavelength of light in vacuum
However in tems of the geometrical path length ∆x,

ω 2π
∆φ = (µ∆x) = ∆x ...(2)
c λ
λ0
where λ = wavelength of light in the medium (λ = ).
µ

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Displacement of fringe :

on introduction of a glass slab in the path of the light coming out of the slits –
On introduction of the thin glass-slab of thickness t and refractive index µ, the optical path of the ray
S1P increases by t(µ – 1). Now the path difference between waves coming form S1 and S2 at any point
P is
∆p = S2P – (S1P + t(µ – 1))
= (S2P – S1P) – t(µ – 1)
P
⇒ ∆p = d sin θ – t (µ – 1) if d << D

yd S1 O'
and ∆p = – t(µ – 1) If y << D as well (Central bright
D fringe)
d
for central bright fringe; O
∆p = 0 S2

yd
⇒ = t(µ – 1)
D D

D β
⇒ y = OO′ = (µ – 1) t = (µ – 1) t.
d λ
The whole fringe pattern gets shifted by the same distance

D β
∆ = (µ – 1).t = (µ – 1) t
d λ

• Notice that this shift is in the direction of the slit before which the glass slab is placed. It happens so
because S2 compensates the path difference (arised due to optical path length covered by S1) by
covering more geomatrical path length. If the glass slab is placed before the upper slit, the fringe
pattern gets shifted upwards and if the glass slab is placed before the lower slit the fringe pattern gets
shifted downwards.

Ex.10 In a YDSE with d = 1 mm and D = 1 m, slabs of (t = 1 µm, µ = 3) and (t = 0.5 µm, µ = 2) are
introduced in front of upper and lower slit respectively. Find the shift in the fringe pattern.
Sol. Optical path for light coming from upper slit S1 is
S1P + 1 µm (2 – 1) = S2P + 0.5 m
Similarly optical path for light coming from S2 is
S2P + 0.5 µm (2 – 1) = S2P + 0.5 µm
Path difference : ∆p = (S2P + 0.5 µm) – (S1P + 2µm) = (S2P – S1P) – 1.5 µm

yd
= – 1.5 µm
D

for central bright fringe ∆p = 0

. µm
15
⇒ y= × 1 m = 1.5 mm.
1mm

The whole pattern is shifted by 1.5 mm upwards Ans.

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Ex.11 Interference fringes were produced by Young's double slit method, the wavelength of light
used being 6000 Å. The separation between the two slits is 2 mm. The distance between the
slits and screen is 10 cm. When a transpoarent plate of thickness 0.5 mm is placed over one of
the slits, the fringe pattern is displaced by 5 mm. Find the refractive index of the material of the
plate.
Sol. Here d = 2 cm = 2 × 10–3 m, D = 10 cm = 0.10 m,
t = 0.5 mm = 0.5 × 10–3 m, ∆x = 5 mm = 5 × 10–3 m, λ = 6 × 10–7 m
D
As x0 = ( µ – 1) t
d
x 0 .d 5 × 10 –3 × 2 × 10 –3
∴µ–1= = = 0 .2
D× t 0.10 × 0.5 × 10 – 3
or µ = 1 + 0.2 = 1.2

Ex.12 In a YDSE light of wavelength λ = 5000 Å is used, which emerges in phase from two slits a
distance d = 3 × 10–7 m apart. A transparent sheet of thickness t = 1.5 × 10–7 m, refractive index
n = 1.17, is placed over one of the slits. Where does the central maxima of the interference
now appear?
Sol. The path differene introduced due to introduction of transparent sheet is given by ∆x = (µ – 1)t.
If the central maxima ocupies position of n th fringe,
P
then (µ – 1)t = nλ = d sin θ

( µ – 1) t . × 10 –7
. – 1) × 15
(117 S1
sinθ = = = 0.085 θ
d 3 × 10 –7
d θ
Hence is angular position of central maxima is
S2 dsinθ
θ = sin–1 (0.085) = 4.88°

For small angles sin θ ~

– θ ~
– tan θ

y
As tan θ =
D
y ( µ – 1) t
so =
D d
D(µ – 1) t
Shift of central maxima is Y = . This formula can be used if D is given.
d
YDSE WITH OBLIQUE INCIDENCE :

In YDSE, ray is incident on the slit at an inclination of θ0 to the axis of symmetry of the experimental
set-up for points above the central point on screen, (say for P1)
∆p = d sin θ0 + (S2P1 – S1P1)
⇒ ∆p = d sinθ0 + dsinθ1 (If d << D)
S1
For point O, ∆p = dsinθ0 (because S2O = S1O) P1
and for points below O on the screen, (say for P2) θ0 θ1
∆p = |(dsinθ0 + S2P2) – S1P2| θ2
O
= |(dsinθ0 – (S1P2 – S2P2)|
dsinθ 0 S2
⇒ ∆p = |d sin θ0 – d sin θ2| (if d << D) P2
We obtain central maxima at a point where, ∆p = 0
(d sin θ0 – d sin θ2) = 0 B0
O'

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 WAVE OPTICS Page # 15

or θ2 = θ0
This corresponds to the point O′ in the diagram
Hence we have finally for path difference.

 d(sin θ 0 + sin θ) → for po int s above O


∆p = d(sin θ 0 – sin θ) → for po int s between O & O'
 d(sin θ 0 – sin θ) → for po int s below O'

Ex.13 In YDSE with D = 1m, d = 1mm light of wavelength 500 nm is
incident at an angle of 0.57° w.r.t the axis of symmetry of
the experimental set up. If centre of symmetry of screen is O S1 P
y
as shown. 0.57°
(i) find the position of central maxima O
S2
(ii) Intensity at point O in terms of intensity of central maxima I0
(iii) Number of maxima lying between O and the central maxima.
Sol. (i) θ = θ0 = 0.57°

 0.57 
⇒ y = – D tanθ ~
– – D θ = – 1 meter ×  rad

57

⇒ y = – 1cm
(ii) for point 0, θ = 0
Hence, ∆p = d sin θ0, dθ0 = 1 mm × (10–2 rad)
= 10,000 nm = 20 × (500 nm)
⇒ ∆p = 20 λ
Hence point O corresponds to 20th maxima
⇒ intensity at O = I0
(iii) 19 maxima lie between central maxima and O, excluding maxima at O and central maxima.

SHAPE OF INTERFERANCE PATTERN :

1. Shape of the Pattern when the interference takes place due to waves produced by two slits.

dark fringe
Bright fringe
central maxima

Side view of slits linear fringes

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 Page # 16 WAVE OPTICS

2. Shape of the Pattern when the interference takes place due to waves produced by two point
sources(where the line of sources is perpendicular to the screen).

dark fringe
bright fringe
S1 d = nλ S2 central maxima

Point sources
Screen
Concentric Circular fringes

3. Shape of the Pattern when the interference takes place due to waves produced by two point
sources(where the line of sources is parellel to the screen).

bright fringe
dark fringe
Point sources

S1
central maxima

S2

Screen
Hyperbolic fringes

YDSE with white light

Central Maxima position (where phase difference = 0) is independent of the wavelength of light.
White light is used to find out the central maxima position of YDSE set up because at this position only,
all the wavelength show constructive interference i.e. why we get white spot at that position.
However slightly below or above the position of central maxima fringes will be coloured.

VIBGYOR

λ↑
λD
& as we known y =
d
∴ As we move away from central maxima first maxima & minima are of violet colour but in the near by
region of central maxima reddish colour will dominate because in this region intensity of violet colour
decreases at a faster rate as compared to red colour.
In usual interference pattern with a monochromatic source, a large number of identical interference
fringes are obtained & it is usually not possible to determine the position of central maxima Interference
with white light is used to determine the position of central maxima in such case.

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 WAVE OPTICS Page # 17

Ex.14 White light, with a uniform intensity across the visible wavelength range 430–690 nm, is
perpendicularly incident on a water film, of index of refraction µ = 1.33 and thickness d = 320
nm, that is suspended in air. At what wavelength λ is the light reflected by the film brightest to
an observer ?
Sol. This situation is like that of Figure shown, for which equation written below gives the interference
maxima.

1
2µd = (m + )λ for constructive interference.
2
Incident & Reflected light

Air

d µ

Air

Transmitted light

Solving for λ and inserting the given data, we obtain

2µd ( 2)(133
. )(320 nm) 851nm
λ= = =
m + 1/ 2 m + 1/ 2 m + 1/ 2
for m = 0, this give us λ = 1700 nm, which is in the infrared region. For m = 1, we find I = 567 nm, which
is yellow-green light, near the middle of the visible spectrum. For m = 2, λ = 340 nm, which is the
ultraviolet region. So the wavelength at which the light seen by the observer is brightest is
λ = 567 nm. Ans.

Note : When a light gets reflected from a denser medium there is an abrupt phase change of π no phase
change occurs when reflection takes place from rarer medium

Ex.15 Find the minimum value of x for which a maxima is obtained at P.

x=?

//////////////////////////////////
Sol. For maxima, ∆x= λ (because x should be minimum)
Path difference between the direct & reflected ray

λ λ
=x+ + x (due to reflection, a phase change of π or path change of takes place)
2 2

λ
∴ λ = x+ +x
2

λ λ
2x = ⇒x=
2 4

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 Page # 18 WAVE OPTICS

Ex.16 Find the value of θ for which a maxima is obtained at P.

θ
os 2
cθc
d se θ θ
d dsec θ

P
For maxima at P, ∆x = λ

λ
Path difference between direct & reflected ray = d sec θ cos 2θ + + d sec θ = λ
2
λ
d sec θ (1 + cos 2θ) =
2

λ
d sec θ (2 cos2θ) =
2

λ –1  λ 
cos θ = ⇒ θ = cos  
4d 4d

THIN FILM INTERFERENCE :

When light passes the boundary between two transparent media some light is reflected at the boundary
* some is refracted through the boundary. As shown in the figure some light is reflected from first
surface & some from second surface. If we consider a monochromatic incident light the two reflected
waves are also monochromatic incident light wave via amplitude division. These waves interfer since
they are superposed along the same normal line.
The phase difference between two waves arises due to
1. Optical path difference (due to distance travelled)
2. Reflection from a denser medium

(the second factor is irrelavant for reflection at rarer medium.)

Medium 1 light reflected

frame = surface

Medium 2 Light reflected

from II surface

Three situation may arise :

1. Neither wave experience a phase change upon reflection
(µ1 > µ2 > µ3)

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 WAVE OPTICS Page # 19

µ1

µ2 (no phase
t
Change)

µ3 (no phase change)

(reflection
from rarer medium)

2µ 2 t
∆x = µ1

2. Both the wave suffer a phase change upon reflection

µ1

µ2 Phase change t
µ3 > µ2 > µ1 of π

µ3 phase change
of π
2µ 2
∆x = µ t
1

In either of the above cases the phase change due to reflection is irrelevant; no difference in phase
result due to reflection. In either of these cases phase change is determined solely from path difference.
Condition for construction Interference
2n 2 t
= nλ
n1
Condition for destructive interference

2n 2 t  1
=  n + λ
n1  2

3. One of the reflected waves experience a phase change of

π radian upon reflection & the other wave does not

λ
∆x = 2µ t – air
2

λ µ Phase change
t
Due to phase change of π (path change of ) of π
2
air no phase change
the conditions are reversed. (Reflection from rarer medium)
2ut = nλ (for destructive interference)

 1
2ut =  n +  λ (for constructive interference)
2

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 Page # 20 WAVE OPTICS

Ex.17 A glass lens is coated on one side with a thin film of magnesium fluoride (MgF2) to reduce
reflection from the lens surface (figure). The index of refraction of MgF2 is 1.38; that of the
glass is 1.50. What is the least coating thickness that eliminates (via interference) the reflections
at the middle of the visible specturm (λ = 550 nm) ? Assume the light is approximately
perpendicular to the lens surface.
Sol. The situation here differs from shown figure in that n3 > n2 > n1. The reflection at point a still
introduces a phase difference of π but now the reflection at point b also does the same (see figure)
Unwanted reflections from glass can be, suppressed (at a chosen wavelength) by coating the glass
with a thin transparent film of magnesium fluoride of a properly chosen thickness which introduces a
phase change of half a wavelength. For this, the path length difference 2L within the film must be
equal to an odd number of half wavelengths:
Air MgF2
n1 = 1.00 n2 = 1.33 Glass
n3 = 1.50
r2

c
r1
b
θ
θ a
L
i

2L = (m + 1/2)λn2′

λ
or, with λn2 = n
2'

2n2L = (m + 1/2) λ
We want the least thickness for the coating, that is, the smallest L. Thus we choose m = 0, the
smallest value of m. Solving for L and inserting the given data, we obtain.

λ 550 nm
L = 4n = = 96.6 nm Ans.
2 (4)(138
. )

Ex.18 White light may be considered to have λ from 4000 Å to 7500 Å. If an oil film has thickness 10–
6
m, deduce the wavelengths in the visible region for which the reflection along the normal
direction will be (i) weak, (ii) strong. Take µ of the oil as 1.40.
Sol. The condition for dark fringe or weak reflection when seen in reflected light is 2 µt cos r = nλ, where n
is an integer.
For normal incidence, r = 0 and cos r = 1

2µt
so that 2 µ t = nλ or λ = λ =
n
Substituting the values of µ and t, we get

. × 10 –6 28 × 10 –7
2 × 14
λ= = m
n n
For values of n < 4 or > 7, the values of λ do not lie in the visible range 4000 Å to 7500 Å. But for values
of n = 4, 5, 6, 7, the following wavelengths lie in the visible region :

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 WAVE OPTICS Page # 21

28 × 10 –7
(i) λ = = 7.0 × 10–7 m = 7000 Å
4
28 × 10 –7
(ii) λ = = 5.6 × 10–7 m = 5600 Å
5

28 × 10 –7
(iii) λ = = 4.667 × 10–7 m = 4667 Å
6

28 × 10 –7
(iv) λ = = 4.0 × 10–7 m = 4000 Å
7
The condition for bright fringe or strong reflection is
(2n + 1)λ 4µt
2µ t = or λ =
2 ( 2n + 1)
Substituting the values of µ and t, we get

. × 10 –6
4 × 14 56 + 10 –7
λ= = m
2n + 1 2n + 1
For values of n < 4 or > 6, the values of λ do not lie in the visible range. But for n = 4, 5, 6 the following
waelengths lie in the visible range :

56 × 10 –7
(i) λ = = 6.222 × 10–7 m = 6222 Å
2× 4 +1

• THE LLOYD'S MIRROR EXPERIMENT :

Interference
s Area

O
d = 2a a

I D
Screen

In this experiment the light reflected from a long mirror & the light coming directly from the source
without reflection produce interference on a screen i.e. source & Image behave as coherent sources.
An important feature of this experiment lies in the fact that when the screen is placed in contact with
the end of the mirror, the edge of the reflecting surface comes at the centre of dark fringe instead of
a bright fringe. The direct beam does not suffer any phase change, this means that the reflected beam
undergoes a phase change of π radian.
Hence at any point P on the sceen the condition for minima & maxima are
S2P – S1P = nλ [For minima]

 λ
S2P – S1P =  n +  λ [For maxima]
2

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Ex.19 In Lloyd's interference experiment, 10 fringes occupy a space of 1.5 mm. The distance between
the source and the screen is 1.25 m. If light of wavelength 6000 Å is used, find the distance of
the source from the plane minor.

15
.
Sol. Here β= mm = 0.15 × 10–3 m
10
D = 1.25 m, λ = 6000 Å = 6 × 10–7 m

Dλ
As β=
d

Dλ . × 6 × 10 –7
125
∴ d= = m = 50 × 10–4 m = 5.0 mm
β 0.15 × 10 –3

d
Hence distance of source from the plane mirror = = 2.5 min.
2
FRESENEL'S BIPRISM :
M
δ A
A P
S1
B

S2
C
δ E
N

Fig shows the Fresnel's biprism experiment schematicaly. The thin prism P refracts light from the slit
source S into two beams AC & BE. When a screen MN is placed as shown in the figure, the interference
fringes are observed only in the region BC. If the screen MN is removed, the two beam will overlap over
the whole region AE.
If A is the angle of refraction of thin prism & µ is the refractive index of its medium, then the angle of
deviation produced by the prism is
δ = A (µ – 1)
If l1 is the distance between the source & the prism, then the separation between virtual sources is
d = 2δ
1 = 2A(µ – 1)
1
If
2 is the distance between the prism & the screen, then the distance between virtual sources & the
screen is given by
D =
1 +
2
Thus, by using the result of young's experiment, the fringe width is given by

λD λ(l1 + l2 )
β= ⇒ β=
d 2δ l1

λ  l2  λ  l2 
β= 1 +  ⇒ β = 1 + 
2δ  l1  2A( µ – 1)  l1 
Fringes observed in the Fresnel's biprism experiment are vertical stringht lines.

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Ex.20 In a biprism experiment, the slit is illuminated with light of wavelength 4800 Å. The distance
between the slit and diprism is 20 cm and that between biprism and eyepiece is 80 cm. If two
virtual sources are 0.3 cm apart, determine the distance between the 5th bright band on one
side of the central bright band and the 4th dark bank on the other side.
Sol. Here λ = 4.8 × 10–7 m, d = 0.3 × 10–2 m,
D = 20 + 80 = 100 cm = 1 m
Distance of 5th bright from the central bright band is
∆λ
x5 = 5
d

Ex.21 In a biprism experiment, fringe width is measured as 0.4 mm. When the eyepiece is moved
away from the biprism through 30 cm, the fringe width increases by 50%. If the two virtual
sources are 0.6 mm apart, find the wavelength of light used.
150
Sol. Here β1 = 0.4 mm = 0.4 × 10–3 m, β2 = β = 1.5 β1
100 1
D2 = D1 + 30 cm = D1 + 0.3 m, d = 0.6 mm = 0.6 × 10–3 m
D1λ D2λ
As β1 = and β2 =
d d

β 1 D1 β1 D1
= =
∴ β 2 D 2 or . β1 D + 0.3
15 or D1 = 0.6 m

∴ Wavelenth of light used,

β1d 0.4 × 10 –3 × 0.6 × 10 –3
λ= D = = 4 × 10–7 m = 4000 Å
1 0.6

Ex.22 Interference fringes are produced by a Fresnel's biprism in the focal plane of reading microscope
which is 100 cm from the slit. A lens interposed between the biprism and the microscope gives
two images of the slit in two positions. If the images of the slits are 4.05 mm apart in one case,
2.90 mm in the other and the wavelength of light used is 5893 Å, find the distance between two
consecutive bands.
Sol. Here d1 = 4.05 mm = 0.405 cm, d2 = 2.09 mm = 0.209 cm
Distance between the two coherent sources will be

d= d1d2 (Displacement method)

= 0.405 × 0.209 cm = 0.2909 cm

Also D = 100 cm, λ = 5893 × 10–8 cm

Dλ 100 × 5893 × 10 –8
∴ Fringe width, β = = cm = 0.0203 cm.
d 0.2909
HUYGEN'S PRINCIPLE :
The various postulates are :
1. Each source of light is a centre of disturbance from which waves spread in all directions. All particles
equidistant from the source & vibrating in same phase lie on the surface known as wavefront.
2. Wave propagates perpendicular to wavefront
3. Each ray take same time to reach from one wavefront to another wavefront
4. Every point on a wavefront is a source of new disturbance which produces secondary wavelets. These
wavelets are spherical & travel with the speed of light in all directions in that medium.

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5. Only forward envelope enclosing the tangents at the secondary wavelets at any instant gives the new
position of wavefront.
There is no backward flow of energy when a wave travels in the forward direction.
F F2
F1 F1 F2

A2

Ray B2

C2

Ex.23 For the given ray diagram, draw the wavefront

will behave
as point
source

Sol.
Spherical
Planar wavefront Wavefront

REFLECTION AND REFRACTION :

We can use a modified form of Huygens' construction to understand reflection and refraction of light.
Figure (a) shows an incident wavefront which makes an angle 'i' with the surface separating twc
media, for example, air and water. The phase speeds in the two media are v1 and v2. We can see that
when the point A on the incident wavefront strikes the surface, the point B still has to travel a
distance BC = AC sin i, and this takes a time t = BC/v1 = AC (sin i)/v1. After a time t, a secondary
wavefront of radius v2t with A as centre would have travelled into medium 2. The secondary wavefront
with C as centre would have just started, i.e. would have zero radius. We also show a secondary
wavelet originating from a point D in between A and C. Its radius is less than v2t. The wavefront in
medium 2 is thus a line passing through C and tangent to the circle centred on A. We can see that the
angle r′ made by this refracted wavefront with the surface is given by AE = v2t = AC sin r′. Hence, t =
AC (sin r′)/v2. Equating the two expressions for 't' gives us the law of refraction in the form sin i/ sir r′
= v1/v2. A similar picture is drawn in shown figure (b) for the reflected wave which travels back into
medium 1. In this case, we denote the angle made by the reflected wavefront with the surface by r,
and we find that i = r. Notice that for both reflection and refraction, we see secondary wavelets
starting at different times. Compare this with the earlier application (shown figure) where we start
them at the same time.

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The preceding argument gives a good physical picture of how the refracted and reflected waves are
built up from secondary wavelets. We can also understand the laws of reflection and refraction using
the concept that the time taken by light to travel along different rays from one wavefront to another
must be the same. (Fig) Shows the incident and reflected wavefronts when a parallel beam of light falls
on a plane surface. One ray POQ is shown normal to both the reflected and incident wavefronts. The
angle of incidence i and the angle of reflection r are defined as the angles made by the incident and
reflected rays with the normal. As shows in fig shown, these are also the angles between the wavefront
and the surface.
Medium-1
P
B P
Air v1t Q
A i D v1t i r i
C A A C
v 2t B O r'
v,t O
r' r R
E water i
(i) (ii)
Medium-2
(b)
(a)
(c)
(Fig.) (a) Huygens' construction for the (a) refracted wave. (b) Reflected wave. (c) Calculation of
propagation time between wavefronts in (i) reflection and (ii) refraction.
We now calculate the total time to go from one wavefront to another along the rays. From Fig. (c), we
have we have Total time for light to reach from P to Q

PO OQ AO sin i OB sin r OA sin i + ( AB – OA ) sin r AB sin r + OA(sin i – sin r )

= v + v = v + v = v = v1
1 1 1 1 1

Different rays normal to the incident wavefront strike the surface at different points O and hence have
different values of OA. Since the time should be the same for all the rays, the right side of equation
must actually be Independent of OA. The condition, for this to happen is that the coefficient of OA in
Eq. (should be zero, i.e., sin i = sin r. We, thus, have the law of reflection, i = r. Figure also shows
refraction at a plane surface separating medium 1 (speed of light v1) from medium 2 (speed of light v2).
The incident and refracted wavefronts are shown, making angles i and r' with the boundary. Angle r' is
called the angle of refraction. Rays perpendicular to these are also drawn. As before, let us calculate
the time taken to travel between the wavefronts along any ray.

PO OR
Time taken from P to R = v + v
1 2

ΟA sin i ( AC – OA ) sin r ' AC sin r '  sin i sin r ' 

= + = + OA – 
v1 v2 v2  v1 v2 
This time should again be independent of which ray we consider. The coefficient of OA in Equation is,

sin i v1
therefore, zero,. That is, sin r ' = v = n 21
2

where n21 is the refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium 1. This is Snell's law of, refraction
that we have already dealt with from Eq. n21 is the ratio of speed of light in the first medium (v1) to
that in the second medium (v2). Equation is, known as the Snell's law of refraction. If the first medium
sin i c
is vacuum, we have sin r ' = v = n 2
2

where n2 is the refrective index of medium 2 with respect to vacuum, also called the absolute refractive
index of the medium. A similar equation defines absolute refractive index n1 of the first medium. From
Eq. we then get
v1 ( c / n1) n 2
n21 = v = (c / n ) = n
2 2 1

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The absolute refractive index of air about 1.0003, quite close to 1. Hence, for all practical purposes,
absolute refractive index of a medium may be taken with respect to air. For water, n1 = 1.33, which
c
means v1 = , i.e. about 0.75 times the speed of light in vacuum. The measurement of the speed of
133
.
light in water by Foucault (1850) confirmed this prediction of the wave theory.
Once we have the laws of reflection and refraction, the behaviour of prisms. lenses, and mirrors can be
understood. These topice are discussed in detial in the previous Chapter. Here was just describe the
behaviour of the wavefronts in these three cases (Fig)
(i) Consider a plane wave passing through a thin prism. Clearly, the portion of the incoming wavefront
which travels through the greatest thickness of glass has been delayed the most. Since light travels
more slowly in glass. This explains the tilt in the emerging wavefront.
(ii) A concave mirror produces a similar effect. The centre of the wavefront has to travel a greater
distance before and after getting reflected, when compared to the edge. This again produces a
converging spherical wavefront.
(iii) A concave mirror produces a similar effect. The centre of the wavefront has to travel a greater
distance before and after getting reflected, when compared to the edge. This again produces a
convering spherical wavefront.
(iv) Concave lenses and convex mirrors can be understood from time delay arguments in a simalr manner.
One interesting property which is obvious from the pictures of wavefronts is that the total time taken
from a point on the object to the corresponding point on the image is the same measured along any ray
(Fig.). For example, when a convex lens focuses light to form a real image, it may seem that rays going
through the centre are shorter. But because to the slower speed in glass, the time taken is the same
as for rays travelling near the edge of the lens.

(a) (b)
(c)

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Exercise - I (ONLY ONE OPTION IS CORRECT)

A. YOUNG’S DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT
1. Figure, shows wave fronts in still water, moving in Sol.
the direction of the arrow towards the interface PQ
between a shallow region and a deep (denser) region.
Which of the lines shown may represent one of the
wave fronts in the deep region ?

P
deep IV
shallow III

II
I 4. When light is refracted into a denser medium,
(A) Its wavelength and frequency both increases
Q
(B) Its wavelength increase but frequency remains
(A) I (B) II (C) III (D) IV unchanged
Sol. (C) Its wavelength decrease but frequency remains
unchanged
(D) Its wavelength and frequency both decrease
Sol.

2. Two coherent monochromatic light beams of

intensities I and 4I are superposed. The maximum A
and minimum possible intensities in the resulting beam 5. Two point source separated by
are : d = 5µm emit light of wavelength
(A) 5I and I (B) 5I and 3I (C) 9I and I (D) 9I and 3I λ = 2µm in phase. A circular wire
D B

Sol. of radius 20µm is placed around

the source as shown in figure. C
(A) Point A and B are dark and points C and D are
bright
(B) Points A and B are bright and point C and D are
dark
(C) Points A and C are dark and points B and D are
bright
(D) Points A and C are bright and points B and D are
3. Figure shown plane waves refracted for air to water dark
using Huygen’s principle a, b, c, d, e are lengths on Sol.
the diagram. The refractive index of water wrt air is
the ratio.

a b
air c
e

(A) a/e (B) b/e (C)b/d (D) d/b

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 Page # 28 WAVE OPTICS

6. Plane microwaves from a transmitter are directed 8. Two coherent narrow slits emitti ng l ight of
normally towards a plane reflector. A detector moves wavelength λ in the same phase are placed parallel to
along the normal to the reflector. Between positions each other at a small separation of 3λ. The light is
of 14 successive maxima, the detector travels a collected on a screen S which is placed at a distance
distance 0.13 m. If the velocity of light is 3 × 108 m/ D (>> λ) from the slits. The smallest distance x such
s, find the frequency of the transmitter. that the P is a maxima. P
(A) 1.5 × 1010 Hz (B) 1010 Hz
(C) 3 × 10 Hz
10
(D) 6 × 1010 Hz x
Sol.
S1 S2 O

D
(A) 3D (B) 8D (C) 5D (D) 5
2
Sol.

9. In YDSE how many maxima can be obtained on the

screen if wavelength of light used is 200nm and d = 700
7. Two monochromatic (wavelength = a/5) and nm.
coherent sources of electromagnetic waves are placed (A) 12 (B) 7
on the x-axis at the points (2a, 0) and (–a, 0). A (C) 18 (D) none of these
detector moves in a circle of radius R(>>2a) whose Sol.
centre is at the origin. The number of maximas detected
during one circular revolution by the detector are
(A) 60 (B) 15 (C) 64 (D) None
Sol.

10. In a YDSE, the central bright fringe can be identified.

(A) as it has greater intensity than the other bright
fringes
(B) as it is wider than the other bright fringes
(C) as it is narrower than the other bright fringes
(D) by using white light instead of single wavelength
light.
Sol.

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 WAVE OPTICS Page # 29

11. In Young’s double slit experiment, the wavelength

14. In Young’s double slit experiment, the two slits
of red light is 7800 Å and that of blue light is 5200 Å.
act as coherent sources of equal amplitude A and
The value of n for which nth bright band due to red
wavelength λ. In another experiment with the same
light coincides with (n + 1)th bright band due to blue
setup the two slits are sources of equal amplitude A
light, is
and wavelength λ but are incoherent. The ratio of the
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
average intensity of light at the midpoint of the screen
Sol.
in the first case to that in the second case is
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 2 : 1
(C) 4 : 1 (D) none of these
Sol.

12. If the Young’s double slit experiment is performed

with white light, then which of the following is not
true
(A) the central maximum will be white 15. In a Young’s double slit experiment, a small
(B) there will not be a completely dark fringe detector measures an intensity of illumination of I units
(C) the fringe next to the central will be red at the centre of the fringe pattern. If one of the two
(D) the fringe next to the central will be violet (identical) slits is now covered, the measured intensity
Sol. will be
(A) 2I (B) I (C) I/4 (D) I/2
Sol.

13. Two identical narrow slits S1 and S2 are illuminated

by light of wavelength λ from a point source P. If, as
shown in the diagram above the light is then allowed
to fall on a screen, and if n is a positive integer, the
condition for destructive interference at Q is that
16. In a young double slit experiment D equals the
S1 distance of screen and d is the separation between
l1 l3 the slit. The distance of the nearest point to the central
P maximum where the intensity is same as that due to a
l2 single slit, is equal to
S2 l4 Q
Dλ Dλ Dλ 2Dλ
(A) (B) (C) (D)
d 2 d 3 d d
Sol.
(A) (l1 – l2) = (2n + 1) λ/2
(B) (l3 – l4) = (2n + 1) λ/2
(C) (l1 + l2) – (l2 + l4) = nλ
(D) (l1 + l3) – (l2 + l4) = (2n + 1) λ/2
Sol.

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 Page # 30 WAVE OPTICS

17. A beam of light consisting of two wavelength 6300

Å and λ Å is used to obtain interference fringes in a
Young’s double slit experiment. If 4th bright fringe of
6300 Å coincides with 5th dark fringe of λ Å, the value
of λ (in Å) is
(A) 5200 (B) 4800 (C) 6200 (D) 5600
Sol.

20. In a Young’s Double slit

experiment, first maxima is
observed at a fixed point P on
the screen. Now the screen is
18. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths continuously moved away from
6500 Å and 5200 Å is used to obtain interference the plane of slits. The ratio of P
intensity at point P to the O
fringes in Young’s double slit experiment. The distance
between slits is 2mm and the distance of screen from intensity at point O (centre of
slits is 120 cm. What is the least distance from central the screen)
maximum where the bright due to both wavelength (A) remains constant (B) keeps on decreasing
coincide ? (C) first decreases and then increases
(A) 0.156 cm (B) 0.312 cm (C) 0.078 cm (D) 0.468 cm (D) First decreases and then becomes constant
Sol. Sol.

21. In a double slit experiment, the separation between

the slits is d = 0.25 cm and the distance of the screen
D = 100 cm from the slits. If the wavelength of light
used is λ = 6000 Å and I0 is the intensity of the central
bright fringe, the intensity at a distance x = 4 × 10–5
m from the central maximum is
(A) I0 (B) I0/2 (C) 3I0/4 (D) I0/3
Sol.

19. The ratio of the intensity at the centre of a bright

fringe to the intensity at a point one-quarter of the
fringwidth from the centre is
(A) 2 (B) 1/2 (C) 4 (D) 16
Sol.

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 WAVE OPTICS Page # 31

22. A monochromatic light source of wavelength λ is 23. In young’s double slit experiment, the value of λ =
placed at S. Three slits S1, S2 and S3 are equidistant 500 nm. The value of d = 1 mm, D = 1 m. Then the
from the source S and the point P on the screen. S1P minimum distance from central maximum for which the
– S2P = λ/6 and S1P – S3P = 2λ/3. If I be the intensity intensity is half the maximum intensity will be
at P when only one slit is open, the intensity at P (A) 2.5 × 10–4 m (B) 2 × 10–4 m
when all the three slits are open is (C) 1.25 × 10–4 (D) 10–4m
Sol.
S1

S2
P
S S3

D D Screen

(A) 31 (B) 51 (C) 81 (D) zero

Sol.

24. Two slits are separated by 0.3

mm. A beam of 500 nm light strikes
the slits producing an interference
pattern. The number of maxima
observed in the angular range
–30° < θ < 30°.
(A) 300 (B) 150 (C) 599 (D) 149
Sol.

25. In the figure shown if a

parallel beam of white light is
incident on the plane of the
d 2d/3
slits then the distance of the O
white spot on the screen from
O is [Assume d << D, λ << d] D
(A) 0 (B) d/2 (C) d/3 (D) d/6
Sol.

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 Page # 32 WAVE OPTICS

26. In the above question if the light incident is Sol.

monochromatic and point O is a maxima, then the
wavelength of the light incident cannot be
(A) d2 /3D (B) d2/6D (C) d2/12D (D) d2/18D
Sol.

30. In the figure shown in YDSE, a parallel beam of

light is incident on the slit from a medium of refractive
index n1. The wavelength of light in this medium is λ1.
27. In Young’s double slit arrangement, water is filled
A transparent slab to thickness ‘t’ and refractive index
in the space between screen and slits. Then :
n3 is put infront of one slit. The medium between the
(A) fringe pattern shifts upwards but fringe width
screen and the plane of the slits is n2. The phase
remains unchanged.
difference between the light waves reaching point ‘O’
(B) fringe width decreases and central bright fringe
(symmetrical, relative to the slits) is :
shifts upwards.
n1 n3
(C) fringe width increases and central bright fringe does n2
not shift.
O
(D) fringe width decreases and central bright fringe does
not shift.
Sol. 2π 2π
(A) n λ (n3 – n2)t (B) λ (n3 – n2)t
1 1 1

2πn1  n 3  2πn1
28. Light of wavelength λ in air enters a medium of (C) n λ  n − 1 t (D) λ 1 (n3 – n1)t
2 1  2 
refractive index µ. Two points in this medium, lying
along the path of this light, are at a distance x apart. Sol.
The phase difference between these points is :
2πµx 2πx 2π(µ − 1) x 2πx
(A) (B) (C) (D)
λ µλ λ (µ − 1)λ
Sol.

29. In YDSE, the source placed

symmetrically with respect to the S
slit is now moved parallel to the S1
plane of the slits so that it is closer S2
to the upper slit, as shown. Then,
(A) the fringe width will increase and fringe pattern will
shift down.
(B) the fringe width will remain same but fringe pattern
31.In a YDSE experiment if a slab whose refractive
will shift up.
index can be varied is placed in front of one of the
(C) the fringe width will decrease and fringe pattern will
slits then the variation of resultant intensity at mid-point
shift down.
of screen with ‘µ’ will be best represented by (µ ≥ 1).
(D) the fringe width will remain same but fringe pattern will
[Assume slits of equal width and there is no absorption
shift down.
by slab]

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 WAVE OPTICS Page # 33

I0 I0 Sol.

(A) (B)
=1 =1
I0 I0

(C) (D)
=1 =1
Sol.

34. In a YDSE with two identical slits, when the upper

slits is covered with a thin, perfectly transparent sheet
of mica, the intensity at the centre of screen reduces
to 75% of the initial value. Second minima is observed
to be above this point and third maxima below it.
Which of the following can not be a possible value of
phase difference caused by the mica sheet.
(A) π/3 (B) 13π/3 (C) 17π/3 (D) 11π /3
32.Minimum thickness of a mica sheet having µ = 3/2 Sol.
which should be placed in front of one of the slits in
YDSE is required to reduce the intensity at the centre
of screen to half of maximum intensity is
(A) λ/4 (B) λ/8 (C) λ/2 (D) λ/3
Sol.

33. In the YDSE shown the two slits are covered with
thin sheets having thickness t & 2t and refractive
index 2µ and µ. Find the position (y) of central maxima

t,2 35. Two monochromatic and coherent point sources

y of light are placed at a certain distance from each
d other in the horizontal plane. The locus of all those
,2t points in the horizontal plane which have construct
D interference will be
(A) a hyperbola (B) family of hyperbolas
(C) family of straight lines (D) family of parabolas
(A) zero (B) tD/d (C) – tD/d (D) None Sol.

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 Page # 34 WAVE OPTICS

B. THIN FILM INTERFERENCE

36. A thin slice is cut out of a glass cylinder along a
plane parallel to its axis. The slice is placed on a flat
glass plate with the curved surface downwards.
Monochromatic light is incident normally from the top.
The observed interference fringes from this combination
do not follow one of the following statements.
(A) the fringes are straight and parallel to the length of
the piece.
(B) the line of contact of the cylindrical glass piece
and the glass plate appears dark.
(C) the fringe spacing increases as we go outwards. 38.A thin film of thickness t and index of refraction
(D) the fringes are formed due to the interference of 1.33 coats a glass with index of refraction 1.50. What
light rays reflected from the curved surface of the is the least thickness t that will strongly reflect light
cylindrical piece and the top surface of the glass plate. with wavelength 600 nm incident normally?
Sol. (A) 225 nm (B) 300 nm (C) 400 nm (D) 450 nm
Sol.

37. A circular planar wire loop is dipped in a soap

solution and after taking it out, held with its plane 39. It is necessary to coat a glass lens with a non-
vertical in air. Assuming thickness of film at the top reflecting layer. If the wavelength of the light in the
very small, as sunlight falls on the soap film, & observer coating is λ, the best choice is a layer of material
receive reflected light. having an index of refraction between those of glass
(A) the top portion appears dark while the first colour and air and a thickness of
to be observed as one moves down is red. (A) λ/4 (B) λ/2 (C) 3λ/8 (D) λ
(B) the top portion appears violet while the first colour Sol.
to be observed as one moves down is indigo.
(C) the top portion appears dark while the first colour
to be observed as one move down is violet.
(D) the top portion appears dark while the first colour
to be observed as one move down depends on the
refractive index of the soap solution.
Sol.

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 WAVE OPTICS Page # 35

40. In a biprism experiment the distance of source [REASONING TYPE]

from biprism is 1 m and the distance of screen from 42.Statement - 1 : In YDSE, as shown in figure,
biprism is 4 meters. The angle of refraction of biprism central bright fringe is formed at O. If a liquid is filled
is 2 × 10–3 radians. µ of biprism is 1.5 and the between plane of slits and screen, the central bright
wavelength of light used is 6000 Å. How many fringes
fringe is shifted in upward direction.
will be seen on the screen?
Statement - 1 : If path difference at O increases y-
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 3 (D) 6
coordinate of central bright fringe will change
Sol.
S1 y

x
O

S2
(A) Statement -1 is true, statement - 2 is true and
statement - 2 is correct explanation for statement -1
(B) Statement -1 is true, statement - 2 is true and
statement - 2 is NOT the correct explanation for
statement -1
(C) Statement - 1 is true, satement - 2 is false.
(D) Statement - 1 is false, statement - 2 is true.
Sol.

41. A parallel coherent beam of light falls on fresnel

biprism of refractive index µ and angle α. The fringe
width on a screen at a distance D from biprism will be
(wavelength = λ) 43. Statement - 1 : In glass, red light travels faster
λ λD D than blue light.
(A) (B) (C) (D) none Statement - 2 : Red light has a wavelength longer
2( µ − 1)α 2(µ − 1)α 2( µ − 1)α
than blue
Sol.
(A) Statement -1 is true, statement - 2 is true and
statement - 2 is correct explanation for statement -1
(B) Statement -1 is true, statement - 2 is true and
statement - 2 is NOT correct explanation for statement -1
(C) Statement - 1 is true, satement - 2 is false.
(D) Statement - 1 is false, statement - 2 is true.
Sol.

44. Statement - 1 : In standard YDSE set up with

visible light, the position on screen where phase
difference is zero appears bright.
Statement - 2 : In YDSE set up magnitude of
electromagnetic field at central bright fringe is not
varying with time.
(A) Statement -1 is true, statement - 2 is true and
statement - 2 is correct explanation for statement -1
(B) Statement -1 is true, statement - 2 is true and
statement - 2 is NOT correct explanation for statement -1
(C) Statement - 1 is true, satement - 2 is false.
(D) Statement - 1 is false, statement - 2 is true.
Sol.

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Exercise - II

A. YOUNG’S DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT (A) Reducing the separation between the slits
(B) Using blue light instead of green light
1. To observe a stationary interference pattern formed
(C) Used red light instead of green light
by two light waves, it is not necessary that they
(D) Moving the light source further away from the slits.
must have :
Sol.
(A) the same frequency (B) same amplitude
(C) a constant phase difference (D) the same intensity
Sol.

5. In a Young’s double-slit experiment, let A and B be

the two slits. A thin film of thickness t and refractive
index µ is placed in front of A. Let β = fringe width.
The central maximum will shift :
2. In a YDSE apparatus, we use white light then : (A) towards A (B) towards B
(A) the fringe next to the central will be red
(C) by t(µ –1) β /λ (D) by µ t β /λ
(B) the central fringe will be white.
Sol.
(C) the fringe next to the central will be violet
(D) there will not be a completely dark fringe.
Sol.

3. If the source of light used in a Young’s Double Slit

Experiment is changed from red to blue, then 6. In the previous question, films of thicknesses tA
(A) the fringes will become brighter and tB and refractive indices µA and µB, are placed in
(B) consecutive fringes will come closer front of A and B respectively. If µAtA = µBtB, the central
(C) the number of maxima formed on the screen in- maximum will :
creases (A) not shift (B) shift towards A (C) shift towards B
(D) the central bright fringe will become a dark fringe. (D) option (B), if tB > tA ; option (C) if tB < tA
Sol. Sol.

4. In a Young’s double slit experiment, green light is

incident on the two slits. The interference pattern is
observed on a screen. Which of the following changes
would cause the observed fringes to be more closely
spaced ?
fringes

incoming
light waves

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 WAVE OPTICS Page # 37

7. In a YDSE, if the slits are of unequal width.

S1
(A) fringes will not be formed d
(B) the positions of minimum intensity will not be com- S
pletely dark
d
(C) bright fringe will not be formed at the centre of O
the screen
(D) distance between two consecutive bright fringes
will not be equal to the distance between two S2
D >> d
consecutive dark fringes.
Sol. (A) the thickness of sheet is 2 ( 2 − 1) d infront of S1
(B) the thickness of sheet is ( 2 − 1) d infront of S2
(C) the thickness of sheet is 2 2 d infront of S1
(D) the thickness of sheet is ( 2 2 − 1) d infront of S1
Sol.

8. If one of the slits of a standard YDSE apparatus is

covered by a thin parallel sided glass slab so that it
transmit only one half of the light intensity of the
other, then
(A) the fringe pattern will get shifted towards the Question No. 10 to 12 (3 questions)
covered slit S1
The figure shows a schematic S
(B) the fringe pattern will get shifted away from the
covered slit di agram show i ng the a
(C) the bright fringes will be less bright and the dark arrangement of Young’s Double d O

ones will be more bright. Slit Experiment S2 Screen

(D) the fringe width will remain unchanged D
Sol. 10. Choose the correct statement(s) related to the
wavelength of light used
(A) Larger the wavelength of light larger the fringe
width
(B) The position of central maxima depends on the
wavelength of light used
(C) If white light is used in YDSE, then the violet
colour forms its first maxima closest to the central
maxima
(D) The central maxima of all the wavelengths coincide
Sol.

9. To make the central fringe at the centre O, a mica

sheet of refractive index 1.5 is introduced. Choose
the correct statements (s).

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 Page # 38 WAVE OPTICS

11. If the distance D is varied, then choose the cor-

rect statement(s)
(A) the angular fringe width does not change
(B) the fringe width changes in direct proportion
(C) the change in fringe width is same for all wave-
lengths
(D) The position of central maxima remains unchanged
Sol.

1 2If the distance d is varied, then identify the cor-

.
14. In a standard YDSE appratus a thin film (µ = 1.5, t
rect statement = 2.1 µm) is placed in front of upper slit. How far
(A) the angular width does not change above or below the centre point of the screen are
(B) the fringe width changes in inverse proportion two nearest maxima located ? Take D = 1 m, d = 1mm,
(C) the positions of all maxima change λ = 4500 Å. (Symbols have usual meaning)
(D) the positions of all minima change (A) 1.5 mm (B) 0.6 mm (C) 0.15 mm (D) 0.3 mm
Sol. Sol.

13. In an interference arrangement similar to Young’s

double-slit experiment, the slits S1 & S2 are illuminated
with coherent microwave sources, each of frequency
106 Hz. The sources are synchronized to have zero
phase difference. The slits are separated by a distance
d = 150.0 m. The intensity I(θ) is measured as a
15. Consider a case of thin film interference as shown.
function of θ, where θ is defined as shown. If I0 is the
Thickness of film is equal to wavelength of light is µ2.
maximum intensity then I(θ) for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 90° is given by

S1 µ1

µ2
d
µ3
(A) Reflected light will be maxima if µ1 < µ2 < µ3
S2 (B) Reflected light will be maxima if µ1 < µ2 > µ3
I0 I (C) Transmitted light will be maxima if µ1 > µ2 > µ3
(A) I(θ) = for θ = 30º (B) I(θ) = 0 for θ = 90º (D) Transmitted light will be maxima if µ1 > µ2 < µ3
2 4
(C) I(θ) = I0 for θ = 0º Sol.
(D) I(θ) is constant for all values of θ
Sol.

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 WAVE OPTICS Page # 39

Exercise - III (SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS)

1. In a Young’s double slit experiment for interference

of light, the slits are 0.2 cm apart and are illuminated
by yellow light (λ = 600 nm). What would be the
fringe width on a screen placed 1 m from the plane of
slits if the whole system is immersed in water of index 4/3?
Sol.

4. A ray of light of intensity I is incident on a parallel

glass-slab at a point A as shown in figure. It undergoes
partial reflection and refraction. At each reflection
20% of incident energy is reflected. The rays AB and
A’B’ undergo interference. Find the ratio Imax/Imin.
2. In Young’s double slit experiment, 12 fringes are B B'
observed to be formed in a certain segment of the
screen when light of wavelength 600 nm is used. If
the wavelength of the light is changed to 400 nm, A A'
find the number of fringes observed in the same
segment.
Sol.

Sol.

3. On slit of double slit experiment is covered by a

thin glass plate of refractive index 1.4 and the other
by a thin glass plate of refractive index 1.7. The point
on the screen, where central bright fringe was formed
before the introduction of the glass sheets, is now
occupied by the 5th bright fringe. Assuming that both
the glass plates have same thickness and wavelength
of light used is 4800 Å, find their thickness. 5. Light of wavelength 520 nm passing through a double
Sol. slit, produces interference pattern of relative intensity
versus deflection angle θ as shown in the figure. Find
the separation d between the slits.

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 Page # 40 WAVE OPTICS

Sol.

6. In Young’s double slit experiment the slits are 0.5

mm apart and the interference is observed on a screen
at a distance of 100 cm from the slit. It is found that
the 9th bright fringe is at a distance of 7.5 mm from
the second dark fringe from the centre of the fringe
pattern on same side. Find the wavelength of the 8. The distance between two slits in a YDSE apparatus
light used. is 3mm. The distance of the screen from the slits is
1m. Microwaves of wavelength 1 mm are incident on
Sol.
the plane of the slits normally. Find the distance of
the first maxima on the screen from the central maxima.
Sol.

7. In a YDSE apparatus, d = 1mm, λ = 600 nm and D =

1m. The slits produce same intensity on the screen
Find the minimum distance between two points on the
screen having 75% intensity of the maximum intensity.
Sol.

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 WAVE OPTICS Page # 41

9. A lens (µ = 1.5) is coated with a thin film of refractive

index 1.2 in order to reduce the reflection from its
surface at λ = 4800 Å. Find the minimum thickness of
the film which will minimize the intensity of the reflected
light.
Sol. 12. In a two-slit experiment with monochromatic light,
fringes are obtained on a screen placed at some
distance from the slits. If the screen is moved by 5 ×
10–2 m towards the slits, the change in fringe width is
3 × 10–5. If the distance between the slits is 10–3m,
calculate the wavelength of the light used.
Sol.

10. A long narrow horizontal slit lies 1 mm above a

plane mirror. The interference pattern produced by
the slit and its image is viewed on a screen distant 1
m from the slit. The wavelength of light is 600nm.
Find the distance of first maximum above the mirror.
Sol.

13. A monochromatic light of λ = 5000 Å is incident on

two slits separated by a distance of 5 × 10–4 m. The
interference pattern in seen on a screen placed at a
distance of 1 m from the slits. A thin glass plate of
thickness 1.5 × 10–6 m & refractive index µ = 1.5 is
11. A broad source of light of wavelength 680nm placed between one of the slits & the screen. Find
illuminates normally two glass plates 120 mm long that the intensity at the centre of the screen, if the
meet at one end and are separated by a wire 0.048 intensity there is I0 in the absence of the plate. Also
mm in diameter at the other end. Find the number of find the lateral shift of the central maximum.
bright fringes formed over the 120mm distance. Sol.
Sol.

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14. A double-slit apparatus is immersed in a liquid of

refractive index 1.33. It has slit separation of 1mm &
distance between the plane of the slits & screen is
1.33 m. The slits are illuminated by a parallel beam of
light whose wavelength in air is 6300 Å.
(a) Calculate the fringe width.
(b) One of the slits of the apparatus is covered by a
thin glass sheet of refractive index 1.53. Find the
smallest thickness of the sheet to bring the adjacent
minima on the axis.
Sol.

16. Radio waves coming at ∠α to vertical are recieved

by a radar after reflection from a nearby water surface
& directly. What should be height of antenna from
water surface so that it records a maximum intensity.
(wavelength = λ).

Sol.

15. A young’s double slit experiment is performed using

light of wavelength λ = 5000 Å, which emerges in
phase from two slits a distance d = 3 × 10–7m apart.
A transparent sheet of thickness t = 1.5 × 10–7m is 17. In a biprism experiment using sodium light λ =
placed over one of the slits. The refractive index of 6000 Å an interference pattern is obtained in which
the material of this sheet is µ = 1.17. Where does the 20 fringes occupy 2 cm. On replacing sodium light by
central maximum of the interference pattern now another source of wavelength λ2 without making any
appear ? other change 30 fringes occupy 2.7 cm on the screen.
Sol. What is the value of λ2 ?
Sol.

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 WAVE OPTICS Page # 43

Exercise - IV (TOUGH SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS)

1. If the slits of the double slit were moved symmetri- 5. A screen is at a distance D = 80 cm from a diaphragm
cally apart with relative velocity v, calculate the rate having two narrow slits S1 and S2 which are d = 2 mm
at which fringes pass a point at a distance x from the apart. Slit S1 is covered by a transparent sheet of
centre of the fringe system formed on a screen y thickness t1 = 2.5 µm and S2 by another sheet of
distance away from the double slits if wavelength of thickness t2 = 1.25 µm as shown in figure. Both sheets
light is λ. Assume y >> d & d >> λ. are made of same material having refractive index µ =
1.40. Water is filled in space between diaphragm and
2. (a) A thin glass plate of thickness t and refractive screen. A monochromatic light beam of wavelength λ
index µ is inserted between screen & one of the slits = 5000 Å is incident normally on the diaphragm.
in a Young’s experiment. If the intensity at the centre
Assuming intensity of beam to be uniform and slits of
of the screen is I, what was the intensity at the same
equal width, calculate ratio of intensity at C to
point prior to the introduction of the sheet.
maximum intensity of interference pattern obtained
(b) One slit of a Young’s experiment is covered by a on the screen, where C is foot of perpendicular bisector
glass plate (µ1 = 1.4) and the other by another glass
of S1S2. (Refractive index of water, µw = 4/3)
plate (µ2 = 1.7) of the same thickness. The point of
central maxima on the screen, before the plates were
introduced is now occupied by the third bright fringe.
Find the thickness of the plates, the wavelength of
light used is 4000 Å.

3. In a YDSE a parallel beam of light of wavelength

6000 Å is incident on slits at angle of incidence 30°. A
& B are two thin transparent films each of refractive
index 1.5. Thickness of A is 20.4 µm. Light coming
through A & B have intensities I & 4I respectively on 6. In Young’s experiment, the source is red light of
the screen. Intensity at point O which is symmetric
wavelength 7 × 10–7m. When a thin glass plate of
relative to the slits is 3 I. The central maxima is above O.
refractive index 1.5 at this wavelength is put in the
A path of one of the interfering beams, the central bright
fringe shifts by 10–3 m to the position previously
O
30° 0.1mm occupied by the 5th bright fringe. Find the thickness
B of the plate. When the source is now changed to
green light of wavelength 5 × 10–7m, the central fringe
1m
shifts to a position initially occupied by the 6th bright
fringe due to red light. Find the refractive index of
(a) What is the maximum thickness of B to do so.
glass for the green light. Also estimate the change in
Assuming thickness of B to be that found in part (a)
fringe width due to the change in wavelength.
answer the following parts.
(b) Find fringe width, maximum intensity & minimum
intensity on screen. 7. In a Young’s experiment, the upper slit is covered
(c) Distance of nearest minima from O. by a thin glass plate of refractive index 1.4 while the
(d) Intensity at 5 cm on either side of O. lower slit is covered by another glass plate having the
same thickness as the first one but having refractive
4. In a YDSE experiment, the distance between the index 1.7. Interference pattern is observed using light
slits & the screen is 100 cm. For a certain distance of wavelength 5400 Å. It is found that the point P on
between the slits, an interference pattern is observed the screen where the central maximum (n = 0) fell
on the screen with the fringe width 0.25 mm. When
before the glass plates were inserted now has 3/4 the
the distance between the slits is increased by ∆d =
original intensity. It is further observed that what used
1.2 mm, the fringe width decreased to n = 2/3. of the
to be the 5th maximum earlier, lies below the point P
original value. In the final position, a thin glass plate
while the 6th minimum lies above P. Calculate the
of refractive index 1.5 is kept in front of one of the
thickness of the glass plate.
slits & the shift of central maximum is observed to be
20 fringe width. Find the thickness of the plate & (Absorption of light by glass plate may be neglected).
wavelength of the incident light.

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8. A coherent parallel beam of microwaves of

wavelength λ = 0.5 mm falls on a Young’s double slit
apparatus. The separation between the slits is 1.0mm.
The intensity of microwaves is measured on screen
placed parallel to the plane of the slits at a distance
of 1.0 m from it, as shown in the figure.
y

30º d=1.0mm
x

D=1.0m (i) If the third intensity maximum occurs at the point

Screen
A on the screen, find the distance OA.
(ii) If the gap between L1 & L2 is reduced from its
(a) If the incident beam falls normally on the double original value of 0.5 mm, will the distance OA increase,
slit apparatus, find the y–coordinates of all the decrease or remain the same?
interference minima on the screen.
(b) If the incident beam makes an angle of 30º with
12. Two coherent sources S1 and S2 separated by
the x-axis (as in the dotted arrow shown in the figure),
distance 2λ emit light of wavelength λ in phase as
find the y-coordinates of the first minima on either
shown in figure. A circular wire of radius 100λ is placed
side of the central maximum.
in such a way that S1S2 lies in its plane and the midpoint
9. In a Young’s double slit arrangement, a source of of S1 S2 is at the centre of wire. Find the angular
wavelength 6000 Å is used. The screen is placed 1m positions θ on the wire for which intensity reduces to
from the slits. Fringes formed on the screen, are half of its maximum value.
observed by a student sitting close to the slits. The
student’s eye can distinguish two neighbouring fringes 13. In a biprism experiment with sodium light, bands
if they subtend an angle more than 1 minute of arc. of width of 0.0195 cm are observed at 100 cm from
Calculate the maximum distance between the slits so slit. On introducing a convex lens 30 cm away from
that the fringes are clearly visible. Using this the slit between and screen, two images of the slit
information calculate the position of 3rd bright & 5th are seen 0.7 cm apart at 100 cm distance from the
dark fringe from the centre of the screen. slit. Calculate the wavelength of sodium light.
10. A narrow monochromatic beam of light of intensity
I is incident on a glass plate as shown in figure. Another
identical glass plate is kept close to the first one &
parallel to it. Each glass plaate reflects 25% of the
S1 O S2
light incident on it & transmits the remaining. Find the
ratio of the minimum & the maximum intensities in the
interference pattern formed by the two beams obtained
after one reflection at each plate.

1
1 2
11. In the figure shown S is a monochromatic point
source emitting light of wavelength = 500 nm. A thin
lens of circular shape and focal length 0.10 m is cut
into two identical halves L1 and L2 by a plane passing
through a diameter. The two halves are placed
symmetrically about the central axis SO with a gap of
0.5 mm. The distance along the axis from S to L1 and
L2 is 0.15 m, while that from L1 & L2 to O is 1.30 m.
The screen at O is normal to SO.

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Exercise - V (JEE PROBLEMS)

1. As a wave propagates,
(A) the wave intensity remains constant for a plane
wave
(B) the wave intensity decreases as the inverse of
the distance from the source for a spherical wave
(C) the wave intensity decreases as the inverse square
of the distance from the source for a spherical wave
(D) total power of the spherical wave over the spherical
surface centered at the source remains same at all
times.
Sol.

3. A thin slice is cut out of a glass

2. The Young’s double slit experiment is done in a cylinder along a plane parallel to
medium of refractive index 4/3. A light of 600 nm its axis. The slice is placed on a
wavelength is falling on the slits having 0.45 mm flat glass plate as shown. The
separation. The lower slit S2 is covered by a thin glass observed interference fringes from
sheet of thickness 10.4 µm and refractive index 1.5. this combination shall be
The interference pattern is observed on a screen (A) straight (B) circular
placed 1.5 m from the slits as shown
(C) equally spaced
y
(D) having fringe spacing which increases as we go
outwards.
S1
Sol.
S* O
S2

(a) Find the location of the central maximum (bright

fringe with zero path difference) on the y-axis.
(b) Find the light intensity at point O relative to the
maximum fringe intensity. 4. In a double slit experiment, instead of taking slits
(c) Now, if 600 nm light is replaced by white light of of equal widths, one slit is made twice as wide as the
range 400 to 700 nm, find the wavelengths of the other. Then, in the interference pattern.
light that from maxima exactly at point O. [JEE (Scr) 2000]
[All wavelengths in this problem are for the given (A) the intensities of both the maxima and the minima
medium of refractive index 4/3. Ignore dispersion] increase
Sol. (B) the intensity of the maxima increases and the
minima has zero intensity
(C) the intensity of the maxima decreases and that of
the minima increases.
(D) the intensity of the maxima decreases and the
minima has zero intensity.
Sol.

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 Page # 46 WAVE OPTICS

5. A glass plate of refractive index 1.5 is coated with Sol.

a thin layer of thickness t and refractive index 1.8.
Light of wavelength λ travelling in air is incident normally
on the layer. It is partly reflected at the upper and
the lower surfaces of the layer and the two reflected
ray s i nterfere. Wri te t he c ondi ti on for the i r
constructive interference. If λ = 648 nm, obtain the
l east val ue of t for whi ch the rays i nterfere
constructively. [JEE 2000]
Sol.

8. In a young double slit experiment, 12 fringes are

observed to be formed in a certain segment of the
screen when light of wavelength 600 nm is used. If
the wavelength of light is changed to 400 nm, number
of fringes observed in the same segment of the screen
is given by [JEE (Scr) 2001]
(A) 12 (B) 18 (C) 24 (D) 30
Sol.

6. Two coherent light sources A and B with separation

2λ are placed on the x-axis symmetrically about the
origin. They emit light of wavelength λ. Obtain the
positions of maxima on a circle of large radius lying in
the xy-plane and with centre at the origin.
[JEE 2000]
Sol. 9. A vessel ABCD of 10cm width has two small slits S1
and S2 sealed with identical glass plates of equal
thickness. The distance between the slits is 0.8mm.
POQ is the line perpendicular to the plane AB and
passing through O, the middle point of S1 and S2. A
monochromatic light source is kept at S, 40 cm below
P and 2 m from the vessel, to illuminate the slits as
shown in the figure below. Calculate the position of
the central bright fringe on the other wall CD with
respect to the line OQ. Now, a liquid is poured into
the vessel and filled up to OQ. The central bright
fringe is found to be at Q. Calculate the refractive
index of the liquid. [JEE’2001]
7. Two beams of light having intensities I and 4I
interfere to produce a fringe pattern on a screen. The
phase difference between the beams is π/2 at point A
and π at point B. Then the difference between the
resultant intensities at A and B is [JEE 2001]
(A) 2I (B) 4I (C) 5I (D) 7I

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 WAVE OPTICS Page # 47

Sol. Sol.

10. A point source S emitting

light of wavelength 600 nm is
placed at a very small height h 11. In the ideal souble-slit experiment, when a glass -
ab ov e the fl at refl e ct i ng plate (refractive index 1.5) of thickness t is introduced
surface AB (see figure). The in the path of one of the interfering beams (wavelength
intensity of the reflected light λ), the intensity at the position where the central
is 36% of the incident intensity. maximum occurred previously remains unchanged. The
Int erfe re nc e fri nge s are minimum thickness of the glass-plote is : [JEE 2002]
observed on a screen placed (A) 2λ (B) 2λ/3 (C) λ/3 (D) λ
parallel to the reflecting surface Sol.
at a very large distance D from it.
[JEE’2001]
(a) What is the shape of the interference fringes on
the screen?
(b) Calculate the ratio of the minimum to the maximum
intensities in the interference fringes formed near the
point P (shown in the figure).
(c) If the intensities at point P corresponds to a
maximum, calculate the minimum distance through
which the reflecting surface AB should be shifted so
that the intensity at P again becomes maximum.

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 Page # 48 WAVE OPTICS

12. In the adjacent diagram, CP represents a wavefront Sol.

and AO and BP, the corresponding two rays. Find the
condition on θ for constructive interference at P
between the ray BP and reflected ray OP.

[JEE (Scr)2003]

3λ λ
(A) cosθ = (B) cosθ =
2d 4d

λ 4λ
(C) secθ – cosθ = (D) secθ – cosθ =
d d 14. In a YDSE bi-chromatic light of wavelengths 400
Sol. nm and 560 nm are used. The distance between the
slits is 0.1 nm and the distance between the plane of
the slits and the screen is 1m. The minimum distance
between two successive regions of complete darkness
is - [JEE’ 2004 (Scr)]
(A) 4 mm (B) 5.6 mm (C) 14 mm (D) 28 mm
Sol.

13. A prism (µP = 3 ) has an angle

A
of prism A = 30°. A thin film (µf =
2.2) is coated on face AC as shown
in the figure. Light of wavelength 550
nm is incident on the face
AB at 60° angle of incidence. Find 15. In a Young’s double sl it experiment, two
B C
(i) the angle of its emergence from the face AC and wavelengths of 500 nm and 700 nm were used. What
(ii) the minimum thickness (in nm) of the film for which is the minimum distance from the central maximum where
their maximas coincide again ? Take D/d = 103. Symbols
the emerging light is of maximum possible intensity.
have their usual meanings. [JEE 2004]

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Sol. 17. Light travels as a -

(A) parallel beam in each medium
(B) convergent beam in each medium
(C) divergent beam in each medium
(D) divergent beam in one medium and convergent
beam in the other medium [JEE 2007]
Sol.

16. In Young’s double slit experiment maximum intensity

is I than the angular position where the intensity
becomes 1/4 is - [JEE’ 2005 (Scr)] 18. The phases of the light wave at c, d, e and f are
φc, φd, φe and φf respectively. It is given that φc ≠ φf .
–1  λ  –1  λ  –1  λ  –1  λ  (A) φc cannot be equal to φd (B) φd can be equal to φe
(A) sin   (B) sin   (C) sin   (D) sin  
d 3d 2d 4d (C) (φd – φf) is equal to (φc – φe)
Sol. (D) (φd – φc) is not equal to (φf – φe) [JEE 2007]
Sol.

19. Speed of light is [JEE 2007]

(A) the same in medium-1 and medium - 2
(B) larger in medium - 1than in medium - 2
(C) larger in medium-2 than in medium-1
(D) different at b and d
Sol.

Paragraph for Question Nos. 17 to 19 (3 questions)

The figure shows a surface XY separating two 20. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the separa-
transparent media, medium-1 and medium-2. The lines tion between the two slits is d and the wavelength of
ab and cd represent wavefronts of a light wave the light is λ. The intensity of light falling on slit 1 is
traveling in medium-1 and incident on XY. The lines ef four times the intensity of light falling on slit 2. Choose
and gh represent wavefronts of the light wave in the correct choice(s).
medium-2 after refraction. (A) If d = λ, the screen will contain only one maximum
b (B) If λ < d < 2λ, at least one more maximum (besides
d the central maximum) will be observed on the screen
(C) If the intensity of light falling on slit 1 is reduced so
medium-1
a
that it becomes equal to that of slit 2, the intensities
c
X Y of the observed dark and bright fringes will increase.
f h (D) If the intensity of light falling on slit 2 is increased
medium-2
so that it becomes equal to that of slit 1, the intensi-
ties of the observed dark the bright fringes will in-
e g crease. [JEE 2008]

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Sol. Column I Column II

S2 P2
P1
P0
(A) (P) δ (P0) = 0
S1

S2 P2
P1
λ P0
(B) (µ – 1) t = (Q) δ(P1) = 0
4 S1

S2 P2
P1
λ P0
(C) (µ – 1) t = (R) I (P1) = 0
2 S1

S2 P2
3λ P1
(D)(µ–1)t= P0 (S) I(P0) > I(P1)
4
S1

(T) I(P2) > I(P1)

Sol.

22. Young's double slit experiment is carried out by

using green, red and bluelight, one color at a time.
21. Column I shows four situations of standard The fri nge widths recorded are β G , β R and β β ,
Young’s double slit arrangement with the screen placed respectively. Then.
far away from the slits S1 and S2 . In each of these (A) β G > β B > β R (B) β B > β G > βR
cases S1 P0 = S2 P0 , S1 P1 – S2 P1 = λ / 4 and S1 P2 – S2 (C) β R > β B > β G (D) β R > β G > βB
P2 = λ/3, where λ is the wavelength of the light used. Sol.
In the cases B,C and D, a transparent sheet of
refractive index µ and thickness t is pasted on slit S2 .
The thicknesses of the sheets are different in different
cases. The phase difference between the light waves
reaching a point P on the screen from the two slits is
denoted by δ(P) and the intensity by I (P). Match each
situation given in Column I with the statement(s) in
Column II valid for that situation. [JEE 2009]

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 WAVE OPTICS Page # 51

ANSWER

EXERCISE - I

1. A 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. A
8. D 9. B 10. D 11. B 12. C 13. D 14. B
15. C 16. C 17. D 18. A 19. A 20. C 21. C
22. A 23. C 24. C 25. D 26. A 27. D 28. A
29. D 30. A 31. C 32. C 33. B 34. A 35. B
36. C 37. C 38. A 39. A 40. B 41. A
42. D 43. A 44. C

EXERCISE - II

1. BD 2. BCD 3. BC 4. B 5. AC 6. D 7. B
8. ACD 9. A 10. ACD 11. ABD 12. BD 13. AC
14. CD 15. AD

EXERCISE - III

1. 0.225 mm 2. 18 3. 8 µm 4. 81 : 1 5. 1.98 × 10–2 mm

6. 5000 Å 7. 0.2 mm 8. 35.35 cm 9. 10–7 m 10. 0.15 mm
11. 141 12. 6000 Å 13. 0, 1.5 mm 14. 0.63 mm, 1.575 µm
15. y = 0.085 D; D = distance between screen & slits
λ
16. 17. 5400 Å
4 cos α

EXERCISE - IV

x  π( µ – 1)t 
1. λ v 2. (a) I0 = I sec2   , (b) 4 µm
y  λ 

3. (a) tB = 120 µm (b) β = 6mm; Imax = 9I, Imin = I (c) β/6 = 1mm
(d) I (at 5cm above 0) = 9I, I (at 5 cm below 0) = 31

400
4. λ = 600 nm, t = 24 µm 5. 3/4 6. 7 µm, 1.6, µm (decrease) 7. 9.3 µm
7

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1 3 1 3 6.48 π π
8. (a) ± , ± (b) + , 9. ; mm , mm
15 7 15 7 π 3.6 2.4

10. 1 : 49 11. (i) 1 mm (ii) increase

 2n + 1 –1  2n + 1
12. ± cos–1   , n = 0, 1, 2, 3 & π ± cos   n = 0, 1, 2, 3 13. λ = 5850 Å
 8  8 

EXERCISE - V

1. A, C, D
2. (a) y = –13/3 mm, (b) intensity at O = 0.75Imax (c) 650 nm, 433.33 nm 3. A 4. A

λ 3λ λ
5. t = , , ..........; tminimum = = 90 nm
7.2 7.2 7.2

R R 3  R R 3   R R 3  R R 3
6. (0, –R),  ,–  , (R, 0),  ,  , (0, R)  – ,  , (–R, 0)  – , – 
2 2  2 2   2 2   2 2 

1
7. B 8. B 9. (i) y = 2 cm, (ii) µ = 1.0016 10. (a) circular, (b) , (c) 3000Å
16
11 . A
12. B 13. 0, 125 nm 14. D 15. 3.5 mm 16. B 17. A 18. C 19. B
20. A,B 21. (A) → (ps), (B) →(q), (C) →(t), (D) → (rst) 22. D

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