EVOLUTION OF

HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND

PLANNING
• HUMAN
• SETTLEMENT
• PLANNING

7/10/2018 2
• ORIGIN
– PALEOLITHIC- Old Stone age
– MESOLITHIC - End of
Stone Age
– NEOLITHIC – development
– of farms
– CHIEFDOMS - Jamindars
– FIRST VILLAGE and TRADE TOWNS
– GLOBAL TOWNS

Ar.Manika
7/10/2018 3
7/10/2018 4
 Origin of towns

Topography Function

•Conditions favourable for •Education

industrial units •Health resort
•Hilly areas to achieve the object •Political
of defence •Pilgrimage
•Plain areas suitable for business •Tourism
activities •Forest etc
•River banks
•Sea or ocean fronts
7/10/2018 5
 EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT

• Ancient Towns
• Medieval Towns
• Renaissance City
• Baroque City
• Industrial Age
• Modern City Planning

7/10/2018 6
 ANCIENT TOWNS
• Unplanned organic development
• River bank
• Topography of the site directly related to city
form
• Limited building material
• Small street (only foot traffic)
• Houses open directly to street
• No fortification – small walls (mud/wood)

7/10/2018 7
 MEDIEVAL TOWNS 5th – 15 AD
• Origin of religion
• Religious building dominate the settlement

7/10/2018 8
7/10/2018 9
 MEDIEVAL TOWNS
• Church plaza become center of activity
(market)
• Main road leads to church/castel
• Cities were located on irregular terrain, hill top
and island
• Castel/town surrounded by fortification (wall
and moat)
• Wheel traffic only on main road
7/10/2018 10
 MEDIEVAL TOWNS
• Built to support present population
• Confined to wall – no space for future growth
• Density started to increase as the town grows

7/10/2018 11
 RENAISSANCE 14 – 17 AD
• Religion become important
• Central open space for community activity
• Trade- colonization- wealth
• Ornamentation of buildings
• Main road – commercial
• Gap between rich and poor increases
• New style of fortification both attack and
defense. (space for artilleries, wider wall)
• New inventions- gun powder, press, etc.
7/10/2018 12
 RENAISSANCE 14 – 17 AD
• New town
– Palaces dominate the skyline, Versailles France
• Old town
– Plazas were given importance, st peters Rome

7/10/2018 13
 BAROQUE CITY 17 AD
• Geometry, axis were
seen on planning
• Axial planning-
– king louis XIV palace of
versailles
• Wide street- Foot and
horse carriage

7/10/2018 14
7/10/2018 15
 BAROQUE CITY 17 AD
• Paris redevelopment by Haussmann
• Features- Avenues, Fountain, Axis and
Geometry
• New street form- Boulevard

7/10/2018 16
 INDUSTRIAL AGE – 19 AD
• Mass production
• Workers in great number drawn together- city
center
• High density- lack of open space
• Unplanned and undirected growth
• Blight and slum started to appear within the city
• Wider street- foot- horse carriage- cars
• Housed were built to accommodate most no of
people- Tenements

7/10/2018 17
 INDUSTRIAL AGE – 19 AD
• Good
– Mass production
– New building materials
– Job opportunities
• Issues
– Over crowding
– Unplanned growth
– Slum
– Traffic
– pollution

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MODERN TOWN PLANNING CONCEPTS
• 1890-1900- city beautification
• 1898- garden city
• 1880-1920 – settlement movement
• 1950- structuralism (CIAM)
• 1980- new urbanism
• 1990- smart growth
• 2000- TOD - transit-oriented development
• 2010- critical urbanism - The practice of long
term master-planning
7/10/2018 19
ANCIENT SYSTEM OF TOWN PLANNING IN INDIA
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
• INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
– MOHENJADORO
– HARAPPA
• EXTRACTS FROM CHANAKYA S’ ARTHASASTRA
– REGIONAL CONCEPTS
– MANASARA VASTU SASTRA
• 8 TOWN PLANNING CONCEPTS
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

• Also referred
to as
HARAPPAN
CIVILIZATION
HARAPPA &
SARASWATHI
SINDHU
CIVILIZATION
MOHENJODARO
• Between
INDUS RIVER
AND THE
GHAGGAR‐
HAKRA RIVER
[Pakistan and
North
Western
India]
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

TOWN PLANNING CONCEPT

• SOPHISTICATED & ADVANCED URBAN CULTURE
• STREETS IN PERFECT GRID PATTERNS IN BOTH
MOHENJODORO & HARAPPA
• WORLD’S FIRST SANITATION SYSTEM
• INDIVIDUAL WELLS AND SEPARATE COVERED DRAINS ALONG
THE STREETS FOR WASTE WATER
• HOUSES OPENED TO INNER COURTYARDS & SMALLER LANES
• IMPRESSIVE DOCKYARDS, GRANERIES, WAREHOUSES, BRICK
PLATFORMS & PROTECTIVE WALLS
• MASSIVE CITADELS PROTECTED THE CITY FROM FLOODS &
ATTACKERS
• CITY DWELLERS – TRADERS & ARTISANS
• ALL THE HOUSES HAD ACCESS TO WATER & DRAINAGE
FACILITIES
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES
• CITIES GREW OUT OF EARLIER VILLAGES THAT
EXISTED IN THE SAME LOCALITY FOR < 100 YRS
• GREW IN SIZE & DENSITY AND SURROUNDED BY
NUMEROUS TOWNS & VILLAGES
• CITIES INTERLINKED BY TRADE & ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES, RELEGIOUS BELIEFS, SOCIAL
RELATIONS,ETC
• VAST AGRICULTURAL LANDS, RIVERS & FORESTS
BY PASTORAL COMMUNITIES , FISHER FOLK AND
HUNTERS SURROUNDED EACH CITY
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES
• CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS
– Small villages / hamlets – 0 – 10 hectares
– Large towns – 10‐ 50 hectares
– Cities – 50 hectares
• IMPORTANT CITIES
CITY SIZE IN HECTARES POPULATION
MOHENJODARO 200 35‐41000
HARAPPA 150 23500
GANWERIWALA 80
RAKHIGARHI 80
DHOLAVIRA 100
REHMAN DEHRI 22 12000
MOHENJODARO

• NO FORTIFICATION
• MAJOR STREETS IN
NORTH SOUTH
DIRECTION
• INTERSECTION AT
RIGHT ANGLES
• STREETS WITHIN
BUILT UP AREAS
WERE NARROW
• DISTINCT ZONING
FOR DIFFERENT
GROUPS
MOHENJODARO
SETTLEMENT
DIVISIONS
 RELEGIOUS,
INSTITUTIONAL &
CULTURAL AREAS –
AROUND
MONASTERY &
GREAT BATH IN THE
WESTERN PART
 NORTH –
AGRICULTURE &
INDUSTRIES
 SOUTH –
ADMINISTRATION,
TRADE &
COMMERCE
 MOHENJODARO
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
• BUILDINGS – MASONRY CONSTRUCTION BYSUN DRIED BRICKS
• RANGING FROM 2 ROOMS TOMANSIONS WITH MANY ROOMS
• UNDERGROUND SEWERAGE & DRAINAGE FROM HOUSES
• HELICAL PUMPS FOR PUMPING WATER IN GREAT BATH
• PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS – MONASTRY & BATH ‐
INDICATING RELIGIOUSCULTURE
MOHENJODARO
• 12x7x3 M IN DIMENSIONS GREAT BATH
• EARLIEST PUBLIC WATER TANK IN
ANCIENT WORLD
• LEDGE EXTENDS FOR THE ENTIRE WIDTH
OF POOL
• WATERTIGHT FLOOR – THICK LAYER OF
BITUMEN
• FLOOR SLOPES IN SOUTH WEST CORNER
WITH A SMALL OUTLET CONNECTING TO A
BRICK DRAIN
• ROOMS LOCATED IN THEEAST
 MOHENJODARO
GRANARY
• 50x40 M IN DIMENSION, 4.5 M TALL
• MASSIVE MUD BRICK FOUNDATION
• 2 ROWS OF SIX ROOMS ALONG A CENTRAL PASSAGEWAY [7M WIDE
& PAVED WITH BAKED BRICKS]
• EACH ROOM 15.2x6.1 M HAS 3 STEEPER WALLS WITH AIRSPACE
BETWEEN
• A WOODEN SUPERSTRUCTURE SUPPORTED IN SOME PLACES BY
LARGE COLUMNS WOULD HAVE BEEN BUILT ON TOP OF THE BRICK
FOUNDATIONS, WITH STAIRS LEADING UP FROM THE CENTRAL
PASSAGE AREA.
• SMALL TRIANGULAR OPENIGS – AIR DUCTS FOR FRESH AIR
BENEATH HOLLOW FLOORS
• THE LARGE SIZE OF THE GRANARY PROBABLY INDICATES A HIGHLY
DEVELOPED AGRICULTURAL CIVILIZATION
HARAPPA
• 23000 POPULATION
• 150 HECTARES
• EARLIEST CITY MAY HAVE BEEN FORMED
2800‐
DURING THE KOT DIJI PHASE, I.E.,
2500 BC
• 25 HA.
EARLIEST CITY COVERED AN AREA OF

• IT BECAME A CENTRE FOR TRADE

NETWORKS EXTENDING FROM
BALUCHISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN TO HARAPPA
THE WEST OF THE SEACOAST IN THE
SOUTH.
• RAISED MUD
TOWNS BUILT OVER
BRICK PLATFORMS
 HARAPPA
TOWN PLANNING
• CITADEL MOUND AND LOWER TOWN SURROUNDED BY A MASSIVE BRICK
WALL.
• CITADEL HAD SQUARE TOWERS AND BASTIONS.
• LARGE OPEN AREAS INSIDE THE GATEWAY MAY HAVE BEEN USED AS A MARKET OR
CHECKPOINT FOR TAXING GOODS COMING INTO THE CITY

• OUTSIDE THE CITY WALLS A CLUSTER OF HOUSES MAY REPRESENT

TEMPORARY REST STOPS FOR TRAVELLERS AND CARAVANS

• NO DIVISION OF THE SOCIETY IS REFLECTED IN THE LAYOUT OF THE

CITY. SINCE LARGE PUBLIC BUILDINGS, MARKET AREAS, LARGE AND SMALL
HOUSES AS WELL AS CRAFT WORKSHOPS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE SAME
NEIGHBOURHOOD.
• BARRACK‐LIKE GROUP OF SINGLE‐ROOMED TENEMENTS WERE FOR
THE POORER CLASSES
 HARAPPA
TOWN PLANNING
• Basic house plans
– single room tenements
– houses with courtyards
• Houses ‐ rooms on 3 sides opening into a central courtyard
• Nearly all large houses had private wells.
• Hearths ( brick‐ or stone‐lined fireplace or oven often used for cooking
and/or heating) common in rooms.
• Bathrooms in every house with chutes leading to drainage channels.
• First floor bathrooms also built.
• Brick stairways provided access to the upper floors.
• Houses built with a perimeter wall and adjacent houses were separated by
a narrow space of land.
• Granary with areas for threshing grains.
• Burnt bricks mainly used for drains, wells and bathrooms.
• Sun dried bricks used mainly for fillings.
• Timber used for flat roofs and as frames or lacing for brickwork
 HARAPPA
ARCHITECTURE

• BUILDING MATERIALS ‐ MUD BRICKS AND BAKED BRICKS, WOOD AND

REEDS.
• THE AVERAGE SIZE OF THE BRICKS WAS 7 X 12 X 34 CM (FOR HOUSES) AND
10 X 20 X 40 CM FOR THE CITY WALLS. THE LARGER BRICKS HAVE A
STANDARD RATIO OF 1:2:4.
• MUD BRICK, BAKED BRICK & WOOD OR STONE WERE USED FOR THE
FOUNDATION AND WALLS OF THE HOUSES.
• THE DOORS ,WINDOWS WERE MADE FROM WOOD AND MAT.
• HOUSE FLOORS ‐HARD‐PACKED EARTH
• BATHING AREAS AND DRAINS ‐ BAKED BRICK AND STONE.
• ROOFS ‐WOODEN BEAMS COVERED WITH REEDS AND PACKED CLAY.
• LARGEST BUILDINGS MADE ENTIRELY OF WOOD.
• WINDOWS – SHUTTERS & LATTICE WORK
 HARAPPA
ARCHITECTURE : LARGE PUBLIC STRUCTURES

• LARGE BUILDINGS ‐ADMINISTRATIVE OR RITUAL STRUCTURES.

• ACCESS ROUTES OR PROVIDED THOROUGHFARE FROM ONE AREA
TO ANOTHER.

• MARKETS AND PUBLIC MEETINGS HELD IN LARGE OPEN

COURTYARDS.
• HOUSES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS GROUPED WITH SHARED
WALLS AND FORMED LARGER BLOCKS & ACCESSED BY WIDE
STREETS.
• MOST HOUSES HAD PRIVATE BATHS &TOILETS AS WELL AS
PRIVATE WELLS.
 HARAPPA
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
• WELLS AND RESERVOIRS ‐ DRINKING AND BATHING.
• WELLS WERE LINED WITH SPECIALLY‐MADE WEDGE‐SHAPED
BRICKS TO FORM A STRUCTURALLY SOUND CYLINDER.
• ROPES WERE USED TO LIFT THE WATER OUT, PROBABLY WITH
LEATHER OR WOODEN BUCKETS.
• SOME NEIGHBOURHOODS HAD COMMUNAL WELLS.
 HARAPPA

DRAINAGE SYSTEM
• BATHING PLATFORMS WITH WATER TIGHT FLOOR & DRAINS [OPEN
OUT TO LARGER DRAINS IN STREETS ] PROVIDED IN ROOMS ADJACENT TO
THE WELLS.
• DRAINS AND WATER CHUTES IN THE UPPER STOREYS WERE OFTEN
BUILT INSIDE THE WALL WITH AN EXIT OPENING JUST ABOVE THE STREET
DRAINS.
• TAPERED TERRACOTTA DRAINPIPES WERE USED TO DIRECT WATER
OUT TO THE STREET.
• MANY HOUSES HAD DISTINCT TOILETS, SEPARATE FROM THE BATH
AREAS.
• COMMODES WERE LARGE JARS OR SUMP POTS SUNK INTO THE
FLOORS AND MANY OF THEM CONTAINED A SMALL JAR.
• DRAINS COVERED WITH BAKED BRICKS OR DRESSED STONE BLOCKS.
GARBAGE BINS WERE PROVIDED ALONG THE MAJOR STREETS.
 REGIONAL CONSIDERATION
CHANAKYA’S ARTHASASTHRA

• CONGESTED TOWN, SHOULD BE FREED OF SURPLUS POPULATION, WHICH SHOULD THEN

BE HOUSED IN A NEW PLACE.

• TOWNS POSITIONED TO HELP EACH OTHER.

• ‘SANGRAHAN’(COLLECTION REGISTER /TAX COLLECTOR) ‐ 10 VILLAGES, ‘SARVATIK’

AMONG 200, ‘DRONAMUKH’ (CHIEF) AMONG 400 AND ‘STHANIYA’ AMONG 800

• MIGRATED PEOPLE IN NEW SETTLEMENT EXEMPTED FROM PAYMENT OF TAXES FOR

SOME YEARS.

• NEW VILLAGE –
– HIGHER PROPORTION OF AGRICULTURISTS AND SHUDRAS.
– MARKET ‐ SALE OF GOODS RECEIVED FROM TRADERS ON HIGHWAYS.
– DAMS ‐ CONSTRUCTED OVER RIVERS NALAS.
– TEMPLES AND GARDENS SHOULD BE PROVIDED.
– ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE AGED, THE CHILDREN AND INFORMAL PERSONS.
– CEREALS AND WEALTH WILL GROW IF THE AGRICULTURISTS ARE KEPT BUSY. ATTEMPTS SHOULD BE MADE TO PROTECT
AND INCREASE QUARRIES, FORESTS AND CANALS.
TOWN PLANNING
CHANAKYA’S ARTHASASTHRA
• A CITY ‐ LOCATED CENTRALLY TO FACILITATE TRADE AND
COMMERCE.
• THE SITE ‐ LARGE IN AREA, AND NEAR A PERENNIAL
DEPRESSED
WATER BODY .
CLASS
• SHAPE ‐ CIRCULAR, RECTANGULAR OR
FOREST,
SQUARE AS WOULD SUIT THE TOPOGRAPHY.
CEMETRIE FOREST
• SEPARATE AREAS FOR MARKETING DIFFERENT S GOODS
GOODS.
• WALL AROUND THE TOWN, ‐ 6 DANDAS HIGH AND TRADERS /
12 DANDAS WIDE. BEYOND THIS WALL THERE SHOULD PALA CE & SKILLED
BE THREE MOATS OF 14‘, 12’AND 10’ WIDE TO TEMPLES WORKERS
BE CONSTRUCTED FOUR ARM‐LENGTHS APART. DEPTH –
KSHATRIYAS
3/4TH OF WIDTH.
• THREE‐EAST WEST AND THREE NORTH –
PRIEST &
SOUTH ROADS, SHOULD DIVIDE THE TOWN. TREASURY /
MINISTER
GOLDSMITH
• THE MAIN ROADS SHOULD BE 8 DANDAS WIDE AND /S INDUSTRIES S
OTHER ROADS 4 DANDAS WIDE. / DOCTORS,/
ARTISTS
• 1 WELL FOR 10 HOUSES.
ANCIENT TOWN CLASSIFICATION
• Dandaka
• Sarvathobhadra
• Nandyavarta
• Padmaka
• Swastika
• Prastara
• Karmuka
• Chaturmukha
ANCIENT TOWN CLASSIFICATION

Dandaka
• STREETS ARE STRAIGHT AND CROSS EACH
OTHER AT RIGHT ANGLES AT THE CENTRE
• VILLAGE HAS 4 GATES ON FOUR SIDES
• VILLAGE IS RECTANGULAR / SQUARE
• WIDTH OF THE STREET VARIES FROM ONE ‐
FIVE DANDA
• 2 TRANSVERSE STREET AT THE EXTREMITIES
HAVE SINGLE ROW OF HOUSES
• THE VILLAGE OFFICES LOCATED IN THE EAST.
• THE FEMALE DEITY/ CHAMADEVATA ‐
LOCATED OUTSIDE THE VILLAGE AND THE
MALE DEITIES IN THE NORTHERN PORTION
ANCIENT TOWN CLASSIFICATION

SARVATOBHADRA
• This type of town plan is
applicable to larger villages and
towns, which have to be
constructed on a square sites.
• According to this plan, the
whole town should be fully
occupied by houses of various
descriptions and inhabited by
all classes of people.
• The temple dominates the
village
ANCIENT TOWN
CLASSIFICATION

NANDYAVARTA
• This plan is commonly used
for the construction of towns
and not for villages.
• It is generally adopted for the
sites either circular or square
in shape, 3000 – 4000
HOUSES
• The streets run parallel to the
central adjoining streets with
the temple of the presiding
deity in the center of the
town.
• “Nandyavarta” is the name of
a flower, the form of which is
followed in this layout.
ANCIENT TOWN CLASSIFICATION

PADMAKA
• This type of plan was
practiced for building of the
towns with fortress allround.
• The pattern of the plan
resembles the petals of lotus
radiating outwards from the
cente .
• The city used to be practically
an island surrounded by
water, having no scope for
expansion
ANCIENT TOWN CLASSIFICATION

SWASTIKA
• Swastika type of plan
contemplates some diagonal
streets dividing the site into
certain rectangular plots.
• The site need not be marked out
into a square or rectangle and it
may be of any shape.
• A rampart wall surrounds the
town, with a moat at its foot
filled with water.
• Two main streets cross each
other at the center, running south
to north and west toeast.
ANCIENT TOWN CLASSIFICATION

PRASTARA
• The characteristic feature of this
plan is that the site may be
either square or rectangular but
not triangular or circular.
• The sites are set apart for the
poor, the middle class, the rich
and the very rich, the sizes of the
sites increasing according to the
capacity of each to purchase or
build upon.
• The main roads are much wider
compared to those of other
patterns.
• The town may or may not be
surrounded by a fort.
ANCIENT TOWN
CLASSIFICATION
KARMUKA
• This plan is suitable for the place where the site of the town
is in the form of a bow or semi‐circular or parabolic and
mostly applied for towns located on the seashore or
riverbanks.
• The main streets of the town run from north to south or east
to west and the cross streets run at right‐angles to them,
dividing the whole area intoblocks.
• The presiding deity, commonly a female deity, is installed in
the temple build in any convenient place.
ANCIENT TOWN
CLASSIFICATION

CHATURMUKHA
• Chaturmukha type of plan
is applicable to all towns
starting from the largest
town to the smallest
village.
• The site may be either
square or rectangular
having four faces.
• The town is laid out east to
west lengthwise, with four
main streets.
• The temple of the presiding
deity will be always at the
center
 SETTLEMENT
SIZE
HIERARCHIES

• 1 TIERED
• 2 TIRED
• 3 TIERED
• 4 TIRED

7/10/2018 50
• 1 TIERED
– Isolated village
• 2 TIRED
– Mandi Towns
• 3 TIERED
– City (District Head)
• 4 TIRED
– Metropolitan city

abhu/ Human Settlement

7/10/2018 25
nd Planning
 u/ Human Settlement
7/10/2018
lanning
2
7/10/2018 53
 Human Settlements

Content - man, Container -

society Physical
settlement –
natural and man
Five elements made or artificial
• man
•Society
•Shells Balanced combination
forms a successful
•Nature
settlement
•network
7/10/2018 Ar
54
 Human settlements - Growth

According to origin According to direction

Natural Planned Horizontal

Concentric
Ribbon Vertical
Scattered

7/10/2018
Satellite 55
 EVERY AGE IS DEFINED BY ITS
INNOVATION

7/10/2018 56
 CLASSIFICATION OF SETTLEMENTS

• POPULATION
• LOCATION
• FUNCTION

7/11/2018 1
 POPULATION

Settlement type Population Distance apart Service available

Isolated Farmstead 1 or 2 families 500 metres None

Hamlet Up to 20 2 km Public telephone

Village About 1000 5-10 km Church, local shop, pub,

junior school, village hall

Small town 10000-20000 20-50 km Health service, cafes and

restaurants, mall secondary
school, several churches,
railway station, several
shops, local council

7/11/2018 2
 POPULATION
Settlement type Population Distance apart Service available

Large town Up to 100000 50-100 km Many large shopping

centers or arcades railway
and bus station,
hypermarkets, hotels, bank
branches, specialized
shops, doctors, football
team
City Upto a million 100-200 km Central railway station,
large shopping complexes,
various churches, large
hospital, local movie house
Conurbation 1-2 million Over 200 km Central railway station, large
shopping complexes,
specialized shops, eg
optician, jeweler, beauty
parlor, university, theater,
county hall, airport.

7/11/2018 3
 POPULATION
Settlement type Population Distance apart Service available

Primate city- often the Several million Dependent on the needs of Cathedrals, government
capital city the country buildings, international air,
bus and rail termini,
financial headquarters,
specialist hospitals,
museums, opera houses,
theatres, several
universities, main shopping
centers, tourist centers.

7/11/2018 4
 POPULATION

TYPOLOGY POPULATION
CLASS I ABOVE 1 LAKH
CLASS II 50,000 – 99,000
CLASS III 20,000 – 49,000
CLASS IV 10,000 – 19,000
CLASS V 5,000 – 9,000
CLASS VI LESS THAN 5000

7/11/2018 5
 LOCATION
• VALLEY SECTION MODEL
• PATRIC GEDDES
• Interactions among biogeography, geomorphology
and human systems

7/11/2018 6
 LOCATION

• Settlement on hills
• Coastal settlements
• Forests
• Deserts
• Along rivers

7/11/2018 7
 FUNCTION
• RESIDENTIAL
• ADMINISTRATIVE
• INDUSTRIAL
• DEFENSE
• COMMERCIAL
• MARKET
• PORT
• CULTURAL

7/11/2018 8
 ADMINISTRATIVE

• National capitals, which have headquarters of

the administrative offices of central
government, are called administrative towns,
• Local authority offices run the local services,
such as road maintenance and waste disposal.
• New Delhi, Moscow, and Washington.
 ADMINISTRATIVE

• WASHINGTON DC
 L'Enfant Plan

• Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant - 1971

NEW DELHI
 INDUSTRIAL
• Mining and manufacturing regions constitute industrial towns.
Old industrial towns tend to have the following features-
– Found on or near mines
– Has railways and canals for transport
– Has housing and industry mixed in together
• In the newer industry towns planning ensures the housing and
industry are located apart.
• Goods are manufactured in factories. Today many factories are
located in business parks on the outskirts of settlements.
• Newer industry is found on the outskirts, near main roads for
transport
• Towns which have developed due to setting up of industries
such as Jamshedpur, SRIPERUMBUDUR are called industrial
towns.
• CITY OF INDUSTRY
NEYVELI T.S
 DEFENCE
• Centers of military activities are known as defense
towns.
• They are of three types: fort, garrison, and naval bases.
• Jodhpur is a fort town; how is a garrison town and
Kochi is a naval base.
 DEFENCE SETTLEMENT
• HAKKA HOUSE

A Hakka walled village is a large multi-family communal living structure that is designed
to be easily defensible.
Round in shape and internally divided into many compartments for food storage, living
quarters, ancestral temple, armoury etc. The largest houses covered over 40,000 m².
DEFENCE SETTLEMENT
 MARKET/MANDI

• Market towns tend to have the following

features:
– Found in a fertile farming area
– Many services eg, shops and office
– Good transport links- often they are route centers
– They may be at the site of important bridges.
Often mills were built on the river
– Market places in the town centre; markets may no
longer be held there
7/11/2018 25
 COMMERCIAL

• Many old towns were famous as trade centers

such as Lahore in Pakistan, Baghdad in Iraq and
Agra in India.
• Some towns have developed as transport towns
such as Rotterdam in the Netherlands, Aden in
Yemen and Mumbai in India are port towns.
• Shopping centers and recreation facilities, such as
sports centers and cinemas, provide services for
people.

7/11/2018 26
 PORT

• Ports tend to have the following features

– Found where there are sheltered harbors
– Flat land on building on nearby
– Modern ports need deeper water for today’s larger
ships
– Many ports have gone through a lot of redevelopment
• The largest ports are found where there is a
major industrial area inland the needed a place to
import and export its goods.

7/11/2018 27
7/11/2018 28
 CULTURAL

• Towns famous for religious, educational or

recreational functions are called cultural
towns.
• Places of pilgrimage, such as Jerusalem,
mecca, and Varanasi etc. are considered as
religious towns.
• There are also re creational towns such as las
Vegas in the USA.

7/11/2018 29
 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE
TYPE OF SETTLEMENTS
•Physical Factors: These include relief, altitude, soil capability, climate,
drainage, ground water level, etc. These factors influence the type and
spacing of dwelling or instance, in dry regions of Rajasthan, water is a crucial
factor and, therefore, houses are situated along a pond or well which guides
the compactness of the settlement.
•Ethnic and Cultural Factors: These include aspects like caste, community,
ethnicity and religion. In India it is commonly found that the main land
owning caste resides at the centre of the village and the other service
providing castes on the periphery. This leads to social segregation and
fragmentation of a settlement into several units
•Historical or Defence Factors: In the past, mostly border areas of north-
western plains were conquered or attacked frequently by outsiders. For a
long time, apart from attack from outsiders, there had been continuous fight
between princely states and kingdom within the country therefore, security
concerns favoured the evolution of nucleated settlements.
 URBAN SETTLEMENTS

•According to the census of India urban

areas are those which satisfy the
conditions given below.
•All places with a municipality corporation,
cantonment board or notified town area
committee etc.
•All other places which satisfy the following
criteria:
–a minimum population of 5000;
 URBAN SETTLEMENTS

at least 75 percent of male working

population engaged in non-
agricultural sector; and
a density of population of at least
4,000 persons per square kilometer.
 TYPES OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS

Classification based on size and function

are most common. Let us discuss them one
by one
Classification based on Population Size
According to population size, census of
India classifies urban Centre's into six
classes. Class wise urban settlements and
their population are given below in a
tabular form.
 TYPES OF URBAN
SETTLEMENTS
•Table 29.1 Classification of urban settlement
•Class Population
•Class I 1,00,000 and above
•Class II 50,000 – 99,999
•Class III - 20,000 – 49,999
•Class IV - 10,000 – 19,999
•Class V - 5,000 – 9,999
•Class VI - less than 5,000
 TYPES OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS

•There is another classification of urban settlements.

The classification is as follows:
•Town : Places which have less than one lakh
population
•City : Urban centres having population between
one lakh to one million.
•Metropolitan Cities : Cities having populationin
between one million to five million
•Mega cities : Cities having more than 5 million
population
 Functional Classification

This is the most popular and widely accepted

classification of urban places in India as well as
in other parts of the world. In India various
scholars attempted to classify urban centres on
the basis of functions. But the most popular and
widely accepted functional classification was
given by Ashok Mitra a noted demographer and
the then Registrar General of India.
Functional Classification
Functional Classification
Functional classification of cities, the given table shows functions
and few names of the cities in India that belong to that particular
function.

9. Tourist Nainital, Mussorie, Shimla, Pachmarhi,

Udagamandalam (ooty), Mount Abu, Gangtok etc.