HARAPPA AND MOHENJO -

DARO
MOHENJO -
DARO
INTRODUCTION

• Mohenjodaro is the archaeological site

in province of Sindh,pakistan.
• Mohenjodaro is one of the largest
settlements of the ancient Indus Valley
Civilization.
• It is one of the world's earliest major
cities.
• Site Area-620 acres.
• Discovered in 1922 by R.D.Banerji.
• Mohenjodaro culture has emerged
nearly
4500 years ago and thrived for 1000 17011AA076
SETTLEMENT -
• The Mohenjo-Daro is divided into two
sections,
Mohenjo-Daro

Citadel Lower town

• Small in area. • Large in area.

• Highly developed. • Less developed
than Citadel.

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MAP OF MOHENJODARO -
1 - CITADEL.

2 - LOWER TOWN.

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 Citadel Lower town
• Citadel is the western end of the city of • Lower town is made up of numerous lower
mohenjodaro. mounds that lie to east and may represent multiple
called neighborhoods.
• Citadel was built on top of a mound of bricks • It is believed that the many buildings had two
almost 12 mts high. storeys as per the archaeological evidences of
staircases.
• It is rougly a parallelogram (240mts×120mts) • Every house had
divided into two equal parts with a partition wall -bathroom paved with bricks.
and surrounded by a rampart with bastions and -connected drains through the wall to the street
salients. drains.
-staircase to reach second storey or roof.
• It is known that citadel was used for public • Most of the homes are made of baked bricks in a
gatherings, religious activities, important standard size of 28cm×14cm×7cm
administrative activities.
Over
• It 700 public
is organized onand private
a grid wells have been
system
found at mohenjodaro

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CITADEL MAP -

BUDDHIST STUPA.

GREAT BATH.

GREAT GRANARY.

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CITADEL 3D MAP -

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GREAT BATH -

• The Great Bath of Mohenjo-daro is called the

“earliest public water tank of the ancient
world”.
• It measures 11.88 × 7.01 metres.
• Maximum depth of 2.43 metres.
• Two wide staircases, one from the north and
one from the south.
• The floor and side walls of the tank were
watertight due to finely fitted bricks and mud
laid on edge with a kind of plaster and a thick
layer of bitumen (waterproof tar) was laid.
• A series of rooms were located along the
eastern edge.

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PLAN OF GREAT BATH -

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GREAT GRANARY -
• In 1950, Sir Mortimer wheeler identified one large building in Mohenjo-daro as a GREAT
GRANARY.
• Certain wall - divisions in its massive wooden superstructure appeared to be grain storage bays,
with air ducts to dry the grains.
• Granary ia adjacent to the great bath.

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PLAN OF GRANARY -

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BUDDHIST STUPA -
• At the eastern end of the site is an area known as the Citadel Mound
• Almost 12 metres high.
• Buddhist stupa was built in 2nd century B.C.
• A large staircase ran up the side of this mound.
• Stupa was built on the top of this mound.
• A massive block of brick architecture at the southeast corner of the citadel mound

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ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN
INFRASTRUCTURE -
• Most were built of fired and mortared brick; some incorporated sun-dried mud-brick and wooden
superstructures.
• Two large assembly halls.
• The city had a central marketplace, with a large central well.
• Individual households or groups of households obtained their water from smaller wells.
• Waste water was channeled to covered drains that lined the major streets.
• Some houses, include rooms that have seperate bathing.
• one building had an underground furnace (known as a hypocaust), possibly for heated bathing.
• Most houses had inner courtyards, with doors that opened onto side-lanes.
• Some buildings had two stories.
• over 700 wells are present at Mohenjo-daro.

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CENTRAL MARKET PLACE AND SMALL WELL -

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TWO STORY HOUSE VIEW -

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DRINAGE SYSTEM -

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DRINAGE SYSTEM -

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TOWN PLANNING -
• The people of mohenjodaro was known as
incredible builders.
• Streets which divide the city into neat rectangular
or square blocks, varied in width but always
intersected each other at right angles.
• The city had horizontal and vertical drains.
• The main streets are 30 feet wide.
• All bricks corresponded to sizes in a perfect ratio
of 4:2:1.
• The ratio even today considered optimal for
effective bonding.
• Gratings or lattices of alabaster and terracotta
probably
represent window screens.

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STREETS OF MOHENJO - DARO (LOWER TOWN)
-

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SIMILARITIES OF ANCIENT MOHENJO-DARO WITH MODERN
WORLD -

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MOUND OF THE DEAD -

• Name given by the locals to the place

• Since Indus valley civilization existed
in that place and later it perished,the
remains got buried under the soil and
layer after layer of soil was deposited
on it until it appeared like a mound

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EXCAVATIONS FOUND -

PRIEST - KING STATUE : DANCING GIRL : PASHUPATI SEAL :

• Iconic representation of Indus • 4,500 years old. • Pashupati means lord of animal.
civilization. • The sculpture is 10.8 cm tall. • Material - steatite, a soft stone.
• The sculpture is 17.5 cm tall. • The dancing girl is without • The man in the figure identified
• Wearing a one shoulder robe. cloths, wearing bangles. as shiva - lord of animal.
• Discovered in 1931. • Discovered in 1926.
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TRADE -

• Indus Valley cities lived by trade.

• Farmed for cotton and food.
• Farmers brought food into the cities.
Trade goods.
• included terracotta pots, beads, gold
and silver.
• coloured gem stones, metals, seashells
and pearls.

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POSSIBLE CAUSES OF DISAPPEARANCE -

• Famine, hunger, drought.

• Ecological factors/Natural disasters
• Flood.
• Earthquake.
• Volcanic Eruption.
• Plagues.
• Invasions by another civilization like
the
Aryans.

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HARAPP
A
INTRODUCTION -

• Harappa, village in eastern Punjab province,

eastern Pakistan.
• It lies on the left bank of of the Ravi River.
• Sir John Hubert Marshall in 1920 initiated at dig
at Harappa, with Daya Ram Sahni as director.
• The first evidence for the Indus valley
civilization was obtained from Harappa.
• Area - 370 acres.

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MAP OF HARAPPA -

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PARTS OF THE HARAPPAN CITIES -
• The part of the city to the west was • The part of the city to the east was
higher. lower.
• It was used by the Administrators. • It was inhabited by the common
• The ruins of a big building, probably people.
an assembly hall, were discovered • The ruins of many biuldings that might
here. have been houses were unearthed here.

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CULTURE AND ECONOMY -
• Houses were built along both sides of planned streets.
• Flat-roofed brick houses, and fortified administrative or religious centers.
• The drainage system was another feature of these cities.
• layouts of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa shows that they are in fact, arranged in a
quite dissimilar fashion.

STREET DRINAGE SYSTEM. WELL.

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• The agricultural progress led to surplus production and storage of grains.
• Accurate weights and measures were uscd for exchanging the stored products.
• The seals widely found from the Indus valley sites were probably used for the purpose
of trade.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. UNICORN SEAL.

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• Distinctive seals were used for identification of property and shipment of goods.
• Although copper and bronze were in use, iron was not yet employed.
• Cotton was woven and dyed for clothing.
• Wheat, rice, and a variety of vegetables and fruits were cultivated.
• Number of animals, including the humped bull, were domesticated.
• Some of the most valuable things traded were carnelian and lapis lazuli( gemstone).

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• HARAPPANS had their own script.
• The attempts to convert them have not been successful.

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ART AND CRAFT -
• In Kalibangan in Rajasthan farming was done by ploughing the land.
• The figures of ploughs made of clay were discovered from Harappa.
• In addition to agriculture, animal husbandry also existed.
• The figures of rhinoceros and elephants made of clay have also been found.

PLOUGH. ELEPHANT. RHINOCEROS.

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• The seals, clay figures, utensils, ornaments, etc. dug out from Harappa bear witness to
their crafismanship.
• The ruins of kilns where pottery was produced have been widely dug out. Ornamental
works were done onclay pots.
• Figures of men, women, and carts have also been uncovered from here.

ORNAMENTS. CLAY CART. CLAY POT.

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• The seals found from Harappa provide information about the then belief systems.
• Clay figures of women have widely been discovered.
• Historians opine that the figures of men found from here are the early form of Siva
(Proto Siva).

CLAY FIGURE SEALS FOUND FROM HARAPPA.

OF WOMEN.
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The fall of he Harappan civilization -

• Flood.
• External invasions.
• Deforestation.
• Decline of agricultural sector.
• Epidemics.

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GROUP -
DEEPIKA NAIK.L -
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HARSHINI REDDY -
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MADHURI YAMA -
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SAHITHI.B