Anatomical Studies of Selected Plants of Sharanbasva

University Campus Kalaburgi

A project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Master of Science
In
Botany

By
Ms. Vijayalaxmi
17BOT007
Under the guidance of
Dr. Jyothi C. Honnalli

Department of P. G. Studies in Botany

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 SHARNBASVA UNIVERSITY

Certificate

This is to certify that the project entitled “Anatomical Studies of Selected Plants
of Sharnbasva University Campus kalaburgi. submitted by Ms ijayalaxmi to
Sharanbava university, Kalaburagi, is the original work carried out by her in
the Department of Botany Sharnbasva University, Kalaburagi under my
Research supervision.

I further state that this M Sc project or any part thereof has not been submitted
for any other degree or diploma.

Place Dr. Jyothi C Honnalli

Date

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 SHARNBASVA UNIVERSITY

Certificate

This is to certify that the project entitled “Anatomical Studies of Selected Plants
of Sharnbasva University Campus kalaburgi. submitted by Ms Vijayalaxmi to
Sharanbasva university, Kalaburagi, is the original work carried out by her in
the Department of Botany Sharnbasva University, Kalaburagi.

Place

Date

Chairman

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 SHARNBASVA UNIVERSITY

Declaration
I hereby declare that the present M. Sc project work entitled “Anatomical
Studies of Selected Plants of Sharnbasva University Campus Kalaburagi.
submitted by me to the Department of Post Graduate Studies in Botany,
Sharnbasva University, Kalaburagi is the original work carried out by me under
the Research supervision of Dr. Jyothi C. Honnalli Department of Post
Graduate Studies in Botany, Sharnbasva university Kalaburagi.

I further declare that the result of this project have not been previously
submitted for any other degree.

Place Ms Vijayalaxmi

Date

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The success and final outcome of this project required lot of guidance and assistance

from many people I would not forget to thank them.

I have great pleasure to express my deep sense of gratitude to my project guide Dr.

Jyothi C Honnalli, Asst. Professor Department of Botany, Sharnbasva University,

kalaburgi. I immensely thank for the support encouragement, valuable guidance

throughout the my project work.

I would like to thank Dr. Arjun Shetty, Asst. professor and Chairman Department of

Botany Sharnbasva University, kalaburgi. For providing me an opportunity to do the

project and giving us all support and guidance which made me to complete the project.

I also thank Dr. Dwarka D Jadhav, Asst. Professor Department of Botany Sharnbasva

University, kalaburgi. For her guidance and suggestion during this project work.

I convey my sincere thanks , Dr. Sandhya Hugar Asst, Professor Department of Botany

Sharnabasva Universiy, kalaburgi, for their encouragement and more over for their

timely support and guidance till the completion of our project work.

I Extend my thank to Asst, Professor Sahana Anwekar, Department of Botany

Sharnbasva University, kalaburgi. for her guidance and support.

I express my heartfelt thanks to my parents Shri Venkatesh, Smt Bhagamma for

providing all the encouragement huge care and moral support throught my life. I

extend my special thanks to my Brothers Mr Rajkumar , Mr Srinivas for providing care

and support which inspire to me present work.

Ms Vijayalaxmi

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CONTENT
Sl.no Particulars Page.no
1 Introduction 7-12
2 Review of Literature 13-14
3 Materials and method 15
4 Result and Discussion 16-51
5 Summary and Conclusion 52-54
6 Referance 55-57

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 INTRODUCTION

The plant Anatomy is the study of internal structure of various plant parts. the word anatomy

comes from the Greek words “ ano” meaning ” up” and tome meaning “a Plant cutting. The

detailed studies of plant anatomy originated with the invention of the compound microscope

in the seventeenth century. Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712) and Marcello Malphigi (1628-

1694) studied the anatomy of vegetable plants in England and Italy respectively they were

early pioneers of the microscopically examination of plant cells and tissue.

Their perceptive work formed the foundation that led to the development of our

understanding of cell structure and cell division. Nehemiah Grew is considered the founder of

plant anatomy which presented classification of plant tissues as consisting of different bodies.

(woody parts, strings, fibres pith, parenchyma and pulps) also recognized vertical and

horizontal systems of tissue and described secondary growth of bark and wood.[ Nurul et al.

2008]

The anatomy of vegetables Begun in 1672, the other outstanding figures include Robert

Brown (1773-1858) who discovered the nucleus, and the plant Embryologist Wilhelm

Hofmeister who first described the alternation of generation in life cycle of land plants. One

of the most plant anatomists of the twentieth century was Katherine Esau recognized on her

work structure and development of phloem.

Anatomical studies can explain where, when, what, and how level of chemical compounds

are deposited, cellular change and cellular abnormalities occurred. The anatomical study can

be clarified the qualities of the wood properties and also provide potential tool of taxonomic

studies mainly in the absence of reproductive organ, flora and fruiting. [Dr. Anami et al

2017]

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The complete anatomical description of plant organs may very use full in order to identify

the cells and tissue fragments for the conformation of species in herbal products. In the past

taxonomist had difficulties in identifying and classifying species due to morphological

similarities with the other species in the same genus. The purpose of this study is to evaluate

the taxonomic significance of selected plants.

Plants represent one of the important element of the biodiversity. Practically the Kalburgi

district remains to be explored from the taxonomic view considering anatomic structure and

morphological changes that takes place from few decades because of heavy agriculture,

urbanization, industrialization, and some environmental factor like temperature, humidity

rainfall, and water availability can alter the structural changes of the plant.[ Rubiyat et.al

2008]

The dry deciduous forest of Kalburgi have rich vegetation in this area many of plant species

are migrated, introduced and isolated ones, this district has no high mountains, hence thick

vegetation of evergreen type is not found. The scrubby and thorny forest occupies 80% of

total forest area. over a period of time. The forest of this area have undergone tremendous

changes due to influence of human interference resulting in habitat destruction and also due

to poor regeneration.[Y N Seetharam et al. 2000]

The rain fall of Kalburgi varies from all other districts of Karnataka. The climate of the

district is generally dry with the temperature ranges from 80 C to 450 C and the annual rain

fall of about 750mm and relative humidity varies from the 26% to 62% in winter. The soil

type in this district are deep black soil, medium soil, the deep and medium soil covers the

entire district area.

The plants which are locally available in our campus (Kalburgi) are taken for anatomical

studies. In which few plant belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia hirta ,

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Euphorbia heterophylla, Acalypha indica, Phyllanthus niruri) Apocyanaceae

family(catharanthus roseus, Rauwolfia tetraphylla, Nerium oleander, Tabernaemontana

divertica ) Asteraceae ( Tridax procumbens parthenium hysterophorus, Vernonia cinerea )

Nyctaginanceae family ( Boerhavia diffusa, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Mirabillis jalapa )

Lamiaceae family (Hyptis suaveolens, Ocimum santum ) Verabinacea family(Lantana

camara) Amaranthaceae Family(Amaranthus spinose, Achyranthes aspera) Fabacea

family(Bauhinia purpurea Asclepidaceae family( Gymnema sylvestre) Solanaceae family

(Withania sominifera) Rubiaceae family (Ixora coccinea ) Crossandra infundibuliformis

The Euphorbiaceae family is the largest family of flowering plants in which most of the

plants are herb but some are shrub or tree. The Euphorbiaceae family is the fifth largest

flowering plant, it has about 7500 species organised into 300 genera and 37 tribes and three

subfamily. The plant exhibit great variation in their habit may be herbs shrub or trees with tap

root system and stem is herbaceous or woody erect very rarely climbing as in tropical genus

Tragia. The leaves are alternate, some time they are opposite, in many Euphorbias taxa the

leaves are scaly and in some plants leaves are reduced to spines. The inflorescence various

greatly it may be racemose or cymose or some time complex. The cyathium inflorescence

and milky latex are the peculiar characteristics of Euphorbiaceae. The flowers are unisexual

they are much reduced and may be monoecious or dioecious. The fruits are schizocarp and

breaks violently and dehisce into one seeded cocci. Pollination by entomophilous ( through

the agency of insect )

The Apocyanaceae is a family of flowering plants that includes herb and shrub, succulents,

and vines. there are about 300 genera and 1300 species in this family. The members of this

family are found throughout the word, but they are more commonly present in the tropical

region. There is great variation in the habit of the plant of this family. They may be herbs.

Twining shrub or trees. The stem is usually erect, branched, solid, glabrous rarely tuber like

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and thick. the leaves are simple, petiolate, usually opposite decussate. In rare cases the leaves

are alternate or even whorled. The inflorescence is of cymose type it is very rarely solitary as

in vinca plumeria (terminal cyme) the flowers are pedicellate, bracteate, bracteolate,

hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, regular, some time zygomorphic in rare case the flowers are

tetramerous with reduction to two in the pistil.

The Asteraceae family is commonly called as sunflower family of dicotyledons which

comprising 950 genera and 20,000 species out of which 697 species occur in India. They are

world wide in distribution and abundant in tropics and alpine regions. Mostly the plants are

herbs, shrubs. The leaves are opposite, exstipulate rarely stipulate; inflorescence is capitulum

or head surrounded by involucre of bracts; ray and disc florets, flower tubular or ligulate,

flowers are bisexual or outer male or female, pentamerous, actinomorphic, or zygomorphic,

corolla gamopetalous, petal 5 lobes stamens 5 epipetalous filament free and anthers are

united, ovary unilocular, inferior, with basal placentation, fruit cypsela.

The Nyctaginaceae OR 4 o’ clock family includes 30 genera and 300 species. It is widely

distributed in tropical and temperate America and warmer parts of the world. They are called

4 o’ clock because of the fact that the flowers in certain members of the group open in

greatest numbers in late afternoon. Most of the plants are herb, shrub or scandent or tree,

stem is herbaceous or woody erect or even climbing, leaves are alternate or opposite, simple.

Inflorescence cymose biparous with tendency to monochasial development in the higher

branches, flowers open in late afternoon, flowers are hermaphrodite rarely diclinous,

actinomorphic usually subtended by an involucre of separate or united brightly coloured

bracts. The fruit achene is one seeded

The family Menispermaceae is commonly known as moonseed family includes 70 genera and

400 species distributed largely throughout paleotropic regions and a few genera extend into

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the eastern Mediterranean regions and eastern Asia. Mostly the plants are twining woody

vines (lianas) rarely erect shrub or small tree, the leaves are simple rarely trifoliate in tropical

spp petiolate, exstipulate; inflorescence is racemose, dioecious, flowers are small unisexual,

greenish generally actinomorphic, hypogynous, cyclic, trimerous or dimerous; double whorls

of sepals and petals; curved seed are present.

The family Lamiaceae is commonly called mint family which includes 260 genera and 3200

species of world wide distribution. In India it is represented by 400 species. Sweet aromatic

smell due to essential oils present in sessile glandular hairs; stem rectangular in cross section,

aerial, herbaceous rarely woody erect or prostrate, the leaves opposite decussate rarely

alternate, simple exstipulate with hairs, inflorescence verticillaster, the flowers zygomorphic,

hermaphrodite, hypogynous, bracteate, calyx gamosepalous, persistent, corolla bilabiate,

stamens 4 epipetalous didynamous, gynoecium 2 four celled by false septum, syncarpous,

axile placentation, gynobasic style, seated on lobed disc, fruit schizocarp carcerulus.

The Verbinaceae family is commonly called verbena family it includes 77 genera and 3,020

species, out which 21 genera and 125 species occurs in India, the members of family are

inhabitants of tropical and subtropical regions, they also extend into temperate lands. The

plants are herbs, shrub or trees. Leaves are simple, exstipulate, opposite or whorled, the

inflorescence cymose, racemose or spike, the flower hermaphrodite, zygomorphic,

hypogynous, calyx gamopetalous persistent corolla gamopetalous some time 2lipped,

stamens four didynamous unequally paired, epipetalous, carpels two syncarpous, superior,

axile placentation, fruit is drupe.

Amaranthaceae family commonly called as Amaranth family. It is a small family comprising

65 genera and 850 species which are chiefly represented in tropical and temperate regions. In

India it is represented by 50 species. Plants are mostly herbs and shrubs. Leaves exstipulate,

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simple, opposite or alternate hairy. The flowers are small inconspicuous and usually with

bracts and bracteolate actinomorphic, arranged in spikes or racemes; perianth 2 to 5 uniserate,

green coloured, free or united stamens 3 to 5 free, dithecous, antiphyllous gynoecium bi or

tri capillary, unilocular with single basal ovule; fruit one seeded nutlet.

The Rubiaceae family commonly called as madder family of flowering plant, consisting of

611 genera with more than 13,150 species. Plants are mostaly herbs, shrubs, or trees,

distributed in tropical areas of the world. leaves are opposite each other with stipules.

Inflorescence is of cymose type, the flowers may bear a single or in cluster, fruit may be

berries, drupes, capsule or schizocarps.

The Solanaceae family is nightshade, or potato family. It is a large family consist of 102

genera and nearly 2500 species, the members of the Solanaceae family are found throught the

world but most of the abundant and widely distributed in tropical regions. The members of

the this family are annuals biennials or perennials’ and are usually herbs, some are shrubs or

trees. The leaves are simple, alternately arranged. Flowers are characterised by solitary or

clustered with petals and sepals, the fruit is usually a berry or a capsule.

The Fabaceae family is also called Leguminosae family of flowering plants, the family

consist of more than 700 genera and about 20,000 species, the plants are herb, shrubs, vine,

or trees. The leaves are usually are pinnately compound, the plants have indeterminate

inflorescences, some to reduce to a single flower, the flowers are a short hypanthium. The

fruit is typically a legume or pod.

The Acanthaceae is a family of flowering plants consist of 220 genera and nearly 4,000

species distributed predominetaly in the tropical and subtropical region of the world. The

plants are herb, shrubs or trees. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, the flowers are

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bisexual, bilateraly symmetrical and are usually enclosed by leaflike bracts, the flowers with

one to three staminodes, the fruit is capsule.

The comparative study of the plant structure , morphology , and anatomy has always been

the backbone of the plant systemic which endeavors to elucidate plant diversity, phylogeny

and evolution. The second half of the 20th century has been a fascinating period in which

systemic and structural studies greatly prolifited from new techniques and methods. keeping

in view of important ascpects of anatomical studies the present study has been focussed on

anatomical studies of selected plant species of Sharnabasva university campus kalaburgi.

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 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The real founder of plant anatomy are consider to be the Italian biologist M. Malpighi and the

English botanist N. Grew who published the first (1675-79) second (1682) works on this

subject these works leads to systemic study plant material presented.

The first attempt of investigation started from the time of soleredor (1908) and then it is

started by Metcalfe and chalk. Sinott (1914) has concluded that 3 traced trilacunar node is the

primitive base for study of 164 families of dicotyledons.

Hare (1943) proposed the classification of petiolar anatomy based on the configuration of

vascular structure. Haward(1959,1962, 1974) advocated that petiolar anatomy and nodal

vasculature can play very important role in systemic study.

Hussin and Sani (1996, 1998) evaluate the taxonomic significance of leaf architecture for

some members of the family. Foliar epidermis particularly provide features of taxonomic and

phylogenetic importance.

Hickey and Doyle (1972) had presented the leaf architectural patterns of woody dicotyledons

and their evolutionary significance.

Dilcher(1974) also provided an important view regarding the same. Melville (1974) had

studied the comparative leaf architecture of the angiosperms and recognized six classes of

venation pattern while according to Hickey( 1973 and 1979)

Hussain and Sani(1996, 1998) and Hussin et al (1997) evaluate the taxonomic significance of

leaf architecture for some members family.

Secretary structure and secretary materials are very important taxonomic tool due to their

restricted distribution within a particular group. The petiolar anatomy of Indian members of

malavaceae has been studied thoroughly by Mandal (2010) and Mandal et al 2010

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The anatomical study of some Indian members of malvaceae had been done by Mandal 2010

The foliar anatomy study of Malvaceae and sterculiaceae as a whole plant study done by

Metcalfe and chalk.

The petiolar vascular structure of the Malvaceae and systemic significance had been done by

dehay (1941)

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 MATERIALS AND METHODS

The fresh plant materials are collected from Sharnbasva University Campus Kalaburgi.

Some plants with root, stem, leaf, and fruit were collected from different places, in which

preserved stems and roots were selected for the anatomical study. The plant materials were

washed with tap water to remove dust.

Free hand sections were prepared from stem and roots. For preparation of stem sections stem

piece was cut into thin sections with razor blade and submerged into the water in petri dish.

Thin and uniform sections are separated from petri dish. and used for microscopic study.

In case of root section also the young roots are cut into thin section with the help of razor

blade and submerged into the water. The selected section of both organs stem and root were

stained and prepared slide for microscopic study.

Preparation of 1% safranin solution : 1g of safranin is dissolved in 100ml of distilled

water

The thin sections of stem and roots were stained with 1% of safranin solution by adding 1 to

2 drops. Safranin is used for tissue differentiation there are different stain are used for cell

differentiation.

The excess of stain is removed with the help of filter paper. The stained section were

mounted with clean cover slip, and finally the stained section of stem and leaf were observed

with light microscope and photographs were taken with camera.

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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Euphorbia hirta L.

Classification

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Euphorbiales

Family : Euphorbiaceae

Genus : Euphorbia

Species : E. hirta

Euphorbia hirta belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae, it is native to tropical America now it

is wide spread at low altitudes throughout the tropical and sub tropical regions. It prefers the

sunny to lightly shaded dry condition. E. herita is one kind of weed in cultivated fields of

perennial crops grassland roadsides, gardens lawns and waste places. It is slender annual

hairy plant with many branches from base to top, spreading up to 40 cm height reddish or

purplish in colour. Leaves are opposite.

T.S OF STEM

In the present anatomical study the Cross section of the stem was circular in shape,

covering with cuticle layer, epidermal layer was made up of uniseriate, isodiametric and

elongated cells which are compactly arranged bearing unicellular and multicellular trichomes

similar work were carried out on Euphorbia hrita and they also observed same characteristics

(Sereen and Shahida 2015) The cortex is differentiated into outer and inner cortex both

parenchymatous and chlorenchymatous cells were present. In the cortex the cells were rich

in chloroplast, and laticifers cells were also observed in the cortex zone, the Euphorbia has

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centre cylindrical stele due to presence of vascular bundls they shown variation in species

and these characters are reported in E. hirta (Rubaiyat Sharmin sultana2017) The phloem was

in external position and usually surrounded by thick fibrous tissue which resemble the bundle

cap. The pith is distinct visible at the immature stage, the pith cells were large in size.

T.S OF ROOT

Similar to that of stem cross section, the root cross section also represents circular shape and

it is covering with thick cuticle and trichomes, the root shows three distinct layer epiblema,

cortex and pericycle, the epiblem is typically uniseriate outermost layer which consisting of

tubular living cells, cortex is parenchymatous with intercellular spaces, the last layer is

endodermis, pericycle is present next to the endodermis which is single layered and

parenchymatous conjunctive tissues occur between the xylem and phloem, the pith is

parenchymatous these similar studies were carried out on Euphorbia hrita and they also

observed the presence of parenchymatous pith [Sereen and Shahida 2015]

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Euphorbia heterophylla L.

Classification

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Euphorbiales

Family : Euphorbiaceae

Genus : Euphorbia

Species : E. heterophylla

Euphorbia heterophylla is herbaceous s plant species growing between 30 and 70 cm in

Hight, leaves are 4-5 lobed and stem with milky exudation, the stem is hallow covered with

scattered hairs, the male and female flowers lie in clusters at the top of the stems, each

flower head (cyathium) with a solitary terminal, female flower surrounded by male flowers

enclosed in cup shaped involucre with a solitary conspicuous gland, the fruit is capsule.

T.S OF STEM

From the present anatomical study it is observed that the cross section of stem is circular in

shape and it consist of epidermis, cortex, and vascular bundles.The epidermis is single

layered parenchyma cells which is rich in chloroplast followed by cortex, the cortex is multi-

layered with collenchyma cells and single layered endodermis is present, the vascular bundles

are radial arranged conjoint collateral endarch and pith is hallow the similar work were

carried out on Euphorbia heterophylla and observed the similar results which is observed in

the present study [Mohan kalaskar 2017]

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T.S OF ROOT

By the persent study, it is reveled that the transvers section of root is circular and it is

differentiated into three regions epiblem, cortex and pith. The epidermis is thickly

cuticularized and it is single layered, cortex is many layered and lignified cells are also

observed. The xylem vessels surrounded by thick walled cells, similar to that of stem the

cross section of root also shows a central hallow pith.

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Acalypha indica L.

Classification

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order `: Euphorbiales

Family : Euphorbiaceae

Genus : Acalypha

Species : A. indica

It is small erect herb growing upto 60cm or more. The ascending branches are angled and

hairy velvet. Leaves are broadly ovate nearly triangular in shape. Flowers are stalkless, borne

on erect axillary spikes longer then the leaves, male flowers are minute, crowded distally,

female flowers are scattered along the inflorescence axis, leaf like toothed green bracts are

present, fruit capsule.

T.S OF STEM

The cross section of stem is oval in outline made up of small barrel shaped cells which are

compactly arranged, the epidermis is single layered covered with thick cuticle. It is followed

by 6 to 8 layered cortex out of which two layer are collenchymatous and rest of them are

parenchymatous. The vascular bundles occurs in continuous ring. Pith is broad, the

secondary growth is also observed, but in cortex region some of the cells showing raphids

and granular matters, these similar characters are reported in early studies (Thakaur and Patil

2012) but they also observed raphids and granules in pith region.

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T.S OF ROOT

The root is differentiated into epidermis, cortex and vascular bundles, the epidermis is single

layered made up of parenchyma cells, the cortex is 2 to 3 layered laticifers cells. The vascular

bundles are compactly arranged, the protoxylem is towards the epidermis and meta xylem

towards the pith, secondary xylem and secondary phloem cells are observed.

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Phyllanthus niruri L.

Classification

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Euphorbiales

Family : Euphorbiaceae

Genus : Phyllanthus

Species : P. niruri

Phyllanthus niruri is tropical plant commonly found in coastal areas, it grows about 50 -70

cm tall and bears ascending herbaceous branches. The stem is smooth and light green. It

bears numerous pale green flowers which are often red colour. The fruits are tiny, smooth

containing numerous seeds.

T.S OF STEM

From the result of present study it is observed that in Phyllanthus niruri. the stem is circular

in outline, and the epidermis is single layered rectangular in shape, the cells are wide and

thin walled, the cortex is multi-layered with collorenchymatous cells, a thick cortical fibres

are observed in cortex region and also consist of xylem vessels, the vessels are angular wide

and thick walled .The xylem rays cells are thick walled and lignified, the phloem includes

sieve element which are wide and compact collateral open type and vascular bundles. the

stele is some what wavy in shape due to arrangement of vascular bundles. The phloem

elements are reduced but in some species they are present on abaxial side, similar work were

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carried out on Phyllanthus niruri and reported that the presence of phloem cells on abaxial

side ( Garica, Zago et al. 2004 )

T.S OF ROOT

By the present study it is observed that. The root is circular with shallow ridges, the

epidermis is broken and there is thin layer periderm, root hairs are also seen, the cortex is

multi-layered tangentially elongated cells are present and thin walled. The xylem vessels are

thin walled circular or angular in shape.

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Boerhavia diffusa L.

Classification

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : caryophyllales

Family : Nyctaginaceae

Genus : Boerhavia

Species : B. diffusa

It is perennial herb, it grows upto 1 m tall, the stem is sticky thickened at nodes green or

purple in colour. Leaves occur in unequal pairs and have stalks covered with hairs. Flowers

occurs in panicles or umbel like clusters in leaf axils or at the end of branches with 3 to 9

flowers are present per bunch, the leaves is 4 mm long and flowers are white pink in the

upper part which is divided into 5 lobes. It contains a single club shaped longitudinally

ribbed seed.

T.S OF STEM

In the present anatomical study. The cross section of the stem is almost circular in outline,

the epidermis is single layered with thick cuticle, the cortex is many layered differentiated

into outer collenchyma and inner parenchyma, parenchyma follows the zone of collenchyma

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and it forms the rest of cortex. many vascular bundles are arranged in rings and a zone of

secondary tissues are also observed The outermost ring has many bundles due to secondary

growth, phloem occur in the form of crushed obliterated patches. The innermost ring consist

of two vascular bundles. Each bundle is conjoint, collateral and open. bundles lie close to

pith. they are known as medullary bundles in the centre and small parenchymatous pith is

present. The raphides were present in cortical region in early studies but absent in present

study [Babu et al 2017]

T.S OF ROOT

In the present study it is observed that the cross section of root is circular in outline, the root

is differentiated into epidermis cortex and vascular tissue. The epidermis is single layered

with tangential shaped cells. In the present study raphides are absent but similar work

carried [Babu et al. 2017] they showed cortex region contain raphid cells and starch grains.

The xylem and phloem are not in circular in ring.

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Bougainvillea spectabilis (Willd)

Classification

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Caryophyllales

Family : Nyctaginaceae

Genus : Bougainvillea

Species : B. spectabilis

Bougainvillea spectabilis is extensively climber having curved woody thornes on the stem

and branches, the leaves are ovate, entire, the inflorescences are branched and axillary or

terminal panicles, and the flowers are three petaloid bracts arranged as an involucre of bract,

the bracts are purple colour, the fruit is achene with anthrocarp

T.S OF STEM

Form the result of the present study it is observed that. The stem section of Bougainvillea

spectabillis is circular in shape, epidermis is single layered with thickly cuticularized. The

cortex is many layered deep and differentiated into outer and inner regions. The outer region

is made up of collenchyma, the inner most cortex is made up of chlorenchymatous with

large inter cellular spaces. And also observed inconspicuous endodermis, pericycle lies just

below the inner cortex and forms discontinuous layers of sclerenchyma cells. The vascular

tissue system consist of primary tissues, secondary tissues and medullary bundles. The pith is

not clearly marked but numerous vascular bundles are scattered in the pith region and each

medullary bundles are conjoint, collateral, endarch and open.

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Mirabilis Jalapa L.

Classification

Class : Maganoliopsida

Order : Caryophyllidae

Family : Nyctaginaceae

Genus : Mirabilis

Species : M. jalapa

Mirabilis is a diverse genus of Nyctaginaceae with 50 to 60 species distributed in temperate

and tropical regions of America and only one indigenous species is observed in southern

Asia. It is a long lived perennial herb growing up to 2 meters height with a tuberous root. The

leaves are egg shaped in outline with broad end at base, the flowers of M. Jalapa occur in

group which are fragrant and open in the afternoon, the flowers are pink or red in colour,

fruit is small with one seeded capsule.

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T.S OF STEM

From the present result it is observed that the transverse section is almost circular in outline,

epidermis is single layered and multicellular hairs are absent, cortex is many layered and

differentiated into collenchyma and parenchyma, collenchymatous hypodermis is 4-5 layers

deep. The cells are thickened at the corners. Parenchymatous region follows hypodermis and

forms major part of cortex. This region extends up to endodermis. It is many layered deep

vascular tissue system, the secondary phloem is separated from secondary xylem by 2-3

layered ring of cambium. Numerous vascular bundles are scattered in the centrally located

parenchymatous pith, a little amount of secondary growth takes place in the medullary

bundles. The vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral and open type.

Page | 29
Tinospora cordifolia ( Willd. )

Classification

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Ranunculales

Family : Menispermiaceae

Genus : Tinospora

Species : T. cordifolia

Tinospora cordifolia is a large deciduous climbing shrub, it is distributed thought tropical

Indian subcontinent and China. The stem of Tinospora cordifolia is succulent with long

filiform fleshy aerial roots from the branches. The bark is creamy white to grey; leaves are

membranous and cordate, the flowers are small with yellow or greenish in colour,

inflorescence is axillary terminal receme or racemose panicles, the male flowers occur in

cluster and female flowers are usually solitary, fruits are fleshy and single seeded.

T.S OF STEM

From the present study it is observed that, the stem is circular in outline, the epidermis is

single layered parenchymatous with thick cuticle, the cortex is two to three layer of

collenchyma cells, the inner layer of cortex are parenchymatous with intercellular space. The

stele surrounded by pericycle and consist of parenchyma cells, bellow the pericycle vascular

bundles are present. The bundles are of different shapes and size and remain arranged more

or less in a ring, the vascullar bundles are collateral and open. A strip of cambium is observed

in between xylem and phloem. At the center parenchymatous pith is present.

Page | 30
Tridax procumbens L.

Classification

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Asterales

Family : Asterales

Genus : Tridax

Species : T. procumbens

Tridax procumbens is annual herb grows up to 20 cm in height, leaves are simple opposite,

serrate or dentate acute fleshy and pubescent. Flowers are yellow, centered white or

yellowish flower with three toothed, fruits are hard achene covered with stiff hairs and having

a feathery white papus at one end, seeds are numerous with small tuff silky hairs on one side

for wind dispersal.

Page | 31
T.S OF STEM

From the present study it is reveled that the outer most layer is more or less circular in shape

and single layered cells are regular without chlorophyll, a number of multicellular epidermal

hairs are found on the layer, hypodermis is the outer zone of cortex and it lies below the

cortex, the cortex is many layered of thin walled parenchymatous cortex, the pericycle is

inner most layer of the cortex. The vascular bundles are arranged in one ring and very close

to the pericycle, the vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral and open type, xylem and

phloem patches are present.

T.S OF ROOT

Form the present study observed the root is almost circular in shape it is differentiated into

three zones epidermis, cortex and endodermis the epidermis is single layered parenchymatous

pith with thick cuticle, the cortex is two to six layered and it consist of 2 to 8 layered cork

cells, the vascular bundles are irregularly arranged and xylem and phloem cells are present,

with proto and meta xylem ( end arch ).

Page | 32
Vernonia cinereal (L.)

Classification

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Asterales

Family : Asteraceae

Genus : Vernonia

Species : V. cinerea

It is an erect annual herb, stem is slender grooved and ribbed. Leaves are simple alternate,

variable in shape with elliptic or lanceolate, flowers are pinkish and purple rounded or flat

topped corymbs, the fruit is achene slightly narrowed base.

T.S OF STEM

In the present study it is observed that the cross section of stem is having furrow and ridges,

with cuticle, the epidermis is single layered and uniseriate, trichomes are present on upper

surface of the epidermis, the cortex is many layered, in cortex collenchyma and multiseriate

cortical parenchyma cells are observed, the innermost layer endodermis is single layered and

vascular bundles are radially arranged, the vascular system is represented by xylem and

phloem cells, the metaxylem is towards the periphery and protoxylem is towards the pith. The

cambium is observed in between the xylem and phloem cells, the pith is parenchymatous.

there are three different type of trichomes present on the stem and leaf. Similar work were

were done on V. cinerea and reported the similar results such as presence of three types of

trichomes ( Sivapalan 2012)

Page | 33
T.S OF ROOT

In the present study, it is observed from the transver section of root is circular in shape, it

has three regions such epidermis, cortex and endodermis, the epidermis is single layered

parenchymatous cells, next to the epidermis cortex is present and the cortex consist of

parenchymatous partitions, the endodermis is single layered, the vascular tissue system

consist of xylem and phloem cells, the medullary rays are obseverd in pith.

Page | 34
Parthenium hysterophorus L.

Classification

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Asterales

Family : Asteraceae

Genus : Parthenium

Species : P. hysterophorus

Parthenium hysterophorus is much branched short lived herbaceous plant, leaves are

alternately arranged, numerous small flower heads are arranged in cluster at the tips of the

branches , each flower head is capitulum borne on a stalk of the flower heads, the flowers

are white or cream coloured and have five tiny petals. Five small seeds are observed.

T. S OF STEM

From the result it is observed that the outer layer of parthenium is some what circular with

furrow and ridges, single layered epidermis with trichomes is observed, the cortex is angular

made up of collenchyma cells and parenchyma cells with chlorophyll, endodermis present

next to the cortex, the vascular bundles surrounds furrow region and it is collateral open

type.

Page | 35
Amaranthus spinosus L.

Classification

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Caryophyllales

Family : Amaranthaceae

Genus : Amaranthus

Species : A. spinosus

Amaranthus is an erect many branched annual herb growing up to 1.5 cm, the stem is smooth,

robust cylindrical often reddish in color. The leaves are simple and alternate or with sparse

hairs on the main veins below, the small green flowers are grouped in clusters in the axils of

the leaves and terminal spike, the fruit is a dehiscent capsule that splits and opens at maturity.

It contains a single smooth, black lens shaped seed.

T.S OF STEM

In the present study it is observed that transverse section of stem is almost circular in shape,

the epidermis is thickly cuticularized and barrel to rectangular in shape with unicellular

hairs. The cortex is many layered and differentiated into collenchyma and parenchymatous

cell, a few layered parenchyma cells follows hypodermis, the cells contain chloroplast and a

distinct endodermis is present. Numerous vascular bundles are scattered in the centrally

parenchymatous pith, cambium cells are separates secondary xylem and secondary phloem,

the medullary bundles are also seen, the vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral and end

arch open. In the Cortical region of starch sheath cells are observed. But oil globules are not

observed , in earlier study the oil gobules are reported(Manik Baral 2013)

Page | 36
Achyranthes aspera L.

Classification

Class : Maganoliopsida

Order : Caryophyllales

Family : Amaranthaceae

Genus : Achyranthes

Species : A . aspera

It is an erect or spreading long lived perennial herb which can grow about 2m tall. The leaves

are green above and paler below, the small greenish white flowers form narrow elongated

spikes, the bracts surroundings the flowers in fruiting stage have sharp pointed fruits with

orange to reddish purple or straw brown capsule.

T.S OF STEM

From the present study it is observed that the transverse section of stem is almost circular

and shows ridges and furrows, multicellular and multiseriate hairs are present. The cortex

differentiated into chlorenchyma and parenchyma, collenchyma occurs just below the ridges,

Page | 37
chlorenchyma forms a few layers below the epidermis in the grooves or between the

collenchyma patches, and endodermis and pericycle lies immediately outside the vascular

tissues, pith is parenchymatous and present in the centre, medullary bundles are also

observed.

Rauwolfia tetraphylla L.

Classification

Class : Maganoliopsida

Order : Gentianles

Family : Apocyanaceae

Genus : Rauwolfia

Species : R. tetraphylla

The Rauwolfia tetraphylla is small shrub that will reform that turn black as they grow up to

the height 8-cm. The transverse section of stem consist of epidermis, cortex, vascular bundles

and pith, the epidermis forms protective layer, stem is single layered. The cortex lies below

the epidermis, the cortex is differentiated into collenchyma, parenchyma, and chlorenchyma,

Page | 38
endodermis is made up of collenchyma cells of 2to 3 layer thick, these cells contain

chloroplast, medullary rays are present, xylem vessels are located towards the pith, the

xylem is conjoint and collateral endarch, the protoxylem is towards the pith.

T.S OF STEM

The transverse section of stem consist of epidermis, cortex , vascular bundles and pith. The

epidermis forms protective layer of stem with single layered The cortex lies below the

epidermis, the cortex is differentiated into collenchyma, parenchyma, chlorenchyma and

endodermis, the collenchyma cells consist of 2 to 3 layer of cells these cells contain

chloroplast and medullary rays are present xylem vessels are located towards the pith the

xylem is conjoint and collateral endarch, the protoxylem is towards the pith.

T.S OF ROOT

The epidermis is single layered and differentiated into single layered epidermis, cortex,

endodermis and pith, the root shows externally 2-8 alternating cork cells, the secondary

Page | 39
cortex consist of several rows of tangentially elongated to isodiametric parenchyma cells,

the secondary phloem was narrow and made up of phloem parenchyma.

Tabernaemontana divertica L.

Classification

Class : Maganoliopsida

Order : Gentianles

Family : Apocyanaceae

Genus : Tabernaemontana

Species : T .divertica

It is a shrub very common in India generally grows about into small tree with thin crooked

stem the large shiny leaves with deep green crape jasmine blooms in spring but flowers

appear sporadically all year the waxy blossom are white.

Page | 40
T.S OF STEM

The stem is circular in outline and it has 3 region such as epidermis, cortex and vascular

bundles. The cortex has angular collenchyma with five to six layer of cells followed by latex

containing parenchyma cells, the central cylinder is made up of bi collateral vascular bundles

and parenchyma cells are observed.

Nerium oleander L.

Classification

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Gentianales

Family : Apocyanaceae

Genus : Nerium

Species : N. oleander

Nerium oleander is a evergreen shrub or small tree that grows up to 5m in height, the leaves

are long, simple, whorled. Linear leaves are in pairs of three or whorled, green, leathery,

narrowly elliptic to linear entire. The flowers are grown in cluster at the end of branch.

Page | 41
Single or double cymes with attractive colour that varies from white, pink or red with sweet

smelled and they are 4-5 cm in diameter.

T.S OF STEM

The transverse section of stem is triangular in shape. the epidermis is single layered

parenchymatous with thick cuticle and trichomes. The cortex is 2-3 layered collenchyma

cells. the cortex consist of crystals and latex producing cells, the vascular bundles is

collateral endarch open type. The pith is collenchymatous

Page | 42
Catharanthus roseus (L.)G.Don

Classification

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Gentinales

Family : Apocyanaceae

Genus : Catharanthus

Species : C. roseus

Catharanthus roseus is an evergreen sub shrub or herbaceous, the leaves are oval to oblong

broad glossy green hairless with midrib and short petiole and the flowers are small white to

dark pink with a darker red centre. The fruit is pair of follicles 2-4 cm.

T.S OF STEM

From the present study it is observed that the stem is circular in outline with slight wavy, the

epidermis, cortex, endodermis pericycle and vascular bundles can be distinguished, the

epidermis is single layered made up of parenchymatous cells. The cortex is made up of 2 -

8 layered collenchma cells, the endodermis is single layered and vascular bundles are

radialy arranged which represents xylem vessels and phloem cells, pith is located at the

centre

Page | 43
Ocimum sanctum L.

Classification

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Lamiales

Family : Lamiaceae

Genus : Ocimum

Species : O .sanctum

Ocimum is an erect much branched with pungent odour, it is one of the perennial herb with

stem and branches subquadarangular often tinged with purple flower somewhat woody at the

base, softly the inflorescence is verticil Laster, flowers are in axillary a or terminal racemes

of compact whorls, floral axis are as long as calyx slender, the fruit is nutlets of 4, ellipsoid,

smooth and brown metted with minute yellow and black spots covered with short fringe of

hygroscopic mucilaginous hairs.

T.S OF STEM

The young stem is quadrangular in outline. The outermost layer is epidermis composed of

elongated isodiametric cells and covered by thick cuticle, the cortex is parenchymatous with

air spaces. The stele has four vascular bundles and the vascular bundles are conjoint collateral

and open, xylem is without fiber trachide with libiriform fibers. Pith is in the centre consist of

lignified parenchyma cells. Secondary thickening develops from the cambial activity,

sclerencyma tissues are surrounds the phloem group of vascular bundles these similar

characters ie presence sclerenchymatous tissue around phoem is observed in O.sanctum by

Metcalf and chalk ( 1972)

Page | 44
Hyptis suaveolens (L.)

Classification

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Lamiales

Family : Lamiaceae

Genus : Hyptis

Species : H. suaveolens

It is annual erect profusely branched aromatic herb, stem is quadrangular densely softly

hairy grooved sometimes leaves are ovate, acute and apex is cordate or rounded at the base

or bluish purple rarely solitary in axillary and terminal sometime panicles. Fruit nutlets are 2

oblong or ovoid flat glabrous with blackish brown emarginated at apex and white mark on

either side of pointed base is observed.

Page | 45
T.S OF STEM

The stem is quadrangular in outline, the stem is differentiated into epidermis, cortex,

endodermis, the epidermis is single layered compactly arranged parenchyma cells with

unicellular trichomes, followed by hypodermis made up collenchyma cells, endodermis is

single layered, vascular bundles are arranged in each corner and cortical bundles are

observed in furrow region. Secondary growth is also seen .

Lantana camara L.

Classification

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Lamiales

Family : Verbinaceae

Genus : Lantana

Species : L. camara

Page | 46
Lantana camera is a thorny shrub, upright half climbing or some times hanging, the leaves

are simple opposite, decussate, attached by short hairy petiole, the stem is four angled

covered with stiff flowers with large umbel round shaped 2 to 6 cm in diameter, flowers are

surrounded by an involucre of bracts narrowly ovate, fruit is small fleshy purplish black

berries. Seed is subspherical about 3mm in diameter.

T.S OF STEM

From the result it is observed that the Lantana camera stem is quadrangular in shape, the

epidermis is single layered, the single layered epidermal cells are compactly arranged by

barrel shaped parenchyma cells with slightly thick walled. Epidermis consist of trichomes

and trichomes are unicellular next to the epidermis hypodermis is present. Hypodermal

region is characterised by collenchyma cells. The compactly arranged, multi-layered cortex

is observed and they are made up of parenchyma cells, the vascular bundles are arranged in

each corners, the cambium is present in between xylem and phloem. The cortical bundles are

observed. But in the early report the cortical bundles are not observed in Lantana camera

[Rubaiyat Sharmin 2016].

Page | 47
Bauhinia purpurea L.

Classification

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Fabales

Family : Fabaceae

Genus : Bauhinia

Species : B. purpurea

Bauhinia purpurea is a small medium sized deciduous fast growing shrub or tree. The leaves

are simple, alternate with round base to shallow cordate, inflorescence is terminal panicles;

flowers are numerous hypanthium, turbinate, purple to nearly white or at least purple marked.

Fruit is brown strap shaped not septate elongated dehiscent pods

T.S OF STEM

The transverse section of stem is circular in outline and four armed or cross shaped in outline.

The epidermis is single layered with unicellular trichomes and hypodermis is made up of 2

to 3 three layered collenchyma cells which is rich in chloroplast, the endodermis is clearly

visible. Vascular bundles are conjoint collateral endarch and xylem vessels are also

observed.

Page | 48
Ixora coccinea L.

Classification

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Gentianales

Family : Rubiaceae

Genus : Ixora

Species : I. coccinea

Ixora is large glabrous shrub with few branches. Leaves are simple, opposite decussate,

elliptic, ovate. Flowers scarlet in dense sessile or short peduncle corymbiform cymes. Fruit is

globose smooth crowned with persistent calyx. Seeds are concave on the ventral surface.

T.S OF STEM

From the present study, it is reveled that the stem is circular in outline, single layered

epidermis with thick cuticle which exhibit collenchymatous hypodermal cortex which is

made up of collenchyma cells, the endodermis is single layered, casperian strips are absent

but similar work was carried out in the family Rubiaceae and observed the casperian strip in

cortex region[ Silvy and Mathew 2016] From the cross section it is also observed the

presence of vascular bundles which are radial arranged conjoint collateral with thick

sclerenchyma cells. Pith is parenchymatous and uniseriate xylem rays are present.

Page | 49
Withania sominifera (L.)Dunal

Classification

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Solanales

Family : Solanaceae

Genus : Witania

Species : W. somnifera

The withania sominifera is small perennial shrub growing 35- 37 in tall the leaves are dull

green colour, elliptic, in shape. The flowers are small green and bell shaped. The ripe fruit is

orange red .

T.S OF STEM

From the present study it is reveled that, the cross section of stem is circular with thick cuticle

and epidermal cells are small, the outer layer of cortex cells consist of collenchyma cells,

and the vascular bundles are represented by phloem and xylem, inner layer of parenchyma

zone consist of sclerenchyma cells with the well-developed pericycle. The pith is

parenchmatous.

Page | 50
 Gymnema sylvestre R.Br.

classification

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Gentinales

Family : Asclepiadaceae

Genus : Gymnema

Species : G. sylvestre

A large stout woody climber with densely appressed hairy. Leaves elliptic or obovate acute

rarely pubescent above. Flowers are small crowded umbelliform cymes. Fruits are slender,

follicles. Glabarous seeds narrowly ovoid oblong flat with broad pale brown thin wing.

T.S OF STEM

From the present study it is revealed that the T.s of stem is circular in outline with thick

cuticle. The epidermis is single layered parenchyma cells which were rectangular in shape,

the trichomes are multicellular. The cortex is parenchymatous, endodermis is absent and the

pericycle is not clearly visible. The vascular bundles are regularly arranged with primary

xylem and primary phloem and xylem fibres are also observed. Similar studies were carried

out on Gymnema sylvestre and it is reported that presence of clear pericycle with notable

stone cells(Ganesh et al.2012).

Page | 51
Crossandra infundibuliformis L.

Classification

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Lamiales

Family : Acanthaceae

Genus : Crossandra

Species : C. infundibuliformis

Crossandra infundibuliformis is small shrub, the leaves are opposite decussate, lanceolate,

acute, inflorescence are spikes, the flowers are bracteate, elliptic-lanceolate, glandular hairy.

the fruit is capsule.

T.S OF STEM

From the present study it is observed that the T.S of stem is circular in outline with thick

cuticle, the epidermis is made up of barrel shaped compactly arranged parechymatous cells,

the cortex is differentiated into two type outer and inner cortex, and they are made of by large

parencymatous cells, next to the cortex, the stele is observed, the stele is composed of

vascular strand, the phloem parenchyma is interapated by xylem elements, the

parencymatous pith is observed in the centre

Page | 52
 SUMMARY

The plant Anatomy is the study of internal structure of various plant parts. The Anatomical

studies can explain how, where, when, and what level of chemical compounds are deposited

in plant cells and also the cellular changes and abnormalities. The anatomical study can be

clarify the qualities of the wood properties and also provide potential tool of taxonomic

studies mainly in the absence of reproductive organ, flora and fruiting. Because the past

taxonomist had difficulties in identifying and classifying species due to morphological

similarities with the other species in the same genus. The purpose of this study is to compare

the plant structure, morphology, and anatomy. And plant anatomy has always been the

backbone of the plant systemic which endeavors to elucidate plant diversity, phylogeny and

evolution.

By keeping in view of important aspects of anatomical studies. The present study has been

focussed on Anatomical studies of selected plant species of Sharnabasva university

campus kalaburgi. the slected plants are E. hirta ,E .heterophylla Acalypha indica,

Phyllanthus niruri, Catharanthus roseus, Rauwolfia tetraphylla, Nerium oleander

Tabernaemontana divertica Tridax procumbens , parthenium hysterophorus, Vernonia

cinerea, Boerhavia diffusa, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Mirabillis jalapa Hyptis suaveolens,

ocimum sanctum, Lantana camara Amaranthus spinose, Achyranthes aspera, Gymnema

sylvestre and Ixora coccinea, withnia sominifera which are belongs to different family, each

family shows some important characteristic features such as laticiferous cells in Euphorbia

hrita cenral hallow pith in Euphorbia heterophylla. Acalypha indica shows raphids in cortical

region, similar to these family some other peculiar character are also observed like the

Page | 53
presence of unicellular and multicellular trichome on the epidermal region in Asteracea

family, cortical bundles and medullary bundles, scaterred vascular bundles in Nyctaginaceae,

and few characters are not reported in previous study, but the present study shows very

interesting result in a anatomical studies, from the results of the present study it was

observed that calcium crystal cells, raphids, and diffrenent shape of outermost layer of

epidermis such as circular, angular, quadrangular. Furrow and ridges formation is also

observed, some are wavy in outline, the change in structure, presence of different types of

cells and arrangement due to climatic conditions, so an attempt has been made in the present

study to carry out in dry decidudeous region of kalarburgi that to in the month of April and

may, the temperature during this period is very high and water avaliabilty is also very less in

this region, so it is very interesting to study anatomical characters of selected plants in

Sharanbasva university campus Kalburgi.

Page | 54
 CONCLUSION

The present study provides the basic information and inter relationship between the plant

species. The anatomical study is great tool for identification of plant species. The

taxonomical knowledge is crucial to meet the challenges of biodiversity conservation in the

21st century. It is one of fundamental importance for understanding biodiversity and

ecosystem functioning, it provides data to explore and describe the biodiversity through

scientific analysis, further investigation on these plants can provide great scope in the field of

anatomical and Taxonomical study.

Page | 55
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