Country Report Cambodia: March 2015

Country Report
Cambodia
Natural Disaster Risk Assessment and

Area Business Continuity Plan Formulation for
Industrial Agglomerated Areas in the ASEAN Region
March 2015
AHA CENTRE
Japan International Cooperation Agency
OYO International Corporation

Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc.
CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd.
Overview of the Country
Basic Information of Cambodia 1), 2), 3)
National Flag
Country Name Long form : Kingdom of Cambodia

Short form : Cambodia
Capital Phnom Penh
Area (km2) Total: 181,040
Land: 176,520
Inland Water: 4,520
Population 15,135,169
Population density(people/ km2 of land area) 86
Population growth (annual %) 1.8
Urban population (% of total) 20
Languages Khmer
Ethnic Groups Cambodian (Khmer) 90%
Religions Buddhism (some ethnic minority groups practice
Islam)
GDP (current US$) (billion) 15
GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) 2,890
GDP growth (annual %) 7.5
Agriculture, value added (% of GDP) 36
Industry, value added (% of GDP) 24
Services, etc., value added (% of GDP) 40
Brief Description
Cambodia is located at the south of the Indochina Peninsula, and the land area is about half the
size of Japan. The country shares borders with Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. The Mekong River, the
largest river in Southeast Asia, flows through the east side of central Cambodia. Tonle Sap Lake is
located at the west central side of the country, and the population is concentrated on the plain
surrounding the river and the lake.
Cambodia joined ASEAN on April 30, 1999. Currently, Cambodia is known as the last country that
joined ASEAN.
Cambodia is a constitutional monarchy and the present king is Norodom Sihamoni. The Cambodian
i
People’s Party (leading party) and the Funcinpec Party form a coalition government and Prime
Minister Hun Sen leads the government. Cambodia has experienced a long history of civil conflict,
and suburban areas are still facing the problem of land-mine removal.
Natural Hazards
65% of the total number of disasters occurred in 1980-2011 were related to flood followed by drought
(22%). It was noted that 75% of the disaster experienced were “water related hazard” (flood 65% and
storm 13%). Similarly, flood affected 62% of the total number of people followed by drought (37%).
However, all death caused by disaster were due to “water related hazard” (flood and storm),
though most of the estimated damage cost were due to flood (87%) and drought (13%). Flood,
storm, and drought are the major disasters in Cambodia.
Disaster Management System 4), 5)
References:
1) Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) website (2014): https://www.cia.gov (Accessed: October 15, 2014)
2) Ministry of Foreign Affairs website (2013): http://www.mofa.go.jp (Accessed: October 15, 2014)
3) The World Bank Data Bank website (2012, 2013): http://data.worldbank.org (Accessed: October 15, 2014)
4) National Committee for Disaster Management (NCDM) (2012): A presentation material

5) NCDM (2012): A document, “NCDM-DMIS Aide Memoire”
ii
Contents
Overview of the Country
Page
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1
2. Natural Disaster Risks ............................................................................................ 2
2.1 Predominant Hazards ....................................................................................... 2
2.2 Flood ................................................................................................................. 4
2.3 Earthquake ...................................................................................................... 13
2.4 Tsunami ........................................................................................................... 17
2.5 Volcanoes ....................................................................................................... 19
2.6 Cyclone and Meteorological Hazards.............................................................. 22
2.7 Landslides ....................................................................................................... 29
3. Industrial Parks ..................................................................................................... 30
3.1 Distribution of Industrial Parks in Cambodia ................................................... 30
3.2 Historical Evolution of Industrial Parks ............................................................ 32
3.3 Recent Trends and Japanese Investment ....................................................... 34
3.4 Risks of Natural Hazards ................................................................................ 35
4. Transport Infrastructure and Lifeline Utilities ......................................................... 38
4.1 Overview of Transport Infrastructure ............................................................... 38
4.2 Overview of Lifeline Utilities ............................................................................ 42
4.3 Natural Disasters and Infrastructure................................................................ 47
5. Legislative Systems .............................................................................................. 51
5.1 Legislative Systems for Disaster Management ............................................... 51
5.2 Regulations and Standards for Business Continuity Management.................. 52
5.3 Legislative Systems for the Environment and Pollution Control ...................... 52
5.4 Legislative Systems for Development including Land Use, Rivers, and
Building Code in Cambodia ............................................................................. 54
6. Implementation of BCP ......................................................................................... 55
6.1 Major Natural Disasters and Awareness Disaster Management ..................... 55
6.2 Current State of BCP Implementation ............................................................. 55
6.3 Efforts on Promoting BCP Implementation ...................................................... 56
6.4 Problems Facing for Implementation of BCP .................................................. 56
iii
Appendix 1: Method for Evaluating Predominant Hazards ....................................... 57
Appendix 2: Data Sheets Outline of Existing Investigations and Studies ............... 59
Appendix 3: List of Industrial Parks in Cambodia ..................................................... 80
Appendix 4: General Investment Risk of Cambodia ................................................. 81
iv
Introduction
1. Introduction
This report is the first version of the Country Report for Cambodia, which gives
information on natural disaster risks of the country, industrial parks, major traffic
infrastructure and lifeline utilities, and legislative systems relating to disaster
management and business continuity.
The country report is prepared as a reference document for individuals and

organizations who are wishing to integrate disaster risk information for their decisions:
such as investment to Cambodia, preparation of a business continuity plan (BCP) or
disaster management plan of their organization, preparation of an Area Business
Continuity Plan (Area BCP) of their area, and simply knowing natural disaster risks of
their area.
Information contained in this report is macroscopic covering the entire country at the
same level. When detailed risk information is necessary, hazard and risk assessments
for an area of interest are required.
Since the country report was prepared with limited data and information as one of
the components of the project1 of ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian
Assistance on Disaster Management (AHA Centre) and Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA) with a limited data and information, a revision by
national experts is required for further refinement.
The following are reference documents prepared by the project of AHA Centre and
JICA.
1. AHA Centre and JICA (2015): Planning Guide for Area Business Continuity, Area
BCM Took Kits, Version 2.
2. AHA Centre and JICA (2015): The Country Reports; Brunei, Indonesia, Laos,
Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, Singapore and Vietnam.
3. AHA Centre and JICA (2015): The Risk Profile Reports; Karawang and Bekasi of
Indonesia, Cavite, Laguna and the Southern Part of Metropolitan Manila of the
Philippines, and Haiphong of Vietnam.
1 Natural Disaster Risk Assessment and Area Business Continuity Plan Formulation for Industrial
Agglomerated Areas in the ASEAN Region, AHA Centre and JICA, 2013 to 2015.
1
Country Report
2. Natural Disaster Risks

2.1 Predominant Hazards
Floods and cyclones are predominant hazards to cause disasters in Cambodia.
Several flood disasters with more than 100 deaths or damage amounting to more
than 1% of GDP have been recorded. Including smaller disasters, flood disasters with
a loss of life occurred every 2 years on average. Cyclone disasters have been
recorded but their impact was smaller than that of floods.
2
Natural Disaster Risks
Note: GDP-PPP, Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity

(PPP) valuation of country GDP, International Monetary Fund, World
Economic Outlook Database, October 2012
Source of data and information:

EM-DAT, The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, Université catholique de Louvain,
Brussels, Belgium: http://www.emdat.be.
Pacific Rim Coordination Center Disaster Data: http://data.pacificrimnetwork.org/.
Global Unique Disaster Identification Number:
http://www.glidenumber.net/glide/public/search/search.jsp.
National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA): http://ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/hazards.shtml
Dartmouth Flood Observatory, University of Colorado: http://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/
Figure 2.1 Impact of Natural Hazards in Cambodia
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2.2 Flood
Risks
Locations of flood disasters in Cambodia are shown in Figures 2.2 and 2.3. Size of
circles represents the scale of the disasters in terms of human losses and economic
losses, respectively.
Floods cause damage on the plains in the rainy season. Floods caused by storm
rainfall in the upper reach of the Mekong River inundate a large part of the Mekong
Delta. Flash floods also occur because of the devastation of forest area in the upper
basin. At the same time, the Tonle Sap (Great Lake) also causes floods. There have
been a few typhoons and minimal damage caused by storm surges.
Recent notable floods occurred in August 2000, on August 18, 2002, and on August 10,
2011, all caused by storm rainfall. Mekong River flooding in August 2000 was caused
by heavy rain, which started in the last eleven days of July.
 The flood of September 2000 was caused by storm rainfall in the upper basin of
Lao PDR. Overflowing of the Mekong River caused the flood and a state of
emergency was declared in Phnom Penh and the three regions of Stung Treng,
Kratie, and Kompong Chamn. The road/ embankment (National Road No.1) was
cut to protect the central part of Phnom Penh from the flood. This flood caused
the most extensive damage in recent years.
 The flood on August 18, 2002 occurred in the northeast and the southeast parts of
the country along the left bank of the Mekong River. In southern areas, there was
severe drought damage.
 The flood on August 10, 2011 caused 250 fatalities and affected 1.6 million people.
This flood is said to have been the largest flood since 2000, but Phnom Penh was
able to escape severe flood damage.
Hot spots are of flood disasters include:
 Mekong Delta region, and

 Tonle Sap vicinity.
4
: Hot Spots
Data Sources:
EM-DAT, The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium:
http://www.emdat.be.
Global Unique Disaster Identification Number: http://www.glidenumber.net/glide/public/search/search.jsp.
Figure 2.2 Locations of Flood Disasters in Cambodia: Human Losses
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: Hot Spots
Data Sources:
Figure 2.3 Locations of Flood Disasters in Cambodia: Economic Losses

(% of GDP)
6
Background
Floods caused by storm rainfalls occur in the rainy season from July to October.
Though about a half of the country is located in the alluvial plains of the two big rivers
of the Mekong River Basin and the Tonle Sap River Basin, flood damage is extensive.
There are two types of floods. One is a long-term flood from the Mekong River and the
other is flooding from the Tonle Sap River, which is caused by a sudden increase in the
Tonle Sap (Great Lake) water level. Major cities in the alluvial plains have been
damaged every year. The flood control measures for Phnom Penh city include
protection through ring dykes and channels to drain to the marsh to the rear.
Sources of Hazard and Risk Information

Table 2.1 Sources of Hazard and Risk Information: Flood
National Committee for Disaster Management (NCDM)
http://www.ncdm.gov.kh/
Province Committee for Disaster Management (PCDM)

District Committee for Disaster Management (PCDM)
Ministry of Water Resources and Department of Meteorology Cambodia (DOM)
http://www.cambodiameteo.com/map?menu=3&lang=en
Institute of Cambodia of Technology (ICT)
http://www.itc.edu.kh/itc/en/
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Table 2.2 List of Reference Reports for Risk Analysis

Organization Post Title/ Web Address Form
Asian Water Development Outlook 2013:

Asian Water Report
Asia Development Asia-Pacific Water Forum
Development
Bank http://www.adb.org/publications/asian-wat
Outlook
er-development-outlook-2013
ASEAN Disaster Synthesis Report on Ten Asian Countries

Report
World Bank Risk Management Disaster Risks Assessment: December 2012
Initiative http://www.unisdr.org/files/18872_asean.pdf
ASEAN Disaster World Risk Report 2012: October 2012 Report

The Nature
Risk Management http://www.ehs.unu.edu/article/read/worldri
Conservancy
Initiative skreport-2012
Advancing Disaster Risk Financing and
Report
Framework and Insurance in ASEAN Countries: April 2012
World Bank Options for https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstr
Implementation eam/handle/10986/12628/714530v20ESW0W
0AN0appendices0June12.pdf?sequence=1
Economy and Climate Change Vulnerability Mapping for
International Environment Report
Southeast Asia: January 2009
Development Program for
Research Centre Southeast Asia http://web.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/12324196
(EEPSA) 651Mapping_Report.pdf
Global Risk Data Platform Web Map
UNEP, GRID, UNISDR http://preview.grid.unep.ch/index.php?prev
iew=map&lang=eng
Studies on Hazard and/or Risk Assessment

Some useful studies on flood hazard, risk, and vulnerability are publicly available
presenting assessment results, case studies of countermeasures, as well as different
methodological approaches. There are a few types of methodologies to assess risks
and vulnerability including, for example, risks involving exposure to flooding events
and population density. Vulnerability can be defined as a function of exposure,
adaptive or coping capacity, and land-use etc. There are slightly different
combinations of these factors with different studies for use. Therefore, these concepts
must be defined in advance to plan a methodology for an assessment, in terms of
which definitions are to be used in a certain analysis.
Locations of existing investigations and studies on flood are shown in Figure 2.4.
Outline of those investigations and studies are attached in Appendix 2 and their
summary is given in Table 2.3.
8
Table 2.3 Summary of Existing Investigations and Studies: Flood
Country/Region Summary of Existing Studies and Reports
There are a few reports that study natural disasters for ASEAN and the Pacific
regions at large in recent years. Disaster risks are assessed by scenario, exposure,
ASEAN
vulnerability, damage, and loss. An assessment framework is also sought to give an
overview of risks, hazard and vulnerability.
The National Committee for Disaster Management and Ministry of Planning has
recognized flooding as one of the major disasters and has created a strategic
plan. However, hazard, risk, and vulnerability assessments are limited to a level of a
Cambodia
rough situation analysis. There is an identification of risky areas for the whole
country. In some areas there are more exploratory studies to assess risks as well as
implementation of countermeasures.
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Country Report
Figure 2.4 Locations of Existing Investigations and Studies: Flood,

Cyclone and Landslide
10
References for Data and Further Reading

1) ADRC: “Countries: Cambodia,” Information on Disaster Risk Reduction of the
Member
2) ADRC: “Cambodia, Flood, 2000/08”
3) ADPC (2000): “Mitigating flood risk in Cambodian communities”
4) ADRC: “Cambodia, Flood,2002/08/27”
5) Arief Anshory Yusuf & Herminia Francisco (2009). Climate Change Vulnerability
Mapping for Southeast Asia, Singapore: EEPSEA
6) Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation Program (2011). Coping with Flood in Cambodian
communities, Enhancing Community Solidarity. Pathumthani: Asian Disaster
Preparedness Center
7) EngRinbo (2008) Cambodia: Mainstreaming Flood and Drought Risk Mitigation in
East Mekong Delta: Bangkok
8) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2013): “Information on Cambodia in
Japanese,” 01 2013
9) NPO, Think the Earth (2011): “Flood in Cambodia in Japanese (2011.12.17
update)”
10) Relief Web, OCHA (2000): “Published, Cambodia: Floods Appeal No. 22/2000
Situation Report No. 4,” Report from IFRC, 27 Oct 2000
11) Relief Web, OCHA (2002):“Cambodia - Floods OCHA Situation Report No. 1,”
Report from UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 27 Aug 2002
12) Relief Web, OCHA (2011): “Worries about long-term flood fallout,” Report from
IRIN, 17 Oct 2011
13) Royal Haskoning, Deltares, Unesco-IHE. (2009) Flood Risk Management in the
Border Zone between Cambodia and Vietnam: The Mekong River Commission
Secretariat
14) UNITAR / UNOSAT, Map produced by UNOSAT: “Flood in Cambodia,2011”
15) Velasquez, Jerry et al (ed.) (2012). Reducing vulnerability and exposure to
disasters: Asia-Pacific disaster report 2012, ESCAP/UNISDR AP
16) World Bank, UNISDR (2010). Synthesis Report on Ten ASEAN Countries Disaster Risks
Assessment
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Country Report
17) World Bank (2011). Advancing Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance in ASEAN
Countries: Framework and Options for Implementation, Washington: Global
Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery
12
2.3 Earthquake
Risks
Earthquake disasters are not common in Cambodia. There is no record of significant
disaster caused by earthquakes.
Figure 2.5 shows seismic and other natural hazard risks in Cambodia. The zones
indicate where there is a probability of 20% that degrees of intensity shown on the
map will be exceeded in 50 years. This probability figure varies with time; i.e., it is lower
for shorter periods and higher for longer periods. All of Cambodia is categorized as V
and below on the Modified Mercalli Scale.
Source: OCHA
Figure 2.5 Natural Hazard Risks of Cambodia

(Seismic, Volcanic, and Tropical Storm Risk)
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Country Report
Responses by Cambodia
There are no special measures focusing on earthquake disaster.
Reports on Hazard and/or Risk Assessment

Useful information and studies on earthquake hazard, risk, and vulnerability were
collected from resources available in the public domain including websites. The
information and studies include methodologies with analysis and assessment.
There is no standardized or authorized methodology for risk and vulnerability

assessment. Therefore, the methodology should be selected or updated in
accordance with the purpose when risk and vulnerability assessments are required.
Locations of existing investigations and studies on earthquake are shown in Figure 2.6.
Table 2.4 Summary of Existing Investigations and Studies: Earthquake
There are natural hazard assessment reports for ASEAN region created by
international organizations like World Bank etc. They summarize frequency,
ASEAN
vulnerability, loss, and others subject for each disaster. Some reports describe the
methodology and assessment points/items.
There is no record of earthquake disaster in Cambodia and no investigations or

Cambodia
studies limited to this country and its regions were found.
14
Figure 2.6 Locations of Existing Investigations and Studies: Earthquake,

Tsunami and Volcano
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Country Report

1) EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database – www.emdat.be –
Université Catholique de Louvain – Brussels – Belgium.
2) Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (2012): “Data Collection Survey
on ASEAN Regional Collaboration in Disaster Management”
3) United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA),
Regional Office for Asia Pacific (ROAP) (2011): “Cambodia: Natural Hazard Risks,”
Downloaded from
http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0635CB2C3B54A768C12572
DB0025F816-ocha_ND_khm070430.pdf
4) UNISDR (2009). Global assessment report on disaster risk reduction, Risk and
poverty in a changing climate
16
2.4 Tsunami
Risks
It is well known that tsunamis are generated by sea floor earthquakes. However, an
undersea volcanic eruption, an undersea landslide, or other disturbances above or
below water can also generate a tsunami. There is very low probability that a large
earthquake along the coast of Cambodia will generate a tsunami and cause a
major disaster. In fact, there is no record of significant disaster caused by a tsunami.
However, tsunami disasters may occur due to large earthquakes occurring outside
the country.
There are no special measures focusing on tsunami disaster.

Useful information and studies on tsunami hazard, risk, and vulnerability were
information and studies include methodologies with analysis and assessment.

assessment. Therefore, methodology should be selected or updated in accordance
with the purpose when risk and vulnerability assessment are required.
Locations of existing investigations and studies on tsunami are shown in Figure 2.6.
Table 2.5 Summary of Existing Investigations and Studies: Tsunami
Tsunami induced by the Sumatra earthquake on December 26, 2004 caused

ASEAN major damage to ASEAN countries. The disaster is summarized by organizations
like ADB.
There is no record of tsunami disaster in Cambodia and no investigations or studies

Cambodia
limited to this country and its regions were found.
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Country Report

1) ADB (2005). From Disaster to Reconstruction: A Report on ADB's Response to the
Asian Tsunami
18
2.5 Volcanoes
Risks
Yeak Loam Lake is known as a crater lake. However, there are no active volcanoes in
Cambodia. Also, there is no record of significant disaster caused by volcano.
However, there is a possibility that a volcanic eruption in neighboring countries might
wreak a volcanic ash fall on Cambodia.
Background
Major hazards caused by volcanic eruption are lava flow, pyroclastic flow, “Lahar”
(volcanic mud flow), and volcanic ash fall. Lava flow is a flow of melted rock along
the slope. Pyroclastic flow is the flow of a mixture of hot dry masses of fragmented
volcanic materials and volcanic gas along the slope. “Lahar” is originally an
Indonesian term and is also called volcanic mud flow. It is the flow of a mixture of
volcanic materials and water along the slope. These flows cause enormous damage
to the side and foot of the volcano, but generally do not have an extended reach.
However, volcanic ash fall often spreads widely via the trade winds or the westerlies,
causing damage over an extensive area. Figure 2.7 shows the volcanoes in the
Asia-Pacific region which erupted during the Holocene. The Holocene is a geological
epoch from 10,000 years ago to the present. The map indicates that many volcanic
eruptions have occurred in Indonesia, Philippines, and other neighboring countries.
There are no special measures focusing on volcanic disaster.

Useful information and studies on volcanic hazard, risk, and vulnerability were
information and studies include methodologies for analysis and assessment.
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Country Report
Source: OCHA
Figure 2.7 Holocene Eruption and Selected Volcanoes in Asia-Pacific

assessment. Therefore, methodology should be selected or updated in accordance
with the purpose when risk and vulnerability assessment are required.
Locations of existing investigations and studies on volcano are shown in Figure 2.6.
Table 2.6 Summary of Existing Investigations and Studies: Volcano
UNOCHA summarized the scale of the explosion of volcanoes around the

ASEAN
Asia-Pacific region using the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI).
There is no record of volcanic disaster in Cambodia and no investigations or

Cambodia
studies limited to this country and its regions were found.
20

3) OCHA -ROAP (2011). Holocene Eruption and Selected Volcanoes in Asia-Pacific
4) Lee Siebert, Tom Simkin, and Paul Kimberly (2011): “Volcanoes of the World - Third
Edition,” Smithsonian Institute/University of California Press
5) United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA),
Regional Office for Asia Pacific (ROAP) (2011): “Holocene Eruption and Selected
Volcanoes in Asia-Pacific,” Downloaded from:
http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/map_619.pdf
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Country Report
2.6 Cyclone and Meteorological Hazards
Risks
Cambodia is located between latitudes 10° and 15° to the north and 102° and 108°
to the east. The climate of the country is divided into two seasons: rainy season
(mid-May to October) and dry season (mid-November to mid-March). Moist air is
drawn towards land from the ocean, bringing southwest monsoon rains to Cambodia.
Monsoon rains are fairly predictable with afternoon rains usually lasting no more than
2-3 hours. The annual rainfall in the central flat regions is about 1,500 mm. Conversely,
the annual monthly rainfall is 10 mm in January and February and 200 mm in
September and October. Furthermore, the annual rainfall varies from 2,000 mm in the
eastern mountains to more than 4,000 mm in the southwest coastal area.
Though the landfall of tropical cyclones and typhoons does not occur often in
Cambodia, they often affect the country indirectly from July to November.
Table 2.7 Tropical Cyclone Disasters in Cambodia (EMDAT: 1980 - 2012)

Year (Month) Cause Fatalities Total Affected
November 1997 Tropical Cyclone (Linda) 25 -
October 1999 Flood (Storm Surge) - 124,475
November 2009 Tropical Cyclone (Sancti) 2 -
September 2009 Tropical Cyclone (Ketsana) 17 178,091
Flooding is a major meteorological hazard in Cambodia. The country is prone to

frequent floods alongside the Mekong River and the Tonle Sap Lake. Due to this
proximity, the extent and amount of damages caused by floods are amplified. As
one-fourth of the plains in the country are damaged annually, it has become a major
obstacle to economic development.
Flooding patterns in Cambodia are of two types: inundations due to overflow from
dykes and flash floods. The water level in the Mekong River indicates the changes
throughout the year. For example, before the rainy season (late-March to May) the
water level in the Mekong River is normally 2 m. During the rainy season, the water
level usually rises up to about 9 m. When the water level reaches the height of the
dyke, excess water overflows from the top of the dyke. Crops usually suffer the most,
22
while human suffering is limited since the water level rises gradually. However, heavy
rains due to typhoons and tropical cyclones coinciding with the rainy season causes
water levels to rise rapidly, resulting in significant human loss due to flash floods.
Disasters were recorded 15 times during the past 30 years. In recent years, Cambodia
has experienced destructive floods in 2000 and 2011. In most cases, flood damage
occurred near the Tonle Sap Lake and the Mekong River Basin, as well as in some
provinces facing the Gulf of Thailand.
Table 2.8 Weather Disasters in Cambodia (EMDAT: 1984 ~ 2013)

Damage
Cause No. of events Killed Total Affected
(millions US$)
Drought 5 - 6,550,000 138
Flood (including flash flood) 15 1,396 11,120,662 919.1
Storm 4 44 302,566 0.01
According to a report compiled by the National Committee for Disaster

Management (NCDM) on 16 November 2000, the death toll was at 347 (80%of which
were children). Of the 750,618 families (3,448,629 individuals) affected by the flooding,
85,000 families (387,000 individuals) had to be temporarily evacuated. Furthermore,
317,975 houses were damaged while 7,068 were destroyed. Based on the same
report, the total physical and direct damages were estimated to be around US$ 150
million. The flood of 2000 affected all four countries in the Mekong River Basin
including Lao PDR, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand. It was, however, in Cambodia
where the most severe effects of the flood occurred, based on reports compiled by
the Mekong River Commission (MRC). The deaths in Cambodia constituted 43% of the
total deaths (800) from all countries, while direct damages represent 40% of the total
damages, estimated to be around US$ 400 million.
Background
During mid-May to October in Cambodia, heavy rains are brought about by the
southwest monsoon, especially in September and October. Due to the heavy rainfall
coming from the upstream area, the country suffers from flood damages resulting
from overflows from the Tonle Sap Lake in the mid-western area of the country and
the Mekong River in the mid-eastern region.
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Country Report
In August of 2000, floods brought serious damage to the northern, eastern and
southern provinces, especially Takeo Province. Three provinces along the Mekong
River (Stung Treng, Kratie, and Kompong Cham) and the Municipality of Phnom Penh
all declared a state of emergency. 121,000 families were affected, more than 170
people were killed, and around $10 million worth of rice crops were destroyed.
Immediate needs included food, shelter, the repair or replacement of homes,
household items, and sanitation facilities as water levels in the Delta continued to fall.
As the southwest monsoon begins to blow in on the Indochina Peninsula, it signals the
start of the rainy season. Generally, as the southwest monsoon and ITCZ become
active, it accumulates a large amount of rainfall. The provinces located along the
Mekong River are immediately affected by floods due to heavy rains in the
northeastern parts of the country caused by storms and rainfall in neighboring
countries (Lao PDR and Thailand). Due to these heavy rains in the upper Mekong
countries, water levels in Cambodia may rise (flood stage level). Since Cambodia
already receives much rain around this time, flooding may occur. This could then
lead to damage, as Cambodia is located in a very low part of the Mekong River
Delta. Cambodia is not as prone to typhoons as its neighbors, Lao PDR and Vietnam.
Despite this, some provinces of Cambodia have been hit by storms and typhoons. In
1997, Typhoon Linda hit the Poulo Wei islands, causing the destruction of 81 fishing
boats and affecting hundreds of residents.
Climate change vulnerability and impact in Cambodia are as follows.
 Cambodia's temperature may increase by up to 1.35 - 2.50 °C in 2100. Annual

rainfall may increase between 3 to 35 percent from current conditions. The
lowland areas seem to be more likely to be affected by climate change than the
highland areas by 2100.
 In Koh Kong province (1,160 km 2), if the sea level rises by 1 m, about 0.4 per cent
(4,444 ha) will be under water. The rainfall of the 4 main river basins of Koh Kong
may increase between 2 percent to 15 percent, resulting in increased water flow
of 2-10 m3/s.
24
All relevant ministers and institutions collaborate closely with the National Disaster
Management Committee (NCDM) as necessary during an emergency situation. In
addition, the NCDM adopts the Cambodian Red Cross as its main partner to jointly
conduct relief operations in times of disaster. The NCDM has a General Secretariat
which acts as an implementing unit within the NCDM Headquarters and which
provides advice to the Royal Government on DM issues. There are also CDM
structures at the provincial/municipal and district levels.
The Department of Meteorology (DOM), which is under the Ministry of Water

Resources and Meteorology (MoWRAM), is responsible for meteorological services in
Cambodia. However, the Department of Hydrology and River Works (DHRW) from the
same Ministry is responsible for flood forecasting. The main missions of both institutions
can be found below.
Table 2.9 Organizations Responsible for Cyclone and Meteorological Hazards
Organization Responsibilities
 To establish and manage Cambodian meteorological stations.

 To provide weather forecasts in short- and long-term ranges for all
concerned sectors.
 To predict abnormal meteorological phenomena and issue alerts to
enable the establishment of protective procedures.
Department of  To increase knowledge and communicate with national and
Meteorology (DOM) international actors on meteorology technologies.
 To strengthen and broaden Cambodian cooperation on
meteorology with other meteorological organizations, United Nations
agencies, and the World Meteorological Organization.
 To prepare annual reports on meteorological conditions in the
Kingdom of Cambodia.
 To prepare plans on the installation of hydrological stations on the

main streams to facilitate water resources development.
 To prepare short-, medium- and long-term strategic plans on the
prevention and protection of erosion, sedimentation, and river
banks.
Department of
 To research and monitor surface and ground water regimes by
Hydrology and River
managing installed hydrological stations and collating data to serve
Works (DHRW)
various water related sectors.
 To implement and monitor water levels, water discharge and
sediment in the river basins system.
 To implement water quality monitoring activities at main hydrological
stations.
25
Country Report
 To study and research hydrological phenomena, models,

computations, and surface and ground water potentials.
 To manage and exchange hydrological information; to issue
forecasts and early warnings for possible floods and droughts to
facilitate the timely adoption of mitigation measures.
 To establish geographical information system (GIS) relevant to all
river basin features, hydrological networks and locations of water
resources development infrastructures and so on.
Sources of Hazard and Risk Information

Table 2.10 Sources of Hazard and Risk Information: Cyclone and Other
Meteorological Hazards
Department of Meteorology ( DOM )
http://www.cambodiameteo.com/map?menu=3&lang=en
Tel: +85-5 - 23 72 60 44
Department of Hydrology and River Works ( DHRW )
http://www.dhrw-cam.org/
Tel: +85-5 - 23 72 60 44
Table 2.11 Other Sources of Information: Cyclone and Other Meteorological

Hazards
Institution Literature name
Economy and Environment

Climate Change Vulnerability Mapping for Southeast Asia
Program for Southeast Asia
http://css.escwa.org.lb/sdpd/1338/d2-5a.pdf
(2010)
Synthesis Report on Ten ASEAN Countries Disaster Risks Assessment

UNISDR (2010)
http://www.unisdr.org/files/18872_asean.pdf

“Cyclone” is a term to describe many types of low pressure systems, of which tropical
cyclones/typhoons are the main types creating disasters in the ASEAN region.
Leading countries are monitoring and detecting tropical cyclones on a regional basis
under the framework of WMO. Table 2.12 indicates the responsible territory allocated
to ASEAN members and its leading country.
26
Table 2.12 Members of WMO Tropical Cyclone Committee

Leading
Warning Zones Members（ASEAN）
Country
Western North Pacific Ocean 0° - 60°(N) Cambodia, Lao PDR, Malaysia,

Japan
and South China Sea 0° - 100°(E) Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam
Bay of Bengal and the 5°S - 45°(N)

Myanmar, Thailand India
Arabian Sea 30°E - 90°(E)
South Pacific and South-East 0°-50°(S)

Indonesia Fiji
Indian Ocean 90° - 170°(E)
The dates and information utilized in this report have been acquired from various
reports on the studies and research conducted on tropical cyclones and
meteorological hazards published on the internet. Collected documents include
evaluation results of hazards/risks, as well as their evaluation methods. With regard to
tropical cyclones/typhoons, a meteorological organization of each country compiles
a summary on the damage situation, including the number of casualties or loss of
human lives, and the estimated amount of damage, etc.
Locations of existing investigations and studies on cyclone and other meteorological

hazards are shown in Figure 2.4. Outline of those investigations and studies are
attached in Appendix 2 and their summary is given in Table 2.13.
Table 2.13 Summary of Existing Investigations and Studies: Cyclone

and Other Meteorological Hazards
ASEAN Study reports on natural disasters in the whole ASEAN region are available.
Typhoon landings in the center of Vietnam sometimes bring heavy rain to

Cambodia Cambodia. The Meteorological Doppler Radar System was introduced in 2012 for
the improvement of accuracy in weather forecasting.

1) Asian Disaster Preparedness Center: "Overview of early Warning Systems for
Hydrometeorological Hazards in selected countries in Southeast Asia,” pp.23-26
2) Department of Meteorology (Website):
http://www.cambodiameteo.com/map?menu=3andolang=en
27
Country Report
3) Department of Hydrology and River Works (Website) :

http://www.dhrw-cam.org/
4) ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. (http://www.typhooncommittee.org/)
5) IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007
6) JMA/WMO Workshop on Quality Management in Surface, Climate and Upper-air
Observations in RA II (Asia) 2011
7) Mekong River Commission (2011): "Flood Situation Report 2011,” MRC Technical
Report Paper No. 36 2011, pp.25-27, pp.33-34
8) WMO National Meteorological or Hydrometeorological Services of Members
(http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/members_en.html)
9) WMO (2010). First Meeting of the Task Team on “Meteorological, Hydrological
and Climate Services for Improved Humanitarian Planning and Response”, WMO
Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland (31 August - 2 September, 2010)
28
2.7 Landslides
Risks
Risk of landslide in Cambodia is low. However, some landslides have been confirmed
in mountain areas near the Gulf of Thailand.

Locations of existing investigations and studies on landslide are shown in Figure 2.4.
Outlines of those investigations and studies are shown in Appendix 2 and their
Table 2.14 Summary of Existing Studies and Reports by Country: Landslide

There have been a few reports that study landslides for ASEAN and the Pacific
region at large in recent years. Disaster risks are assessed by scenario, exposure,
ASEAN
vulnerability, damage, and loss. An assessment framework is also sought to give an
overview of risks, hazard, and vulnerability.
The occurrence of landslide disaster in Cambodia is unconfirmed. Hazard map

LS-008 indicates a low level of hazard distribution in the mountainous area near the
coast, but no hazard area is distributed in the Mekong lowland area near the
Cambodia capital city of Phnom Penh. There is no assessment of landslide in LS-008, but some
weak exposure is recognized near the border with Thailand in LS-013. There are
on-going projects on early warning systems and hazard mapping in connection
with DHRW.

1) Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA) (2009): "Climate
Change Vulnerability Mapping for Southeast Asia,” p. 19
2) World Bank, UNISDR (2010). Synthesis Report on Ten ASEAN Countries Disaster Risks
Assessment
3) World Bank, UNISDR (2011). Disaster Risk Management Programs for Priority
Countries- 2nd edition
29
Country Report
3. Industrial Parks
3.1 Distribution of Industrial Parks in Cambodia
22 industrial parks (Special Economic Zones, SEZs) were identified by the study, and as
shown in Figure 3.1, most of them are distributed around Phnom Penh, the capital of
Cambodia, and along the coast of the Gulf of Thailand.
A list of the industrial parks in Cambodia is given in Appendix 3, and a brief description
of the selected industrial parks is given in reference2.
2AHA Centre and JICA (2014), Risk Assessment Reports for ASEAN and its Countries, Natural Disaster Risk
Assessment and Area Business Continuity Plan Formulation for Industrial Areas in the ASEAN Region.
30
Industrial Parks
Figure 3.1 Distribution of Industrial Parks in Cambodia
31
Country Report
While 22 SEZs have been registered, there is a vast difference in the level of
development between these SEZs, with few offering high-level infrastructure and
facilities for foreign investors. SEZs around Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville are most
developed, while the majority of parks in border areas are undeveloped. The
relatively more developed SEZs are better equipped to communicate with foreign
investors. A few of these have their own websites: Phnom Penh SEZ, Sihanoukville SEZ,
the Port Authority of Sihanoukville, Tai Seng Bavet SEZ, and Manhattan SEZ. However,
information on these websites is often incomplete or out of date, especially in the
case of Tai Seng Bavet SEZ and Manhattan SEZ. Contacting SEZ staff outside of the
more developed SEZs in Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville is difficult, as few staff speak
English or Japanese. This suggests that most of these sites are ill prepared to support
foreign investors.
The CSEZB also has limited ability to support foreign investors. It provides some online
information on SEZs on location, size, level of development, and, in some cases, a list
of tenant companies. This information is generally reliable, but can also be
incomplete or out of date. It is difficult to contact the CSEZB through official channels.
None of the email addresses provided on the official CSEZB website are operational.
We were also unable to locate any English-speaking or Japanese-speaking staff at
the CSEZB.
3.2 Historical Evolution of Industrial Parks

Industrial parks in Cambodia that offer incentives to foreign investors are all classified
as Special Economic Zones (SEZs). Such zones were briefly introduced during Prince
Sihanouk’s Sangkum Reastr Niyum-regime in the 1960s, but none of these initial
projects survived the rise of the Khmer Rouge government. SEZs did not start to
develop on a significant level until much more recently. In December 2005, SEZs were
introduced by Sub-decree Numbers 147 and 148. Sub-decree 147 restructured the
Council for the Development of Cambodia (CDC), Cambodia’s highest
decision-making body for public and private investment, and set up the Cambodian
Special Economic Zone Board (CSEZB) as a branch of the CDC. Sub-decree Number
148 laid the legal foundation for the establishment and management of SEZs. SEZ
development began in 2005 with Manhattan SEZ in Svay Rieng province. To date, the
32
Industrial Parks
Cambodian government has approved 22 SEZs, less than half of which are currently
in operation.
SEZs near the capital Phnom Penh and the coastal town Sihanoukville have attracted
relatively high levels of investment. In Phnom Penh and neighboring Kandal province,
the Phnom Penh SEZ and Goldfame Pak Shun SEZ (Kandal) are in operation. In
Sihanoukville (in Preah Sihanouk province), four SEZs have been approved, three of
which are currently in operation: Sihanoukville SEZ 1, Sihanoukville SEZ 2 (established in
2010 as a cooperation zone between Cambodia and China), and the Sihanoukville
Port SEZ (a joint initiative between the Cambodian and Japanese governments
inaugurated in 2012).
The majority of the SEZs are however located along Cambodia’s borders with
Thailand and Vietnam. Most of these remain undeveloped and have yet to attract
investment. Exceptions are, on the Vietnamese-Cambodian border, Manhattan SEZ
and Tai Seng SEZ (both in Bavet town, in the southeastern Svay Rieng province). Also
in operation, on the Thai-Cambodian border, are Neang Kok Koh Kong SEZ (in
southwestern Koh Kong province), and Poi Pet O’Neang SEZ (in Western Banteay
Meanchey province).
Currently, SEZs in Phnom Penh and Preah Sihanouk province continue to receive the
majority of investments, while border area SEZs experience continuing problems with
lack of infrastructure and power supply, precluding investment. In 2012, the General
Director of the Ministry of Commerce pledged that the government will establish
infrastructure and electricity in border SEZs to drive their development. However, a
detailed plan of how this will be achieved and funded has not been issued. Between
2006 and 2011, SEZs received 96 investment projects with a total value of USD 1.15
billion, which generated 61,400 jobs. Since 2011, the CDC says that these figures rising,
with total investment in SEZs increasing by 683% year-on-year in 2011. In 2010, there
were 22 investments worth USD 91.25 million. In 2011, there were 39 investments worth
USD 715.25 million. 2012 figures are not available, so it is unclear if this trend has
continued.
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Country Report
3.3 Recent Trends and Japanese Investment

Japanese investment is most significant in the Phnom Penh SEZ (PPSEZ). The PPSEZ is a
Cambodian-Japanese joint venture company, run by a Japanese manager, Mr.
Hiroshi Uematsu. As of October 2012, 15 out of 33 companies operating in the PPSEZ
were Japanese, one was joint Chinese/Japanese, and one was joint
Korean/Japanese. Japanese companies include Tiger Wing (shoes), Ajinomoto (food
processing), Sumi Wiring (automobile wiring), and Minebea (cellphone parts). In 2009,
Ajinomoto invested USD 6 million in the PPSEZ. Since 2011, there has been an increase
in Japanese investment in the automotive and electronics sectors. In 2011,
investments included an electric equipment assembly plant set up by Marunix. Sumi
Wiring Systems Co Ltd, a local subsidiary of Sumitomo Corp., started operations in
May 2012. In January 2013, Denso Corp. announced that it will begin making
motorcycle parts in PPSEZ in July 2013, with total investment projected at JPY 35 million.
In March 2013, Japanese Combi Corp. also announced plans for a new
baby-product factory to open in 2014, with total investment estimated at to USD 1.5
million. Despite this trend, a lack of skilled human resources in the manufacturing
sector has to date largely prevented Japanese investment in high-tech areas.
There is some Japanese investment in coastal Sihanoukville. In Sihanoukville SEZ 2, 2

out of a total of 26 companies operating in the SEZ are Japanese; ASLE Electronic
(Cambodia) Co. Ltd. (produces electronic wires) and Izumi Electronics (Cambodia)
Co. Ltd. (produces TV frames). Japanese investment in this area is expected to grow
as the Sihanoukville Port SEZ is developed. The SEZ was developed as a Japanese
government ODA project starting in 1996. Its development was financed by
Japanese soft loan of JPY 3.6 billion. The Sihanoukville Autonomous Port was
inaugurated in 2012. Given this, the Sihanoukville Port SEZ is projected to become a
key site for Japanese investment, though its infrastructure is still being developed. The
Japanese government is to fund at USD 75 million multi-purpose terminals to be built in
2013.
There is also some Japanese investment in SEZs along Cambodia’s borders, though
this is not expected to grow until significant infrastructure improvements are made. In
Tai Seng Bavet, Svay Rieng province, 2 out of a total of 11 companies operating are
Japanese: Towa (Cambodia) Co. Ltd. (menswear), and Nakayama Shoji
34
Industrial Parks
(Cambodia) Co. Ltd. (baby underwear). In Manhattan SEZ, Svay Rieng province, 1
out of a total of 22 companies is Japanese, Morofuji Packaging Co. Ltd (plastic bags).
3.4 Risks of Natural Hazards

For the first glance of risks of natural hazards to industrial parks and individual
enterprises, it is useful superimpose your location on the distribution maps of natural
disasters given in Chapter 2. Figures 3.2 and 3.3 are maps showing relationships of
locations of industrial parks, and flood disasters represented by human losses and
economic losses, respectively. For the detailed assessment of the risks of natural
disasters to industrial parks and individual enterprises, hazard and risk assessment are
required for an area of interest.
A description of general investment risks of Cambodia is attached in Appendix 4.
35
Country Report
Data Source:
Figure 3.2 Industrial Parks and Flood Disasters: Human Losses
36
Industrial Parks
Data Sources:
Figure 3.3 Industrial Parks and Flood Disasters: Economic Losses
37
Country Report
4. Transport Infrastructure and Lifeline

Utilities
4.1 Overview of Transport Infrastructure
Road
The total road system is 47,207 km long as of 2012, of which 5,600 km is national roads
and 6,607 km provincial roads. New roads have been constructed year by year as an
important national task. The road density is 0.26 km/km 2 as of 2012. The entire road
system is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT).
As an international road, the Asian Highway links Cambodia to neighboring countries.

The Asian Highway consists of the National Roads 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 33, and 48. Their total
length is 1,345 km.
Major road networks of Cambodia are shown in Figure 4.1
Table 4.1 Road Networks

Pavement Pavement
Road Distance
Road Type Distance Rate Jurisdiction
(km)
(km) (%)
1-Digit National Roads 2,258 2,115 94 MPWT
2-Digit National Roads 3,342 1,868 56
Provincial Roads 6,607 1,000 15
Rural Roads 35,000 MRD
Total Length 47,207 4,983
Source: MPWT, Infrastructure Development and Transport Logistics 2012
Railway
In Cambodia, there are two railway networks: one is the southern line (264 km) which
links Phnom Penh to Sihanoukville, and another is the northern line (386 km) which links
Phnom Penh to Poipet. The latter includes 48 km of missing rail from Sereysophoan to
Poipet. Narrow gauge 1,000 mm rails are used for the track.
38
Transport Infrastructure and Lifeline Utilities
Figure 4.1 Major Road and Railway Networks of Cambodia
39
Country Report
The southern line is capable of transporting a 20-ton axle load and consists of 29
stations (currently 7 stations are under operation). The northern line is capable of
transporting a 15-ton axle load and consists of 49 stations (currently 7 stations are
under operation). New container yards are under construction between Sihanoukville
Port and railway stations.
If the missing link of the northern line is restored, it may become easier to access
Thailand and a major increase in railway transport is expected. By restoring tourism,
revitalization of the region is also expected.
Major railway networks are shown in Figure 4.1
Port
Sihanoukville Autonomous Port (PAS) is the sole international and commercially deep
seaport of the Kingdom of Cambodia. The total operational land area is 129.6 ha,
and new container yards are under construction. The recent container throughputs
at Sihanoukville Autonomous Port are shown in the following table. The annual
throughput has increased largely, which reflects recovery from the economic crisis of
2008.
Table 4.2 Container Throughput at Sihanoukville Autonomous Port

Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Container Throughput 258,775 207,861 222,928 237,941 260,000

(TEUs) (estimate)
Source: MPWT, Infrastructure Development and Transport Logistics 2012
International container freight is also handled at Phnom Penh Port. Currently the
annual throughput is one (1) million tons and 50,000 TEUs, but development work to
increase its capacity to handle five (5) million throughputs a year is in preparation.
40
Figure 4.2 Major Ports and Airports of Cambodia
41
Country Report
Airport
Currently, there are 16 airports in Cambodia, of which only 3 airports (Phnom Penh
International Airport (PPIA), Siem Reap International Airport (SRIA), and Sihanoukville
International Airport) operate regular flights. Sihanoukville International Airport was
reopened in 2007, but only two (2) airline companies have been operating there.
Regular flights have been operating between Sihanoukville and Siem Reap since
December 2011, but the number of passengers does not reach the level of other two
(2) airline companies.
Locations of major airports of Cambodia are shown in Figure 4.2.
Table 4.3 International Airports

Airport Runway Area(ha) Administrator Remark
Phnom Penh 3,000 m×45 m 387 RGC / SCA
Siem Reap 2,550 m×45 m 197 RGC / SCA

Reopened
Sihanoukville 2,500 m×40 m 124 RGC / SCA
in July 2007
RGC / SCA: Royal Government of Cambodia / Societe Concessionaire I’ Aero port
Source: ASEAN-Japan Center, Cambodia Investment Guide, January 2012
4.2 Overview of Lifeline Utilities
Electricity
The Electricity Law was promulgated in February 2001 with the view to regulate the
electric power sector, and the Electricity Authority of Cambodia (EAC) was
established to integrate the electric power supply. In Cambodia, diesel power
generation is the main source of energy.
42
Table 4.4 Types of Electric Power Generation

Type %
Diesel 89.21
Hydropower 5.00
Coal-Fired Power 4.61
Biomass Power 1.18
Source: Cambodia Business Supporting Desk Report,

Okayama Prefecture, Japan, Situation of Electricity in
Cambodia
For domestic utilization, more than 80% of the energy used is electricity in urban area,
while mainly kerosene is used in rural area. It has been planned to provide electricity
services to all the villages by 2020. Thus, it is anticipated that energy usage will
transition to electricity in these areas, with the electricity demand expected to
increase rapidly.
The construction of transmission lines to import electricity from Thailand and Vietnam
will be completed by the end of 2012, and the power lines which connect Laos and
other neighboring countries are also to be completed in 2016. Construction work on
hydroelectric power stations or thermal power plants as electric power sources are
also proceding simultaneously.
Table 4.5 Power Demand Prediction (MW)

In 2012 In 2015 In 2018 In 2020
1,062 1,643 2,283 2,770
Source: ASEAN-Japan Center, Cambodia Investment Guide, January 2012
Electric power generation and distribution has been conducted by the state-run
Electricite de Cambodia (EDC) and an Independent Power Producer (IPP). Electricity
imports from neighboring countries cover the shortage.
Locations of major power stations and dams are shown in Figure 4.3.
43
Country Report
Figure 4.3 Major Power Stations and Dams of Cambodia
44
Water Supply
The Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (NOWRAM) is responsible for water
resource development and management, while the Ministry of Rural Development
(MRD) is responsible for water supply and sanitation in rural areas. In addition, the
Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy (MINE) is responsible for the supply of drinking
water in small and medium rural cities. It is also responsible for the management and
control of private companies that enter into the water supply business.
In Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA) is responsible for the
water supply. In Siem Reap, Siem Reap Water Supply Authority (SRWSA) is responsible
for the water supply. In urban area, 87 % of people have access to the water supply
system, while, the rate falls to 58% in rural area.
Moreover, in urban areas, 67.4 % of the residents can obtain water piped into their lots.
However, in farm villages, the rate is as low as 29.4%. Obtaining water from outside
sources involves heavy labor. The current diffusion rate of piped water remains as low
as 14%.
Sewerage
In Cambodia, the sewerage coverage ratio is 11%, and the total length of sewer
system is 150 km. Private companies have not yet entered the sewerage market. In
Phnom Penh, the sewerage coverage ratio is 20%, with coverage ratio decreasing
considerably in the area outside its 10 km radius.
The sewerage system has a close relationship with the storm water drainage system.
In Phnom Penh, inundation damage is frequent. This is because the maintenance
work was not conducted on storm water drainage facilities during the civil war from
1970 to 1980s, causing and the drainage capacity to be decreased.
Communications
Internet
After the liberalization of telecommunication services market in 2002, 37 companies

received ISP (Internet Service Provider) licenses. Among these companies, about 15
45
Country Report
companies currently provide commercial services. The number of broadband

subscribers is 22,000 people, and the diffusion rate is 0.15%.
Mobile Phone
Resulting from the prevalence of a prepaid payment system which enables

low-income people to use mobile phones, this sector shows a high annual growth
rate of 51.5 %. Two (2) companies, Metfone and CamGSM, hold almost the entire
market share. New companies such as Smart Mobile and CADCOMMS continue to
enter the market.
Fixed-line Phone
Since Metfone started commercial services in February 2009, the number of

subscribers has increased sharply.
Terrestrial Broadcasting
Broadcasting services are provided by TVK and other 11 networks. TVK and TV5
provide coverage for the entire country.
Satellite Broadcasting
There are said to be about 120,000 satellite broadcast subscribers.
Waste
General
Data for the national level is not obtained for an investigation of the whole country.
The Environmental Association has issued a 3R National Strategy and conducts
workshop with relevant organizations and agencies. Data is available only for Phnom
Penh.
Waste Disposal in Phnom Penh
The Department of Public Works and Transport (DPWT) is responsible for waste
management in Phnom Penh. Waste is classified into city waste and hazardous waste.
City waste is handled by public company CINTRI, and hazardous waste is handled by
the organizations that generated it. The main component of waste is food.
46
Table 4.6 Summary of Daily Disposal 2003

City Waste Household Waste Only
Items
(Tons per day) (Tons per day)
Average of both seasons 890.6 584.1
Average of dry season 905.7 597.3
Average of rain season 875.4 570.9
Source: Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of Environment, Cambodia Phnom Penh

City 2012
Final Disposal Site
More than 3,500 tons of waste is incinerated annually.
Table 4.7 Outline of Final Disposal Plants in Phnom Penh

Disposal Methods Open Dumping Sanitary Landfill
Number of Plants 1 1
Location Stung Mean Chey Disposal Site Dong Kor Landfill Site
Disposal Area 6.8ha 26ha (11ha land filled)
Throughput 361,000 tons 438,000 tons
Administration PPWM
Source: Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of Environment, Cambodia Phnom Penh

City 2012
4.3 Natural Disasters and Infrastructure

Since transport infrastructure and lifeline utilities have crucial for business continuity of
enterprises, it is important to know their risks to natural disasters. For the first glance of
the risks, it is useful superimpose locations of transport infrastructure and lifeline utilities
on the distribution maps of natural disasters given in Chapter 2. Figures 4.4 and 4.5 are
examples focusing on flood disasters. Following description of natural disasters may
be useful to interpret the figures. For the detailed assessment of the risks of natural
disasters to transport infrastructure and lifeline utilities, hazard and risk assessment are
required for an area of interest.
Floods cause damages on the plains in the rainy season. Floods caused by storm
rainfall in the upper reach of the Mekong River inundate a large part of the Mekong
Delta. Flash floods also occur because of the devastation of forest area in the upper
47
Country Report
basin. At the same time, the Tonle Sap (Great Lake) also causes floods. There are
have only been a few typhoons and minimal damage caused by storm surges.
In Cambodia, flooding is the most serious natural disaster from the viewpoint of the
extent of damages, and drought ranks second. When a disastrous flood occurred in
Thailand in 2011, Cambodia was also damaged seriously as it is located downstream
of Thailand. In the 2011 flooding, various infrastructures such as roads, bridges, schools,
and riverbeds were destroyed or damaged, with houses, farmlands, farm facilities,
and hospitals are experiencing damage.
Many Japanese companies operate business in economic zones (SEZ), so damage to

infrastructure such as roads and bridges caused by flooding has a grave impact on
freight distribution. After a large flood in 2000, flood barriers were installed around
Phnom Penh and three other cities in the east, national and provincial roads were
rehabilitated, and bridges and canals were improved. However, these measures
were not sufficient to handle the scale of the disaster in 2011.
Flooding spreads easily due to the impacts of the Tonle Sap Lake which is located in
the mid-western area and has a high water level, the international Mekong River
which is located in the mid-eastern area, and the east mountain area which blocks
flow.
Moreover, flash floods may occur due to deforestation in the forest zone and
defective irrigation facilities. These factors have likely played a role in spreading flood
waters.
48
Data Source:
Figure 4.4 Flood Disasters and Major Road and Railway Networks: Cambodia
49
Country Report
Data Sources:
Figure 4.5 Flood Disasters, and Dams and Power Stations: Cambodia
50
Legislative Systems
5. Legislative Systems
5.1 Legislative Systems for Disaster
Management
Disaster Management Laws

Table 5.1 Laws and Regulations of Disaster Management in Cambodia
Laws / Regulations Supervisory Authority Matter
National Committee
Law on National Disaster Management Disaster
Law for Disaster
(Draft) Management
Management
Disaster
Decree Sub-decree No.35 ANK under survey Management,
Organization
Decree Sub-decree No.61 ANK under survey Organization
Laws for disaster management have not been developed in Cambodia. In the
absence of disaster management law, Sub-decree No. 35 ANK has been a core
principle for disaster management and defined the establishment of the National
Committee for Disaster Management (NCDM). In addition, based on Sub-decree
No.61 ANK, the Commune Committee for Disaster Management has been
established at the local level.
The NCDM has been discussing the development of the Law on National Disaster
Management since 2011. A draft of the Law on National Disaster Management has
been published and is to be enacted in 2013.
Disaster Management Strategies and Plans

Table 5.2 Strategies and Plan for Disaster Management in Cambodia
National Policy on Emergency General
Policy under survey
Management, 1997 Disaster
Policy National Contingency Policy for Flood, 2011 under survey Flood
NCDM Institutional Development Strategy in General
Strategy NCDM
2001 Disaster
Strategic National Action Plan for Disaster General
Plan NCDM
Risk Reduction 2008-2013 Disaster
National Strategy Development Plan General
Plan NCDM
2009-2013 Disaster
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Country Report
In the Strategic National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction 2008-2013, developed
in 2009, activities for disaster risk reduction have been identified and include:
protecting rural areas from the natural hazards of flood and drought, enabling
communities for disaster preparedness and risk reduction, and reducing the
vulnerability of the poor to external factors including natural hazards. As of 2012,
however, the Action Plan has not been implemented.
The NCDM developed the Institutional Development Strategy, which stipulates the
establishment of an effective inter-ministerial system for dealing with disaster
preparedness, response, and rehabilitation for five years from 2001.
For our report, documents regarding the National Policy on Emergency Management
and the National Contingency Policy for Flood have not been found, thus details
about the policies are not clear.
5.2 Regulations and Standards for Business

Continuity Management
No regulations, standards or guidelines for business continuity management in time of
disaster have been identified in Cambodia.
5.3 Legislative Systems for the Environment

and Pollution Control
Environmental Laws and Regulations

Table 5.3 Laws and Regulations regarding the Environment in Cambodia
Law / Regulations Supervisory Authority Matter
Law on Environmental Protection and Ministry of Environmental

Law
Natural Resources Management, 1996 Environment Assessment
Law on the Water Resources Management, Ministry of
Law Water Pollution
2007 Environment
Sub-Decree No.72 Anrk.bk on Environmental Ministry of Environmental
Decree
Impact Assessment Process, August 1999 Environment Assessment
52
Legislative Systems
The Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management requires

the implementation of environmental assessments for all domestic development
projects in Cambodia. The target projects and environmental assessment processes
are defined in the Sub-Decree No.72 Anrk.bk.
In addition, the Law on Water Resources Management has been established and the
basic policy for management of water resources is regulated by this law.
Pollution Control Laws and Regulations

Table 5.4 Laws and Regulations for Environmental Pollution Control
in Cambodia
Sub-Decree No.27 Anrk.bk on Water Ministry of

Sub-Decree Water pollution
Pollution Control, April 1999 Environment
Sub-Decree No.42 Anrk.bk on Air Pollution
Sub-Decree under survey Air pollution
Control and Noise Disturbance, July 2000
Sub-Decree No.36 Anrk.bk on Solid Waste
Sub-Decree under survey Solid Waste
Management, April 1999
Regulations on environmental pollution control in Cambodia are regulated by

sub-decrees.
The sub-decrees defining environmental pollution regulation related to industrial

activities are listed above. Sub-Decree No.27 Anrk.bk regulates water quality and
effluent in rivers, Sub-Decree No.42 Anrk.bk regulates air and noise pollution, and
Sub-Decree No.36 Anrk.bk regulates the of management of solid industrial waste.
53
Country Report
5.4 Legislative Systems for Development

including Land Use, Rivers, and Building
Code in Cambodia
Table 5.5 Laws and Regulations for Land, Rivers, and Building Code
in Cambodia
Minister of Land
Law Law on Land, 2001 Management, Urban Land use
Planning and Construction
Law Law on Forestry, 2002 under survey Forest

Sub-Decree On Community Forestry
Decree under survey Forest
Management
Sub-Decree on River Basin Management
Decree under survey River
(Draft)
Legal provisions pertaining to land use and forests are stipulated in the Law on Land
and the Law on Forestry.
Regulations for the development and use of river basins are to be enacted by
governmental sub-decree. A draft of the document has already been published.
In our research, a specific building codes enacted in Cambodia could not be

verified.
54
Implementation of BCP
6. Implementation of BCP
6.1 Major Natural Disasters and Awareness
Disaster Management
The major natural disasters that are expected to have a higher risk of causing
damage in Cambodia are heavy rain and floods. The expectation for damage by
flooding has seemed to rise due to climate change in recent years. However, high
tide disasters and storm surges are not considered, because urban regions including
Phnom Penh city are located inland. There has not been any severe damaged
caused by landslide disasters.
In Phnom Penh, most enterprises consider that damage caused by floods is not a
consideration for their business and the economy, even though minor flooding on
roads is a frequent occurrence due to undeveloped drainage facilities in the city. In
addition, because of lack of experience with natural disasters, their awareness of
disaster risk is underdeveloped.
In rural regions, floods cause major damage in the farming industry. Moreover, people
also consider avian influenza epidemics to be a hazardous disaster needing a
governmental control policy.
6.2 Current State of BCP Implementation

The concept of BCP is not known among government agencies and enterprises in
Cambodia. BCP is also unknown even in non-governmental agencies such as the
Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Currently, there appear to be no enterprises or
agencies that have considered developing a BCP.
Most Cambodian enterprises have little interest in preparing for corporate risk
management of natural disasters. Only some major companies have tried to establish
policies for disaster contingency plans.
Though some enterprises such as automotive parts manufacturers, located mainly in

Thailand with branches or factories in Cambodia, may have advanced schemes for
disaster risk management, most enterprises generally do not expect and are not
prepared for disaster risks.
55
Country Report
6.3 Efforts on Promoting BCP Implementation

The National Committee for Disaster Management (NCDM) is in charge of the
national disaster management system in Cambodia. Since national disaster
management policy consists of the preparation and development of disaster
mitigation systems at the community level, the government does not place
importance on disaster risk mitigation for the economy and business, but instead on
human damage and public life as the contingency policy. The dissemination of BCP is
regarded as a goal for the future, with first priority placed on the development of
disaster risk mitigation systems among enterprises and local governments.
Regarding disaster risk management, strategic conferences by national specialized

institutions and projects for meteorological disasters by non-governmental
international institutes are being conducted due to the increased attention placed
on climate change.
6.4 Problems Facing for Implementation of BCP

A lack of funds, knowledge, and other resources regarding disaster risk management
discourages enterprises and individuals from developing disaster preparedness plans.
In order to disseminate BCP in Cambodia, it is necessary to first raise BCP awareness
among enterprises through seminars or other educational tools. International
agencies specializing in disaster risk must provide support for enhancing knowledge
and skills pertaining to disaster risk management.
56
Appendix 1: Method for Evaluating Predominant Hazards
Appendix 1:
Method for Evaluating Predominant
Hazards
The “Damage Amount / GDP” and “Number of Deaths” are used as the indices to
show the impacts of the disasters considered and 6 natural hazards will be studied
and compared. At the beginning of the study, only the “Damage Amount / GDP”
was used as an index because the results can be used for Area BCP planning.
However, the scarcity of information related to damage amounts became clear as
the study progressed. As the information on the “Number of Deaths” is substantial
compared to the damage amount, the “Number of Deaths” has been added as an
index of impact.
The process of the study is as follows;
1) Based on the Damage Amount / GDP or Number of Death, each disaster is

classified according to the ranking system outlined in Table A1.
2) The number of disaster events for each country is added by type of hazard and
disaster rank, and then classified into
Table A2 below,
3) The above information is then plotted on the impacts - frequency matrix by
country,
4) As for earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic hazards, if an event occurred before
1983 that was of the same (or higher) disaster rank as the maximum disaster rank
recorded between 1983 to 2012, a point is plotted on the matrix which
corresponds to the relevant disaster and frequency rank ( =1).
Table A1 Disaster Rank and Damage

Disaster Rank Damage Amount / GDP3 Number of Death
5 1.0% - 10,001 -
4 0.1% - 1.0% 1,001 - 10,000
3 0.01% - 0.1% 101 - 1,000
2 0.001% - 0.01% 11 - 100
3 Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) valuation of country GDP,

International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, October 2012
57
Country Report
1 - 0.001% - 10
Table A2 Frequency Rank and Number of Events

Number of Events Average Frequency
Frequency Rank
from 1983 to 2012 (Events / Year)
5 7 or more 1/5 -
4 4 to 6 1/10 - 1/5
3 2 to 3 1/15 - 1/10
2 1 1/30
1 Large Events occurred before 1983 -
58
Appendix 2: Data Sheets Outline of Existing Investigations and Studies
Appendix 2:
Data Sheets
Outline of Existing Investigations and
Studies
59
Country Report
No.: FL-001 Published Year: 2010

Study/ Report Name: Synthesis Report on Ten ASEAN Countries Disaster Risks
Assessment
Access to Information: www.unisdr.org/files/18872_asean.pdf
Research Organization: UNISDR/World Bank
Study Area (Country): ASEAN (10 countries)
Studied Hazard: Flood
Studied Damage/ Risk: Flood
Main Data Sources: CRED EM-DAT, ADRC, NGDC, GSHAP, MRC, WAMIS,
DWR, Munich Re, World Bank, UNISDR, GAR, In Terragate,
IFNet, CCFSC, DESINVENTAR
Summary of the Study:
1) Overview
Disaster risks are assessed for years (1970-2009) by 1) Scenario, Exposure, Vulnerability,
Damage and Loss analysis using existing database. The dominant disaster risks are cyclonic
storms (typhoons), earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, epidemics, landslides, droughts volcanic
eruptions and forest-fires. In total 1,211 reported disasters caused over 414,900 deaths.
2) Vulnerability
Method: the number of disaster events, deaths, affected population and economic losses are
plotted against hazard types for 5 year intervals.
To estimate social vulnerability=> the average number of people killed.
ASEAN 17.7 death/year/million, Cambodia 3.56, Indonesia 20.38, Lao PDR 4.22, Malaysia
1.26, Myanmar 72.35, Philippines 11.93, Thailand4.63, Vietnam 4.60. Brunei and
Singapore have no data.
3) Risk assessment framework
A status of risk assessment framework is assessed by country to view the current capacity
of risk assessment. The evaluation table is show below.
60

Study/ Report Name: Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012 43rd edition
Access to Information: www.adb.org/publications/key-indicators-asia-and-pacific-2012
Research Organization: ADB
Studied Damage/ Risk: Vulnerability by % population and area
Main Data Sources:
This report summarizes vulnerability of urban cities to flood in Asian and Pacific counties
including the ASEAN region. The floods are classified as coastal flood and inland flood that
may affect urban cities. Vulnerabilities are estimated by population and areas % at risk of
flooding. Top 40 cities in Asian countries with 1 million population or more that are
vulnerable to flooding are listed.
Key findings:
The Southeast Asia (ASEAN)
region’s vulnerability to
coastal flooding: 36.1% with
Vietnam (73.9%), Thailand
(60%).
In terms of inland flooding, the
vulnerability for Southeast
Asia is 14.7%. The estimated
vulnerability: Vietnam
(38.6%), the Lao PDR (34%),
Thailand (29%).
61
Country Report

Study/ Report Name: Progress Report on Flood Hazard Mapping in Asian Countries
ICHARM Publication No.16, ISSN 0386-5878/ Technical Note
of PWRI No. 4164
Access to Information: http://www.icharm.pwri.go.jp/publication/pdf/2010/4164
_progress_report_on_fhm.pdf
Research Organization: UNESCO (ICHARM)/PERI
Studied Damage/ Risk: Hazard Map
Main Data Sources:
1) Overview
This is a seminar report on Flood Hazard Mapping production process for Asian Countries.
Target countries were (China, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, the
Philippines and Malaysia).
2) Accuracy of Hazard Map
Two types of mapping methods are: i) interview based mapping (community-based), ii)
quantitative hydrological data simulation models.
For the local usage, a simpler version is also effective. Examples of practical hazard maps
are demonstrated as follows.
62

Study/ Report Name: A Primer: Integrated Flood Risk Management in Asia 2
Access to Information: www.adpc.net/maininforesource/udrm/floodprimer.pdf
Research Organization: Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC)/UNICEF
Study Area (Country): Asia including ASEAN countries
Studied Damage/ Risk: Assessment method
Main Data Sources:
This is a comprehensive and practical how-to-handbook for policy makers and
implementation stakeholders of flood risk management in Asia, with updated resources to
(1) authorize programs; (2) formulate decisions; (3) plan, develop and implement decisions;
(4) support implementation of decisions. There are extensive glossaries of words and
concepts in relation to flood risk management.
Topics include:
Chapter 2: Types and levels of flood: riverine flood, slow-onset, rapid-onset, normal
flood (1 year flood), catastrophic flood (100 year flood). Causes of flood: meteological,
hydrological and anthropogenic.
Chapter 3: Policies, legal and institutional arrangement plans:
Chapter 4: Flood risk assessment, data required for an assessment of potential damages
and losses, Flood frequency calculations
Chapter 5: Importance of watershed and floodplain management for flood risk
management
Chapter 6: Structural interventions: flood storage reservoir, dykes, levee and
embankment, EIA, cost benefit analysis
Chapter 7: Flood-proofing measures, relocation, elevation, dry-flood proofing, wet-flood
proofing, flood-proofing measures categories: permanent, contingent and emergency
measures
Chapter 8: Flood preparedness planning: preparedness framework, activities, flood
forecasting, public awareness
Chapter 9: Effective emergency response in environment health management, evacuation
camps, delivery of goods
Case studies of ASEAN countries include:
Disaster Management and Relief in Malaysia,
Hazard Assessment in the Philippines,
Flood mitigation mix measures/community level management in Thailand,
Mekong River Commission Mediation of Trans-boundary Flood Issues
63
Country Report

Study/ Report Name: Climate Change Vulnerability Mapping for Southeast Asia
Access to Information: http://web.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/12324196651Mapping_Report
.pdf
Research Organization: Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia
(EEPSEA)
Study Area (Country): ASEAN (Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia,
Malaysia, and Philippines)
Studied Damage/ Risk: Vulnerability to climate change, flood frequency
Main Data Sources: Urban Extent Database (GRUMP version 1) of the (CIESIN)
GEODATA portal (the Environmental Database;
http://geodata.grid.unep.ch/extras/datasetlist.php)
BAKOSURTANAL
1) Overview
This study assesses vulnerability of Southeast Asian countries (Thailand, Vietnam, Laos,
Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Philippines) of climate change including flooding.
Vulnerability is defined as a function of exposure (potential loss due to a hazard),
sensitivity (the potential gravity of losses and damage), and adaptive capacity (how much to
adapt a hazard situation).
2) Vulnerability assessment
Vulnerability is assessed by adaptive capacity (HDI, PPP, Gini-coefficient, Education, road,
electricity…), population density (human sensitivity) and hazard map (hazard occurrence
frequency data from 1980-2000). Adaptive capacity influences vulnerability. When adaptive
capacity is low, vulnerability is high.
3) Area analysis
Cambodia is among the most vulnerable in
ASEAN despite its relatively low exposure
to climate hazards. The eastern coast of
Vietnam is susceptible to cyclones, but
adaptive capacity is high to manage to
moderate its vulnerability. Bangkok and
Jakarta have high adaptive capacities but
not enough to moderate their extreme vulnerability with high population densities and
significant exposure to climate hazards. A map shows annual flood frequency of the region.
64

Study/ Report Name: Reducing Vulnerability and Exposure to Disasters The
Asia-Pacific Disaster Report 2012
Access to Information: http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/29288
Research Organization: ESCAP/UNISDR
Studied Hazard: Hydro-meteorological Hazard
Studied Damage/ Risk: Economic losses, fatalities, houses, risk-sensitive plans of
investment
Main Data Sources:
1) Overview
The Asia-Pacific region represents 75% of all global disaster fatalities. The economic and
population growth contribute to a greater exposure to natural disasters. The population was
doubled from 2.2 to 4.2 billion between 1970 and 2010. But the number of people who are
exposed to flooding has increased from 29.5 to 63.8 million. The urban settlements are
more vulnerable as the urban population increased from 17 to 44% of the total population
between 1950 and 2010.
2) Vulnerability
Generally, smaller and less diversified economies are more vulnerable to disaster risks.
Flood mortality risks are higher in rural areas with a densely concentrated and rapidly
growing population with weak governance.
3) Risk
Risks are associated with economic and mortality risks. The exposure to flooding events
constantly increases as of 1980 but mortality risks are decreasing as countries strengthened
their risk governance capacities. However economic risks are increasing, due to slow
adaptation of the existing fixed assets, such as old buildings and infrastructure, and
institutional instruments such as land use planning and building regulation to cope with
flooding particularly in rapidly urbanizing areas.
4) Spatial and land use plan

The national spatial and land use plans and policies are a key to reduce flood risks. Brunei,
Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Vietnam have land-use policies,
plans or measures for DRR.
65
Country Report

Study/ Report Name: Coping with flood in Cambodian communities, Enhancing
community solidarity through capacity building
Access to Information: www.adpc.net/AUDMP/library/safer_cities/2.pdf
Research Organization: Asian Disaster Preparedness Center
Study Area (Country): Cambodia, Kampong Cham
Studied Damage/ Risk: Community risk management, vulnerability
Main Data Sources:
This is a case study of a community-based flood mitigation and preparedness project

(1998-2001). 23 Cambodian villages are targeted to develop an organizational framework
for flood vulnerability reduction.
Activities included: risk mapping, learning about first aid, organization skills and financial
management by volunteer members in the communities to identify, estimate and rank local
disaster risks (risk assessment).
The case provides an example of step-by-step activity implementation in a rural community
setting to enhance preparedness and mitigate risk for flooding event.
The lessons learnt from the project was

1. It is necessary to involve all groups in the community to make a risk mapping useful.
2. Risk mapping needs to be incorporated into community planning over a longer period of
time.
3. Community-based activities can foster a solidarity network building for safety and
cooperation to mitigate the flood risks within a community.
Asian Disaster Preparedness Center

P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, THAILAND
Contact:
Tel: (66-2) 524-5354, Fax: (66-2) 524-5350
E-mail: [email protected]
URL: http://www.adpc.ait.ac.th
66

Study/ Report Name: Advancing Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance in ASEAN
Countries: Framework and Options for Implementation,
Volume2: Appendix 1
Access to Information: https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/gfdrr.org/files/documents/DRFI_AS
EAN_
Appendices_June12.pdf
Research Organization: GFDRR/World Bank
Studied Hazard: Flood (multiple disasters)
Studied Damage/ Risk: Damage, affected population, vulnerability index
Main Data Sources: World Bank, EM-DAT, Relief Web, GFDRR, CIA fact book
1) Overview
Disaster risks were compiled for ASEAN countries with data between 1982 and 2011. The
following items are analyzed: disaster profile (% of different disasters), damage ($),
affected population, vulnerability index (estimated number of people killed/year).
2) Disaster profile: Typhoon is the dominant incidence causing flood and landslide in most
countries except Singapore and Brunei
Cambodia: 45% flood (Mekong river), 9% storm, 16% drought, 29% epidemic
Indonesia: west and dry zones most severely hit (Jakarta, Medan, Bandug)
Lao PDR: 50% flood, 22% epidemics, 13% storm, 13% drought
Malaysia: dominantly flood
Myanmar: multiple hazards, earthquake serious risk
Philippines: dominantly typhoons causing other hazards in conjunction
Thailand: multiple hazard (flood, drought, storms and landslide)
Vietnam: 49% storm, 37% floods, 5% epidemic, 3% landslide, 2% drought
3) Vulnerable areas
Mekong River Delta in Vietnam, all regions of the Philippines, most regions in Cambodia,
North ad East Lao PDR, Bangkok in Thailand, the west and south of Sumatra and western
and eastern Java in Indonesia.
4) Vulnerability
Urban (especially coastal) areas are more vulnerable against disasters due to a rapid
population growth, urbanization, deforestation, and unplanned land use.
67
Country Report

Study/ Report Name: Flood Risk Management in the Border Zone between Cambodia
and Vietnam
Access to Information: http://ns1.mrcmekong.org/download/fmmp-reports/
V6E_FRMBZ_KH_VN_2.pdf
Research Organization: The Mekong River Commission Secretariat
Study Area (Country): Vietnam Cambodia
Studied Damage/ Risk: Damages, risk assessment
Main Data Sources: MRC ISIS model, local authorities
1) Overview
In this project, existing flood risk management plans are considered along the Mekong
River in the following areas by conducting carefully thought assessments to estimate risks
of damages of housing, agriculture and infrastructure. The project area covers 25 districts in
Cambodia (10 districts in Takeo province, 7 districts in Kandal province, 5 districts in Prey
Veng province, and 3 districts in Svay Rieng province) and 34 districts in Vietnam (11
districts in An Giang province, 11 districts in Dong Thap province, 5 districts in kien Giang
province, 6 districts in Long An province, and 1 district in Tien Giang province).
1. In Vietnam:
a. Long Xuyen Quadrangle (LXQ) b. Area between Bassac and Mekong north of the Vam
Nao c. Plain of Reeds (POR) north of the Nguyen Van Tiep Canal
2. In Cambodia:
a. Floodplains on the West Bassac (WB) b. Floodplains between Bassac and Mekong c.
Floodplains on the left bank of the Mekong and south of the NR #1, also referred to as East
Mekong.
The conclusion of the damage risk
assessment suggests that if one country
takes measures to mitigate flood risks,
the risk in the other country increases.
Therefore, mitigation measures have to
be taken in both countries to lower the
risks of flooding. A joint project or an
international watercourse management
to reduce risks of the flood is sought
for.
68

Study/ Report Name: Strategic National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction 2008
~ 2013
Access to Information: http://www.unisdr-apps.net/confluence/display/bib/Strategic+Na
tional
+Action+Plan+%28SNAP%29+for+Disaster+Risk+Reduction
Research Organization: National Committee for Disaster Management and Ministry of
Planning
Study Area (Country): Cambodia
Studied Damage/ Risk: Area, institutional improvement
Main Data Sources:
1) Overview
This is a national strategic plan to deal with natural disasters. Flood is a common natual
hazard in Cambodia and paper summarizes the status of flood risk and plans to tackle for
Cambodia to manage flood and achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
2) Flood situation
There are two types of flood in Cambodia: 1. Mekong flood – Rainfall in the upper
catchments causes a slow but steady rise in water levels lasting for several days. Mekong
river floods are common in the provinces of Stung Treng, Kratie, Kampong Cham, Prey
Veng, Svay Rieng, Kandal, and Takeo.
2. Flash floods – Repeated heavy rainfall in mountainous areas, which flows to streams and
tributaries of the Mekong River branch of river cause flash floods. Flash floods are
common in the provinces of Kandal, Kampong Speu, Kampot, Pursat, Battambang,
Kampong Chhnang, Rattanakiri, Preah Vihea, and Odor Meanchey.
Major flooding events
affecting a significant
population occur every five
years or so (in 1961, 1966,
1978, 1984, 1991, 1996,
2000, 2001 and 2002).
The figure below shows the
location of the most flood
prone areas in Cambodia.
69
Country Report
No.: EQ-001 Published Year: 2009

Study/ Report Name: Global assessment report on disaster risk reduction (2009)
Risk and poverty in a changing climate
Research Organization: United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
Secretariat (UNISDR)
Study Area (Country): Worldwide
Studied Hazard: Tropical cyclones, Floods, Landslides, Earthquakes (10% in 50
years MMI), Drought, Tsunamis, Forest and other biomass fires
Studied Damage/ Risk: Multi-hazard risk
Main Data Sources:
An observation of disaster risk patterns and trends at the global level allows a visualization
of the major concentrations of risk described in the report and an identification of the
geographic distribution of disaster risk across countries, trends over time and the major
drivers of these patterns and trends.
70
No.: EQ-002 Published Year: unknown

Study/ Report Name: Seismic Hazard Map
Access to Information: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/indonesia/gshap.php
Research Organization: GSHAP, USGS
Study Area (Country): ASEAN
Studied Hazard: Earthquake / 10% in 50 years
Studied Damage/ Risk:
Main Data Sources:
71
Country Report
No.: TN-002 Published Year: 2005

Study/ Report Name: From Disaster to Reconstruction: A Report on ADB's Response
to the Asian Tsunami
Access to Information: http://www.adb.org/publications/disaster-reconstruction-report-a
dbs-response-asian-tsunami
Research Organization: Asian Development Bank
Study Area (Country): ASEAN
Studied Hazard: Tsunami
Main Data Sources:
This report summarizes ADB’s response to the earthquake and tsunami during the first year.
It highlights major activities, detailed project components, and identifies challenges ahead
and lessons learned in responding to this unprecedented regional natural disaster.
72
No.: VE-001 Published Year: 2011

Study/ Report Name: Holocene Eruption and Selected Volcanoes in Asia-Pacific
Access to Information: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/map_619.pdf
Research Organization: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs, Regional Office for Asia Pacific (OCHA -ROAP)
Study Area (Country): Asia-Pacific
Studied Hazard: Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)
Main Data Sources: UN Cartographic Section, Smithsonian Institution, Global
Volcanism Program
This map shows the density of volcanic eruptions based on the explosivity index for each
eruption and the time period of the eruption. Eruption information is spread to 100km
beyond point source to indicate areas that could be affected by volcanic emissions or
ground shaking.
The volcanic eruptions were rated using the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI). The VEI is a
simple 0 to 8 index of increasing explosivity, with each successive integer representing
about an order of magnitude increase.
73
Country Report
No.: CM-001 Published Year: 2002

Study/ Report Name: Overview of Early Warning in Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR,
Philippines and Vietnam
Access to Information: http://www.adpc.net/pdr-sea/publications/OEWS.pdf
Research Organization: Asian Disaster Preparedness Center
Study Area (Country): Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, Lao PDR, Cambodia
Studied Hazard: Storm(heavy rain)
Studied Damage/ Risk: Hazard
Main Data Sources:
Globally, the incidence of hydro-meteorological disasters has doubled since 1996. In the
past decade, more than 90% of the people killed by natural hazards and lost their lives due
to droughts, windstorms and floods, of which 85% of the total deaths were reported from
Asia (WDR, 2001). Strengthening disaster reduction strategies throughout the region is an
important step towards ensuring that natural hazards do not result in social and economic
disasters.
The UN International Decade on Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) Conference on Early

Warning Systems for Reduction of Natural Disasters (held in Potsdam, Germany in
September 1998) declared that the successful application of early warning is the most
practical and effective measure for disaster prevention. Ultimately, the declaration
continues, early warning systems must be comprehended by and motivate communities at
greatest risk, including those disenfranchised and particularly disadvantaged people who
must take appropriate protective actions. One of IDNDR’s original program targets was for
all countries to have in place, by the year 2000, ready access to global, regional, national
and local warning systems as part of their national plans. Many governments and related
disaster management organizations throughout Asia have already initiated Early Warning
Systems; though, the resulting systems vary widely in their capacity to produce and
communicate effective warnings. This report summarizes the findings of a study of Early
Warning Systems in Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Philippines and Vietnam, the
countries targeted by the Disaster Preparedness Program of the European Commission
Humanitarian Aid Office (DIPECHO). The study, conducted in accordance with the
IDNDR objectives, was undertaken by Asian Disaster Preparedness Center's Partnerships
for Disaster Reduction-South East Asia (PDR-SEA) project, which emphasizes the need to
address disaster related issues within the context of sustainable development, with
communities targeted as major beneficiaries1. Most broadly, the project aims to develop the
capacities of communities to prevent or mitigate the impact of disasters.
74
This report attempts to raise awareness of the early warning systems in the respective
countries and to provide a basis for further enhancing institutional mechanisms, technical
capacities and community response options for reducing vulnerability to extreme climate
events. The study has the following objectives:
• Review the international initiatives on early warning system
• Conduct a rapid appraisal of existing early warning system for hydro-meteorological

hazards in DIPECHO target countries, and
• Undertake short case studies to assess community-level vulnerability and response to

hydro-meteorological hazards.
Huge populations in the selected countries are highly vulnerable to hydro-meteorological

hazards as large numbers of communities are settled in risk prone marginal areas. Fertile
flood valleys, plains and deltas, such as the Lower Mekong River basin, are attractive to
farmers as they provide access to livelihoods; but they are also most vulnerable to floods.
In urban areas, burgeoning populations are in many instances located in areas vulnerable to
hazards such as tropical storms. This study is limited to the EWS for hydrometeorological
hazards focusing on tropical cyclone and floods as recommended in the proposal approved
by the European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO).
75
Country Report
No.: LS-006 Published Year: 2010

Study/ Report Name: Synthesis Report on Ten ASEAN Countries Disaster Risks Assessment
Access to Information: http://www.unisdr.org/files/18872_asean.pdf
Research Organization: UNISDR/World Bank
Study Area (Country): An assessment of disaster risks in ten ASEAN countries
Studied Hazard: earthquakes, tropical cyclonic storms (typhoons), floods,
landslides, tsunamis, droughts, and forest fires.
Studied Damage/ Risk: Hazard profile and Risk profile
Main Data Sources: CRED EM-DAT, ADRC, NGDC, GSHAP, MRC, WAMIS,
DWR, Munich Re, World Bank, UNISDR, GAR, InTerragate,
IFNet, and CCFSC, DESINVEN-TAR 1970-2009
1)overview
This synthesis report on the Ten ASEAN Countries is based on a desk review of existing
studies by academia, governments and international governmental and non-governmental
organizations. Risk assessments are carried out directly based on recorded historical losses.
The economic loss probability estimates presented in this report are not intended for
designing catastrophe insurance schemes, which require a much more detailed approach
that models hazard, exposure and vulnerability of buildings and infrastructure.
2)landslide and mudslide analysis
Landslide and mudslide analysis data sources are shown in above table (Main Data
Sources). The landslide hazard risks maps were derived from the GAR Preview platform
(GAR, 2009; http://previewgrid.unep.ch), has 10km grid resolution. This report explains
overview, Regional setting, Hazard profile and Risk profile of each 10 countries separately.
Assessment sample of Natural disaster (Indonesia)
76

Study/ Report Name: Natural Disaster Hotspots: A Global Risk Analysis
Access to Information: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/ndh-landslide-hazard-
distribution/maps
Research Organization: World Bank､
Study Area (Country): Whole World
Studied Hazard: Flood, Landslide, Drought, drought,earthquakes, storms,
volcanoes
Main Data Sources:
1)overview
This study presents a global view of major natural disaster risk hotspots—areas at relatively
high risk of loss from one or more natural hazards. It summarizes the results of an
interdisciplinary analysis of the location and characteristics of hotspots for six natural
hazards. Data on these hazards are combined with state-of-the-art data on the sub-national
distribution of population and economic output and past disaster losses to identify areas at
relatively high risk from one or more hazards. This study belongs to the project of Global
Risk Identification Program (GRIP) by the world bank, which objects a framework which is
improved evidence base for disaster risk management to enable the application and
prioritization of effective disaster risk reduction strategies at the national, regional and
global scales.
2)
And a web site of CIESIN publishes detailed risk map of 6 hazards distribution studied in
this project as shown in below. The maps are able to estimate risk levels at sub-national
scales.
Sample of Landslide Hazard Distribution Map indicating Northern Philippines
77
Country Report

Study/ Report Name: Disaster risk management programs for priority countries - 2nd edition
Research Organization: UNISDR(united nations office for disaster risk reduction)
Study Area (Country): Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, Lao PDR, Cambodia,
Studied Hazard: All natural hazards
Studied Damage/ Risk: Profile, management framework, activities about disaster risk
Main Data Sources: The world bank, EN-DAT
1)overview
This report is studying several aspects about disaster risk reduction, such as risk profile,
management framework, activities and organization, concerning donor engagement and
global facility to prepare comprehensive programs for disaster risk management and
climate change adaptation for the next three to five years in each of the priority and donor
earmarked countries by GFDRR (global facilities for disaster risk reduction). The following
steps are undertaken to develop the country programs.
1. Investigation of a) the underlying risk factors and b) the progress in the five priority areas
of the Hyogo Framework for Action;
2. stocktaking of ongoing risk reduction and climate change adaptation programs by key
stakeholders, including UN agencies, multilateral and bilateral donors, and other partners;
3. identification of key gaps at national, sector, and local levels;
4. solicitation of proposals from different government and non-government entities and
concerned donor agencies;
5. analysis of the solicited proposals and consensus building in a consultative process
involving a range of stakeholders, including relevant government ministries, UN
organizations, multilateral and bilateral donors, INGOs and civil society actors;
6. development of strategic comprehensive programs of support based on the gathered
information.
2)Framework and assessment of present condition
In the report, those assessments are described as each countries separately.
1: Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with a strong
institutional basis for implementation
2: Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning
3: Use of knowledge, innovation, and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at
all levels
4: Reduction of the underlying risk factors (reduction of exposure and vulnerability and
increase of resilience)
5: Disaster preparedness, recovery and reconstruction at national, regional, and local levels
78

Study/ Report Name: Climate Change Vulnerability Mapping for Southeast Asia
Access to Information: http://web.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/12324196651Mapping_Repor
t.pdf
Research Organization: Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia
(EEPSEA)
Study Area (Country): ASEAN (Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia,
Malaysia, and Philippines)
Studied Hazard: Flood, Landslide, Drought, Tropical, cyclone Sea level rise
Studied Damage/ Risk: Vulnerability to climate change, flood frequency
Main Data Sources: Urban Extent Database (GRUMP version 1) of the (CIESIN)
GEODATA portal (the Environmental Database;
http://geodata.grid.unep.ch/extras/datasetlist.php)
BAKOSURTANAL
This study assesses vulnerability of Southeast Asian countries (Thailand, Vietnam, Laos,
Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Philippines) of climate change including landslide.
Vulnerability is defined as a function of exposure (potential loss due to a hazard),
sensitivity (the potential gravity of losses and damage), and adaptive capacity (how much to
adapt a hazard situation).
Adaptive capacity influences vulnerability. When adaptive capacity is low, vulnerability is
high. Cambodia is among the most vulnerable in ASEAN despite its relatively low exposure
to climate hazards. The eastern coast of Vietnam is susceptible to cyclones, but adaptive
capacity is high to manage to moderate its vulnerability. Bangkok and Jakarta have high
adaptive capacities but not
enough to moderate their
extreme vulnerability with
high population densities
and significant exposure
to climate hazards.
A map shows annual
landslide exposure of the
region.
The map shows Landslide

exposure changing rate
caused by Climate change
79
Country Report
Appendix 3:
List of Industrial Parks in Cambodia
ID Short List Long List COUNTRY PROVINCE PARK NAME ADDRESS
Bavet commune, Chantrea District, Svay

KH0001 Cambodia D&M Bavet SEZ
Rieng Province
Doung Chhiv Phnom
KH0002 Cambodia No Address
Den SEZ
Goldfame Pak Shun
KH0003 XXKH01 Cambodia Middle of Phnom Penh and Takeo
SEZ
KH0004 Cambodia Kampong Saom SEZ Mittapheap Kampuchea Soviet
KH0005 Cambodia Kampot SEZ Kipling Ln Kampot
Kiri Sakor Koh Kong
KH0006 Cambodia Boutum Sakor National Park
SEZ
Manhattan (Svay Bavet Commune, Chantrea District, Svay
KH0007 XXKH02 Cambodia
Reing) SEZ Rieng Province
MDS THMORDA
SEZ
KH0009 Cambodia N.L.C SEZ No Address
Neang Kok Koh Kong
SEZ
KH0011 Cambodia Oknha Mong SEZ Oknha Mong Reththy,Phnom Penh
Salatean and Preytob Village, Chhrokmates
KH0012 Cambodia P (SEZ) I C
Commune, Svay teap District,Svey Rieng
Unnamed Rd Phnom Penh Special
KH0013 XXKH03 XXKH03 Cambodia Phnom Penh SEZ
Economic Zone
KH0014 Cambodia Poi Pet O’Neang SEZ No Address
KH0015 Cambodia S.N.C SEZ National Highway 6
Sihanoukville Port
KH0016 Cambodia Krong Preach Sianouk KHAN Mittapheap
SEZ
Near air port Mittapheap Kampuchea
KH0017 Cambodia Sihanoukville SEZ 1
Krong Preah Sianouk
Near air port Mittapheap Kampuchea
KH0018 XXKH04 XXKH04 Cambodia Sihanoukville SEZ 2
Krong Preah Sianouk
KH0019 Cambodia Stung Hav SEZ No Address
KH0020 Cambodia Suoy Chheng SEZ No Address
KH0021 XXKH05 Cambodia Tai Seng Bavet SEZ Bavet District, Svay Rieng Province
Thary Kampong
KH0022 Cambodia 216 Preah Norodom Blvd Phnom Penh
Cham SEZ
80
Appendix 4: General Investment Risk of Cambodia
Appendix 4:
General Investment Risk of Cambodia
(1) Political Risk
The government is stable, with little risk of political instability or changes to

development policy threatening business continuity. The Cambodian People's Party
(CPP) has wielded power for some 30 years, with Prime Minister Hun Sen practicing a
model of "guided democracy." This involves promoting increased economic
liberalization and infrastructure development while the party retains a tight grip on
political control. In the last parliamentary election in July 2008, the CPP cemented its
dominant position by securing a large majority. This has allowed the CPP to govern
without a coalition partner. The CPP is also expected to win a clear majority in the
upcoming 28 July 2013 general election, which will allow Hun Sen – who enjoys the
confidence of his party and will stand for re-election – to further consolidate his power.
Hun Sen is likely to expand his extensive personal business patronage network,
especially over the lucrative hydrocarbons sector through the Cambodian National
Petroleum Authority, which falls under his direct control.
The CPP faces no real threat to its effective monopoly over politics, the judiciary, and
the security forces amid weak political opposition. The government's stability is likely
to ensure the continuity of pro-business policies and of contracts signed by the
current government. These include hydrocarbon exploration rights to six offshore
blocks in the Gulf of Thailand (Chevron Corporation is currently drilling the largest
block), hydropower projects developed by Chinese and Vietnamese companies and
SEZ development plans. Corruption remains a severe risk, especially in the absence of
any substantial checks on the government. Contracts and licenses risk being revoked
if personal relationships with senior government officials are not maintained
adequately through bribes.
(2) Economic Risk
Cambodia remains one of the poorest countries in Asia, with per capita income just
now crossing the USD 1,000 mark. Political stability since 1998 has laid the foundation
for larger foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, which have so far primarily targeted
the garment and textile sectors. The garment and footwear industries received a big
boost in 2011 when the European Union relaxed its rules of origin and granted
81
Country Report
Cambodia duty-free access to the European market. Investment in the sector will
probably increase further in coming years, especially given repeated minimum-wage
hikes in neighboring Thailand that will further boost Cambodia's relative cost
competitiveness. Cambodia's relatively stable inflation profile also compares
favorably with developments in neighboring Vietnam. Construction, agriculture,
manufacturing, and services should all continue to grow in 2013, supporting
economic growth of nearly 7.0%.Tourism has also revived in recent years and there is
considerable potential for further expansion. The discovery of offshore oil reserves
represents a significant upside potential for medium- and longer-term growth as well.
Nevertheless, given the high poverty incidence, massive infrastructure development

needs, limited scope for domestically generated investment, and the hesitance of
the financial crisis-weathered foreign investors, the country is expected to remain
quite aid-dependent for many years to come. Continued macroeconomic reforms
and steady FDI flow remain crucial for future development. Cambodia is one of the
most highly dollarized economies in the world, reflecting the historical legacy of
money abolition during the Khmer Rouge rule. Although this does not, in and of itself,
impose severe constraints on business operations, the weak and underdeveloped
domestic financial sector does. Deepening financial intermediation is a very
important priority for Cambodia's policymakers. At the moment, most large-scale
investment projects are financed externally since the domestic financial sector lacks
the resource depth to support such activities. Overall, HIS anticipates that foreign
investor interest in Cambodia will continue to intensify in coming years, which should
support a solid average growth rate of 8.0% per year over 2015–2019.
(3) Legal Risk
Cambodia's legal system is still evolving after more than two decades of armed
conflict that ended in 1991 and summarily dismantled the legal system. Cambodia is
a civil law country; the new Civil Code came into effect in December 2011. The new
system is a hybrid of customary law, and has also been influenced by Japanese and
French legal traditions. The political will to make the country attractive to investors
and, above all, the attainment of World Trade Organization membership in 2004 have
driven forward the development of the legal system.
Nevertheless, daunting challenges remain: the rule of law is weak and the court
system struggles to enforce its judgments. A significant shortage of trained judges and
82
other legal personnel remains also a challenge. While there is no systematic

discrimination against foreign investors in Cambodia through a regulatory regime,
both corruption and political overlay obstruct transparency. In addition, Cambodia
still lacks some key commercial laws.
The Law on Commercial Enterprise 2005 is the first comprehensive company law in
Cambodia. Under the law, the definition of a foreign business is: a legal entity formed
under the laws of a foreign country where it has a place of business and which is
doing business in Cambodia. It may conduct business in Cambodia as a commercial
representative office, commercial relations office or agency ("representative office");
a branch; or a subsidiary. The passage of the law did not ease the procedure of
setting up a business in Cambodia, which takes an average of 9 procedures and 85
days.
(4) Tax Risk
The tax regime in Cambodia is largely undeveloped. The tax base is small and poor
tax collection has contributed to low revenues. However, a range of tax incentives for
investors and relatively low corporate income tax rates render the country more
attractive to foreign-invested enterprises. Corporate tax is levied at a flat rate of 20%,
which is one of the lowest in the region. Due to the government's preoccupation with
other development issues, the rapid development of a more sophisticated system
should not be expected and, as a result, the system will continue to lack
sophistication, nor will it enjoy any expansion in the short term. Cambodia does not
have any double-taxation agreements in place, but it has entered into various
investment promotion and trade agreements with a number of countries. Companies
operating within SEZs benefit from income tax, customs, import duty and VAT
incentives.
(5) War Risk
The government has good relations with neighboring Laos and Vietnam and their
borders are clearly demarcated. Relations with Thailand are strained over a disputed
border area around the Preah Vihear temple complex bordering Thailand's Sisaket
province. In October 2008, skirmishes broke out between Cambodian and Thai forces
in that area and recurred sporadically. While the fighting mostly consisted of small
arms firing, artillery was occasionally used, causing thousands of villagers to flee. The
83
Country Report
skirmishes subsequently tapered off after the election of the Puea Thai party in
Thailand in August 2011. The Puea Thai is the party of former Thai Prime Minister Thaksin
Shinawatra who has good relations with Cambodia's Premier Hun Sen. In April 2013
both governments began arguing their cases at an International Court of Justice
hearing, which will announce its verdict in October 2013. However, irrespective of the
decision, if the Puea Thai loses power the risk of renewed fighting will increase.
During the recent skirmishes, the regional grouping Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN), of which both Cambodia and Thailand are members, helped to
de-escalate the situation. ASEAN would likely be involved again if fresh fighting
breaks out. ASEAN's involvement plus the reluctance of Cambodia and Thailand to
enter a full conflict over their border dispute, which concerns a small, rural area
without significant commercial relevance, means it is unlikely any fighting will involve
the use of air power or the countries' naval forces.
Cambodia and Thailand also have not fully demarcated their maritime border in the
Gulf of Thailand, but this has been dealt with in a more cooperative manner, making
it unlikely to result in maritime skirmishes or conflict. Offshore energy resources are
present in the disputed area with three blocks containing as estimated 10-11 trillion
cubic feet of gas reserves subject to overlapping claims with Thailand. Cambodia
wants to jointly develop the overlapping areas with Thailand so as to begin bidding
rounds as quickly as possible, but Thailand prefers that the countries justify the existing
claims instead. Talks are unlikely to take place in the next year given the Thai
government's reluctance to negotiate. As Cambodia is eager to proceed quickly
and reach an agreement with Thailand, it is unlikely that its naval vessels will
intentionally harass commercial vessels working at Thai offshore facilities including
those of Chevron Corporation and Salamander Energy plc.
(6) Terrorism Risk
A significant militant attack is unlikely. There are no international or regional militant

groups operating in the country. While IEDs have been used in politically-motivated
attacks, this is rare. Since 2007, there have only been two such attacks. In January
2009, three IEDs were placed near the Ministry of National Defense and a TV station,
but were found and destroyed by police. In July 2007, a 10kg IED exploded at the
Cambodia-Vietnam friendship monument in a park near the prime minister's
residence, causing limited property damage.
84
A historic regional rivalry with Thailand has led to an attack on Thai-owned asset that
caused serious property damage. In January 2003 the Cambodian press wrongly
attributed comments to a Thai actress claiming Thai ownership of the historic Angkor
Wat temple in Cambodia. Subsequent anti-Thai protests destroyed the Thai Embassy
in Phnom Penh and several Thai-owned businesses.
A largely defunct anti-communist movement, the Cambodian Freedom Fighters

(CFF), led by California-based Cambodian-American Chun Yasith, is assessed as
posing a negligible threat. Formed in 1998 when political upheaval sent some
Cambodians into exile, reports suggest the CFF never exceeded 100 armed fighters in
strength. Its only noteworthy activity was a November 2000 armed attack on
government buildings in Phnom Penh in which members of the security forces were
wounded and the attackers killed or wounded. In April 1999, around five CFF
members were arrested in connection with a plot to detonate an IED at a fuel depot.
The CFF is not known to have engaged in any militant activity since the 2000 attack
and in our view is a spent force.
Armed criminal gangs pose a moderate risk of cargo theft, especially between Kratie
and Stung Treng provinces in central-east Cambodia, where Highway 7 is particularly
at risk. These gangs are also likely to extort transport vehicles. There is also a moderate
risk of armed theft in the inland waterways and on the railway system.
(7) Civil Unrest Risk
While foreign direct investment has doubled since 2010 and manufacturing has
relocated to Cambodia due to low wages, the government has not correspondingly
improved land rights or worker treatment. As such, we assess industrial unrest and
land protests will likely become more frequent in the two-year outlook. Industrial
protests, involving strikes and demonstrations over pay and working conditions, occur
almost every month, many in the garment sector. They are generally peaceful and
conducted amongst heavy police presence, thus posing a low risk to property. Strikes
are generally localized to one factory and coordination between factories is normally
poor, reducing risks of significant or widespread business disruption due to strikes.
No large-scale ethnic divide threatens stability in Cambodia. However, the country

suffers from sporadic unrest in both rural and urban areas, due to land seizures and
growing economic inequality. A particularly contentious issue has been the awarding
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Country Report
of land to private enterprises and individuals, often requiring seizures and evictions. In
the last few years a growing number of contentious land grabs and forced evictions,
particularly in the capital Phnom Penh, have met with large-scale protests and violent
confrontations with authorities. Until the authorities are able to adequately
compensate those who have lost their land, these kinds of violent incidents are
bound to recur. These protests are particularly likely in Rattanak Kiri, Banteay
Meanchey, Kratie and Preah Sihanouk, and in cities including Phnom Penh,
Sihanoukville and Siem Reap.
Local communities and environmentalists are likely to protest peacefully against the
construction of hydroelectric dams on the Mekong River, which, they claim will have
negative repercussions on the environment. Political violence has traditionally been
more prevalent during election campaigns, where recourse to targeted killings has
been more likely. However, as the popularity of the CPP has grown and it has
consolidated its power since the 2008 elections, the level of political violence has
fallen.
86

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Country Report

Natural Disaster Risk Assessment and

Japan International Cooperation Agency

OYO International Corporation

Country Name Long form : Kingdom of Cambodia

4) National Committee for Disaster Management (NCDM) (2012): A presentation material

The country report is prepared as a reference document for individuals and

2. Natural Disaster Risks

Note: GDP-PPP, Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity

Source of data and information:

Figure 2.1 Impact of Natural Hazards in Cambodia

Hot spots are of flood disasters include:

 Mekong Delta region, and

Figure 2.2 Locations of Flood Disasters in Cambodia: Human Losses

Figure 2.3 Locations of Flood Disasters in Cambodia: Economic Losses

Sources of Hazard and Risk Information

Province Committee for Disaster Management (PCDM)

Ministry of Water Resources and Department of Meteorology Cambodia (DOM)

Institute of Cambodia of Technology (ICT)

Table 2.2 List of Reference Reports for Risk Analysis

Asian Water Development Outlook 2013:

ASEAN Disaster Synthesis Report on Ten Asian Countries

ASEAN Disaster World Risk Report 2012: October 2012 Report

Studies on Hazard and/or Risk Assessment

Table 2.3 Summary of Existing Investigations and Studies: Flood

Country/Region Summary of Existing Studies and Reports

Figure 2.4 Locations of Existing Investigations and Studies: Flood,

References for Data and Further Reading

Figure 2.5 Natural Hazard Risks of Cambodia

Reports on Hazard and/or Risk Assessment

There is no standardized or authorized methodology for risk and vulnerability

Table 2.4 Summary of Existing Investigations and Studies: Earthquake

Country/Region Summary of Existing Studies and Reports

There is no record of earthquake disaster in Cambodia and no investigations or

Figure 2.6 Locations of Existing Investigations and Studies: Earthquake,

References for Data and Further Reading

Reports on Hazard and/or Risk Assessment

There is no standardized or authorized methodology for risk and vulnerability

Table 2.5 Summary of Existing Investigations and Studies: Tsunami

Country/Region Summary of Existing Studies and Reports

Tsunami induced by the Sumatra earthquake on December 26, 2004 caused

There is no record of tsunami disaster in Cambodia and no investigations or studies

References for Data and Further Reading

Reports on Hazard and/or Risk Assessment

There is no standardized or authorized methodology for risk and vulnerability

Table 2.6 Summary of Existing Investigations and Studies: Volcano

Country/Region Summary of Existing Studies and Reports

UNOCHA summarized the scale of the explosion of volcanoes around the

There is no record of volcanic disaster in Cambodia and no investigations or

References for Data and Further Reading

2.6 Cyclone and Meteorological Hazards

Table 2.7 Tropical Cyclone Disasters in Cambodia (EMDAT: 1980 - 2012)

November 1997 Tropical Cyclone (Linda) 25 -

October 1999 Flood (Storm Surge) - 124,475

November 2009 Tropical Cyclone (Sancti) 2 -

September 2009 Tropical Cyclone (Ketsana) 17 178,091

Flooding is a major meteorological hazard in Cambodia. The country is prone to

Table 2.8 Weather Disasters in Cambodia (EMDAT: 1984 ~ 2013)