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    Biology 12th

    Uploaded by

    devansh Kalsi
    The document appears to be a collection of sections from Aglasem School that cover various biology topics. Some of the topics discussed include the structure of anatropous ovules, the stages of spermatogenesis in animals, the operon model of gene regulation in bacteria using the lactose operon, and the principles and process of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The document provides educational material on various concepts in biology.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Biology 12th

    Uploaded by

    devansh Kalsi
    21 views19 pages
    The document appears to be a collection of sections from Aglasem School that cover various biology topics. Some of the topics discussed include the structure of anatropous ovules, the stages of spermatogenesis in animals, the operon model of gene regulation in bacteria using the lactose operon, and the principles and process of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The document provides educational material on various concepts in biology.

    Original Description:

    Biology +2 que paper

    Original Title

    Biology.12th

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    The document appears to be a collection of sections from Aglasem School that cover various biology topics. Some of the topics discussed include the structure of anatropous ovules, the stages of spermatogenesis in animals, the operon model of gene regulation in bacteria using the lactose operon, and the principles and process of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The document provides educational material on various concepts in biology.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views19 pages

    Biology 12th

    Uploaded by

    devansh Kalsi
    The document appears to be a collection of sections from Aglasem School that cover various biology topics. Some of the topics discussed include the structure of anatropous ovules, the stages of spermatogenesis in animals, the operon model of gene regulation in bacteria using the lactose operon, and the principles and process of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The document provides educational material on various concepts in biology.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 19

    Aglasem School

    (1)
    Aglasem School

    (2)
    Aglasem School

    (3)
    Aglasem School

    (4)
    Aglasem School

    (1)
    Aglasem School

    (2)
    Aglasem School

    (3)
    Aglasem School

    (4)
    Aglasem School

    (5)
    Aglasem School

    (6)
    Aglasem School

    CHALAZA END

    RAPHE

    EMBRYO SAC
    NUCELLUS

    HILUM
    INTEGUMENT

    MICROPYLE
    FUNICLE

    L.S. OF ANATROPOUS OVULE

    (7)
    Aglasem School

    Phases of Spermatogenesis Type of Type of


    division germ cells

    Multiplication
    46

    Spermatogonia
    46
    46

    Mitosis 46 46
    46
    46

    Growth 46 Primary spermatocyte

    Meiosis-I

    23 Secondary spermatocyte
    23

    Meiosis-II 23 23 23 23 Spermatids
    Maturation

    23 23 23 23
    Spermatozoa
    or
    Sperms
    Fig. Stages in Spermatogenesis

    (8)
    Aglasem School

    X
    Operator
    switched on Transcription
    Repressor

    m-RNA
    Transcription

    Inducer Transacetylase Permease


    B-galactosidase
    Lactose

    Lactose Metabolism

    (9)
    Operon Model in the presence of Lactose

    RG PG OG Lac Z Lac Y Lac


    Aglasem A
    School

    Repressor No Transcription
    Operator
    Switched off No Translation

    Parents-

    (10)
    RY Ry rY Aglasem
    ry School

    RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy


    F2 generation
    Ry RRYy Rryy RrYy Rryy

    rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy

    ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy

    (11)
    Aglasem School
    VIRULENT NON-VIRULENT
    S-Strain R-Strain Heat killed
    virulent
    S.Strain Heat killed
    Virulent S-Strain
    +Non virulent
    R.Strain

    Died
    SURVIVED
    SURVIVED
    Died

    VIRULENT
    S-Strain Absense of
    Non-Virulent
    R-Strain. If bacteria Virulent
    Present S-Strain

    Mosses Ferns

    a b
    Algae Lichens

    (12)
    Aglasem School

    (13)
    Aglasem School

    5’ 3’
    ds DNA
    3’ 5’

    Heat Denaturation

    5’ 3’

    Primers
    Annealing
    Primers
    5’ 3’

    3’ 5’

    DNA polymerase
    (Tag polymerase)
    + de oxynucleotides.

    5’ 3’

    3’ 5’

    Extension

    5’ 3’

    3’ 5’

    30 cycles

    1-billion times

    (14)
    Aglasem School

    (15)

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