Fabrication of Cooling Tower: A Thesis (Phase I)
Fabrication of Cooling Tower: A Thesis (Phase I)
Fabrication of Cooling Tower: A Thesis (Phase I)
A THESIS (PHASE I)
Submitted by
Of
MASTER OF ENGINEERING
In
THERMAL ENGINEERING
NOVEMBER 2017
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ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
BONAFIED CERTIFICATE
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
This Work is submitted for Project Thesis Work (Phase I) Viva – Voce Examination held
on
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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ABSTRACT
The process of converting hot water into cold water is called cooling
process. The main air of the cooling tower is converting hot water input to the cold
water outlet. The water pump is used to supply the hot water into the cooling
tower. The cooling tower consists of cooling tube and fan. The hot water input is
split into the various paths by using more cooling tube.
The cooling tube bottom is having holes, which is used to split the water into
the water drapes. These water drapes is cooled by using fan, so that the hot water is
converted into cold water.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE
CHAPTERNO TITLE
NO
Abstract I
Table of Content II
List of Figures III
1 Introduction 1
2 Block Diagram 2
3 Components of Cooling Tower 3
3.1 Water Pump 3
3.2 Hot Water Tank 3
3.3 Cold Water Tank 3
3.4 Fan 4
4 Cooling Tower 7
5 Heat Transfer Methods 9
6 Air Flow Generation Methods 10
7 Working Principle 12
8 Advantages 13
9 Applications 14
10 Conclusion 15
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LIST OF FIGURES
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1. INTRODUCTION
The fabrication of cooling tower is our project; it is very useful in medium scale
industries by converting hot water into the cold water. The cooling tower consists of
more amounts of coolant tube and fan.
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2. BLOCK DIAGRAM
POWER WATER
SUPPLY
PUMP
FAN
COOLANT TOWER
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3. COMPONENTS OF COOLING TOWER
The pumping of water is a basic and practical technique, far more practical
than scooping it up with one's hands or lifting it in a hand-held bucket. This is true
whether the water is drawn from a fresh source, moved to a needed
location,purified, or used for irrigation, washing, or sewage treatment, or for
evacuating water from an undesirable location. Regardless of the outcome,
the energy required to pump water is an extremely demanding component of water
consumption. All other processes depend or benefit either from water descending
from a higher elevation or some pressurized plumbing system.
The hot water coming from the condenser of steam power plant is in the
form of high temperature level. This water is stored in the hot water tank before
pumping to the cooling tower by the use of water pump.
The water coming from the cooling tower is stored in the cold water tank
with required temperature level after the cooling process inside the cooling tower
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is finished. Then this water is reused in the steam power plant for the uninterrupted
working of power generation.
3.4 FAN
FRP FAN
FRP Impeller
Efficient operation.
More air with less power or reduced power for same air.
Fans available with or without seal disk to suit Induced Draft or Forced
Draft applications.
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Blade aerofoil with high lift and low drag.
Small fans up to 6 feet (1800 mm) diameter are dynamically balanced as per
ISO–1940 Grade 6.3.
FRP Blade:
Special blade shape at the root to minimize swirl without seal disk.
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4. COOLLING TOWER
A cooling tower is a heat rejection device that rejects waste heat to the
atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. Cooling
towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the
working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or, in the case of closed circuit
dry cooling towers, rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb
air temperature.
Common applications include cooling the circulating water used
in refineries, petrochemical and other chemicalplants,thermal power
stations andHVAC systems for cooling buildings. The classification is based on the
type of air induction into the tower: the main types of cooling towers are natural
draft and induced draft cooling towers.
Cooling towers vary in size from small roof-top units to very
large hyperboloid structures (as in the adjacent image) that can be up to 200 meters
(660 ft) tall and 100 meters (330 ft) in diameter, or rectangular structures that can
be over 40 meters (130 ft) tall and 80 meters (260 ft) long. The hyperboloid
cooling towers are often associated with nuclear power plants, although they are
also used in some coal-fired plants and to some extent in some large chemical and
other industrial plants. Although these large towers are very prominent, the vast
majority of cooling towers are much smaller, including many units installed on or
near buildings to discharge heat from air conditioning.
Industrial cooling towers can be used to remove heat from various sources
such as machinery or heated process material. The primary use of large, industrial
cooling towers is to remove the heat absorbed in the circulating cooling
water systems used in power plants, petroleum
refineries, petrochemical plants, natural gas processing plants, food processing
plants, semi-conductor plants, and for other industrial facilities such as in
condensers of distillation columns, for cooling liquid in crystallization, etc. The
circulation rate of cooling water in a typical 700 MW coal-fired power plant with a
cooling tower amounts to about 71,600 cubic meters an hour (315,000 US gallons
per minute) and the circulating water requires a supply water make-up rate of
perhaps 5 percent (i.e., 3,600 cubic meters an hour).
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If that same plant had no cooling tower and used once-through
cooling water, it would require about 100,000 cubic meters an hour. A large
cooling water intake typically kills millions of fish and larvae annually, as the
organisms are impinged on the intake screens. A large amount of water would have
to be continuously returned to the ocean, lake or river from which it was obtained
and continuously re-supplied to the plant. Furthermore, discharging large amounts
of hot water may raise the temperature of the Receiving River or lake to an
unacceptable level for the local ecosystem. Elevated water temperatures can kill
fish and other aquatic organisms or can also cause an increase in undesirable
organisms such as invasive species of zebra mussels or algae. A cooling tower
serves to dissipate the heat into the atmosphere instead and wind and air diffusion
spreads the heat over a much larger area than hot water can distribute heat in a
body of water. Evaporative cooling water cannot be used for subsequent purposes
(other than rain somewhere), whereas surface-only cooling water can be re-used.
Some coal-fired and nuclear power plants located in coastal areas do make use of
once-through ocean water. But even there, the offshore discharge water outlet
requires very careful design to avoid environmental problems.
Petroleum refineries also have very large cooling tower systems. A typical
large refinery processing 40,000 metric tonsof crude oil per day (300,000 barrels
(48,000 m3) per day) circulates about 80,000 cubic meters of water per hour
through its cooling tower system.
The world's tallest cooling tower is the 202 meters (663 ft) tall cooling tower
of Kalisindh Thermal Power Station in Jhalawar, Rajasthan, India.
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5. HEAT TRANSFER METHODS
dry cooling towers operate by heat transfer through a surface that separates
the working fluid from ambient air, such as in a tube to air heat exchanger,
utilizing convective heat transfer. They do not use evaporation.
wet cooling towers (or open circuit cooling towers) operate on the
principle of evaporative cooling. The working fluid and the evaporated fluid
(usually water) are one and the same.
fluid coolers (or closed circuit cooling towers) are hybrids that pass the
working fluid through a tube bundle, upon which clean water is sprayed and
a fan-induced draft applied. The resulting heat transfer performance is much
closer to that of a wet tower, with the advantage provided by a dry cooler of
protecting the working fluid from environmental exposure and
contamination.
In a wet cooling tower (or open circuit cooling tower), the warm water can be
cooled to a temperature lower than the ambient air dry-bulb temperature, if the air
is relatively dry. As ambient air is drawn past a flow of water, a small portion of
the water evaporates, and the energy required to evaporate that portion of the water
is taken from the remaining mass of water, thus reducing its temperature.
Approximately 970 BTU of heat energy is absorbed for each pound of evaporated
water (2 MJ/kg). Evaporation results in saturated air conditions, lowering the
temperature of the water processed by the tower to a value close to wet-bulb
temperature, which is lower than the ambient dry-bulb temperature, the difference
determined by the initial humidity of the ambient air.
To achieve better performance (more cooling), a medium called fill is used to
increase the surface area and the time of contact between the air and water
flows. Splash fill consists of material placed to interrupt the water flow causing
splashing.Film fill is composed of thin sheets of material (usually PVC) upon
which the water flows. Both methods create increased surface area and time of
contact between the fluid (water) and the gas (air), to improve heat transfer.
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6. AIR FLOW GENERATION METHODS
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cooling towers are often used at large coal-fired power plants as well.
Conversely, not all nuclear power plants have cooling towers, and some
instead cool their heat exchangers with lake, river or ocean water.
Thermal efficiencies up to 92% have been observed in hybrid cooling
towers.
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7. WORKING PRINCIPLE
There are many different types of cooling towers but the cooling tower
working principles stay pretty much the same. Most cooling towers work based on
the principles of ―evaporative cooling‖.
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8. ADVANTAGES
Simple in construction
This system is noiseless in operation
It is portable, so it can be transferred easily from one place to other place
Maintenance cost is low
Low cost and high performance
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9. APPLICATIONS
Industries Applications
It is also used in a power plants
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10. CONCLUSION
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