Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive

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Theses and Dissertations Thesis and Dissertation Collection

1990

Waterproofing underground concrete structures.

Biggins, Tim

http://hdl.handle.net/10945/28649

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DUDLEY KHOX LIBRA I

ICHOOL
 WATERPROOFING UNDERGROUND
CONCRETE STRUCTURES

B5"</P3 a.

BY

TIM BIGGINS
ft

A REPORT PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COMMITTEE

OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN
THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

SUMMER 1990

T2478A0
 Acknowledgements

This report is dedicated to my wife, Brenda, and

my daughter Stacey for their patience, love and

support while I dedicated myself to the task at

hand .

I would like to thank Dr. John Daugherty of the

Owens Corning Fiberglass Corporation Technical

Center for his assistance in helping me sort out

the vast array of waterproofing products and man

ufacturer claims into fact and fiction.

A special thanks is extended to Rear Admiral A. K.

Riffey, Captain G.B. Estes and Commander Ron Kechter

of the Civil Engineer Corps, United States Navy for

their steadfast faith in my engineering abilities

during the selection of waterproofing systems for the

Atlantic based Strategic Weapons Missile Production

Facilities at the Naval Submarine Base, Kingsbay,

Georg ia .
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Tables iv

List of Figures v

Chapter One - General Information 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Reasons for Waterproofing Failure 3

Chapter Two - Definition and Purpose of Waterproofing ....6

Chapter Three - Waterproofing Types and their Uses 8

3.1 Waterproofing System Overview 8

3.2 Requirements Common to All Waterproofing Types.. 11

3.2.1 Compat ibi lity 11

3.2.2 Substrates 11

3.2.3 Drainage 14

3.2.4 Insulation 18

3.2.5 Nailers and Cant Strips 18

3.2.6 Protection Course 19

3.2.7 Joints, Cracks, and Waterstops 20

3.2.8 Flashings 22

3.2.9 Weather Conditions 22

3.3 Desirable Characteristics of Waterproofing

Materials 23

Chapter Four - Cement it ious Waterproofing Systems 25

4.1 Material 25

4.2 Application 28

4.3 General Condition 30

Chapter Five - Membrane Waterproofing Systems 31

5.1 General 31

i i
 5.2 Cold-Liquid Applied Membranes 32

5.2.1 Material 33

5.2.2 Appli cation 36

5.3 Hot-Liquid Applied Membranes 37

5.3.1 Material 38

5.3.2 Application 40

5.4 Sheet Membranes 42

5.4.1 Material 4 3

5.4.2 Application 44

Chapter Six - Natural Clay Waterproofing Systems 47

6.1 Material 47

6 . 2 Application 48

Chapter Seven - Waterproofing Problems and Solutions 50

7.1 General 50

7.2 Repairing, Replacing, And Extending

Waterproofing 51

7.2.1 Compat ibi lity 51

7.2.2 Repairing Existing Waterproofing .52

7.2.3 Replacing Existing Waterproofing 52

7.2.4 Extending Existing Waterproofing 53

7.2.5 Installing New Waterproofing Over

Existing Materials 53

7.3 Waterproofing Specifications 54

Chapter Eight - Conclusion 57

References 61

Appendix A - Officer in Charge of Construction, Trident

Letter to Commander, Naval Facilities
Engineering Command 63

Appendix B - BA Associates, Inc Bullet in-Technote 1 107

ill
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE Page

1 - Waterproofing, Dampproof ing and Clear Water

Repellent Coating Uses 7

2 - Relative Performance of Waterproofing Systems 24

3 - HEY'DI Cementitious Product Test Properties 28

4 - Polymerized Asphalt Membrane Performance

Character istics 34

5 - Rubberized Asphalt Membrane Performance

Character istics 40

6 - Tensile Properties of Sheet Membranes 44

7 - VOLCLAY SWELLTITE 1000 Physical Properties 48

8 - Important Factors to Consider When Developing

Waterproofing Specifications 56

IV
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 - Cementitious Waterproofing Application for a

Split Slab Foundation 8

2 - Vertical Membrane Waterproofing System 10

3 - Aggregate Drainage System and MIRADRAIN System 17

4 - Typical Joint, Crack and Waterstop Details

for Concrete Surfaces 21

5 - Details of an R/A Membrane Over Poured Concrete 42

 CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INFORMATION

1 . 1 Introduct ion

On March 6, 1986 I was assigned to the Officer in

Charge of Construction, Trident at the Naval Submarine Base

in Kingsbay, Georgia. As a Navy Officer in the Civil

Engineer Corps my duties included the administration and

management of over $100 Million in contracts for the

construction of the D-5 Trident Missile Production

Facilities. These facilities included the construction of 66

Missile Magazines, a Re-enrty Body Complex, Security

Buildings, and two Vertical Missile Packaging Buildings.

The construction was located aboard the base in an

area that had been reclaimed from the surrounding swamps.

All of the Missile Production Facilities, because of their

explosive potential, were required to be hardened earth

covered concrete structures. Because the water table was

located only one foot below the ground level these

structures were constructed from on grade slabs and when

completed they were covered with earth. In addition, several

missile silos were needed that required the construction of

pits extending 60 feet below grade.

During the design phase considerable emphasis was

given to keeping the facilities waterproof. This concern

emanated from the required missile storage environment of

less than 40% relative humidity. Given the naturally high

ambient humidity of south Georgia, the prevailing rains and

wind, it's proximity to the coastline, underground

construction and the swamp like location it was imperative
that the facilities remain free of outside water for the

Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning ( HVAC ) to

maintain the required 40% relative humidity. However, this

goal appeared easier to achieve on paper than in practice as

some waterproofing systems preformed as intended, while

others failed resulting in substantial cost increases and

schedule delays.

Thus began my education in the field of Waterproofing

which is an area of engineering that is not very well known

or understood by either designers or contractors and yet is

a leading cause of failures in building construction today

(1). In fact, chances are that if you required expertise in

waterproofing of an underground structure you would be

referred to either a roofer or a paint specialist. However,

neither of these specialists has the unique knowledge,

training or experience required to ensure that underground

structures remain dry throughout their design life.

Accordingly, I have taken this opportunity to define

the role of waterproofing; the reasons for waterproofing

failures; to explain the various waterproofing types and

their uses; and to identify the most typical waterproofing

problems and their solutions. The primary task of this paper

therefore, is to provide some background for the selection

of waterproofing systems for underground structures. Because

of the extensive nature of this subject I have confined my

coverage to the waterproofing of underground concrete

structures such as utility tunnels, communication vaults,

basements, elevator pits, missile silos, and control rooms.

1 . 2 Reasons for Waterproofing

The way in which water flows over and around a

structure has not until recently been considered a subject

worthy of study by many engineers and architects. In the

past the use of standard details and specifications has

saved the designer from having to consider very deeply what

is really happening when water encompasses a building. Now

with the increasing use of underground structures due to

trends in energy conservation, and advances in power and

communication technologies the field of waterproofing has

taken on increasing importance (2).

All buildings regardless of their shortcomings are

required to possess two fundamental characteristics. They

should be structurally sound and they should exclude water.

In the case of underground concrete structures which are

usually surrounded by moisture the need to keep the water

out is critical. Probably the most common example of

underground concrete structures that leak is the typical

home basement. Although fairly sophisticated techniques and

expense are employed the problem of leaking basements still

exists to a great degree. In fact 85 percent of builders

report that they frequently have problems with leaking

basements (3). A third of these same builders reported that

the leakage problem was heavy indicating standing water on

the floor. My own experience as a former Public Works

Officer at two Naval Bases also supports these findings and

lends strong support to the need for an increased awareness

of these problems and solutions.

 The factors most often cited as the leading causes of

leakage are poor control of surface and underground water,

improper selection of the most suitable material, inadequate

detailing by designers, poor workmanship, defective

materials, inadequate supervision, and poor construction

procedures. Some people also blame architectural education

for ignoring this facet of building construction while

others blame lower standards of construction on site. Most

importantly, relevant standards on waterproofing materials

and construction are in many cases out-of-date , out-of-

touch and too generalized to be sufficiently useful (4). I

found this to be the case in my own research of this

subject

By far the most current, detailed, and useful

literature that I have found on the subject of waterproofing

has been through the manufactures of waterproofing products

and systems. However, this material is obviously biased

towards the manufacturer and requires the designer to expend

an extraordinary amount of time comparing one manufacture's

products against another. The evaluation of a waterproofing

product's suitability for performance, application, and

general conditions requires the designer to be familiar with

a wide variety of engineering disciplines such as chemistry,

material sciences, rheology, hydrology, structures and must

also possess a considerable degree of construction field

experience. Obviously a designer with all these qualities

would be hard to find and as a consequence designers

normally stick to a waterproofing system that they have used

in the past with any success rather than conduct the

research required to match the proper waterproofing system

to the specific project design requirements. Designers are

also reluctant, for liability purposes, to place themselves

in the hands of a manufacture whose product they are

unfamiliar with, regardless of the claims of the

manufacturer or the number of positive references and

projects provided.

I found these obstacles to improved designs and the

use of new products true even within my own organization.

Appendix A provides a case history of my own efforts to

change the standard specifications of the Naval Facilities

Engineering Command for Fluid-Applied Elastomeric

Waterproofing for Earth Covered Concrete Arch Magazines. I

was eventually successful in my efforts but the resistance

that I encountered reflected an attitude of extreme caution

and little enthusiasm for changes in this field of

engineer ing

Contractors also play a major role in waterproofing

system failures as even the best designed waterproofing

systems and products will fail if improperly installed due

to faulty equipment, untrained workers, insufficient surface

preparation, unsuitable application environments, improper

cure periods, and unauthorized shortcuts to save money.

 CHAPTER TWO
DEFINITION AND PURPOSE OF WATERPROOFING

Waterproofing is a relatively impervious membrane,

coating, or sealer used in concealed locations to prevent

water from entering or passing through either horizontal or

vertical building materials. Waterproofing is designed to

exclude water even when the water is under a hydrostatic

head ( 5) .

Waterproofing is often confused with clear water

repellents and bituminous dampproof ing . Clear water

repellants are intended to reduce water penetration into

building materials by capillary action. They are normally

used on exterior wall surfaces above grade to prevent damage

of horizontal concrete by water, sodium chloride or other

ice melting chemicals. Some clear water repellent coatings

may also prevent soiling and staining and .ire frequently

used on limestone and concrete for that purpose. Clear water

repellents will not prevent the passage of water under a

hydrostatic head or from air pressure.

Bituminous dampproofing is a coating that is used to

prevent building materials from absorbing moisture that may

migrate further into the building structure. As with the

clear water repellent, dampproofing is not intended to

prevent water penetration of water under a hydrostatic

pressure. Both interior and exterior dampproofing, like

waterproofing is almost always concealed. Table 1 shows the

types of surfaces on which waterproofing ( WP )

, bituminous

dampproofing (DP), and clear water repellents ( CWRC ) are

used .
 Table 1 - Waterproofing, Damppr oof ing, and Clear Water
Repellent Coating Uses (6).
WP DP CWRC
Exterior above grade X
Interior face of exterior wall X
Foundation wall
Hydrostatic head
No hydrostatic head
Basement wall
Hydrostatic head
No hydrostatic head
Elevator pit
Tunne 1

The term "waterproofing" in this report refers to

materials used to waterproof below-grade walls, tunnels,

pits and horizontal decks below the earth. With the

exception of cementitious waterproofing systems the

waterproofing systems discussed herein are not exposed to

view and are therefore concealed. Most waterproofing

membranes also inhibit water vapor transmission, which under

certain circumstances can be detrimental. Trapped water

vapor can blister some membranes or condense and freeze,

damaging the membrane or the substrate. Cementitious

waterproofing can be installed on either the interior or

exterior side of the concrete substrate. All other

waterproofing types discussed in this report must be

installed on the same side as the water and be supported

from the opposite side.

 CHAPTER THREE
WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS

3 . 1 Waterproofing System Overview

There are three basic types of waterproofing systems:

cementitious, membrane, and clay. Cementitious Systems are

normally composed of plaster systems which are troweled on

in two to four courses. The top course is a hard-finished

plaster or a poured-in-place concrete topping to protect the

lower courses from damage. Some systems are sprayed on

similar to a "GUNITE" operation. Cementitious waterproofing

on exterior surfaces are rarely covered with protection

board or a drainage medium. Their uses in the past have been

generally limited to horizontal applications such as traffic

decks however, they are currently gaining wide acceptance in

below grade foundation walls and slabs, swimming pools,

utility and subway tunnels, pumping stations, aquariums, and

nuclear power plants and mining. A typical Cementitious

waterproofing application is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 - Cenentitious Waterproofing of a Split Slab

Concrete Foundation

Centnl itious
Uaterp roofing
La! >er

'.'.'.•'. •'.'.'.
•:••••••••••••••
/ \ i

:•:+ y.Xf-y. ::::::•:

 Membrane waterproofing systems are applied to either

vertical or horizontal surfaces. Membrane systems consist "of

a membrane, a protection course, a drainage medium, and a

layer of filter fabric. When the concrete surface does not

have a uniform texture certain membrane materials will

require a parging layer which is used to fill in pin holes

or voids. This parging layer ensure that the membrane has a

uniform surface for complete bonding. The protection course

may be protection board or insulation.

The drainage medium may be either a gravel or sand

bed, a pervious board, or a three dimensional sheet. Unless

the filter fabric is a component of the drainage medium, a

separate layer of filter fabric is needed over the drainage

medium to keep fine soils from out which will eventually

cause the drainage system to become clogged. Sometimes, the

insulation in a waterproofing system is placed beneath the

membrane. In this case special considerations must be given

to prevent condensation from forming in the system, and a

separate protection board is necessary. Figure 2 shows a

typical vertical membrane waterproofing system (7).

Natural clay waterproofing systems are becoming

increasingly more popular as they utilize the natural

waterproofing properties of clay soils such as bentonite. A

typical bentonite waterproofing system consists of membrane

sheets composed of bentonite applied over the exterior

surface of the concrete substrate. A drainage medium is not

often used with this system however, where it is used a

filter fabric is also required. A protection course is used

in vertical applications only when the backfill material

contains sharp rocks. Protection boards are used more

frequently when the bentonite is on a horizontal surface.

Figure 2 - Uertical Menbrane Waterproofing System

Concrete Protection
Wall"" Course
MM
Drainage
Mediun
Parging

M*M Filter
Fabric
WW
Menbrane VVV Soil
vv-v
fa h li I

A chart showing the general classification and

evaluation of the various types of waterproofing systems is

provided in Appendix B. Research material concerning

waterproofing tends to be fragmented and specialized towards

one type of system or another, Appendix B is the oniy

document that I have encountered that considers all three of

the major waterproofing systems ( cement i ious 7 membrane, and

clay) and evaluates them based on product performance,

application techniques, and general conditions. In

researching waterproofing certain terms are often used

10
interchangeably by author's and manufactures. In Appendix B

the Liquid Applied Solvent Systems and Preheated Liquid

Applied Systems correspond respectively, to the Cold-Liquid

Applied and Hot-Liquid Applied Membrane Systems referred to

in this report. The Fully Adhered and Loose Laid Sheet

Systems also fall into the category of membrane type

systems

3 . 2 Requirements Common to All Waterproofing Systems

Regardless of the waterproofing system chosen there

are a number of requirements common to all applications.

These requirements range from the preparation of the

substrate to drainage and construction details. Some the

more critical requirements are detailed in this section.

3.2.1 Compa t i bi 1 i ty

Every material used in each waterproofing system must

be compatible with all other materials in the system or

adjacent to the application. Items such as adhesives,

primers, coatings, solvents, and substrate curing compounds

must be evaluated to ensure that performance is not degraded

as a result of unforeseen chemical reactions.

3.2.2 Substrates

The best substrate for waterproofing is a integrally

sloped poured- i n-place concrete slab. Masonry blocks and

bricks are also commonly used for underground structures

however, because of their greater number of joints they are

not recommended for critical applications or no tolerance

situations. Underground concrete structures should be

designed to support loads without undue deflections, sloped

11
to drain, free of fins, pocket holes, and offsets which are

detrimental to the waterproofing membrane. Care should be

taken to ensure that the concrete finish specifications are

consistent with the requirements of the Waterproofing

membrane. Appendix A details an example where an urethane

bitumen manufacturer, which was specified by contract,

required that concrete surfaces be free of voids before

application. Since the concrete finish specification only

provided for a burlap rub, numerous pin holes and voids were

present on the application surface. To resolve the problem

a cement based coating (THOROSEAL) was installed over the

concrete surface resulting in a contract adjustment of

$425,000 and a 90 day time extension.

Most waterproofing systems require that surfaces be

smooth, in plane, clean, dry, and free from dirt, dust, and

other foreign substances. Concrete to receive waterproofing

should be cured the number of days required by the

manufacturer. In hot and/or humid environments certain

volatile, liquid applied waterproofing materials when

applied to even apparently dry concrete surfaces causes the

"outgassing" of solvents and water vapor from the concrete.

The effects of "outgassing" can be devastating to the

membrane as the gases formed at the concrete/membrane

interface eventually mi-grate to the exterior surface causing

small pin holes and depressions in the membrane surface that

significantly reduce the membrane's thickness and waterproof

integrity. An example of this type of problem is provided in

12
Appendix A. Additionally, regardless of the waterproofing

type chemical curing compounds should not be used.

Some manufactures of waterproofing materials require

that their products not be installed over any material that

was installed using a PVC or latex additive or coating

while others do not have this restriction. Surfaces to

receive bituminous or other liquid applied materials should

be primed, unless not recommended by the manufacturer. Wood

and other nailable substrates to receive waterproofing

should be covered with an asphalt saturated organic fiber

felt base sheet and nailed in place (8).

Another requirement common to all waterproofing

materials is their ability to deal with water vapor from

inside the structure. Concrete absorbs water and if the

internal air pressure of the structure is great enough the

water vapor will be driven though the wall to the exterior

wall surface and Waterproofing system interface. Some

waterproofing materials such as polymerized bitumen have the

ability to allow the water vapor to escape through the

waterproof layer to the surrounding soil while at the same

time keeping liquid water from penetrating into the

structure. This material property is similar to that found

in "GORE-TEX" type materials. Other materials do not have

this property and keep the water vapor from escaping. One of

the leading causes of membrane failure is associated with

the del a mi nation between the membrane and concrete surface

due to water vapor. To prevent delamination the concrete mix

should be as impervious as possible by reducing the volume

of air voids in the concrete. This can be accomplished by

avoidance of excessively wet concrete mixes, incomplete

curing, and trapping air in the concrete during mixing and

placing. The use of a uniform aggregate gradation and low

water absorption by the mix aggregates will also improve the

concrete's ability to resist water flow (9). As a general

rule the higher strength concrete mixes are more impermeable

than the lower strength mixes (10).

3.2.3 Dra inage

Waterproofing systems work better and last longer when

adequate drainage is provided to lower the surrounding

hydrostatic head. Most waterproofing materials eventually

disintegrate when water is constantly present. Emulsified

(water soluble) asphalt compounds are particularly

susceptible (11). Drainage is usually accompl ished by

placing a layer of pervious material between the

waterproofing and the water. This layer often covers the

entire surface of the underground structure and terminates

in a water collection system such as a french drain or a

perforated pipe embedded in a gravel bed. These systems act

as vertical chimneys that funnel water away from the side of

the structure and reduce the hydrostatic head on the

waterproofing system. Horizontal surfaces are sloped to

these same chimneys.

The traditional drainage materials have been gravel or

sand because of their relatively low material cost and

availability. However, these materials have not been without

their disadvantages. Because of the volume of gravel or sand

14
required to provide adequate flow and the shear weight of

the material, the use of construction equipment (such as a

front end loader) is necessary to place the material along

side and on top of the underground structure during

construction. During this process the waterproofing system,

even with a protection board installed, is often subject to

damage due to the penetration of gravel, sand, or equipment

into the waterproofing layer. Normally leaks remain

undetected until after the structure is covered with earth

and at this point the cost of repairing or replacing the

damaged area becomes extremely expensive for the contractor.

Realizing these shortfalls manufactures have developed

prefabricated drainage boards and pervious sheet materials

that have lower material and installation costs, require

less construction equipment to install, have better drainage

characteristics, are easier to repair and are constructed in

a shorter period of time. My research and experience in

prefabricated drainage structures concludes that there are

many such products on the market today and their use has

gained wide support in the construction industry. There are

two such products that were used in the Kingsbay Naval

Submarine Base Missile Production Facility construction that

proved to be extremely effective drainage products, these

systems are the MIRADRAIN 6000 prefabricated drainage

structure and the Owens Corning Warm-N-Dri drainage board.

The Miradrain drainage structure consists of a light

weight, 3-dimens ional , high impact polymeric core and a

filter fabric. The filter fabric is bonded to the dimples of

15
the polymeric core to maintain a rigid surface. This bonding

prevents the backfill from pushing the fabric into the flow

channels and reducing water flow. The filter fabric allows

water to pass freely into the molded drain core where

gravity draws the water through the flow channels to the

discharge system. The filter fabric also prevents the

adjacent soil from clogging the interior core structure and

reducing it's flow characteristics. The MIRADRAIN drainage

structure comes in rolls or sheets and is installed by using

metal stick clips attached to the concrete and waterproofing

system. The drainage panels are designed in such a way as to

allow overlapping and interlocking by peeling back a portion

of the fabric. The bottom of the drainage structure is

wrapped around a perforated discharge pipe which can also be

embedded in gravel. Flows in these panels vary from 5-15

GPM/FT width, weigh 4 OZs per square yard, are less than 3/4

inch thick and have a compressive strength of between 4,320

and 10,800 PSF. The system is usually installed by unskilled

labor thus releasing tradesmen and equipment for other

tasks. A diagram showing the differences between the

traditional aggregate drain system and the MIRADRAIN system

is provided in Figure 3 (12).

16
 Figure 3 - Aggregate Drain Systen and Miradrain Systen

Surface Slope
Miradrain
Wg .

Core

Waterproofing
Systen
Filter
<—
Fabric

Perforated
Discharge
Pipe
Aggegate Drain Miradrain
Systen Systen

The Owens Corning WARM-N-DRY drainage board is similar

to the MIRADRAIN system however the drainage board is a

solid piece of rigid fiberglass and is fully adhered to the

waterproofing membrane. The WARM-N-DRY Board is used

exclusively with the Owens-Corning TUFF-N-DRY waterproofing

system which acts as a total waterproofing system. The

drainage boards comes in 4 by 4 and 8 by 4 foot sections

which are bonded to the polymerized bitumen membrane

immediately after it's application to the substrate. The

drainage boards are primarily used in vertical applications,

has a flow of 4-5 GPM/FT width, weighs 15 OZs per square

yard, ranges in thickness between 3/4 - 2 3/8 inches, and

has a compressive strength of up to 2000 PSF. The WARM-N-DRY

board has the added benefit of providing thermal resistance

17
with R values of R3.1 for 3/4 inch board and RIO for 2 3/8

inch board ( 13 )

3.2.4 Insulation

In most waterproofing systems where insulation is

required the insulation is placed on the weather side of the

waterproofing layer to protect the waterproofing layer and

to lessen the chances of condensation forming underneath the

waterproofing. Extruded polystyrene is the most popular type

of insulation material and can be designed to have the same

compressive strength as a wooden 2 by 4 (i.e. 600 psi).

Insulation is sometimes placed underneath the

waterproofing layer. When it is, special consideration

should be given to preventing condensation. In addition,

placing insulation underneath the waterproofing limits the

usability and negates the advantageous features of some

waterproofing types. One major advantage of the fully

adhered membrane waterproofing systems is that they make

finding leaks easier. Water cannot migrate between the fully

adhered membrane and the substrate, if insulation is placed

directly against the concrete substrate this advantage is

negated. Whenever insulation is needed in a system

compatibility is critical. Both the insulation and

waterproofing manufactures should be consulted about the

type and placement of insulation within the waterproofing

system

3.2.5 Nailers and Cant Strips

Some, but not all, waterproofing systems require

nailers to secure parts of the system in place. Where

18
nailers are required, they should be pressure-preservative-

treated wood members set with their faces flush with the

substrate. Cant strips should be installed at changes in

direction in bituminous waterproofing systems, in liquid-

applied waterproofing, and in other waterproofing systems

where recommended by the manufacturer.

3.2.6 Protection Course

Waterproofing subject to damage during backfilling

operations or damage from workers who may have to walk over

the system to install it should be protected by rigid

insulation board or protection boards. Protection boards are

asphalt-core composition or fiberboard. Composition

protection boards are semirigid sheets composed of asphalt-

saturated felt layers. Thicknesses vary from 1/3 inch to 1/2

inch. Normally, the 1/8 inch board is used in vertical

applications and 1/4 inch board in horizontal applications.

In special cases were heavy foot or equipment traffic is

expected a 1/4 inch board should be used. Fiberboard

protection board is treated, asphalt saturated and coated

organic fiberboard. Thickness is usually 1/2 inch.

Fiberboard is not usually recommended to protect horizontal

waterproofing systems. Protection boards should be

positively fastened to the waterproofing system as recommend

by the manufacturers. As shown in Figure 2 the Protection

Course is normally placed right over the Waterproofing

layer. In Hot-Liquid Applied Membrane systems the protection

course is applied with the top coating before the other

coats cure. In Cold-Liquid Applied Membrane systems the

19
protection board is applied to the dried and cured membrane

using mastic compounds compatible with both the

waterproofing system and the protection board.

3.2.7 Joints, Cracks and Waterstops

The joint is almost universally the weakest link in

any combination of parts ...( 14 ) .

Expansion joints should be installed in the concrete

substrate to account for thermal, seismic, and settlement

movements. Where joints occur, they should be accommodated

in the waterproofing system. Each manufacturer normally has

it's own procedure for bridging concrete joints and cracks

in the concrete surface. Since waterproofing systems are

most subject to failure at joints in the structure,

especially when hydrostatic heads are present, waterstops in

the substrate joint are often recommended. However, some

structural engineers believe that these waterstops often are

the cause of water penetration because they are so often

deformed during concrete placement. Nevertheless, some form

of expansion control must be imposed at the joints if leaks

are to be prevented. Cracks in the concrete surface are also

a prevalent source of leaks in waterproofing systems.

Whether using cement i ious , membrane, or natural clay

waterproofing systems their ability to bridge existing and

future cracks is limited. Therefore, before applying a

waterproofing system to a concrete surface it must be

carefully inspected for cracks larger than 1/16 inch.

Normally, cracks under 1/16 inch are treated with a double

thickness of the waterproofing layer being used over the

crack extending 6 inches on either side of the crack. For

20
cracks in excess of 1/16 inch the crack is normally required

to be routed out and caulked with an expansion joint filler.

A joint backing is then inserted into the crack which is

then coated with the waterproofing material. To give the

joint added strength an elastomeric sheet is centered over

the joint and covered with another layer of waterproofing

material. Waterproofing layer thickness over the crack vary

with each manufacturer but 60 mil for the first and 45 mil

for the second layer are considered normal. Figure 4

provides typical joint, crack, and waterstop details for

concrete surfaces (15).

Figure 4 - Typical Joint, Crack, and Waterstop

Details for Concrete Surfaces

Double thick nenbrane tlenbrane Double Protection

extending 6 inches over and Board
both sides under
elastOMeric
sheet
Joint
Backing

Crack less than 1/16 in. Expansion joint filler

Interior, Sealant t Crack or Joint over

1/16 in.
Joint
Backing
{-Joint with Waterstop
oint
Filler
HNembrane over and under
elastOMeric sheet

21
 3.2.8 Flashings

Flashings are waterproofing products which are placed

at corners, joints, and openings where water is most likely

to penetrate the structure. Membrane type waterproofing

systems sometimes extend at the edges, openings, and other

projections to act as their own flashing. Rubber or plastic

flashings are usually used in Liquid-Applied Waterproofing

systems and other systems when specifically authorizes by

the manufacturer. In most cases manufacturers will specify

that flashings be coated with protective products to prevent

damage from weathering and ultraviolet radiation. Natural

clays are for the most part self flashing. Joints and edges

are sealed using clays such as bentonite. Cementitious

waterproofing systems are flashed in the same manner as any

other cementitious material. Cementitious Waterproofing is

brought up to within 1/4 inch of abutting surfaces and the

joints are filled with sealant.

3.2.9 Weather Conditions

Waterproofing installations are very weather sensitive

and should never be applied during precipitation. Certain

solvent based bituminous membranes become abnormally

volatile during high temperatures and humidity which results

in "outgass ing" . The product of outgassing is gas bubbles

that migrate through the membrane and exit at the exterior

surface. When the gas bubble exits it leaves a pin hole in

the membrane or a dimple like depression which destroys the

waterproofing integrity of the membrane. Cold temperatures

just as moisture affect the waterproofing materials ability

22
to bond to the substrate. The operating range of

waterproofing products to various weather conditions must be

thoroughly known before any application.

Moisture on surfaces to receive waterproofing products

is not always easy to detect or measure. Some Waterproofing

products require that the concrete surface be completely

free of moisture for proper bonding. Moisture meters are

ideal for random non-destructive sampling of the concrete

surface. Moisture meters operate on either the conductance

or capacitance principle. The conductance type moisture

meter is considered superior to the capacitance type in that

it is generally more sensitive to surface moisture and is

unaffected by surface roughness (16).

3 . 3 Desirable Characteristics of Waterproofing

Mater ia Is

Appendix B provides a comprehensive listing of

material characteristics that should be considered when

evaluating waterproofing systems. The relative importance of

each characteristic will depend on the specific application.

A waterproofing material, even though of good quality, does

not necessarily provide all the characteristics desired by

the designer so that trade offs must be made based on the

most likely combination of conditions to be encountered. The

most common material characteristics listed in their general

order of importance are: Longevity, Low Permeability,

Breathabi 1 i ty, Hydrostatic Pressure Resistance, Leak

Localizing Capability, Elastic Properties, Crack Bridging

Ability, Resealab i 1 i ty , Low Shrinkage, Puncture Resistance,

Resistance to Degradation by Water, Resistance to Chemicals,
23
Compatibility with other materials, Non-toxici ty, and

Applicability to Vertical and/or Horizontal Surfaces.

Table 2 provides relative performances of waterproofing

materials most commonly used in the construction industry.

Table 2-Relative Performance of Waterproofing Mater ials 17 ( )

Mater ial

Per f ormance Cement Lt ious Polym er Urethane Rubber Bentoni te

Cr iter ion Coat Ln gs Mod if ie d Elasto- Asphalt Clay
Aspha lt mer Sheet Types

Longevity 5 4 3 4 5

Crack-
Bridging -2 5 3 4 5
Ability

Low-Temp
Flexibi lity -2 5 3 4

Substrate
Preparation 2 5 2 3 5

Curing Time
of Coating 4 3 3 5 5

Need for
Protect ion 5 2 3 4 3

General
Effect i ve- 3 5 4 5 5
ness

Cost
Installed 4 4 3 3 3

Key: -2 = Not Recommended

= Questionable
f2 = Poor
+3 = Fair
M = Good
+•5 = Excellent

24
 CHAPTER FOUR
CEMENTITIOUS WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS

4 . 1 Mater id 1

There are basically two forms of cementitious

waterproofing, both of which are nondecora t i ve . The first

are plaster like products consisting of Port land -cement

fine aggregate, and sometimes acrylic or other plastic

admix. They are intended for trowel or spray application.

These materials are used either on the exterior or the

interior of the walls. Portland cement based cementitious

waterproofing materials are available either with or without

pulverized iron fillers. When iron is used (metallic oxide

waterproofing), an oxidizing agent is included in the mix to

make the iron rust quickly and expand to fill the pores in

the plaster material (18).

The second form of cementitious waterproofing is

hydraulic cement, which is a compound of cement and rapid-

setting nonshrinking hydraulic materials. Hydraulic cements

are used for many purposes which include sealing holes,

cracks, and open joints. They can also be used to stop water

which is actually flowing at the time of application. Such a

problem was encountered at the Kingsbay Submarine Base

Vertical Packaging Building when underground utility tunnel

began to leak at random locations under a hydrostatic head

of 20 feet. A special HEY'DI AMERICAN CORP. hydraulic cement

was applied to the active leaks which instantly sealed the

leaks and the utility tunnels have remained dry to date.

The major advantage of cementitious products are their

ability to provide membranes with low permeability, good

25
breathabi 1 i ty, good puncture resistance, long life, and good

resistance to ordinary chemicals. Their major disadvantage

however is their inability to bridge wall cracks that form

after the system is installed (19). Cementitious

waterproofing products should not be confused with

cementitious paint which are widely used as decorative

coatings and for dampproofing exposed exterior walls. These

cementitious paints are not waterproofing products, they

serve only to repel precipitation and have no ability to

keep water under a hydrostatic head from going through the

structure. These products are often marketed as

waterproofing products whereas their correct classification

is a water repellent coating.

At the Kingsbay Missile Magazine complex the

contractor installing the Magazine waterproofing system was

convinced by his supplier that a product named THOROSEAL

would be an effective waterproofing membrane. After

researching the product specifications it was clear that the

THOROSEAL product was a cementitious paint as classified by

the Army Corp of Engineer Federal Specification TT-P-0035

(20) and was therefore rejected as an alternative

waterproofing system. However, this product was considered

to be excellent for providing a smooth surface over the

rough concrete substrate to which a 1 iqu id -appl ied membrane

was later installed. Accordingly, the THOROSEAL product was

approved for this use only.

Cementitious materials normally comes in the form of

an inorganic cement based powder which wh^n mixed with water

26
and a bonding agent to a thick slurry consistency has a high

degree of adhesion and penetration. For bonding to be

effective it must be applied to a damp/wet concrete surface.

The deep penetration action of the bonding is achieved by

crystallization in the lover depths. This is caused by the

alkali silicates containing in the cement it ious material.

The Alkali silicates, channelled by moisture, penetrate into

the smallest pores and capillaries. There they combine with

water and with free calcium particles, congeal and form

highly insoluble calcium silicate crystals. Thus the lower

penetration levels turn into an integral part of the

waterproofing system. Since no sodium or chloride are added

by the cementitious product it will not contribute to the

corrosion of steel within the concrete (21).

Two of the leading manufacturers of cementitious

waterproofing products are HEY'DI AMERICAN CORP. and VANDEX

CORP. Although their products have slightly different

compositions their product test properties are effectively

the same. Table 3 provides test properties for both the

HEY'DI cementitious waterproofing and hydraulic cement

products

27
 Table 3 - HEY'DI Cement it ious Product Test Pr opert ies 22 (

HEY'DI Cementitious Waterproofing Product K-ll

Property Test Method Cure Test Results

Time ( AVG.

Adhes ion ASTM E-149 28 days 124 ps i on Concrete

Tensile
Strength ASTM C-190 28 days 332 psi at 100% R.H.

Flexural
Strength ASTM C-580 7 days 472 ps i

Permeability ARMY COE 7 days 2.6 E10-8 cm/sec

CRD-C 48-55 ( 2 coats )

7 days 1.7 E10-8 cm/sec

( 3 coats
Tested at Water Heads of 4.3 - 178 feet

HEY'DI Hydraulic Cement Product Powder No. 1

Adhesion ASTM E-149 3 days 42.2 psi on Concrete

Tensile
Strength ASTM C-190 7 days 380 psi at 100% R.H

Permeability Army COE

CDR-C 48-55 3 days Range : 8 . 1 E10-10 cm/sec
to 7.6 E10-11 cm/sec
Tested at Water Heads of 4.3 - 177 feet

4 . 2 Appl ica t ion

Cementitious waterproofing products have been applied

to a variety of large and small below grade projects which

include the Atlanta Marta and Washington D.C. Metro subways,

Los Angeles Sewage Plant, Laguna Beach Interceptor Pumping

Stations, The Eisenhower Tunnel in Colorado, Phipps Bend

Nuclear Power Plant in Tennessee, as well as basements,

swimming pools, elevator pits, aquariums, and mines.

The cementitious waterproofer is best applied after

the concrete substrate has cured for 7 days, although some

products will allow application as soon as the forms are

28
removed. The major concern here is that the concrete should

be allowed to develop shrinkage cracks before the

application of the cementitious waterproof er . As stated

earlier cementitious waterproof ers do not have the ability

to bridge cracks that develop after application of the

coating. The concrete surface should be clean and damp to

the touch with no standing or running water.

For standard applications the cementitious slurry is

applied to the concrete surface using a cement brush in 2 to

3 coats, depending on the water pressure anticipated. The

cementitious waterproofer is applied at the rate of 2.25

lbs. per square yard per coat. A standard application is a

minimum of 4.5 lbs. per square yard for 2 coats unless

otherwise specified (23).

For Spray applications a conventional spray machine

suitable for cementitious materials with air pressure

between 45 and 65 psi should be used. The first coat should

be applied at a rate of 3.5 lbs. per square yard using a 8mm

nozzle at a distance of 2 feet from the surface. Then the

sprayed area should be brushed with a stiff broom to ensure

the coating is even and no areas are left void. After the

first coat reaches it's initial set mist the surface with

water and apply the second spray coat at a rate of 1 lb. per

square yard using a 4mm nozzle.

29
4 . 3 General Conditions

Cementit ious waterproofing products should not be

applied in temperatures below 40 degrees F. and once applied

protected from temperatures below this limit. Only clean

potable water should be used for mixing and surface

preparation. The treated area should remain undisturbed and

free from backfill material for 48 hours after application.

If the surface of the waterproofed area is to be painted,

lime based paints should not be used. The average cost of

cementitious materials is approximately $0.45 per square

foot, with labor, equipment and overhead a price of between

$1.00-$1.10 per square foot is considered reasonable.

Warranty problems become more difficult to enforce if the

material and application is warranted separately which is

normally the case. Most disputes arise over determining

Whether the material was defective or whether the installer

failed to apply the product properly. In any case the burden

of proof is usually left with the owner of the structure. If

at all possible and even at additional cost, the owner

should insist on an application wherein the material and

installation are warranted by one organization in the event

of failure. As long as there is no major structural failure

of the structure the owner should be adequately protected

from bearing the cost of remedial repair work.

30
 CHAPTER FIVE
MEMBRANE WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS

5 . 1 General

Membrane waterproofing systems include Cold-Liquid

Applied Membranes, Hot-Liquid Applied Membranes, Fully

Adhered Sheets, and Loose Laid Sheets. Cold-Liquid Applied

Membranes are usually composed of either asphalt, tar,

plastics, rubber, polymers, and urethanes or combinations

thereof which are sprayed or mopped, at ambient

temperatures, to form a continuous membrane over the

concrete surface. The Hot-Liquid Applied Membranes are

normally composed of hot rubberized asphalts or asphalt/coal

tars which are preheated and also sprayed or mopped to form

a continuous membrane over the concrete surface. Fully

Adhered Sheet Membranes are composed of numerous rubberized,

thermoplastics, and asphalt material combinations which come

in sheet form and are adhered to the concrete surface in an

overlapping pattern. The Loose Laid Sheet Membranes are

similar to the Fully Adhered Sheet Membranes except they are

not bonded to the concrete surface and the sheet are seamed

together to form a continuous membrane.

5 . 2 Cold-Liquid Applied Membranes

Cold-Liquid Applied Membranes are high quality

water proof ings used in non-traffic areas where visual

esthetics are not important. The Cold-Liquid Applied

Membrane market which has been dominated until just recently

by one and two part asphalt modified urethane products have

been replaced by a new generation of polymerized and

rubberized asphalt or coal tar products. This change in

31
waterproofing preference stems from a number of

disadvantages related to asphalt or coal tar modified

urethane products. These disadvantages include low

resealability, humidity sensitivity, toxicity of solvents,

concrete cure time requirements, and f lammabi lity

5.2.1 Material

As explained in Appendix A, the disadvantages of the

asphalt modified urethane product forced the Navy to change

it's Missile Magazine waterproofing specifications from a

two part asphalt modified urethane product to a polymerized

asphalt product. The major disadvantage of the urethane

product was its acute sensitivity to humidity and moisture

in an environment that was comparable to a swamp. This

sensitivity to humidity required the concrete surfaces to be

100% dry, which was very difficult to achieve in the summer

period along the South East Georgia coast. In addition, the

high temperatures of the summer months caused the solvents

to vaporize rapidly upon striking the hot concrete surface.

This condition caused "out gassing" of the solvent and as

the gases migrated to the surface of the membrane pin holes

developed which greatly effected the waterproofing integrity

of the system. The temporary solution was to double the

coating thickness, through multiple coatings, at a

significant increase in construction costs. The permanent

solution was to find an alternative waterproofing product

that did not exhibit these disadvantages for future magazine

construction

32
 The Navy's research concluded that the polymer

modified waterproofing products were superior to the

urethane modified waterproofing products as evidenced in

Appendix B which assigns an overall score of 131 to the

urethane asphalt and 156 to the polymerized asphalt.

Rubberized asphalts were also considered superior to the

urethane asphalt products. The highest quality Cold-Liquid

Applied membranes are therefore found in the high grade

polymeric asphalts. They have the further advantage of not

having to be mixed at the job site and do not present the

environmental hazards of the urethane and coal/tar products.

Polymerized asphalts offer other advantages that the

construction industry has sought in their waterproofing

products. Their insensi ivi ty to humidity and high ambient

temperatures reduces the occurrence of "outgass ing" . Since

polymerized bitumen is nonreactive to moisture the product

can be applied directly after form removal with minimal

surface preparation which is a distinct advantage to meeting

tight construction schedules.

Polymerized asphalts provide excellent adhesion and

eliminates horizontal migration of water under the membrane.

Thus, if the membrane is punctured leaks can be more rapidly

located and inexpensively repaired. The high elongation

capacity permits the membrane to stretch in excess of 800%.

It's low modulus of elasticity means that stretching puts

minimal stress on the adhesive bond to the substrate. The

polymer composition of the material allows water vapor to

escape through the membrane while it provides superior

33
resistance to exterior water. This advantage reduces the

chances of the membrane becoming delaminated at the concrete

surface interface. The high elastic recovery of the material

allows the membrane to return to it's original shape. With

out this ability the membrane would thin out in critical

areas and become subject to attack by water and structural

damage. Polymerized asphalts have excellent resistance to

degradation in soils and are very resistant to acids, salts,

bases, mold growth, and bacterial attack (24). Table 4

summarizes some of the key material performance

characteristics of polymerized asphalts based on a TREMPROOF

60 product

Table 4 - Polymerized Asphalt Membrane Performance

Characteristics (25).
Characteristic Value Test Method

Elongation 650% ASTM D 412-68

Tensile Strength 250 ps ASTM D 413-68
Strength @ 100% modulus 50 psi ASTM D 413-68
Recovery from 350%
elongation 90 to 95% ASTM D 413-68
Tear resistance 40 psi ASTM D 624-73
Water vapor 0.14 g*gm/m*2/
permeability mm Hg Honeywell
Peel adhesion 15 lb/in. of width TT-S002227E
Ultraviolet resistance Good
Curing time Rubbery overnight
@ 50% R.H.

As stated in Appendix A the Navy choose to use the

TUFF-N-DRY polymerized asphalt waterproofing system for the

remaining Missile Magazines after the bitumen modified

urethane membrane proved to be unsatisfactory. This system,

manufactured by Owens Corning, was considered the best

polymerized asphalt product evaluated for the advantages

34
described above and because of it's unique drainage system,

Warranty provisions, reasonable costs, and certified

applicator requirements. The TUFF-N-DRY waterproofing

membrane is installed along with the WARM-N-DRY drainage

board and is considered a completely compatible

waterproofing system. The system can be installed from the

lowest elevation to the above grade elevation in sections.

This allows the installation to stop and go along with

weather conditions and the earth backfill can be used as a

platform for the next waterproofing section as construction

proceeds up from the bottom of the underground structure.

The installation must be constructed by a certified factory

trained work force and the Warranty covers both material and

installation. The material cost of the system was

approximately 22% more expensive than the originally

specified asphalt modified urethane system, but because of

the savings in labor and time of installation the TUFF-N-DRY

system's total construction cost ending up costing 16% less

than the urethane system.

Coal Tar Polymerized materials have most of the

advantages of the Asphalt Polymerized materials however, the

coal tars can not be used where environmental considerations

are paramount

Rubberized asphalts are composed of polymeric rubber,

asphalt, and solvent. These products should not be confused

with Hot-Liquid Applied Membranes which are also mainly

composed of rubber. Rubberized asphalt membranes do not have

as much elastic recovery as the asphalt polymerized

3 5
membranes and they cure by solvent evaporation which is a

cause of "outgass ing" and pin holes in the membrane.

However, rubberized asphalts do offer such advantages as

lower material costs, are well suited for interior uses if

adequately ventilated, they have long storage lifes and do

not require job site mixing. They also share similar

chemical resistance and high elongation properties with the

polymerized asphalt membranes. Rubberized asphalts are

normally used in special applications such as roofs.

5.2.2 Appl ica t ion

Cold-Liquid Applied waterproofing membranes do not

have the problems associated with built up or sheet applied

membranes. There application by brush or spray is relatively

trouble free. Liquid applied membranes eliminate seams and

cut outs around projections thus minimizing potential leak

points (26). Cold-Liquid Applied membranes must be applied

in layers to achieve the specified membrane thickness.

Vertical surfaces present the most difficulty in this regard

because of the tendency of the membrane to sag due to

gravity and cause thin and thick sections within the

membrane. This can be avoided by applying the membrane in

three to five layers depending on the ambient temperature,

skill of the applicator, and good quality control procedures

and inspections. The industry standard for membrane

thickness is 60 mils however, every application must be

evaluated by the designer and manufacturer to determine the

degree of waterproofing required to meet the conditions of

the site and any other external factors.

TK
 After application of the membrane and before the

installation of the drainage medium or backfilling, the

membrane should be tested for leaks. This can by

accomplished by applying water to the membrane surface using

a standard sprinkler system or if possible, water should be

contained in the excavation to totally submerged the

structure. The interior of the structure should be carefully

inspected for leaks and repairs made as required. Water

testing should be for a minimum of 24 hours and 3 days is

preferred. Contract specifications should include provisions

for testing before and after backfilling. After backfilling

the entire waterproofing and drainage system should be

tested for proper operation while the specialized installers

are still on site to effect repairs if required.

5 . 3 Hot-Liquid Applied Membranes

Bituminous have been used for waterproofing since

Biblical times. Prior to the 1960's the waterproofing market

was almost completely dominated by built up systems, which

consisted of multiple plies of asphalt or pitch and felt.

However, since the there have been a great proliferation in

both number and type of systems to reach the market place.

There were several reasons for this change. The top reason

was the high failure rate of the built up systems. One

survey has indicated that as many as 20 to 30% of built up

roofs fail in the first few years (27). Labor costs are

another reason in that built up systems are highly labor

intensive and the cost of labor is continually increasing.

Also, the cost of felts and certain grades of asphalt have

37
risen exponentially and their availability has been

increasingly scarce. The poor performance of built up

systems is further substantiated by Appendix B. The built up

system waterproofing system (Item III.B) received a score of

123 which is the poorest rating for the waterproofing

systems evaluated.

These factors created a strong market for products

combining better performance with simpler and less costly

application methods, even at the expense of higher material

costs. In Canada, where the severe climate (for example,

Montreal: summer 90 degrees F, winter -30 degrees F)

accentuates the performance deficiencies of the built up

systems, the hot applied rubberized membrane (R/A membrane)

was developed and has been successful in meeting the markets

needs ( 28 )

5.3.1 Mater la Is

The first R/A membrane was developed by the Chemical

Division of Uniroyal Ltd., in Canada, and was introduced to

the waterproofing market in 1963. During more than 10 years

of field experience, in critical areas, the failure rate was

less than 1%, and those that occurred can be related to

inexperience in the earlier years. In Canada R/A membrane

waterproofing systems are standard practice. Adoption of

this system in the United States is progressing along with a

growth in diversity of applications.

The rubberized asphalt based waterproofing membranes

features many worthwhile characteristics including:

flexibility at very low temperatures, speed of application,

38
immediately functional, no storage problems, few weather

restrictions for the application, accommodation to rough

substrates, excellent bonding to substrate, self sealing,

and relatively good elasticity and adhesion characteristics.

A typical R/A membrane is formulated from asphalts,

oils, fillers, natural or synthetic rubbers, thermoplastic

resins, and antioxidants. The asphalt content contributes to

the thermoplastic, hydrophobic, and adhesive properties of

the system. Oils act as plasticizers for the asphalt and

rubber and improve the low temperature susceptibility. The

fillers impart good load bearing properties and help control

flow in the system. Rubbers are the key to improving

temperature susceptibility of the asphalt which essentially

raises the softening point and lowers the brittle point and

provides the membrane with the required elastomeric

properties of elongation and recovery. Thermoplastic resins

are used in small quantities to control flow at slightly

elevated temperatures. Antioxidants are added to protect the

membrane from ultraviolet radiation while exposed (29).

Table 5 provides the performance characteristics of

rubberized asphalt.

39
Table 5 - Rubberized Asphalt Membrane Performance
Characteristics (30).
Properties Performance Characteristics

Low Temperature Flexibility to -25 deg F

Low Temperature Elongation to -40 deg F(l/8in. elong.)
Elasticity 5 to 70% recovery @ elong.
Flow to 0.5 cm
Softening Point 170 to 200 deg F
Toughness 5 to 30 in*lb
Adhes ion Cohesion failure @ room temp-
erature at a 45 deg angle
Permeabi lity 0.01 to 0.03 Perms
Viscosity 5000-50, OOOcP @ 350-450 deg F
Chemical Resistance Good to Excellent
Water Absorption 0.3 to 1.0% max
Oxidation Resistance Good to Excellent

5.3.2 Appl icat ion

The high performance R/A membranes contain rubber of

various types in different cured states and forms. The

presence of rubber makes it necessary to use an indirect

heat melter (double jacket) with positive agitation. This

equipment ensures a uniform transfer of heat to the R/A and

avoids damage to the heat-degradable rubber phase due to

localized over-heating. Mobile melters are available from

150 to 5000 lb. As temperatures are very important melters

are equipped with two temperature gages; one for the heat

transfer oil (100 to 700 deg F) and one for the R/A (100 to

500 deg F). Other equipment required are propane torches for

drying wet concrete surfaces, large heavy brushes and vacuum

unit or an air compressor to clean the surface, a spray unit

for the primer, pails to carry the hot R/A, and squeegees to

spread it.

40
 Before application the concrete surfaces should be

free of defects or foreign matter which will interfere with

adhesion. Items such as excess laitance, scaling, frozen

concrete, certain types of curing compounds, dirt, oil, and

grease should be removed just prior to priming the surface.

The adhesive properties of R/A membranes are such that

they will bond directly to the concrete surface however,

primers are used as an added safety factor. Primers are

normally asphalt cutbacks but asphalt emulsions are becoming

more popular for applications where low ambient temperatures

are not expected.

Application is relatively fast and straight forward.

The hot R/A material, at the recommended temperature, is

transported from the melter to the application area in 5

gallon pails and poured directly on the concrete surface

where it is spread using a squeegee. Pumping equipment has

been evaluated but because of the high viscosity,

thermoplastic consistency, and rubbery nature of the R/A

material many problems remain to be solved.

When R/A is applied to a concrete surface it conforms

to all surface irregularities, around columns and pipes, or

other protrusions. Cooling normally takes 5 to 10 minutes

and within a few minutes after application water cannot get

through or under the membrane which is a major advantage in

getting the job completed in freezing weather or when rain

is imminent. Cracks up to 1/16 inch formed in the concrete

substrates after the membrane has been applied will be

bridged. Normal applications of R/A membranes are 3/16 inch

41
(187 mil) which are applied at 1 lb per square foot. Figure

5 provides details of a R/A membrane over poured concrete.

Figure 5 - Details of an R/A Membrane Over Poured

Concrete (31).

1. Concrete Pipe in Concrete

7-
2. R/A ttewbrane Construction Joint
8.
3- Rough Concrete Expansion Joint
9-
4. Cured Rubber Sheet 10- Crack
3. Reinforced Cured Rubber 11. Expansion Joint
Sheet 12. Non-flonolithic Uertical
6. Honolithic Joint Joint

5 . 4 Sheet Membranes

A wide variety of materials are available as

prefabricated sheets and provide excellent resistance to

chemicals and hydrostatic pressure as well as good

resistance to punctures, freeze/thaw, shrinkage, degradation

in water, and elasticity. Their disadvantages are primarily

characterized by their inability to reseal cracks,

breathabi 1 i ty, and the waterproof integrity of the sheet

seams. Materials include Rubberized Asphalt with

42
Polyethylene Cover, Vulcanized Rubbers such as EPDM, Butyl,

and Neoprene, Thermoplastics such as PVC, CPE, HDPE, and

Hypalon, Impregnated Asphalt Composites, and

Thermoplastic/asphalt composites. The cost of sheet systems

are generally higher than other types of waterproofing

systems because of the higher labor costs associated with

it's installation. These additional costs stem from higher

skill level requirements, vertical applications require

larger crew sizes, production rates are somewhat lower, and

transitions require additional material and work.

5.4.1 Material

Among the thermoplastic sheets the Polyvinyl Chloride

(PVC) and Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE) are the easiest to

seal at the seams by solvent welding. However, PVC sheets

tend to shrink excessively and become brittle with

increasing age. The rubber sheets that are used most often

in underground concrete structures are Butyl rubber and

Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM). The adhesives with

which they must be sealed are not quite as effective as the

solvents used to seal plastic sheets. Butyl and EPDM are

similar to one another in strength and elongation but EPDM

is more resistant to acids, oils, and solvents. Neoprene

sheets are superior to either Butyl or EPDM in strength but

not in elongation as noted in Table 6. However, the Neoprene

sheets are used less often because of their additional

material cost (32).

43
 Table 6 - Tensile Properties of Sheet Membranes (33)

Tensile Properties
Ultimate Strength, psi Elongation at Break, %
Degree F 140 77 140 77

Neoprene 1580 2140 3170 >250 290 300

Butyl 1320 1460 2230 290 340 360
EPDM 1130 1470 2330 >300 400 340

5.4.2 Appl icat ion

Their are two methods of application for waterproofing

sheet membranes; fully adhered and loose laid. The fully

adhered sheet membranes are the most commonly used as they

very closely parallel the advantages of liquid applied

membranes. The fully adhered sheet membranes are easy to set

up for, are not humidity sensitive, require little cure time

before becoming usable, has good quality control

characteristics, does not require specialized equipment, is

compatible with most other materials, is non-toxic, does not

require complete curing of the concrete before application,

and usually protection boards are not required.

The disadvantages of sheet membranes are normally a

function of the substrate surface. Vertical applications,

especially deep excavations, will require special

application equipment to ensure full adhesion to the

substrate. The concrete surface must also be completely

clean and free of surface defects for proper bonding. Some

vertical applications also require primers to ensure bonding

of the sheet membrane to the substrate. The most popular

sheet membrane in industry appears to be the self adhering

rubberized asphalt sheets with polyethylene covers. These

44
membranes come with peel away covers which are removed just

prior to application exposing the sheets adhesive which is

then pressed onto the concrete surface. Other adhesive

systems require that the adhesive be applied to either the

substrate or sheet prior to bonding it to the concrete

surface. After application some manufactures require that

the sheets be rolled with a handheld roller which assures

intimacy of contact and full adhesion.

Loose laid sheet membranes are not bonded to the

substrate and therefore will bridge cracks more readily than

the fully adhered sheet membranes. But because of this

advantage the loose laid membrane will not reseal newly

forming cracks and if a leak does occur, locating it will be

more difficult as the water is free to migrate along the

interface between the concrete surface and the sheet

membrane. This system is usually used over large horizontal

surfaces rather than vertical walls. The success of a loose

laid sheet membrane is primarily dependent on the seaming

method employed. Manufactures differ widely in this area

some using solvents and others heat fusion. Seaming can take

place in the field or at the factory. Which ever method is

used quality control becomes critical to the waterproofing

integrity of the system. Most designers and installers

prefer as few seams as possible, however sheet widths are

determined by the manufacturing process. To keep seaming to

a minimum in the field, where ideal environmental and

cleanliness conditions are more difficult to obtain,

manufactures pre-seam larger width sheet membranes in the

45
factory where conditions, procedures, and quality can be

more easily controlled.

The leading manufacturer of loose laid sheet membranes

in the United States is GUNDLE who uses High Density

Polyethylene (HDPE) as their waterproofing material. Their

primary market is the Landfill and Mining Industry however,

their membranes are becoming increasingly more popular in

the waterproofing of underground facilities. GUNDLE uses a

patented extrusion weld seaming method which combines heat,

an extruded polymer material and mixing action to provide a

homogeneous bond between membrane sheets. This seaming

process has been remarkable successful in preventing seam

failures and increasing the longevity of the membrane (34).

46
 CHAPTER SIX
NATURAL CLAY WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS

Natural clay waterproofing systems received the

highest overall evaluation rating as evidenced by Appendix

B. The most prevalent type of clay used is Bentonite.

Bentonite swells to 10 or 20 times its volume when exposed

to water and shrinks to its original volume when dry. Used

in sufficient quantities, it expands when water is present

and blocks any adjacent channels through the wall, keeping

the water out. It can adhere to rough surfaces at almost any

temperature and can bridge cracks and reseal any punctures.

It does not work well either in soils that are high in salts

or in arid climates where sudden rainstorms can penetrate a

foundation before the clay has time to swell. Bentonite is

available in several forms such as a spray grade bentonite

with polyethylene cover, Bentonite panels using cardboard,

Bentonite mats using geotextiles, or Bentonite sheets using

HDPE ( 35)

6 . 1 Mater ial

Natural clay type waterproofing materials have many

other excellent characteristics such as longevity, leak

localizing capabilities, hydrostatic pressure resistance,

are not temperature or humidity sensitive, compatibly with

other material, non-toxic, and are nonflammable. Their cost

are very competitive with the cementitious and membrane

waterproofing systems. During construction at the Kingsbay

Naval Submarine Base natural clay waterproofing materials

were used extensively in underground tunnels, missile silos

and pits, control rooms, and testing rooms under constant

47
hydraulic pressure. Without exception, no leakage occurred

in these facilities as a result of a natural clay

waterproofing membrane failure. The primary clay membrane

used was a VOLCLAY SWELLTITE 1000 manufactured by the

AMERICAN COLLOID COMPANY which is a composite of

polyethylene adhered to a butyl rubber/ bentonite compound.

This product is typical of most bentonite sheet membranes

which is the most widely used form of natural clay

membranes. It is self adhering with an adhesive surface on

one side. Physical properties of this clay membrane are

provided in Table 7.

Table 7 - Volclay Swelltite 1000 Physical Properties (36).

Property Test Results Test Method

Thickness 60 mil ASTM D 217

Penetration 150 GTL 58 ASTM D 9379
Flash Point 465 deg F
Color Dark Gray-black
Permeability 1 E-12 cm/sec
Puncture Resistance 40 min ASTM E 154
250 min ASTM D 781
Specific Gravity @ 77 deg F 1.57 ASTM D 71
Tensile Strength 260 min ASTM D 412

6 . 2 Appl icat ion

Natural clay waterproofing systems offer many

application advantages such as easy set up, low skill level

requirements, good quality control standards, requires no

special equipment , has a relatively high production rate,

and does not require extensive substrate preparation.

Natural clay membranes such as bentonite can be

sprayed applied and covered with a protective layer or

48
applied in panels, mats, or sheets. The panels, mats, and

sheets are overlapped by 2-3 inches and upon exposure to

water are self sealing and therefore continuous. Bentonite

is often applied to shoring and sheeting or against existing

construction before new walls are placed, where access for

application of membrane material is not available. The

complete cure of concrete is not required before bentonite

application, but some cure will prevent excess swelling.

Bentonite can only bridge cracks up to 1/8 inch wide. Wider

cracks must be filled.

Bentonite thickness should be doubled over joints in

the substrate and at corners and intersections. Sometimes,

bentonite strips are embedded in concrete joints as added

insurance against water protection. Protection boards are

sometimes recommended by the manufacturer depending on the

type of excavation and backfill material. Bentonite panels,

mats, and sheets are usually nailed in place or fastened

using bitumen and should be rolled immediately after

installation to insure a tight bond at overlapped seams and

complete adhesion to the substrate. Other application

requirements, such as priming agents to improve adhesion on

concrete surfaces, may be recommended by the manufacturer

depending on hydrostatic pressure, substrate materials, edge

conditions, and a number of other factors (37).

49
 CHAPTER SEVEN
WATERPROOFING PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

7 . 1 General

Free water flowing through walls, wet or damp walls,

peeling or blistering finishes, and spalling concrete or

masonry suggests that the existing waterproofing is no

longer preventing water from entering the underground

structures or that the waterproofing system does not exist.

However, before jumping to conclusions the possibility of

condensation; leaks from materials above the top level of

the waterproofing or adjacent to the waterproofing; plumbing

or mechanical equipment leaks; and other failures may be

responsible and should be investigated and eliminated as

possible causes of the water leakage.

Most waterproofing failures are due to improper

substrate or waterproofing system design or installation and

often occur because of one of the following reasons:

. The substrate cracks, dislodges, or otherwise fails.

. Substrates were not properly prepared and cured or
the required priming was omitted.
. The wrong waterproofing or flashing material was
used.

. The waterproofing material was incorrectly

instal led
. The wall was coated on both sides with impermeable
materials, preventing moisture vapor from leaving
the wall.
. Asphalt emulsion was not permitted to cure
proper ly
. Insufficient number of plies or material thickness
was used to withstand the hydrostatic head present.
. Cants were not installed at the bottom of walls and
other direction changes.
. Reinforcement was not installed for membrane
waterproofing at corners and nonmoving joints in the
substrate
. Building movement from thermal changes, seismic, or
settlement was not accommodated.
. Waterproofing edges and junctures between
waterproofing and other materials were not properly
50
 flashed or otherwise treated to exclude water.
. Penetration flashings were not properly designed or
instal led
. Waterproofing or flashing were not extended above
the water level at adjacent walls and curbs.
. Exterior wall waterproofing was not extended above
the grade.
. The waterproofing was installed over incompatible
materials
. The waterproofing system contains incompatible
mater ials
. Reinforcements or flashings are incompatible with
the waterproofing membrane.
. Protection course was not installed or improperly
installed permitting the waterproofing to be damaged
during subsequent construction operations.
. Joints between cementitious waterproofing and other
materials and penetrations were not filled with
sealant 38
( )

7 . 2 Repairing, Replacing and Extending Waterproofing

Even in the case where the waterproofing system has

been installed correctly and does not leak, it may become

necessary in the future to repair, replace or extend the

system to meet unforeseen requirements and the natural

deterioration of the materials.

7.2.1 Compat ibi 1 i ty

Membrane, adhesives, solvents, bitumens, and other

materials used to repair existing waterproofing must be

compatible with the existing materials in every respect. The

best way to ensure compatibility is to have the manufacturer

of the new material inspect the existing waterproofing

system and substrate, and conduct compatibility tests. If

possible when repairing or for partial replacement use the

same material as the existing. Even in this case

compatibility tests are recommended as formulations may have

changed or the material may have undergone unanticipated

chemical changes.

51
 7.2.2 Repairing Existing Waterproofing

Before deciding to repair existing waterproofing, get

an expert's recommendations. Waterproofing repairs for

underground structures are expensive and if the repair is

not well thought out the repair will be ineffective. A major

problem with repairing waterproofing is locating the leak.

Even when it is possible to isolate a leak in horizontal

waterproofing by flood testing, finding the actual leak

requires tearing off the covering material. Often the

process of tearing off the waterproofing can cause other

secondary leaks. For this reason it is common to completely

replace the waterproofing in the zone where the leak is.

7.2.3 Replacing Existing Waterproofing

Replacing waterproofing can in itself be expensive and

dangerous. It is difficult to protect the exposed structure

from sudden storms while the membrane is removed. However,

there are clearly situations where replacement is the

correct decision. When the decision is made the

waterproofing system must be removed in its entirety

including protection boards, drainage systems, insulation,

and the waterproofing material down to the concrete

substrate

Before the new waterproofing system is installed the

surface must be carefully prepared. The complete removal of

the waterproofing membrane may leave the surface pitted with

voids and rough which must be filled and leveled. Curing

agents must be completely removed and the manufacturers

instruction should be carefully followed in installing the

52
new system. The substrate may require a primer and

reinforcement should be added to those areas recommended by

the manufacturer. Where the new and old waterproofing

systems meet there should be a substantial overlap or a

complete separation and transition joint acceptable to the

manufacturers

7.2.4 Extending Existing Waterproofing

When waterproofed walls are extended, extension of the

waterproofing will almost certainly be required. When an

expansion joint is installed between the original wall and

the extension, the joint must be compatible with both the

existing and new waterproofing materials. The two

waterproofing systems do not have to be of the same type.

However, if they are different materials compatible is

essential. If an expansion joint is not used then the

systems should be overlapped and sealed in accordance with

the manufactures recommendations.

1.2.5 Installing New Waterproofing Over Existing

Mater ials

It is sometimes possible to install one type of

waterproofing over another on an existing structure. For

example a concrete substrate with a cementitious

waterproofing system may have either a liquid applied

membrane, sheet membrane or a natural clay material applied

to it if the manufactures agree on the compatibility of the

materials. In most cases where the existing substrates to be

waterproofed are coated or painted, it is necessary to

remove them before applying new waterproofing. Coatings and

53
paint should only be left in place when the new

waterproofing manufacturer specifically approves.

When acceptable to the manufacturers it is sometimes

possible to place a slip sheet or barrier between

incompatible waterproofing materials. Slip sheets and

barriers are not applicable when it is required that the new

waterproofing material bond directly to the substrate.

Liquid applied membranes should not be used on a concrete

topping slab that covers a waterproofing membrane without

the manufacturers specific approval. Such double

applications can cause delamination or blistering of the new

waterproof ing

7 . 3 Waterproofing Specifications

The specifications of waterproofing systems should be

much more carefully considered than has been the practice of

the past. It is also strongly recommended not to leave the

selection of waterproofing systems up to the contractor as

often is the case in performance type specifications.

Because of the level of sophistication required, knowledge

of the overall design requirements, and specific knowledge

of waterproofing technology the designer should be

responsible for the careful selection of the waterproofing

system. The designer should work carefully with

waterproofing manufacturers and obtain constr uctabi 1 i ty

input from contractors prior to making any final decision on

the type of waterproofing system and components to be use.

It is highly recommended that the (13) Product

Performance, (21) Application Techniques, and (6) General

54
Condition factors listed in Appendix B be carefully

considered in reviewing and selecting the appropriate

waterproofing system.

Once the waterproofing system has been selected the

specifications should be written as closed as possible to

substitute materials and products. The designer must

therefore provide detailed description, workmanship, and

quality specifications so that no misunderstanding of the

designer's intent can be made. The use of "or equal"

language is recommended only when proprietary specifications

are not possible. If "or equal" specifications are used the

designer must make sure that the specifications are

sufficiently detailed to ensure compatibility between all

components of the waterproofing system. In addition, when

"or equal" language is allowed the designer must be given

broad contractual authority to reject submittals that are

considered unsuitable and do not meet the salient design

features specified.

A general specification covering all waterproofing

systems would not be practical because of the wide variety

and combinations of waterproofing products currently

available on the market. However, Table 8 provides a listing

of important factors that should be considered whenever a

waterproofing specification is required. These factors

should also be closely coordinated with the manufacturers

specifications and requirements.

55
Table 8 - Important Factors to Consider When Developing
Waterproofing Specifications

1. Qualifications of the Applicator.

2. Submittals - Evidence of Applicator Qualifications,

Manufacturer's Certificate of Conformance, Catalog and
Application Data, and Samples.

3. Delivery and Storage of Materials.

4. Environmental Conditions.

5. Carefully review the Physical Performance, Application

Techniques and General Condition requirements of
Appendix B and ensure that product materials comply with
these requirements, the structural design and other
design criteria.

6. Membrane should be impermeable to water but allow water

vapor to pass

7. Membrane should provide a continuous film without areas

of weakness and lend itself to the design details of the
structure

8. Materials selected must be compatible.

9. Ensure that surface to be treated has been prepared to

provide a positive bond to minimize the lateral
migration of water.

10. Application of the waterproofing products must be

specified in accordance with the manufacturer's
requirements

11. The membrane selected should maintain it's physical

properties, such as elasticity and durability, over a
wide range of environmental conditions.

12. Quality control specifications should be reviewed to

ensure that each phase is properly inspected and tested
prior to proceeding with the next phase. Testing of the
installed waterproofing system prior to and after
backfilling, by the continuous application of water over
extended periods of time, is essential and should be
speci f ied

13. The waterproofing system should be guaranteed for both

material and performance by the installing contractor.
Manufacturers representatives should also be required by
specification to be on site during the installation of
the ir product

56
 CHAPTER EIGHT
CONCLUSION
In this paper, I have discussed several elements

important to the successful specification and installation

of waterproofing systems on underground concrete structures.

These elements are interdependent. The structural concrete

design, product selection, installation details, and quality

of workmanship are of equal importance to the functioning of

the installed system. As stated in the introduction the

primary task of this paper is to provide some background for

selecting a suitable waterproofing system for underground

structures. However, system selection involves decisions

based on judgement. If this were not so a simplified list of

physical properties prepared by a materials expert could

easily replace this paper. The relationship of properties is

of major importance compared to any one specific property of

the waterproofing material. It is therefore prudent that

before a waterproofing system is selected manufactures and

material experts, designers, and installers act as a team in

the selection of an appropriate waterproofing system.

The bottom line to the selection of a waterproofing

system is to provide the owner or occupant of an underground

structure with a system that is leak free. Whether this goal

will be realized is a function of those responsible for

formulating, specifying, designing, and installing the

waterproofing system. The final performance and success of

the installation is ultimately dependent on the

identification of those factors and requirements which lead

to the selection of the proper waterproofing system. A

57
through understanding of product performance, application

techniques and general conditions are therefore necessary to

achieving the goal of a leak free underground structure.

The reason for waterproofing failures as discussed are

varied and can be found in all phases of manufacturing,

design, and installation. It is also evident that leaking

underground structures are prevalent through out the

construction industry. It is my conclusion that these trends

will continue unless designers increase their knowledge of

waterproofing systems and increase the involvement of

manufactures and installers in the selection and

specification of these systems.

It is my conclusion that there is no one best

waterproofing system and that any of the waterproofing

systems discussed herein has an appropriate application.

The designer however, must select a waterproofing system

based on his knowledge of the structural design, site

conditions, costs, environment and other factors. To begin

the selection process it is recommended that Appendix B be

reviewed to identify the waterproofing type or types that

most closely meets the designers needs. These waterproofing

types should then be reviewed with manufacturers and

installers for possible problems and solutions. The designer

can then make his selection and modify the design to

incorporate changes recommended by the manufacturers and

instal lers

Because of the general lack of practical expertise in

waterproofing systems and having had some experience In this

58
field, I feel that it would be appropriate for this report

to also reflect some of my personal recommendations

concerning the selection of a waterproofing system for

underground structures. In general, I believe Natural Clay

(Bentonite sheets adhered to HDPE) to be the best all- round

system due largely to its self sealing properties as

described in Section 6.1. This is followed by Liquid-Applied

Polymeric Asphalt Membranes such as the TUFF-N-DRI System

explained in Section 5.2.1 and for highly stable structures,

Cementitious type systems such as the HEYDI K-ll product

detailed in Section 4.1. For underground structures over 25

foot deep the Natural Clays are particularly suitable.

Prefabricated drainage structures such as WARM-N-DRI and

MIRADRAIN must be carefully evaluated for compression and

reduced flow characteristics beyond the 25 foot level.

Because TUFF-N-DRI and WARM-N-DRI offers a complete

waterproofing system it is highly recommended for standard

residential, commercial, and industrial applications down to

25 foot and beyond, as long as the WARM-N-DRI drainage board

flow properties are carefully considered.

After or during construction if problems appear with

the selected waterproofing system both the manufacturer and

installer must be involved to identify the problem and

recommend solutions. Designers must ensure that the

manufacturer's instructions are carefully followed by

installers to prevent the occurrence of secondary problems.

Through the expanded knowledge and understanding of

the reasons for waterproofing failures; the various

59
waterproofing types and uses; criteria for selection;

typical waterproofing problems and solutions and team work

between designers, manufacturers and installers the

occurrence of leaking underground structures will be

significantly reduced resulting in lower overall

waterproofing costs and increased owner satisfaction.

60
 REFERENCES
1. Dueil, John and Fred Lavson, Damp Proofing Course
Detai 1 ing The Architectural Press Ltd, London, 1977,
.

p. 1.

2. Marsh, Paul, Air and Rain Penetration of Buildings , The

Construction Press Ltd, London, 1977, p. 21.

3. The National Association of Home Builders Research

Foundation, Basement Water Leakage NAHB, Washington, ,

D.C., 1978, p. 7.

4. Dueil, loc . cit

5. Simmons, Leslie H., Repairing and Extending Weather

Barriers, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1989, p. 36.

6. Simmons, op . cit. , p. 37.

7. Simmons, op . ci t , p. 58.

8. Simmons, op . ci t , p. 60.

9. Marsh, op . cit , p. 33.

10. NAHB, op. cit. , p. 13.

11. Simmons, op . ci t , p. 60.

12. Mirafi Inc., Mlradrain Prefabricated Drainage

Structures Manufacturer Report, Charlotte, NC,
. 1886,
p. 7.

13. Owens Corning Fiberglass Corp., Tuff-N-Dri Exterior

Foundation Waterproofing System Manufacturer Report, ,

Chicago, 1987, p. 8.

14. Marsh, op . ci t , p. 7.

15. American Society for Testing and Materials, Bui ldinq

Seals and Sealants Publication No. 606, Philadelphia,
,

1976, p. 211.

16. Gobert, E. G. and T. A. Oxley, Dampness in Buildings ,

Buttervorths London, 1983, p. 31.

,

17. Anderson, Brent, "Waterproofing Concrete Below Grade",

Concrete Construction April 1986, p. 385. ,

18. Simmons, op . ci t , p. 72.

19. Anderson, op . ci t , p. 388.

61
20. Army Corp of Engineers, Paint, Cement it ious Powder,
White and Colors Federal Specification TT-F-0035,
,

Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1965,

p. 1.

21 HEY'DI American Corp., Cementitious Waterproofing

Systems Manufacturers Report, Virgina Beach, 1987,
,

p . 3

22. Ibid .

23. HEY'DI American Corp., op . ci t , p. 7.

24. Fogel, Joesph, "Cold-Applied Fluid Elastomeric

Waterproofing Membranes", Building Seals and Sealants ,

ASTM STP 606, American Society for Testing and

Materials, 1976, p. 204.

25. Fogel, op. cit , p. 205.

26. Ibid .

27. Tosh, D. J. and R. Morin, "Hot Melt Rubberized Asphalt

Membranes", Building Seals and Sealants ASTM 606, ,

American Society for Testing and Materials, 1976,

p. 162.

28. Ibid .

29. Tosh, op cit . , p. 166.

30. Tosh, op. cit . , p. 171.

31. Tosh, op cit . , p. 178.

32. Anderson, op . ci t , p. 388.

33. Thomas, N.F., "Neoprene Polychloroprene Membranes", ( )

Building Seals and Sealants ASTM STP 606, American ,

Society for Testing and Materials, 1976, p. 200.

34. Gundle Lining Systems Inc., Lining Systems ,

Manufacturers Report, Houston, Texas, 1989, p. 2.

35. Anderson, op . cit. , p. 388.

36. American Colloid Company, Volclay Svelltite 1000

Waterproofing Membrane Manufacturers Report, Atlanta, ,

1987, p. 3.

37. Simmons, op . cit , p. 71.

38. Simmons, op . cit. , p. 73.

39. Simmons, op . ci t , p. 80.

62
APPENDIX A

c t
 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY
OFFICER IN CHARGE OF CONSTRUCTION
NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND CONTRACTS. TRIDENT

a 293 POINT PETER ROAD

SAINT MARYS. GEORGIA 3 338-0768
1
ROICC:TFB:mah
6856R
10 June 1988

From Officer in Charge of Construction, Trident

To: Commander, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Code 04

Subj: NAVFAC NFSS-M19, SECTION NO. 07120; FLUID-APPLIED ELASTOMERIC

WATERPROOFING FOR EARTH-COVERED CONCRETE ARCH MAGAZINES;
RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING

Ends: (1) Owens/Coming Fiberglass fOCF) "TUFF-N-DRI" Product Brochure

(2) OCF Manufacturer Section 07125 of August 1987
(3) OCF "TUFF-N-DRI" Installation Procedures of June 1986
(4) Dewberry 5 Davis ltr 17 of 15 May 1987
(5) SVERDRUP Corp. ltr 8220-87-3038 of 8 June 1987
(6) Concrete Solutions, Inc. 's ltr of 9 April 1987
(7) OCF ltr of 1 May 1987
(8) OCF Warranty of 1 May 1987
(9) C Construction Company ltr 71 of 1 June 1987
(10) OCF ltr of 23 July 1987
(11) OCF ltr of 18 August 1987
(12) VHS Video Tape of TUFF-N-DRr' Installation

1. This letter provides product and procedure recommendations for your

consideration in modifying NAVFAC Standard Specif ication-M19, Section
No. 07120 for fluid-applied elastomeric waterproofing on earth covered
concrete arch magazines. Construction of the first fifteen concrete arch
magazines at the Naval Submarine Base, Kings Bay, Georgia presented a number
of problems associated with the use of the NFSS-M19 specified bitumen modified
methane waterproofing. During the high temperature and humidity conditions
of the summer, the spray applied urethane based bitumen produced excessive
volatilization causing gases to form and escape (outgassing). To make the
urethane waterproofing material fluid enough for spray application, a cut-back
solution was required which increased the outgassing. The escaping gases
created pin holes and depressions that significantly reduced the elastomeric
mil thickness and waterproofing integrity. Government inspectors verified
that all specification requirements and manufacturer's recommendations were
rigidly enforced. To mitigate the effects of outgassing the contractor was
required, by the product manufacturer and before the urethane bitumen could be
applied, to obtain 0% surface moisture on the concrete magazine arch as read
by an approved moisture meter. The 0% surface moisture conditions were
impossible to achieve during the tropical summer conditions at Kings Bay,
Georgia and construction delays were experienced. Additionally, the urethane
bitumen manufacturer required that the concrete surface be free of any voids
and a cement based coating (THOROSEAL) was applied to provide a completely
smooth application surface. The use of Thoroseal and delay impacts eventually
resulted in a contract adjustment of $425,000.00. Through intense Government
inspection, waiting for the proper application conditions and additional spray
coatings, the contract requirements were eventually met. The use of a
prefabricated drainage structure, (MIRADRAIN 1000) in lieu of the specified 6"
sand lens, was also approved and produced superior drainage characteristics.

64
 Given the difficulty of using the urethane bitumen waterproofing product,
Colombus
limerous contacts were made with other Government agencies, your Mr.
ey, Architect and Engineering firms, OICC Trident's Title 2 Contractor, and
:arious manufacturers and suppliers.
r
Through a rigorious evaluation process,
iipolymerized bitumen elastomeric waterproofing and prefabricated drainage
i>oard system was selected for use on the next forty-two (42) earth-covered
concrete arch missile magazines. This system is manufactured by Owens/Corning
fiberglass under the product name of "TUFF-N-DRI" (elastomeric waterproofing
:>roduct) and "WARM-N-DRI" (prefabricated drainage board). Although some
lifficulty was experienced adapting the drainage board to the curved magazine
irches the waterproofing system was totally successful.
, Enclosures
1) - (11) provide the pertinent product information used in evaluating the
•ystem.

. In evaluating the "TUFF-N-DRI" and "WARM-N-DRI" waterproofing system, the

ol lowing advantages were considered:

a. "TUFF-N-DRI" - Polymer-Modif ied Asphalt

Fluid-Applied Waterproofing Membrane

(1) Polymerized bitumen can be applied under high temperature and

tumidity conditions without the effects of outgassing. Polymerized bitumen is
tot reactive to moisture and can be applied shortly after removal of concrete
orms. By contrast, urethanes require a 7-28 day concrete cure time prior to
ipplication.

(2) Lower millage thickness can be applied, with commensurate cost

iavings, without degrading the waterproofing integrity or reliability of the
dastomeric membrane. For example, 60 mil is industry standard for
Polymerized products wherein NFSS-M19 requires a minimum of 100 mils for
chloroprene modified asphalt and 85 mils for bitumen modified urethane
waterproofing membranes.

(3) Adhesion and elongation properties are excellent. Elongation is

!00% with "TUFF-N-DRI" versus 700% using bitumen modified urethane products.
'TUFF-N-DRI" is hot applied and adhesion to concrete exceeds ASTM C836
•equirements.

(4) The polymerized waterproofing membrane allows interior water vapor

>ermanence and reduces the potential for membrane delamination along the
>onding plane.

(5) Polymerized waterproofing membrane has excellent resistance to

legradation in soils and is very resistant to acids, salts, bases, mold
»rowth, and bacterial attack.

(6) After patching honeycombs and any large tie holes, "TUFF-N-DRI" can
)e applied. No surface priming is necessary. By contrast, urethanes require
i primed, smooth surface, free of any pits or voids. Lack of attention to
:his detailing using urethanes can result in severe blistering.

b. "WARM-N-DRI" - Prefabricated protection, drainage and insulation board

65
 (1) Ease of installation reduces construction time. Board is bonded to
"TUFF-N-DRI" when still tacky and earthwork can proceed immediately.

(2) "WARM-N-DRI" provides a uniform drainage blanket. Drainage ability

of between 850-1000 Darcies exceeds gravel at 200+ darcies and sand at 15-200
darcies.

(3) "WARM-N-DRI" acts as a protective barrier for elastomeric membrane

to prevent damage during construction.

(4) "WARM-N-DRI" provides thermal resistance depending on thickness,

between R2. 5-10.0, which reduces HVAC loading within the magazines.

4. The Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corporation (OCF) sells their "TUFF-N-DRI"

and "WARM-N-DRI" products as a complete waterproofing system and as such
warrants both labor and material for (3) years. The waterproofing contractor
must also be certified by OCF. This is a distinct advantage over other
waterproofing material suppliers and contractors who only warrant either the
labor or material. The customer is often confronted with determining the
cause of any subsequent water leaks due to a failure of the waterproofing
system. A complete waterproofing system approach eliminates the need for the
Government to determine the cause of failure in the event of poor workmanship
or a faulty product.

5. The below listed personnel may be contacted for more detailed information:

a. LCDR T. F. BIGGINS, P. E. 912-673-2673

ROICC
Naval Submarine Base
Kings Bay, Georgia 31547

b. Mr. Michael K. Sutton 404-956-1465

Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corporation
6650 Powers Ferry Road, Suite 200
Atlanta, Georgia 30339

c. Mr. John Daugherty, PH. D. , P. E. 614-587-7709

Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corporation
Technical Center, P. 0. Box 415
Granville, Ohio 43023

6. In summary,the subject waterproofing system has been installed on 30

missile motor magazines which have been subjected to almost a full year of
weather conditions and no leaks have occurred. In one earth covered magazine,
a structural crack of 1/8 inch was detected. To determine if the
waterproofing system had been damaged, it was subjected to a seven day water
flood test. At the end of the period, no leaks or water vapor were observed.
The structural crack was then repaired. Based on the above information and
demonstrated working experience, it is recommended that fluid applied
polymerized bitumen elastomeric waterproofing and a compatible prefabricated
drainage structure be added to NFSS-M19, Section No. 07120 for Earth-Covered
Concrete Arch Magazines as a preferred fluid applied waterproofing product.

66
[t is also recommended that the OCF "TUFF-N-DRI" and "WARM-N-DRI"
waterproof ing system be specifically listed as a suggested source. At this
:ime, twelve additional missile motor magazines are under construction and the
:ontractor has chosen to use the OCT waterproofing system. Should a site
risit by your staff be desired to view the installation of the OCF
waterproofing system arrangements can be made through LCDR Biggins of the
10ICC.

A. K. RIFFEY

67
Tuff-N-Dri®
Exterior Foundation 07100/OWE
Waterproofing System Buy line 21'59

63
The Tuff-N-Dn® waterproofing system
consists of two components: The Tuff-N-
Driwaterproofing membrane and Warm-
N-Dri® insulation, drainage and protection
board.
Tuff-N-Dn membrane is a unique
polymer-modified asphalt which provides
a highly elastomenc, monolithic water-
proof membrane when applied to concrete
basements. The membrane is tougher
and more resilient than materials com-
monly used on residential foundations.
At the same time, Tuff-N-Dn is priced very
competitively with other waterproofing
products.
Warm-N-Dn board, a semi-rigid product
made of Pink® Fiberglas® insulation, acts Typical installation of TUFF-N-DRi\
as a drainage medium to keep hydrostatic on concrete block wall.
buildup from foundation walls. The board
adds insulating value to foundation walls
and protects the waterproofing membrane
during construction and backfilling.

Typical installation of TUFF-N-Dri

on poured concrete wall.

AQ
y-applied Tuff-N-Dn membrane Warm-N-Dn board provides a direct path
the chances for breaks or open- for water percolating through the soil to a
Buy line 2159
le waterproof coating. It leaves drain tile system. Hydrostatic buildup on
les or "fish mouths" in applica- the basement walls is reduced. Tuff-N-Dn
-N-Dn membrane is resilient and applications require a positive foundation
strong adhesion to concrete. drain system.
e Durability Condensation Protection
'i's resilient membrane resists Warm-N-Dn keeps foundation walls closer
wth, bacterial and chemical to the airtemperature of the basement
nlike many dampproofing prod- This can help reduce condensation
-N-Dn will not break down as a Reduced condensation can ensure a less
prolonged contact with water humid, more comfortable basement. The
And the membrane's superior placement of Warm-N-Dn on the wall's
m properties allow Tuff-N-Dn to exterior can also help reduce the risk of
jor cracks over years of service. damage due to freeze/thaw cycles
Efficient Foundations Foundation Protection
pri board, available in 3/4, 1-3/16 Warm-N-Dn board will protect the
B inch thicknesses, provides waterproofing membrane from damage
pf 3.1, 5.0 and 10.0 respectively caused by backfilling or damage from
[Dn board can be terminated at other construction trades. The compressi-
extended to the sill plate. Com- bility of the Warm-N-Dn board will also

ysis of home energy use indicates absorb moderate soil expansion and help
siderable portion of the typical protect the basement wall
nergy load is represented by
Versatile, Rapid Installation
ninsulated basements Warm-N- The Tuff-N-Dn system can be applied
ed to the sill plate insulates the when ambient temperatures are as low as
ement wall and minimizes base- 20 °F, allowing for fewer construction
rgy use delays. Tuff-N-Dn may be applied on poured
concrete and block foundations On poured
concrete basements, the Tuff-N-Dn system
can be applied as soon as the forms are
removed, and on concrete block base-
ments, as soon as the mortar is dry The
Tuff-N-Dn membrane does not require a
primer coat Spray application reduces
labor costs normally associated with
waterproofing.

Tult N-Dri. Warm-N-Dn. Pink and Ftberglas are registered

trademarks ot Owens-Coming Ftberglas Corporation

^* •?>*£-•.

^'^Ote:
Certified Waterproofing Contractors Surface Preparation
Owens-Corning's Tuff-N-Dn waterproofing The wall surface should be smooth and Membrane Description
system is available exclusively through a monolithic. Remove loose aggregate and
Type Polymer-modifiei
network of Certified Independent Water- sharp protrusions from the wall. Voids,
liquid-applied mi
proofing Contractors, trained and supported spalled areas and exposed aggregate should
by Owens-Corning to ensure effective, be patched with a suitable mastic before Color Black
professional installation. spraying. The Tuff-N-Dn membrane does not Solids 66 (percent by v\

require any priming or special preparation.

10-Year Limited Warranty Density 7.7 Ib./gal.
When applied to residential below grade System Application Minimum 20 °F
foundations by a Certified Independent Tuff-N-Dri liquid is sprayed evenly over the
Application
Waterproofing Contractor, in conformance entire foundation wall. After the surface has
Temperature
with Owens-Corning specifications and had adequate time to set-up, Warm-N-Dri
application instructions, the Tuff-N-Dn board is applied over the waterproofing Application Airless spray

watecproofing system has a 10-year limited membrane. For detailed installation instruc- Coating Cure 16-24 hr.

warranty. See the warranty for specific tions contact the local Tuff-N-Dn marketing Time
coverage and limitations specialist.

Maintenance Limitations
Owens-Corning waterproofing products Tuff-N-Dri waterproofing membrane should
do not require maintenance as long as they not be exposed to sunlight for more than
are installed according to the manu- 15 days.
facturer's recommendations. Tuff-N-Dri membrane should not be
applied to concrete having a surface
Material Storage
temperature below 20 °F
Store Tuff-N-Dn liquid in an area where the
Warm-N-Dn board is required for all
material will not be exposed to heat sources
warranted Tuff-N-Dn system applications.
for an extended period of time. Tuff-N-Dri
Warm-N-Dri board must extend to the
liquid is flammable and should be stored
footing and connect through gravel fill or
away from sparks or flames.
channels to a positive foundation drain
system.
Availability and Cost
Owens-Corning waterproofing products
are competitively priced and are available
through a network of Certified Independent
Waterproofing Contractors. For information
concerning the nearest contractor, please
call (419) 248-7550

^4
-^.M \
 u/iuu/uwt
trane Properties
Buyline 2159
Hies Typical Results Test Methods
$pn to Concrete Exceeds ASTM C-836'
Mtion 800 percent ASTM D-412
mperature Flexibility Flexible to -10°F OCF Test 2
bridging Ability Exceeds 10 cycles to ASTM C-836'
1/8 in. at -15°F
t/apor Permeance 0.30 perms for ASTM E-96
40-mil dry coating
(grain/ft 2 2/hr. in Hg)

(Water Absorption Less than 1% ASTM D-1228 3

nee to Degradation Good ASTM E-154

'rowth and Bacterial No degradation OCF Test

4

nee to Accelerated Resistant to acids, OCF Test 5

Attack
:al salts, bases
wee to Hydrostatic Could not generate OCF Test"
Vt. of water) hydrostatic pressure
rcured at room temperature
jprooling compound around 1 inch mandrel
Iter soak 1 x 2 x 40 inch samples of waterproofing compound
ryvas exposed to various soil organisms and no degradation was observed
B|ng compound soaked in solutions of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide,
iisulfate, sodium chlonde-sodium sulfate and 4 percent ammonium hydroxide retains flexibility and elongation after

inboard was applied lo the Tutf-N-Dri lembrane the water drained away at a taster rate than the surrounding
liminating any hydrostatic buildup
 1

Board Description Board Properties

Type Unfaced rigid Fiberglas
5 Compression Pressure % Compression Depth The.
board Ibs.sq. ft. 3/4" 1-3/16" Pressures Are
Color Pink & 2-3/8" Clay' Wet S
Board Size 4 ft. x8 ft. and 4 ft. x 4 ft.
200 4% 4 ft. 10

Board 3/4 in. 1-3/16 m &.

400 8% 8 ft. 20
Thicknesses 2-3/8 600 1%
1 12 ft. 30
800 15% 16 ft. 40
1000 19% 20 ft. 50
1200 23% 24 ft. 60
Board Properties 1400 28% 28 ft. 70
Properties Typical Results 2000 41% 40 ft. 100

Drainage Board Gallons/Hour/ At 65% compression, Warm-N-Dn board has the drainage capabilities of coarse sand
Ability Thickness Lineal Foot 'Angle of Repose of 25 ° Density of 120 lbs /cu ft
3/4" 74
2
Angle of Repose of 46 ° Density of 122 lbs /cu ft
1-3/16" 118
2-3/8" 237
Hydraulic Gradient of 1 .0

Thermal 3/4 in — R3.

Resistance • 1-3/16 in. -R5.0,
2-3/8 in .-R10.0
(as manufactured)

'Warm-N-Dn board was installed five years ago

atOwens-Corning's Foundation Test Facility
Since installation no loss of R-value has been
measured

™ K.'

1"
*V i 11 i1n ;

r 1 m
& « I

73
 07100/OWE

uff-N-Dri Buy fine 2159

74
Regional
Tuff-N-Dri'
Marketing
Specialist
Offices

OWENS CORNING
FIBERGLAS
Atlanta
404-956-7465
Scarsdale Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.
974-472-3400 Foundation Systems
Washington, D.C Fiberglas Tower, Toledo, Ohio 43659
307-390-6900 419-248-7550
ANUFACTURER
wens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation
undation Systems
rerglas
ledo,
Tower
Ohio 43659
MANU Cg
Thu Manu Spec presents the man
,one: (419) 248-7550 ufacturer't suggested proprietary P"5F^
specification in conformance with
the CSl 3 Part Section Format " "
The manufacturer is solely respon ^^^^^
sible for content and references. B

SECTION 07125
MODIFIED ASPHALT SPRAY APPLIED WATERPROOFING SYSTEM

iRT 1 GENERAL
31 SECTION INCLUDES
A. Waterproofing

B. Protection board

)2 RELATED SECTIONS
A. Section 03300- Concrete
B. Section 04200 -Masonry en
c
03 REFERENCES
CD
CD
A. Waterproofing membrane shall meet or exceed the following industry standards. a.
CD

1. ASTM C836: Testing for High Solids Content, Cold Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Water- CD

proofing Membrane for use with Separate Wearing Course.

2. ASTM D412: Tests for Rubber Properties in Tension.

3. ASTM D1228: Testing Asphalt Insulating Siding Surfaced with Mineral Granules.

4. ASTM E96: Testing Materials for Water Vapor Transmission.

13-
5. ASTM E154: Testing Materials for Use as Vapor Barriers Under Concrete Slabs and as
Ground Cover in Crawl Spaces.

>4 DELIVERY. STORAGE. AND HANDLING

A. Delivery: Delivered to site with original manufacturer's labels clearly identifying TUFF-N-
DRI® membrane and WARM-N-DRI® board.
Storage and Handling: Keep free of debris and foreign matter.
2
B. o
Q.
5"
15 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS Q.

A. Install TUFF-N-DRI membrane when substrate is above 20°F.

B. Install TUFF-N-DRI membrane when surfaces are dry and inclement weather is

not prevalent.
c
RT 2 PRODUCTS Q.
31 MANUFACTURER >
T3
A. OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS CORPORATION, Foundation Systems, Fiberglas Tower,
Toledo. Ohio 43659. Q.

3
er

Menu- Spec* format Km been reproduced from publication* 07125

ynQhtad t>V CSl and * rarer uaad by permianon o< The Cor.
euon Specification* tnatnute. Inc. Alexandria. VA 22314
76
2.02 MATERIALS
A. Polymer-Modified Asphalt Fluid-Applied Waterproofing Membrane: TUFF-N-DRI membrane
meeting and conforming to the following tests and values.

Properties Typical Results Test Methods

Color Black
Adhesion to Concrete Exceeds ASTM C836
Elongation 800 percent ASTM D412
Low Temperature Flexibility Flexible to -10°F

Crack Bridging Ability Exceeds 10 cycles ASTM C836

to 1/8 in. at -15°F
Water Vapor Permeance 0.15 perms for 40-mil dry ASTM E96
coating (grain/ft. 2 /hr. in Hg)
Liquid Water Absorption 0.3 percent (wt.) ASTM D1228
Resistance to Degradation in Soil Good ASTM E154
Mold Growth and Bacterial Attack No degradation
Resistance to Accelerated Very resistant to
Chemical Attack acids, salts, bases

B. Protection/Drainage/Insulation Board: WARM-N-DRI board meeting and conforming to the

following tests and values.

TVpe: Unfaced rigid fiberglass board

Physical Appearance: Pink, Unfaced
Board Size: 4 ft. x4 ft., 4 ft. x8 ft.

Board Thicknesses: 5/8 in., 1-3/16 in. & 2-3/8 in.

Thermal Resistance: 5/8 R 2.5 (as manufactured)

in. -

1-3/16 - R 5.0 (as manufactured)

in.

2-3/8 in. - R 10.0 (as manufactured)

Drainage Ability: Board Thickness Gallons/Hour/Lineal Foot
Hydraulic gradient of 1.0 5/8 in. 62
1-3/16 in. 118
2-3/8 in. 237

PART 3 EXECUTION
3.01 EXAMINATION
A. Verify that the substrate is smooth and free of voids, spalled areas, loose aggregate, sharp
protrusions, form fins, and exposed course aggregate areas.
B. Beginning installation means installer accepts existing conditions.

3.02 INSTALLATION -POLYMER-MODIFIED-ASPHALT FLUID APPLIED MEMBRANE

A. Apply TUFF-N-DRI membrane to a clean, smooth and dry concrete surface
B. Extend TUFF-N-DRI membrane down walls from finished grade line to top of footing and
extend over top of footing.

3.03 INSTALLATION -PROTECTION/DRAINAGE/INSULATION BOARD

A. Apply WARM-N-DRI board vertically using spot areas of TUFF-N-DRI membrane as an
adhesive on the dry membrane.

B. WARM-N-DRI board must extend down to the foundation footing and connect through
gravel or channels to a positive drain system.

End Of Section
PuO Ho. O-TO-14522
Umo K1US.A. Jutv t«67 77
 ,

Th*S Spec-Data Sheet conforms ^^"

to tditoriai stylo prescribed by n mi
The Construction Specification*
>DUCT NAME Institute. The manufacturer it re-

sponsible lor technical accuracy.

SI-DRI* Exterior Founda-
'aterproofing Membrane
Applied) where the backfill will
than 15 days. The TUFF-N-DRI other areas
-N-DRI 9 Protection/Drain- damage the unprotected
iulation Board
MEMBRANE should only be •

applied to the substrate when the membrane.

substrate has a surface tempera- Composition and Materials:
YUFACTURER ture above 20° F (Winter Grade). TUFF-N-DRI WATERPROOFING
S-CORNING FIBERGLAS WARM-N-DRI BOARD, when MEMBRANE consists of polymer-
tPORATION below grade, must have
installed modified asphalt that is spray
live Coatings Business an exterior drain system. If applied.
as Tower WARM-N-DRI BOARD is installed WARM-N-DRI BOARD is an
I Ohio 43659 above grade it must have an unfaced, rigid fiber glass board O
(419) 248-7550 exterior covering. having protection, drainage, and
:

•
WARM-N-DRI BOARD is re- insulation characteristics. a
m
)DUCT DESCRIPTION quired as protection for TUFF- Sizes: WARM-N-DRI BOARD >
O
N-DRI MEMBRANE on founda- is available in 4' x 4' and 4' x 8* o
/c Use: TUFF-N-DRI 3
tions 10 feet or more below grade. boards with nominal thicknesses
RPROOFING MEMBRANE
Also included are areas of high of 5/8", 1-3/16", and 2-3/8".
ingle component spray
water tables, expansive clays, or
j waterproofing for below
concrete or masonry
ition walls, planters, and 4. TECHNICAL DATA
I walls. TUFF-N-DRI TUFF-N-DRI Membrane
JRANE forms a tough,
it elastomeric film that will
Properties Typical Result! Test Methods
cracks common to or that
in concrete substrates. Color Black
TUFF-N-DRI MEMBRANE Adhesion to Concrete Exceeds ASTM C838'
the application of the water- CO o
Elongation 800 percent ASTM D412 CO 3
lg membrane to occur as
the concrete forms are
is Low Temperature Flexibility Flexible to -10'F See 2
ior the block mortar is dry. Crack Bridging Exceeds 10 cycles A6TMC838'
tonolithic coating on the Ability to 1/8 in. at -15'F
ate eliminates any concern
Water Vapor 0.15 perms for 40-mil dry ASTM E96
inkles or "fish-mouths" in Permeance coating (grain/ft' mr. In Hg) water method
terprooflng membrane.
W-N-DRI BOARD used is
Liquid Water Absorption 0.3 percent (wt.) ASTM D1228' CO
-o
>
>tect the waterproofing Resistance to Degradation In Soil Good ASTM E54 03 H
rane on vertical surfaces
m
Mold Growth and Bacterial Attack No degradation See 4 > 33
construction and backfill- o -o
i

ARM-N-DRI BOARD acts Resistance to Accelerated Very resistant to oOO 3 D 33

Chemical Attack
o
s a drainage medium to
acids, salts, bases 87
Q. o
lydrostatic pressure build- Resistance to Hydrostatic Head Could not generate See 6 w
«<
h the foundation walls. The (ft. of water) hydrostatic pressure ce
'
ttribute of using WARM-N- Footnotes: •
:)ARD adds insulat-
is that it
1. Membrane cured at room temperature. 3
2. Bend waterproofing compound around 1 mandrel.
In.
>lue (R-5* per nominal 1" 3. 72 hour water soak 1 x 2 x 0.40 Inch samples of waterproofing compound.
ijss). The board is adhered 4. OCF test IM06A.
Waterproofing compound soaked In 2 percent solutions of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic
le of the TUFF-N-DRI
5.
acid sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride-sodium sulfate
"IRANE or TUFF-LOK™ and 4 percent ammonium hydroxide retains flexibility and elongation after 8 months.
tflC with no mechanical 6. When 1 3/16 In. of WARM N -ORi board was applied to the TUFF N DRl membrane me water drain-
ed away at a faster rate than the surrounding soil percolated eliminating any hydrostatic build-up.
i>rs needed.
TUFF-N-DRI
Utatlont:
^PROOFING MEMBRANE ttaewat Sett-Data® format kat bets rtsnv
i
rjot be applied where it will 78 Tat
_ tree) aaWicatieat ceayrifktel fef CJt. 1SS4. -

ISO, MM. tSU. a»J tse* kr aeraWMieaef Tat

>osed to sunlight for more CeastrecUM Setoicatiea* iwt.tatt. wStSaaj
tam.ee
^N*°ard competitively priced. For further
Information, call Owe/ts-Cornlng
**« Unfaoed rtgtd ffbf pta— board. at (419) 248-7550.
Pfnk, Untaced

Board Six*: 4 ft X t It., 4 ft x 4 ft.

7. WARRANTY f^jf
Owens-Corning warrants that
Board Thlcknasao*: 5/8 3/18 & 2 3/8
In., 1 In. In.
TUFF-N-DRI MEMBRANE and
Thermal Resistance 1 3/16 In. - R 5.0 (as manufactured) WARM-N-DRI BOARD exterior
2 3/8 In. - R 10.0 (as manufactured)
foundation products, if installed
Drainage Ability 850-1000 Darcles (as manufactured) in accordance with our instruc-
Comparison: Gravel - 200 + Darcies
Sand - 15-200 Darcles
tions, will meet our published
specifications and will be free
from defects in material or
workmanship for a period of one
ision (%) Depth Versus Compression (1 )
year following date of original
(WARM-N-DRI board) delivery by us.
Should any material be other-
wise than as warranted, our liab-
ility under this warranty shall be

limited to replacement of such

material to the point of our
original delivery. The foregoing
constitutes our exclusive obliga-
tionand we make no express or
I Depth (ft.) implied warranties, or any
220 260 300 warranty or merchantability or
fitness for any particular purpose
\t 65% compression, WARM-N-DRI board has the drainage whatsoever, except as stated
capabilities of coarse sand. above. In no event shall Owens-
Corning Fiberglas Corporation
be liable for incidental, indirect or
consequential damages. This __
SPALLATION or more below grade and in other
Warranty is expressly limited to
areas where backfill will damage
>»ge: TUFF-N-DRI MEM- the contractors, and is not
the unprotected membrane. —»
N: should be stored in a dry intended as a consumer warranty
WARM-N-DRI BOARD will pro-
1

\tere the temperatures do

tect the waterproofing membrane
>eed 90° F for an extended 8. MAINTENANCE
during construction and backfill-
lof time. Store all materials
ing. Also, WARM-N-DRI BOARD None required. •

torn sparks or flames,

will provide drainage directly to
ice Preparation: Surface
the drain tile as well as insulate 9. TECHNICAL SERVICES
h smooth and free of voids,
the foundation.
areas, loose aggregate, Owens-Corning waterproofing
i\
WARM-N-DRI BOARD should products are backed by a
protrusions, form fins, and
extend all the way to the footing technical support staff that is
fid course aggregate areas,
and connect through a gravel fill available to provide information
ijf/caf Ion: TUFF-N-DRI to the positive drainage system.
IRANE may be applied to and assistance in selection or
WARM-N-DRI BOARD may be reviewing your waterproofing and
ition walls without the use
applied over TUFF-N-DRI insulation requirements.
i primer as soon as the
shave been removed. If
MEMBRANE approximately 3 to
4 hours after installation of the
ure found in the coating,
up the area with TUFF-N-
waterproof membrane. 10. RUNG SYSTEMS
&EMBRANE using a brush
AVAILABILITY AND COST
SPEC-DATA W -
-

c spray coat.
6.
SWEETS ARCHITECTURAL
taction of Membrane: Availability: TUFF-N-DRI CATALOG FILE
ll-N-DRI PROTECTION/ MEMBRANE and WARM-N-DRI Additional product information
i^AGE/INSULATION BOARD are available through a available upon request to
F) is recommended for all national network of Owens- OWENS-CORNING at (419)
r
!4-DRI MEMBRANE appli- Corning Certified Independent 248-7550.
r butrequired for TUFF-
is Commercial Waterproofing Pub. No. 3-TD-13815. Litho in
IMEMBRANE applications Contractors. U.S.A., February 1986.
is of expansive clays, high Cost TUFF-N-DRI MEMBRANE Copyright © 1986, Owens-
rabies, foundations 10 feet and WARM-N-DRI BOARD are Corning Fiberglas Corp. v

• •

79
 Owens-Corning
Fiberglas

L_^ Independent -,_

EXTERIOR FOUNDATION WATERPROOFING SYSTEM Waterp roofing TM
Contractor

ion Procedures
V-D/v® Exterior Foundation Waterproofing System

ming Fiberglas Owens-Corning Fiberglas has devel- The polymer-modified asphalt coating
Exterior oped a unique, polymer-modified can be easily and effectively applied by
asphalt coating called Tuff-N-Dri and a following the Owens-Corning Fiberglas
) Waterproofing
protection-drainage-insulation board recommended installation procedures.
called Warm-N-Dri* which as a system Warm-n-Dri is a dense fibrous board
provide Exterior Foundation Water- that provides protection against harsh
proofing. The Tuff-N-Dri material pro- backfill, has drainage equivalent to
vides a highly elastomeric waterproof gravel, and provides thermal protection
membrane when applied to block, to the foundation. Care must be taken
parged block and poured concrete to assure all aspects of proper water-
foundations. Tuff-N-Dri coating has proofing technique are used. Proper
demonstrated excellent water waterproofing technique includes ade-
impermeability. quate surface preparation of footing
and walls prior to coating, as well as
the use of properly installed positive
drainage systems and surface grading.

Handling Follow the safety precautions listed vapor respirator, such as the 3M
below, as well as those listed on the 8712 or equivalent.
Tuff-N-Dri product container. In addi-
B. If spraying from within an open
tion, installers should follow safety
excavation (more than four feet
precautions outlined in the appropriate
wide or below chest), minimum
spray equipment operation procedures.
protection again should consist
1. Do not use indoors. Solvent vapors of a NIOSH approved dispos-
may accumulate, resulting in a able organic vapor respirator,
health or fire hazard. such as the 3M 8712 or equiva-
2. Tuff-N-Dri coating is flammable.
lent. A used respirator should

Do not smoke orexpose coating or be replaced when the operator

vapors to detects solvent odor through
B its other ignition sources
the respirator.
during handling or spraying opera-
tions. A fire or explosion may C. If spraying within a narrow exca-
result. vation (less than four feet wide)

3. Do not breathe coating vapors. which is above the operator's

chest, additional protection is
Vapors are harmful Use respirat-
ory equipment when spraying.
required. In this case, wear an
Minimize exposure to vapors by approved full face respirator with

spraying from outside the excava- organic vapor canister, such as

tionwhenever possible Recom- MSA catalogue number 457087

mendations for respirators are as A used canister

or equivalent.

follows: should be replaced when the

operator detects solvent odor
A. When spraying from outside the
through the respirator.
excavation, minimum protection
should consist of a NIOSH Follow manufacturers' specifications
approved disposable organic and limitations on use of all respirators.

80
z\\\r •

^ >
 EXTERIOR FOUNDATION WATERPROOFING SYSTEM

4. Be sure spray equipment is electri- 4. Parge honeycombed areas and other

cally grounded, to prevent static voids in the surface prior to coating
electrical discharge and possible with a non-shrinking grout.*
explosion.
5. Solvent based asphalt mastics may
5. Never direct high pressure spray at be used to repair voids around tie
any part of the human body. Relieve holes, recessed ties, and other
pressure before servicing equip- small voids. The compatibility of
ment. Be sure all equipment has the the mastic with the Tuff-N-Dri coat-
proper pressure ratings. ing may be determined by apply-
ing a film of mastic to a substrate,
6. Wear adequate eye protection while
allowing the film to cure, and coat-
spraying. If coating comes in contact
ing with Tuff-N-Dri. If the materials
with the eyes, flush with clean water
are incompatible, the Tuff-N-Dri
and consult physician.
coating will not adhere to the
7. Avoid contact with skin. If necessary,
mastic, and can be easily peeled
remove from skin with industrial- from the mastic.
id and
type hand cleaner.
6. Apply Tuff-N-Dri at an ambient
8. Wear gloves when spraying hot
temperature above 20°F. Prior to
coating.
spray operation, heat coating to
9. Follow applicable local, state, and 120-160°F. For Complying Solvent,
federal regulations regarding stor- heat coating to 140-180°F prior to
age, transportation and handling of spray operation.
flammable liquids.
7. Install Warm-N-Dri protection,
10. Take proper precautions when han- drainage, insulation board over the
dling flammable clean-up solvents. Tuff-N-Dri membrane within 1 to 3
hours after application of the mem-
brane Press the Warm-N-Dri
boards firmly into place, addi-
Genera/ Installation if

'leycomb tional adhesion needed,

Procedures -New a light
is

coat of Tuff-N-Dri can be sprayed

Construction onto the wall and immediately
Owens-Corning Fiberglas installation press on the Warm-N-Dri boards.
procedures must be followed.
Note: For additional information,
1. Foundation walls and footing must see Protective Coatings Business
be dry prior to application of the Technical Bulletin #3-2 Installation
Tuff-N-Dri coating Coating must Instructions for Warm-N-Dri boards
not be applied over standing water. over Tuff-N-Dri membrane.
2 Remove dirt and debris from foot- Note: Do not dilute Tuff-N-Dri
ing and walls with a stiff masonry coating or mix it with any other
brush or broom. If necessary, material.
scrape loose mortar from walls
'Example formulations lor nonshnnking grouts
and footing with a metal scraper. 1 A 50 50 mixture of Portland Cement and a
hydraulic cement, e g Thoroseais Waterplug.
3. Repair all cracks in walls and foot- Sakcretes Quickplug
ing with non-shrinking grout .* 2 Thome cement patching compound

81
 Installation Procedures
for Tuff-N-Dri® Exterior Foundation Waterproofing System

5K2E 2HS
al procedures for poured Additional procedures for concrete
walls are given below block walls are given below (see
lire 1). Figure 2, 3).

'
at least 16 hours cure A. Mortar joints must be struck
in freshly poured concrete (made flush) to provide a void-
:o spraying. Additional free bonding surface.
nay be required in cool
B. Allow at least 16 hours cure
jier.
time on mortar joints prior to

it apply to frozen concrete. spraying. Additional time may

be required in cool weather.
ve wall ties prior to appli
i. Fill any large voids with C. If local building code permits,
-shrinking grout.* the block need not be parged
prior to installation of the Tuff-N-
coating at a rate of not
Dri/Warm-N-Dri waterproofing
than 25 square feet per
system.
i. Coating Spray-applied

oncrete foundation must D. The mortar must be type M

(high strength) or type S (mod-
such strength and design
lure structural integrity,
erate strength) by ASTM C270.

jit the American Concrete E. Follow local code requirements

Jte and local building code on parging.
ations.
F Apply coating at a rate of not
more than 25 square feet per
gallon on parged concrete
leWall TuH-N-Ori
Exterior Foundation
block, and not more than 20
Waterproofing square feet per gallon on
unparged block
Warm-N-Dn Equipment Cleaned (or
G. The concrete block foundation
Next Application
must be of such strength and
design to insure structural integ-
rity. Consult the National Con-
crete Masonry Association and
local building code
requirements.

Typical System Installation

installation of the Tuff-N-Dri
\<ation waterproofing system
ncrete wall

82
 Tuff-N-Dri 10. During spray operations, pay close 12. Installation of draintile and backfil-
Exlenor Foundation attention to irregularities in the ling may proceed immediately after
Waterproofing surfaces to be coated. Adjust- the installation of the Warm-N-Dri
ments in spray angle and addi- board. Coated surfaces should be
Warm N Dn
tional coating may be necessary to covered within 15 days. Long-term
assure that all surfaces are ade- exposure of the Tuff-N-Dri mem-
quately coated. Examples of irreg- brane to sunlight may be detrimen-
ularities are: tal to performance of coating.

• Joints between footing and 13. Drainage tile must be installed per
walls manufacturer's recommendations
to provide for removal of water
• Joints between blocks
from foundation walls and footing.
• Form joints
14. Grading is required to direct sur-
• Cold joints
face water away from the
• Honeycombed surfaces structure.

Footing • Wall tie penetrations

nstallation of the • Utility, vent, and chimney

\enor foundation water- penetrations
m on concrete block wall
Equipment for Application
• Simulated brick surfaces
Appropriate airless spray equipment is
1 1 After completing spray application
critical to Tuff-N-Dri coating perform-
of foundation, check for areas
Tuff N Dn ance. Graco Twin Ball Hydraulic pump
which were missed and also those has been used extensively
Exterior Foundation in the field.
Waterproofing which are visibly thin. Apply a
touch-up coat to these areas. If

necessary, a paint brush can be

used to apply Tuff-IM-Dri coating to
small areas which need additional
coating. Application with brush
should only be done after the ini-
tial coating has set up sufficiently

to allow a brushing action without

damaging the membrane. Also
check for pooled areas of coating

on footings and brick ledges. These

areas should be brushed out to a
thickness no greater than VB inch so
that proper cure can occur.

Footing

nstallation of the
tenor foundation water-
m on paiged concrete

OWENS-CORNING RBERGLAS
OWENS COINING Protective Coatings Business
FIBERGIAS lower
r-ibergtas
TolefJDuOhe 43659
 . )

* & Davis
Dewberry R.O.I.C.C.
rchitects Engineers Planners Surveyors KINGS BAY
nA
- 8401 Arlington Boulevard
Fairfax, VA 22031-4666
C fa] SI J 5 7 703 849-0100
I
l]

May 15, 1987

Department of the Navy

Resident Officer in Charge of Construction, Industrial
Naval Facilities Engienering Command Contracts, Trident
Naval Submarine Base
Kings Bay, Georgia 31547-7200

Attn: Lieutenant T.F. Biggins

RE: Post Construction Awards Services

Limited Area Missile/Motor Magazine
Naval Submarine Base, Kings Bay, Georgia
Construction Contract N68248-84-C-4147
Architect Engineer Contract N68248-83-C-0305, Supplement No. 15
In-Office Consul atation No. 17

Gentlemen:

On May 8, 1987, we received your letter dated May 7, 1987, forwarding

data for contractor's proposed waterproofing system and drainage board.

This was reviewed by Mr. Glen Bates of this office.

Based on the data submitted, the proposed waterproofing system and

drainage board is acceptable It is our understanding that the concrete
.

surface will not be coated with Thoroseal as required by Section 0300

of the specifications.

With this in-office consultation we have gone beyond the scope of work
for Supplement No. 15 by two consultations.

ENCLOSURE +- ;

Fairfaji VA Undover MD Uomnowc TH

O4 AnnaDohs MD L^sbuj-n VA Ralanrrh Mr
Lieutenant T.F. Biggins
Page 2
May 15, 1987

The Scope of Work for this Supplement states that ". .in-office
.

consultations in excess of 15 total shall be deemed as beyond the scope

of this supplement". A supplement to the contract is required to cover
any future in-office consultations required by ROICC.

)Jery truly yours,

DEWBERRY & DAVIS

-wr/bd/Krs

cc: OICC Trident, Code 0513

OICC Trident, Code 04

lotuhorru SU T~li
 PO Bo» 707 91? 88?-6300
S» Mflry r Gocxcm 31556
CORPORATION

Ltr. No. 8220-87-3038

{June 1987

(ificer in Charge of Construction

Hval Facilities Engineering
Ummand Contracts, TRIDENT
93 Point Peter Road
::. Marys, Georgia 31558

ttn: CDR R. E. Terry

ROICC-Industrial

e: Contract N68248-82-C-0220, Engineering

Services for Construction Inspection, a
Facilities Maintenance Support System, and
Related Professional Engineering Services

ubj : Recommendation on Proposed Material Variance

Contract: N68248-84-C-4147
FY87 Missile Motor Magazines

lentlemen:

'his letter is written in response to your Service Request dated 6 May 1987,
'hich requests a recommendation concerning the Contractor's Proposed Variance
'egarding a proposed new waterproofing system for the magazines, consisting of
;he Owens Corning Fiberglas products "Tuf f-N-Dri" and "Warm-N-Dri." Our
malysis compares the proposed materials with the Vulkem products used on
irevious Contract 83-C-3137.

A. Will the proposed substitution work?

Yes.

B. Will the proposed substitution result in work of better or equal quality?

Better.

C. Will the proposed substitution cost more or less?

More.

rMr>: /"> o i I
!DR R.E. Terry
June 1987
'age 2

Discussion:

Specification Section 07120 calls for fluid-applied waterproofing membrane

conforming to ASTM C-836. Since the proposed Tuff-N-Dri waterproofing
product is a fluid-applied membrane conforming to ASTM C-836, we do not see
the proposed product as a variance from the contract requirements. The
Vulkem 201 and 222 used in the Contract 83-3137, SWF Magazines, is also a
fluid-applied membrane.

In comparing the two products, Vulkem 201 and Tuff-N-Dri, the following
differences are noted:

1. Vulkem 201 is a bitumen-modified polyurethane while the Tuff-N-Dri is

a polymer-modified asphalt.

2. Vulkem 201 is cold applied, while Tuff-N-Dri is hot applied. This can
help result in better adhesion to concrete.

3. Both Vulkem and Tuff-N-Dri comply with ASTM C-836 and have similar
properties.

A. Both Vulkem and Tuff-N-Dri comply with the contract Specification

Section 07120, for the application of 60±5 mils, but neither Vulkem
nor Tuff-N-Dri complies with the rate of application of 85 mils
required by the FSS-M18 Guide Specification for Section 07120
(Fluid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing for Earth Covered Concrete
Arch magazines).

5. Contract Specification Section 07120 calls for a protection board 1/8

inch thick minimum, compatible with the fluid-applied membrane. The
protection board proposed for the Vulkem system does not comply with
this requirement. The protection board proposed with the Tuff-N-Dri
system is clearly superior and complies with the specification
requirement.

6. Neither Vulkem nor Tuff-N-Dri indicates the compatibility of the

products with curing compounds.

D. Recommendation:

Approve use of Tuf f-N-Dri/Warm-N-Dri.

87
DR R. E. Terry
June 1987
age 3

lease call should you have any questions regarding the above recommendation,

ery truly yours,

/mw
Attachments
:c: ROICC (2)

88
 Concrete Solutions, Jrnc.

P.O. BOX 19086

(205) 979-0223
rminakam, ^Miabama. 352 i 9

April 9, 1987

Construction Company
.0. Box 8270
yler, Texas 75711

ttention: Gordon Campbell

e: Missile Motor Magazines

ear Gordon:

lease find enclosed the following submittal data for the Owens-Corning Fiberglas
uff-n-Dri and Warm-n-Dri System. Also enclosed is a letter of conformance from
itfens-Corning Fiberglas and several references.

;e Owens-Corning Fiberglas Tuff-n-Dri and Warm-n-Dri System is a hot applied

aterproofing system. The Tuff-n-Dri is heated to 145 to 200 degrees and sprayed
pplied with a high pressure airless sprayer. The wet mileage thickness of the
aterial varies from 50 to 60 mils.

he dry film thickness is approximately 35 to 40 mils. After the membrane has

een applied it becomes tacky to the touch and the Warm-n-Dri will be imbedded
Qto the membrane.

be Tuff-n-Dri and Warm-n-Dri System does not require that the concrete surface
e parged with Thoro-Seal or any other cementitious finish. The tie holes, honey-
ombs or irregularities in the concrete need to be parged, flush with the surface
efore the Tuff-n-Dri is applied.

he Tuff-n-Dri does not require any cure time of the concrete. Therefore, the
oisture meter which was required in the specifications is no longer a factor,
he Tuff-n-Dri can be sprayed on green concrete. The other material specified
nd used on the previous 15 missile motor magazines required a 28 day cure time
n order to allow the moisture to escape.

here are several advantages in the Owens-Corning Fiberglas Tuff-n-Dri and Warm-n-
ri System and they are as follows:

TUFF-N-DRI
1. Tuff-n-Dri does not need a primer or special treatment of the concrete.
2. Tuff-n-Dri can be sprayed on green concrete after tie holes, honeycomb
or irregularities in the concrete have been parged.
3. Hot sprayed applied application ensures superior adhesion verses cold
applied products.
4. Tuff-n-Dri has an elasticity or elongation of 800Z which most membranes

89
FNCa ttS! \7:
 ,

-1-

do not have. This is very important for bridging stress and shrinkage
cracks.
ohn Daugherty, technical representative for Owens-Corning Fiberglas looked at the
ype of form release and curing compound that was being applied and said it is
ompatible with the Tuff-n-Dri.

WARM-N-DRI
1. The specified system will only drain 4 gallons of water per minute.
The Warm-n-Dri will drain 11 to 12 gallons of water per minute.
2. The Warm-n-Dri board drains to the outside face of the board down to
the footing drain. The other drainage media drains to the inside
against the waterproofing membrane.
3. The Warm-n-Dri is a drainage board which has the drainage capabilities
of 2 feet of coarse sand.
4. The Warm-n-Dri System offers a insulation value. The thicker the
board the greater the R value.
5. The Warm-n-Dri serves as the protection coarse for the Tuff-n-Dri
fluid applied waterproofing system.
6. The Warm-n-Dri System is butted together and not lapped so you don't
have the expensive waste in lapping the material.
7. The Warm-n-Dri board keeps the foundation walls close to air temperature
of the basement interior. This reduces condensation which is extremely
important for this project since missiles will be stored there.

he Owens-Corning Fiberglas Tuff-n-Dri and Warm-n-Dri System offers the Owner

nd General Contractor a single source responsibility for the waterproofing and
rainage board. No other manufacturer can offer this since no other manufacturer
akes a waterproofing membrane and drainage media. Owens-Corning Fiberglas will
ffer a 3 year written guarantee for labor and material.

he application procedure for the Owens-Corning Fiberglas Tuff-n-Dri and Warm-n-Dri

ystem is as follows:

As soon as the forms are removed and the honeycombs, tie holes and irregular-
ities are parged smooth and the parge dried. Then the Tuff-n-Dri is heated
and sprayed applied directly to the concrete substrate without the use of
primers. After the Tuff-n-Dri becomes tacky approximately 1 to 3 hours then
the Warm-n-Dri is embedded into the Tuff-n-Dri. This is the finished product,

e look forward to working with you on this project, if you have any questions,
lease advise.

hanking you in advance

oncrete Solutions-, Inc.
 M&MCI^VJ

HA1M f

til 9, 196!

M c hael Smil h
Increte Solution'.
;)76 C »1 umbiana Road
lirmingnam, AL 35216

;ar Michael :

lis letter is to certify that Tuf'-N-Dn Waterproofing mack b;>

vens-Corni ng Fiberglas meets the following physical requirements se 1

it ir. C-836; the Material Requirement, the Stability Requirement Test.

ie I.jw Temperature Flexibility anr fr,n 1
Bridginy Test, the F i :
I 1

pickress on Vertical Surface Test an-' -.he Adhes ion- in-Peel After Watc
nmer^ion Test .

inc( »*ely ,
 Concrete J^olutiond, Jrnc.

P.O. BOX 190B6 WicLJJ. Smd, P^uLd

(2Q5) 979-0223
'mina Lm, ^ALLama 352 i 9

April 9, 1987

Construction Company
0. Box 8270
ler, Texas 75711

tention: Gordon Campbell

I Missile Motor Magazines

ar Gordon:

e following are a list of references:

Walker CRSS - (General Contractor)

Randy Newton
Denver Office
303-329-0321
Project - Concourse E Stapleton International Airport - Denver

Niles Bolton & Associates (Architect)

Jim Johnson
Atlanta Office
404-231-0770
Project - Has used Owens-Corning Fiberglas System on numerous projects.

Jack Bays, Inc. (General Contractor)

Lynn Bays
McClain, Virgina
703-365-2600
Project - Has used Owens-Corning Fiberglas System on numerous projects.

Harvey Construction Company (General Contractor)

Dick Moore
Bedford, New Hampshire
603-668-3100
Projects - Has used Owens-Corning Fiberglas System on numerous projects.

McDevitt & Street Company

Ray Morgan
Atlanta, Georgia
404-993-4300
Project - Compri Hotel Cumberland - Atlanta, Georgia.

Harbert International, Inc.

Craig Beatty
Birmingham, Alabama
205-324-7065
Project - Parking Deck #7

m
 -1-

Harbert International, Inc.

Gary Savage
Durham, North Carolina
919-682-1630
Project - Durham Centre - Durham, North Carolina

you have any questions, please advise.

inking you in advance,

terete Solutions, Inc.

93
 OWtNS CORNING
FIBERGLAS

OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS CORPORATION P 0. BOX 105060. ATLANTA. GEORGIA 3034*

PHONE: (404) 956-1465

May 1, 1987

Mr. Gordon Campbell

C Construction
P.O. Box 8270
Tyler, Texas 75711

Dear Mr. Campbell

This letter is intended as a response to the questions raised as regards

installation of the Tuff-N-Dri Waterproofing System on the Kings Bay Motor
Missile Magazines. Each question is listed with its appropriate response.

1) How do we measure mi 11 age thickness?

Through use of a wet film thickness gauge, Model No. 790015 as

manufactured by Nordson Corporation, Amherst, Ohio or K.J.
Knoepfler Company, Cincinnati, Ohio.

2) What assurance is there that Tuff-N-Dri Waterproofing will be

applied at 60-mil wet thickness and 40-mil cured thickness?

The installed millage is calculated from the coverage rate. On

poured walls our coverage will average 25 square feet/gallon with
resultant 64.2 wet mil thickness.

Since Tuff-N-Dri on average is 70% solids (and using a density

correction factor of .064), the average cured millage will be 42.1
mils.

Whenever a one coat application does not achieve the desired wet
mil thickness due to "sagging", a second coat can be applied to
achieve the desired thickness.

3) Will installation of the drainage/protection board effect the

waterproofing millage or cure rate?

There will be very little change if any to the waterproofing

membrane during board installation. Some leveling nay occur if
the surface is irregular. Since Warm-N-Dri breathes, its effect
on the Tuff-N-Dri cure rate is immeasurable.

AJXA*-» «£<J*ONAL/SRANCM OfTtCt

94 ^ ,-» i

7
i

ENCi
Page -2-
May 1, 1987
Mr. Gordon Campbell
C Construction

4) Under 3 feet of wet sand, how much compression occurs on the

Warm-N-Dri board and what effect does this compression have on the
drainage capacity?

Compression of 5/8" Warm-N-Dri under three feet of wet sand is

approximately 3% or .002". The drainage capacity is likewise
reduced by 3%. The amount of compression due to depth is
virtually a straight line regression with results of 6.9% at 10',
13.9% at 20' and so on. Obviously, 3' of depth has very little
impact on the boards drainage ability.

5) Where and what is the history of Warm-N-Dri installation?

Initial test boards were buried in 1951 in Granville, OH. Dig-up

and testing showed the boards still met specifications.
Warm-N-Dri has been installed in Norway and Sweden for over 30
years for drainage and foundation insulation. Tests have been
conducted in 1967, 1970, 1971, etc. by Gul fiber, GFB Lab LQT/USN
per Drainage Sheets Summary of State Testing Facility Report SP
76401.100 Sweden. Warm-N-Dri was first installed at the
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Research and Development Center in 1982.

6) What are the advantages of using the 1 3/16" Warm-N-Dri board

instead of the 5/8"?

Since the 1 3/16" thickness is double that of the 5/8", the

drainage capacity is doubled. Under 3' of wet sand the
compression rate is 2%. The additional thickness has greater
structural integrity and can withstand more construction abuse
such as gouging or "dog ears". Possibly most important is that 1
3/16" Warm-N-Dri offers more thermal value to sustain the thermal
environment inside the missile magazine.

We look forward to servicing your needs.

Sincerely,

OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS

Micheal K. Sutton
Marketing Development Manager
Foundation Systems Business

MKS/lw

cc: J. Daugherty - G-20-2

S. Schulze - T/23
M. Smith - Concrete Solutions

05018703. MKS4

95
 OVItWi COI1NING

FIBERGLAS

OWENS-CORNINQ F1BERGLAS CORPORATION p 0. box ioso«o. atl>nta. Georgia 30348

PHONE. (404) 956-1465

May 1, 1987

Mr. Gordon Campbell

C Construction
P. 0. Box 8270
Tyler, Texas 75711

Dear Mr. Campbell

Owens Corning Fiberglas Corporation warrants that the vertical subsoil

foundation of the Kings Bay Motor Missile Magazines coated with the
R
Tuff-N-Dri Waterproofing System shall carry a three (3) year product
and 50% labor and workmanship warranty from date of installation.
Concrete Solutions, our Certified Waterproofing Contractor, will be
carrying the remaining 50% labor and workmanship warranty during the
three year period. Should the Tuff-N-Dri system be otherwise than as
warranted, OCF will provide the necessary materials and 50% of the labor
and workmanship to prevent water seepage or leakage. OCF and Concrete
Solutions shall have the option of repairing either the interior or
exterior of the structure.

This warranty does not apply and OCF shall not have responsibility for
leakage or seepage resulting from:

1. Structural defects ( including cracks of 1/8" or greater) in

the walls, footings or foundations of the structure.

2. Defective or inadequate functioning of drainage system of the

structure.

3. Damage to the installed systems or to walls to which it is

appl ied.

4. Interior condensation

5. Intrusion to or alterations of the coated wall after

installation.

6. Installation by a coating contractor who is not an OCF

Certified Independent Waterproofing Contractor.

ATLANTA AEGIONAUWUNO 0**C£

96 ENCi g
 May 1, 1987
Gordon Campbell
C Construction
Page 2

Any implied warranty including warranty of fitness for a particular use

or purpose, or warranty of merchantability is limited in duration to the
express warranty provided herein. OCF will not be responsible or liable
for any damage to contents, or any other consequential or incidental
costs incurred due to a water leakage problem and its remedy.

This warranty is not required by the specifications but is offered at the

special request of C Construction. Such warranty should not be construed
as an industry standard.

Sincerely,

OWENS CORNING FIBERGLAS

MKS:sbm

cc: Michael Smith, Concrete Solutions

Steve Schulze, T/23
John Daugherty, G-20-2

97
im
 P.G.I.O.C.
MUGS BAY
GA.

Z Jus 37 8 3 32o

.Y TO 3212 Chandler Highway

Tyler, TX 75702

i31 558 214 • 597 • 1500

6346
June 1. 1987

r INDUSTRIAL
& SUBMARINE BASE
iS BAY, GEORGIA 31547 7200

FY 87 MOTOR MISSILE MAGAZINES

CONTRACT NO. N68248 84 C 4147
KINGS BAY, GEORGIA 31547
Serial No. 71
Re: Water Proofing

:lemen:

subcontractor Concrete Solutions, requested additional test be run

:he Warm-N-Dri Waterproofing System. The following is the results
:he tests for your review and/or comments:

Additional drainage tests for 1 3/16 inch Warm-N-Dri run at a

hydraulic gradient of 2.3. The board was compressed 5 percent,
which for wet sand corresponds to a below grade depth of 15
feet. The average drainage rate is 5.25 gallons per minute based
on drainages measurements for the 1 3/16 inch and the 2 3/8 inch
Warm-N-Dri. The calculated hydraulic gradient required to flow 5.0
gal Ions per minute through 5/8 inch Warm-N-Dri is 4.5. As mention-
ed, Warm-N-Dri retains its R-value after the water drains through
it to the tele system. Hence 5/8, 1 3/16, and 2 3/8 inch Warm-N-
Dri provides R 2.5, 5.0, and 10 thermal protection respectively.

se contact the Writer should you have any questions concerning this.

Yours truly,

C CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC.

yler
ile 98
£! UL ..
 OWt IMS CORNING
FlBERGLAS

OWENS-CORNING FlBERGLAS CORPORATION P o box iososo Atlanta Georgia 30343

PHONE (404) 956-1465

July 23, 1987

ROICC Industrial
Kings Bay Submarine Base
Kings Bay, Georgia

Subject: Waterproofing Issues on Kings Bay Naval

Motor Missile Magazines

This memo addresses the three issues highlighted form the review of the
initial installation of the Tuff-N-Dri System. Each issue will be
discussed separately. It should be noted that all three issues are, in
reality, appearanc e jss^ps anH not perf ormance issues Nevertheless,
.

steps to minimize these appearance issues will be addressed.

Waterproofing material runs/sags - When spray applying Tuff-N-Dri

waterproofing to a high millage (over 60 mils), a certain amount of the
material will not be able to atomize or cure quickly enough resulting in
some sagging or "runs". Fssential ly, thi s is pxcpss m a terial and a
micrometer check of the area from whence the sag "came" will showThT
jfesireri thickness is maintained. When the protection/drainage boards are
a pplied, these runs are fl atten ed o ut and serve as excel lent adhesion
points

The_amojijit of sag can be controlled by ap plying more frequent but thinner

appl i cations] However, since we reel tne sags~ana*~ runs acTQally enhance
performance^ more frequent but thinner coats could be a waste of labor
time.

It should be noted that the Tuff-N-Dri polymer modified waterproofing is

applied as delivered. It is not "cutback" or chemically modified to make
it spray applicable We__do not require surface primers or waiting for
.

.concrete moisture cure] limitations which are commmon to other fluid"

appl ied coatings.

Waterproofing sags at horizontal board .joints

The drainage characteristic of Warm-N-Dri is unique in that the majority

of the water flow occurs in the first 1/4" - 3/8" of the board's outer
surface, thereby minimizing the amount of water th at rp ^.hes t.hp
waterproofing or the structure. This is im contrast to other drainage
m"e~o"1as that actually airect water inward to the waterproofing and the
structure.

When Tuff-N-Dri "sags" overlap the board joints this reinforces the
surface drainage characteristic of the board. The waterproofing actually
serves as a flashing to "kick" any penetrated water out to the board
surface.

KTUWXA «£ GOMAl/BRANCM Of*<C£

99
CI 01 10
Waterproofing Issues on Kings Bay Naval
Motor Missile Magazines
Page 2

The amount of waterproofing spillover can be mini mized b y using—a~-U)icker

drain board. Warm-N-Dri also comes in 4' x 8' sheets inQ3/6"^and 2
3/8" thicknesses. This will signifcantlv reduce the number^"of~Teams and
provide a wider drip edge to collect runs. What waterproofing that does
collect will flash out drained water to the surface of the thicker board.
Board edge spillover can also be reduced by working vertically to the top
of the magazine as oppos ed to working horizontal LvJL_

Warm-N-Dri adhesion/conformance to structure shape

An application enhancement will be instituted here. The thicker boards

will be serrated at l'-2' intervals (as required) using a V shaped tool
common to HVAC fiberboard installers. This serrated board (cut on the
ground, prior to installation) will more closely conform to the
structure's curvature. Additionally, in the hot, humid, ambient
environment of Kings Bay, it is important for the board to be installed
within 10-15 minutes of the final waterproofing application .Should more
time expire, and board adhesion become a problem, a light spray on the
waterproofing and on the board will create a strong bond.

Owens-Corning would like to reiterate that this project carries a t hree

year limited performance warranty against leaks, mutually backea py~
Owens-Corning and our Certified Contractor, Concrete Solutions. The
Implemented aforementioned steps should minimize the above appearance
concerns and provide the Navy with a high performance, dependable \
waterproofing system.

Sincerely,

OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS

MKSrsbm

07238770. TND

100
 ,
> ';?: .-v'
UWVI NS (.ORMlNti i -

FIBERGIAS
r ?
Z G be E; 1 1
'. I
OWENS-CORNING RBERGLA8 CORPORATION p O box iosoeo. Atlanta. Georgia 30348
— PHONE (404) 956-1465

August 18, 1987

Lt. Tim Biggins

ROICC - Industrial
Naval Submarine Base
Kings Bay, Georgia 31547-7200

Dear Lt. Biggins:

This letter is intended for two purposes. First, it is important to

denote the application and performance advantages of Tuff-N-Dri polymer
modified waterproofing versus the polyurethane types. Secondly, a list
of references is provided on jobs that most resemble a motor missile
magazine, i.e, earth shelter housing and tunnels.

Tuff-N-Dri Waterproofing has at least the following advantages versus

fluid applied urethanes:

1) Certified Contractor application - The Tuff-N-Dri system is only

installed by Owens-Corning trained and certified applicators. We
know when, where and how our system is being applied. Having a
knowledgeable applicator is absolute to insure proper job
preparation and product application. By contrast, urethanes are
sold through distribution and anyone could purchase and apply them.

2) Application on green concrete - Tuff-N-Dri can be applied as soon as

the forms are removed. By contrast, urethanes require a 7-28 day
concrete cure time prior to application. Their specifications
require a concrete moisture test that is not even applicable to
Tuff-N-Dri.

3) Surface preparation - After patching honeycombs and any large tie

holes, Tuff-N-Dri can be applied. No surface priming is necessary.
By contrast, urethanes require a primed, smooth surface, free of any
pits or voids. Lack of attention to this detailing can result in
severe blistering.

4) Application on damp concrete - Urethanes require a completely dry

substrate surface. Tuff-N-Dri can be applied on damp surfaces.
This is especially advantageous in the humid ambient climate of
Kings Bay where afternoon thundershowers are common.

ClANTA R€G*>lAi_/BHANCH OfVCt

 *1i

Lt. T1m Biggins

Naval Submarine Base
Kings Bay, Georgia
Page 2

5) Product preparation - Tuff-N-Dri 1s spray-applied, under high

pressure, Immediately from its containers. No mixing or other
product modification 1s necessary. The product applied is 1n
conformance with manufacturing specifications. By contrast, the
urethane must be "cut" with a solvent to render 1t sprayable.
Product quality control on the job site could be very difficult.

In summary, it should be discernible that Tuff-N-Dri is a better

application for the motor missile magazines than a urethane. These five
advantages can expedite the construction process. As soon as the
applicator gains experience with the unique shape of the magazine, it
should take no longer than 2 to 2 1/2 days to completely waterproof each
unit. It should also be noted that this short installation time includes
the drainage media.

Owens-Corning offers single source manufacturing responsibility for the

waterproofing system that also includes a drainage media/protection
board. The board is unique 1n that it also offers insulation. This
attribute can reduce interior humidity and assist the surrounding soil
with maintaining a constant temperature inside the magazine.

In providing additional references for the Tuff-N-Dri system, I wanted to

supply structures that most resembled the magazines. What comes to mind
1s earth sheltered housing and underground tunnels. Earth shelter homes
are probably the best reference possible due to the sensitivity of the
owner to moisture penetration. Please feel free to contact any of the
following:

Dr. Jim Powell, Birmingham, AL 205-783-5135 Mon., Tues.

Waterproofed in 1982 205-591-2311 Wed. Th., Fri

Ralph Josey, Griffin, GA 404-227-1225 (after 3:30)

Waterproofed January 1986
Retired Navy personnel

Clifford Wagner, Woodstock, GA 404-475-0070

Waterproofed in 1983

Randy Newton, Walker CRSS 303-329-0321

Stapleton Airport Tunnel
Waterproofed in 1986

Should you need further assistance, please don't hesitate to give me a

call. John Daugherty, our Technical Supervisor, and I are available to

102
Lt. Tim Biggins
Naval Submarine Base
Kings Bay, Georgia
Page 3

discuss the application of the Tuff-N-Dr1 System on the Motor Missile

Magazines. We do feel our system provides the best application possible
for your needs.

Sincerely,

OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS

Foundation Systems Business

MKSisbm

cc: M. Smith, Concrete Solutions

J. Daugherty, OCF, G-20-2
Mr. Coy Rigney
C Construction
P. 0. Box I.I.I.
St. Mary's, GA 31558

08188751. MKS4

103
 /
-
VfBfm^ffmP"'^Wk
Sfc dWENSXCORMlNCS

WENS-CORNING FIBEHGLAS CORPORATION P. O. BOX 105060. ATLANTA. GEORGIA 30348

PHONE. (404) 956-1465

August 18, 1987

Lt. Tim Biggins

ROICC - Industrial
Naval Submarine Base
Kings Bay, Georgia 31547-7200

Dear Lt. Biggins:

This letter is intended for two purposes. First, it is important to

denote the application and performance advantages of Tuff-N-Dri polymer
modified waterproofing versus the polyurethane types. Secondly, a list
of references is provided on jobs that most resemble a motor missile
magazine, i.e, earth shelter housing and tunnels.

Tuff-N-Dri Waterproofing has at least the following advantages versus

fluid applied urethanes:

1) Certified Contractor application - The Tuff-N-Dri system is only

installed by Owens-Corning trained and certified applicators. We
know when, where and how our system is being applied. Having a
knowledgeable applicator is absolute to insure proper job
preparation and product application. By contrast, urethanes are
sold through distribution and anyone could purchase and apply them.

2) Application on green concrete - Tuff-N-Dri can be applied as soon as

the forms are removed. By contrast, urethanes require a 7-28 day
concrete cure time prior to application. Their specifications
require a concrete moisture test that is not even applicable to
Tuff-N-Dri.

3) Surface preparation - After patching honeycombs and any large tie

holes, Tuff-N-Dri can be applied. No surface priming is necessary.
By contrast, urethanes require a primed, smooth surface, free of any
pits or voids. Lack of attention to this detailing can result in
severe- bl istering.

4) Application on damp concrete - Urethanes require a completely dry

substrate surface. Tuff-N-Dri can be applied on damp surfaces.
This is especially advantageous in the humid ambient climate of
Kings Bay where afternoon thundershowers are common.

WTA BEGIONAUBRANCH OFFICE

10-
Lt. Tim Biggins
Naval Submarine Base
Kings Bay, Georgia
Page 2

5) Product preparation - Tuff-N-Dri is spray-applied, under high

pressure, immediately from its containers. No mixing or other
product modification is necessary. The product applied is in
conformance with manufacturing specifications. By contrast, the
urethane must be "cut" with a solvent to render it sprayable.
Product quality control on the job site could be very difficult.

In summary, it should be discernible that Tuff-N-Dri is a better

application for the motor missile magazines than a urethane. These five
advantages can expedite the construction process. As soon as the
applicator gains experience with the unique shape of the magazine, it
should take no longer than 2 to 2 1/2 days to completely waterproof each
unit. It should also be noted that this short installation time includes
the drainage media.

Owens-Corning offers single source manufacturing responsibility for the

waterproofing system that also .includes a drainage media/protection
board. The board is unique in that it also offers insulation. This
attribute can reduce interior humidity and assist the surrounding soil
with maintaining a constant temperature inside the magazine.

In providing additional references for the Tuff-N-Dri system, I wanted to

supply structures that most resembled the magazines. What comes to mind
is earth sheltered housing and underground tunnels. Earth shelter homes
are probably the best reference possible due to the sensitivity of the
owner to moisture penetration. Please feel free to contact any of the
following:

Dr. Jim Powell, Birmingham, AL 205-783-5135 Mon., Tues.

Waterproofed in 1982 205-591-2311 Wed. Th., Fri

Ralph Josey, Griffin, GA 404-227-1225 (after 3:30)

Waterproofed January 1986
Retired Navy personnel

Clifford Wagner, Woodstock, GA 404-475-0070

Waterproofed in 1983

Randy Newton, Walker CRSS 303-329-0321

Stapleton Airport Tunnel
Waterproofed in 1986

Should you need further assistance, please don't hesitate to give me a

call. John Daugherty, our Technical Supervisor, and I are available to

105
Lt. Tim Biggins
Naval Submarine Base
Kings Bay, Georgia
Page 3

discuss the application of the Tuff-N-Dri System on the Motor Missile

Magazines. We do feel our system provides the best application possible
for your needs.

Sincerely,.

OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS

Foundation jjj^,,.-

MKS:sbm

cc: M. Smith, Concrete Solutions

J. Daugherty, OCF, G-20-2
Mr. Coy Rigney
C Construction
P. 0. Box I.I.I.
St. Mary's, GA 31558

08188751. MKS4

106
APPENDIX B

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>Q associates, inc. TECH-
BULLETIN 1
m
LUATION OF BELOW-GRADE WATERPROOFING
ER1ALS

Buction Definitions

ollowing table is provided by BA Associates. Inc., as a means to Longevity- this concept is very subjective. These conditions are
'are several generic waterproofing systems The chart
based is based on wet/dry, as well as. Ireezethaw cycles that exist in most
ibjective parameters coming from engineering, chemical, and parts of the country Horizontal surfaces with ponded water are the
isxperience. is understood that the quality ol one manufactur-
It most severe Products not only must last, but maintain their physical
l/oduct may
vary significantly from another s within the same cat- characteristics over the years.
I Furthermore, note that some criteria are not valid for certain Range Variable
liproofing jobs (i e„ those being concerned with low temperature Highly variable -2
l/hole working in Hawaii, or freeze-thaw resistance in Southern 1 years
to 5
knia). Therefore, do not base your decisions solely on a final 5 to 10 years 2
ler, but analyze a product's relative position lor the most impor- 5 to 15 years 3
tritena. 10 to 30 years A
20 to 50 years 5
I valuations are broken down into three categories
(1) Product performance criteria; Crack Bridging Ability- able to bridge 18 inch crack over re-•

(2) Application technique criteria; and peated cycles at various temperatures over extended periods of time
(3) General condition criteria.
Elastic Properties- can maintain 300% elongation for extended
er, architect, waterproofing contractor, or the general contrac periods of time in various temperature ranges
jy find these criteria helpful when evaluating a particular job. It
|ilso be true that certain criteria should have much higher or Resealability- able to reseal cracks * 1 8 inch or smaller which oc-
(designations than others, such as cost, warranty, and longevity cur after application, and are subject lo repeated movement.

Leak Localizing Capability- ability to control water migration on the

substrate water bypasses the membrane; the best systems are
if

directly adhered to the substrate

Resistance to Chemicals- long-term resistance lo salts, soil acids.

methane, fertilizers, sulfates, and other soil constituents Most prod-
uct testing and product literature are quite vague in this area.

Puncture Resistance-ability to resist jobsite damage, rough irregu-

larsubstrates, and coarse backfill materials; this concept is very
subjective

Hydrostatic Pressure Resistance- ability to withstand heads of 50

(eel or higher for extended periods of time, especially at the seams.

Low Permeability- has good water impedance characteristics at

high heads, under wet dry and hot cold conditions, and seasonal cy-
cles Seams and |Oints are the controlling lactors; laboratory testing
llPHOOFINQ TYPE: Spray Syatema
only shows the ideal or near perfect conditions

Breathability- will pass water vapor but not liquid water; important
for condensation purposes, and is subject to much debate

FreezeThaw Resistance- ability lo withstand hot and cold cycles:

low sensitivity to thermal gradients Relates to concrete substrate as
well as membrane

Shrinks With Time- subject to pin holes and cracking as solvents

and or plasticizers migrate our of the material Vanes considerably
from manufacturer to manufacturer

Subject to Emulsification or Degradation From Water- can the

material withstand long-term exposure to water (the universal
solvent) without chemical physical breakdown 7 Physical breakdown
is seen in long-term bnltleness. and chemical breakdown is generally

shown by loss of material as is dissolved in water

it

Easy to Set Up and Clean Up- waterproofing applicators like mate-

! 'ROOFING TYPE: Loom Laid Slngla-Plya rials that easily wash off their skin, and do not mess the jobsite or drift
wind; sticking to nearby cars, buildings, or glazed areas products function best in these environments because they bond di-

rectly to the substrate and can conform to irregular surfaces. Sheet

•nature Sensitive- the working range of a waterproofing prod- system failures usually occur in these areas because of all the cutting
ould be 10"F to
t- 100"F Above or below Ihese temperatures, and gluing (i.e., seaming) required.
ield people do not care to work.
Laborous Accessories- many sheet and panel systems require ex-
Jity Sensitive- waterproofing products should be insensitive amounts of patching. |Oint mastics, lap sealants, and other
tensive
lidity changes between 30 to 70 percent Cold concrete subs tasks to complete the system Architects must properly specify these
are many times dampened by condensation from the air when materials and assure their proper installation
w point is reached. This aspect must be closely watched with
products. Non-Flammable- safety is always a maior concern on a construction
jobsite Systems which do not require petroleum-based adhesives
lime of Material- materials that can be backfilled immediately and solvents stand much less of a chance to be a fire hazard.
pplication are ideal. Less material exposure to |obsite damage,
jlet radiation, ram, snow, or high winds maintains their integrity Ease of Jobsite Tie-Ins- unimportant as seems, this can be a frus-
it

ack jobs also require products that cure quickly, especially in trating problem for field people Waterproofing is usually done in 8 to
leather 12 foot lifts and 40 to 80 foot lateral sections Tie-ins (field seams) typ-
occur at construction |oints. where both the waterproofing and
ically
Level Required- the KISS" principle holds true for
ikill concrete structure are least watertight
products Jobsite mixing, specialized heat welding.
iroofing

g, and cutting tend to cause problems when cold weather con- Vertical Application- ease at which the product can be applied.
I |ob delays, or manpower shortages exist Some products are developed for vertical use. while others are for
horizontal use Yet many times, they are used on all surfaces.
ifor Quality Control- providing a uniform thickness and
ight seams are two of the most important areas for product Horizontal Application- ease at which the product can be applied
lation Hot and self-leveling products are well adapted for this application
Their use vertically is usually dangerous and difficult to achieve qual-
alized Equipment Required- waterproofinq applicators preler ity control
; mechanical equipment which tends lo breakdown less, thus
ng |Ob delays Equipment increases overhead costs for opera- Adapts to Irregularities in Substrate- rarely is a concrete substrate
iid has difficulty maneuvering around many |obsites like that shown on the drawings or as envisioned by the waterproofing
contractor during bidding Form line ridges, tieback holes, blow-outs,
atibility With Other Materials- is important that solvents.
it construction |Oints.honeycombing, pour lines, and surface dust all
3 agents, or base materials are compatible with insulation. contribute to an irregular substrate The waterproofing product must
ge boards, or protection courses Incompatibilities can cause adapt to this everyday, real world situation, liquid or spray systems
lays until proper curing has taken place is becoming more
It seem to be best suited
Dn for composite waterproofing systems to be used incorporat-
advantages of both sheet and spray systems Needs Immediate Protection- sheet systems tend to outperform
sprays because of their inherent strength and cured qualities Backfil-
jxic- environmental awareness, as well as human life-safety ling sequences almost always tend to require some waterproofing

ns, are growing, as evidenced by the use of petroleum based products to standout for long periods ol lime Benlonite clay systems
ts, silicates, and isocyanafes on proiects offer severe limitations if required to stand unprotected for long
periods ol time
ess Application- rarely are large waterproofinq |obs com-
iwithout Liquid-applied systems offer tho fewest seams
seams Requires Protection Board- other than cementilious systems, al-
fie of their nature, as well as the ability lo integrally bond to most all waterproofinq products require some protection from backfil-
Blves Cured sheet systems depend upon solvent, heal or ling Only under conditions where clean, uniform sand is used for

Ives to provide a watertight bond These bonds are rarely equal backfilling should products go unprotected
)ase material, except in some circumstances, where heat weld-
Bed Easy to Schedule- this concept is best suited by products that re-
quire little jonsife protection and no spvci.il c.uittx) (tl (ho cvnaoie

es Grade Line Terminations- almost products require

all substrate or waterproofing product This is important on last-track
me terminations Ultraviolet radiation exposure, hot cold, wet lobs
ties, and mechanical abrasion due to landscaping, all contnb-
rnembrane breakdown at the exposed grade line Termination Warranty Program- lew manufacturers have a strong warranty pro-
ijvaterproofing system below the grade line is irresponsible mar- gram Most warrant their material to be good while still in a ware-
by a product manufacturer Waterproofing products should al- house However, once hits the |Ob, becomes the applicators re-
it it

ijxtend one to eight inches above the grade line sponsibility Most manufacturers will only replace material proven to
be defective, and not cover any repair costs An owners warranty is

'reduction Rates- this allows the waterproofing applicator to generally in the hands of the applicator
h and quickly move-on, reducing job delays and scheduling
ns. Available Applicators- before specifying a product, the architect
should be assured he or she will receive competitive bids Irom two or
ate Preparation- this concept is seriously overlooked by most more applicators
:ts and general contractors. Too often waterproofing ap-
ifs are psychologically forced by the general contractor into Cost (The Bottom Line)- despite all the pros and cons, the product
':g products onto improper substrates This is one of the lead- must be competitive This does not mean lowest cost is best -but
:
ses of leaks and membrane failures. the value added products must be justified

Me Curing Required- most waterproofing products rpquire a

jday cure on poured concrete surfaces before application T his
sip preserve material bonding properties Liquid-applied and Contact BA Associates, Inc., for any further literature or ques-
•ystems are sub|ect to blistering and pin holes excess curing
if tions about the information provided.
[scapes the concrete alter waterproofing application Many di BA Associates. Inc.
;.dhered sheet systems are also susceptible to blistering, and 2950 Metro Drive
pbonding as excess water vapor escapes the cot > Suite 309
Bloomington, Minnesota 55420
i to Transitions and Complexity- spray and applied Phone* (612) 854-3603
:

1 10

IHi
 ^
Thesis
B54032 Biggins
c.l Waterproofing under-
ground concrete struc-
tures.

Thetis
B54C32 Biggins
cl Waterproofing under-
ground concrete struc-
tures.