2nd Ahp Proc

2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 1
PROCEEDINGS
2nd ASEAN
HERITAGE PARKS
CONFERENCE
and the
4th REGIONAL CONFERENCE
OF PROTECTED AREAS
IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
23-27 April 2007
Recommended citation
ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, BirdLife International, Haribon Foundation, and Sabah
Parks (2008). Proceedings of the 2nd ASEAN Heritage Parks Conference and 4th
Regional Conference for Protected Areas, 23-27 April 2007, Sabah, Malaysia.
ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB) is a regional inter-governmental centre of

excellence of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) for policy formulation
and coordination, capacity development, awareness raising and linkage building with
networks of institutions in Southeast Asia.
ISBN: 978-971-94164-0-1
Published by the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, with funding from the European Union.
Date of Printing: June 2009
In house printing by ACB
Developed and produced by the ACB Publications Team
Monina T. Uriarte, PhD

Bridget P. Botengan
Sahlee Bugna-Barrer
Nanie S. Gonzales
Rhia C. Galsim
ii PROCEEDINGS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Organizers.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ix
ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity.......................................................................................................................................................................... ix
Birdlife International ................................................................................................................................................................................................. ix
IUCN-WCPA-SEA .............................................................................................................................................................................................................x
Sabah Parks...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................x
Executive Summary...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................xi
Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ xiii
Overview........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1
Background and Context ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Objectives of the Conference ................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
Methodology........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Participants .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Synthesis of the Opening Programme

Welcome Addresses ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Keynote Address .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Conference Overview ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Synthesis of Conference Papers

1. Report on the 1st ASEAN Heritage Parks Conference .........................................................................................................7
2. Programme of Work on Protected Areas: Progress and Prospects ...........................................................................7
3. Country Reports .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
4. Gap Analysis Workshop Results: National and Regional Action Points ...........................................................18
5. Report on Capacity Building Series 2: Management Effectiveness Assessment.......................................20
6. The ASEAN Guidelines on Competence Standards for Protected Area Jobs: A Tool
for Developing Capacity Building Programmes for ASEAN Heritage Parks Staff ...................................20
2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA iii
7. ACB’s Biodiversity Information Management: Moving Information Forward in 2007 ......................21
8. Sabah and Its Protected Areas and Introduction to the Field Trips .....................................................................21
9. Scaling Up: Protecting the Global Centre of Marine Biodiversity in the Coral Triangle ................... 22
10. Status of Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia.......................................................................................................... 22
11. Integrating Fisheries and Habitat Management in the UNEP/GEF Habitat
Demonstration Sites ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
12. Sulu Sulawesi Seascape: Securing Globally Important Marine Ecosystems ................................................. 23
Synthesis of Parallel Sessions

1. Communication and Community Relations in Protected Area Management ............................................. 24
1.1 Communication and Community Relations in Singapore’s Sungei Buloh
Wetland Reserve ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
1.2 ASEAN Heritage Parks: The Best Practices and Lessons
in Protected Area Management ................................................................................................................................................. 24
1.3 Communication and Community in Kaeng Krachan National Park ......................................................... 25
2. Land Use and Conflict Management in Protected Areas ............................................................................................... 26
2.1 Land Use Conflict Management in Samar Island Natural Park, Philippines .................................... 26
2.2 Land Use and Natural Resources Conflict: The Case of Suku Kulawi,
Marena, Central Sulawesi Provinsi......................................................................................................................................... 26
2.3 Traditional Land Use and Conflict Management in Protected Areas
in Virachey National Park, Kok Lak Commune ......................................................................................................... 27
2.4 Land Use and Conflict Management in Protected Areas in The Land of Papua:
Lorentz National Park ........................................................................................................................................................................ 27
3. Information Sharing and Knowledge Management on Protected Areas .........................................................30
3.1. World Database on Protected Areas ...................................................................................................................................... 30
3.2. Protected Area Learning Network ........................................................................................................................................... 30
4. Gap Analysis for Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia ......................................................................................30
4.1 Marine Protected Areas: Inputs to the Gap Analyses for the Southeast Asian Region ........... 30
4.2 Status of Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia - What Next?............................................................. 31
5. Indigenous Peoples in Protected Area Management ....................................................................................................... 33
5.1 Engaging Indigenous People in Protected Area Development,
Functioning and Management: Case Study – Hoang Lien Son Project ................................................. 33
5.2. From the Ground Up: Documenting Subsistence Pattern in Buayan-Kionop
Community Use Zone, Crocker Range Park, Sabah ............................................................................................... 33
6. Sustainable Financing for Protected Areas ................................................................................................................................ 35
6.1 Sustainable Financing for Protected Areas ..................................................................................................................... 35
6.2 Papua Civil Society Support Foundation........................................................................................................................... 35
7. Capacity Development for Better Protected Area Management.............................................................................. 37
7.1 Training Course on Biodiversity – BIOTROP Training and Information
Centre Experience .................................................................................................................................................................................. 37
7.2 Master in Public Management, Major in Protected Area Management
in the Philippines.................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
8. Biodiversity Monitoring for Terrestrial PAs ............................................................................................................................. 39
8.1 Monitoring Asia’s IBAs ..................................................................................................................................................................... 39
8.2 Biodiversity Monitoring System in Protected Areas in the Philippines ................................................ 39
8.3 Towards Site Level Monitoring in Lao PDR ..................................................................................................................40
9. Managing World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia ..............................................................................................................41
9.1 World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia: Strengthening Integrated Conservation
and Development at the Regional Level ............................................................................................................................41
9.2 Komodo National Park (A World Heritage Site), Indonesia ............................................................................ 42
9.3 The Evolving Management of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras:
Focus on the Ifugao Rice Terraces .......................................................................................................................................... 42
iv PROCEEDINGS
10. Management Effectiveness Assessment of Protected Areas in Southeast Asia.......................................... 44
10.1 Introduction to Management Effectiveness Evaluation .................................................................................... 44
10.2 Policy Challenges to the Management Effectiveness Assessment
of Protected Areas ................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
10.3 MPA-Management Effectiveness: A Case Study from Viet Nam ............................................................... 44
10.4 The Application of RAPPAM Tool in Assessing Management Effectiveness
of Protected Areas ............................................................................................................................................................................... 45
11. Biodiversity Monitoring for Marine Protected Areas........................................................................................................ 47
11.1 Building Community-Based Marine Protected Area Monitoring.............................................................. 47
11.2 Monitoring Stakeholder Perceptions to Improve Effectiveness
of MPA Management ........................................................................................................................................................................ 47
11.3 Biodiversity Monitoring of Marine Protected Areas .............................................................................................48
12. Sustainable Livelihood and Equity in Relation to Protected Areas ...................................................................... 49
12.1 The Segama Conservation Area – A Case for Stewardship ............................................................................. 49
12.2 Sustainable Tourism and Protected Areas – Thailand ....................................................................................... 49
12.3 Achieving Conservation Through Community Participation and Poverty
Reduction: Nha Trang Bay Case Study .............................................................................................................................50
12.4 Livelihood Inputs as a Tool to Deliver on Conservation Objectives at the Natmataung
National Park ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 50
13. Issues Relating to Application of IUCN Categories for Protected Areas.......................................................... 52
13.1 Application of IUCN Categories for Protected Areas in Sabah, Malaysia .......................................... 52
13.2 IUCN Protected Area Categories ............................................................................................................................................ 52
13.3 The National Integrated Protected Areas System in the Philippines
and the IUCN Categorie ................................................................................................................................................................. 52
13.4 Protected Area Categories in Thailand ............................................................................................................................. 53
The Regional Action Plan for ASEAN Heritage Parks and Other Protected Areas ................................................................. 54
Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................................................................................................................ 62
Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 63
Photo Documentation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64
Directory of Participants, Guests and Resource Persons............................................................................................................................... 68
Figures
1. CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas ............................................................................................................................7
2. Process for Developing Occupational Standards for Protected Areas in ASEAN ....................................20
3. Priority Marine Protected Areas of Outstanding Universal Values ...................................................................... 23
Tables
1. List of ASEAN Heritage Parks .................................................................................................................................................................. 2
2. Distribution of Participants ........................................................................................................................................................................ 3
3. Summary of Country Reports ................................................................................................................................................................... 9
4. Regional Action Points: Communication and Community Relations
in Protected Area Management ............................................................................................................................................................ 25
5. Regional Action Points: Land Use and Conflict Management in Protected Areas ................................ 27
6. Regional Action Points: Information Sharing and Knowledge Management
on Protected Areas ............................................................................................................................................................................................31
7. Regional Action Points: Gap Analysis for Marine Protected Areas
in Southeast Asia ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA v
8. Regional Action Points: Indigenous Peoples in Protected Area Management ........................................... 34
9. Regional Action Points: Sustainable Financing for Protected Areas ................................................................. 35
10. Regional Action Points: Capacity Development for Better Protected Area Management ................ 37
11. Regional Action Points: Biodiversity Monitoring for Terrestrial Protected Areas .................................40
12. Regional Action Points: Managing World Heritage Sites in Southern Asia ................................................. 43
13. Regional Action Points: Management Effectiveness Assessment of PAs in SEA ..................................... 45
14. Regional Action Points: Biodiversity Monitoring of MPAs .........................................................................................48
15. Regional Action Points: Sustainable Livelihood and Equity in Relation to Protected Areas ......... 51
16. Regional Action Point: Issues Relating to Application of IUCN Categories
for Protected Areas .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 53
17. Regional Action Plan for ASEAN Heritage Parks and Protected Areas ............................................................ 54
Contents of the CD (All paper/powerpoint presentations are contained in the CD that comes
with this publication. The CD is inside the packet attached to the inside back cover.)
Annexes
A. Conference Papers
1. Report on the 1st ASEAN Heritage Parks Conference
2. Programme of Work on Protected Areas: Progress and Prospects
3. Country Reports
4. Gap Analysis Workshop Results: National and Regional Action Points
5. Report on Capacity Building Series 2: Management Effectiveness Assessment
for Developing Capacity Building Programmes for ASEAN Heritage Parks Staff
7. ACB’s Biodiversity Information Management: Moving Information Forward in 2007
8. Sabah and Its Protected Areas and Introduction to the Field Trips
9. Scaling Up: Protecting the Global Centre of Marine Biodiversity in the Coral Triangle
10. Status of Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia
11. Integrating Fisheries and Habitat Management in the UNEP/GEF Habitat Demonstration Sites
12. Sulu Sulawesi Seascape: Securing Globally Important Marine Ecosystems
B. Parallel Sessions Papers

1. Communication and Community Relations in Protected Area Management
Wetland Reserve
1.2 ASEAN Heritage Parks: The Best Practices and Lessons
in Protected Area Management
1.3 Communication and Community in Kaeng Krachan National Park
2. Land Use and Conflict Management in Protected Areas
2.1 Land Use Conflict Management in Samar Island Natural Park, Philippines
Marena, Central Sulawesi Provinsi
in Virachey National Park, Kok Lak Commune
Lorentz National Park
3. Information Sharing and Knowledge Management on Protected Areas
3.1. World Database on Protected Areas
3.2. Protected Area Learning Network
4. Gap Analysis for Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia
4.1 Marine Protected Areas: Inputs to the Gap Analyses for the Southeast Asian Region
4.2 Status of Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia - What Next?
vi PROCEEDINGS
5. Indigenous Peoples in Protected Area Management
Functioning and Management: Case Study – Hoang Lien Son Project
Community Use Zone, Crocker Range Park, Sabah
6. Sustainable Financing for Protected Areas
6.1 Sustainable Financing for Protected Areas
6.2 Papua Civil Society Support Foundation
7. Capacity Development for Better Protected Area Management
7.1 Training Course on Biodiversity – BIOTROP Training and Information
Centre Experience
7.2 Master in Public Management, Major in Protected Area Management
in the Philippines
8. Biodiversity Monitoring for Terrestrial PAs
8.1 Monitoring Asia’s IBAs
8.2 Biodiversity Monitoring System in Protected Areas in the Philippiness
8.3 Towards Site Level Monitoring in Lao PDR
9. Managing World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia
and Development at the Regional Level
9.2 Komodo National Park (A World Heritage Site), Indonesia
Focus on the Ifugao Rice Terraces
10. Management Effectiveness Assessment of Protected Areas in Southeast Asia
10.1 Introduction to Management Effectiveness Evaluation
10.2 Policy Challenges to the Management Effectiveness Assessment
of Protected Areas
10.3 MPA-Management Effectiveness: A Case Study from Viet Nam
10.4 The Application of RAPPAM Tool in Assessing Management Effectiveness
of Protected Areas
11. Biodiversity Monitoring for Marine Protected Areas
11.1 Building Community-Based Marine Protected Area Monitoring
11.2 Monitoring Stakeholder Perceptions to Improve Effectiveness
of MPA Management
11.3 Biodiversity Monitoring of Marine Protected Areas
12. Sustainable Livelihood and Equity in Relation to Protected Areas
12.1 The Segama Conservation Area – A Case for Stewardship
12.2 Sustainable Tourism and Protected Areas – Thailand
Reduction: Nha Trang Bay Case Study
National Park
13. Issues Relating to Application of IUCN Categories for Protected Areas
13.1 Application of IUCN Categories for Protected Areas in Sabah, Malaysia
13.2 IUCN Protected Area Categories
13.2 The National Integrated Protected Area System in the Philippines
and the IUCN Categories
13.4 Protected Area Categories in Thailand
2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA vii
THE ORGANIZERS
ASEAN CENTRE FOR BIODIVERSITY

The ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB) is an intergovernmental regional centre
of excellence of the ASEAN for policy formulation, capacity development, awareness
raising and linkage building with networks of institutions in the ASEAN. The Centre
is a development and continuation of the ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity
Conservation (ARCBC). The overall objective of the ACB is to enable the ASEAN to
meet the call by the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) to achieve a
significant reduction in the rate of biodiversity loss by the year 2010.
ASEAN CENTRE for BIODIVERSITY

3/F ERDB Bldg., UPLB Forestry Campus
College, Laguna 4031 Philippines
Telefax : (6349) 536-2865 / (632) 584-4246
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.aseanbiodiversity.org
BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL
Birdlife International is a global partnership of conservation organizations that
thrives to conserve birds, their habitats and global diversity, working with people
towards sustainability in the use of natural resources. Birdlife partners operate in over
one hundred countries and territories worldwide and collaborate on regional work
programmes in every continent. It has been working in protected area management
in collaboration with the ASEAN governments even before the Conventional on
Biological Diversity (CBD). Birdlife has identified the Important Bird Areas (IBA) for
all of Asia following a globally accepted set of criteria. Recently, it has embarked to
complement this effort by identifying an additional set of sites called Key Biodiversity
Areas (KBAs) that represent other significant faunal groups in most countries in the
ASEAN region.
BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL
2/F, Santos and Sons Building
973 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City
1109 Philippines
[email protected]
Website: www.birdlife.org/worldwide/national/philippines/index.html
2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA ix
IUCN-WCPA in the SEA
The World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) is one of six Commissions
of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The mission of
the IUCN’s WCPA is “to promote an effectively managed, representative system of
marine and terrestrial protected areas as an integral part of IUCN mission.” WCPA
and its partners strive to provide leadership on protected areas issues to governments,
NGOs, communities, and other key stakeholders. Emphasizing its power to convene
a diversity of actors, WCPA works by bringing science, knowledge and experience to
bear on decision-making to address the existing challenges and on future issues and
opportunities in order to realize a common vision “that society fully recognizes and
supports the importance of protected areas in the 21st Century by securing key places
for biological and cultural diversity, promoting equity and justice, maintaining the
quality of the environment, and ensuring the sustainable use of the natural resources
for poverty reduction, food and water security, and the prevention of conflicts.”
IUCN Headquarters
Rue Mauverney 28, Gland 1196, Switzerland
[email protected]
Website: www.iucn.org
www.iucn.org/themes/wcpa
SABAH PARKS
Sabah Parks is a government institution of the State of Sabah, Malaysia.
Sabah Parks has jurisdiction and supervision over national parks including the
management, development and protection of the proclaimed national parks of the
State. Sabah State Parks are reserves that have been set aside in their natural condition
for unimpaired maintenance. These include Kinabalu Park, Turtle Islands Park,
Tunku Abdul Rahman Park, Pulau Tiga Park, Tawau Hills Park, and Crocker Range
Park. Almost every major habitat in Sabah is represented in the six State parks. These
support a vast array of plant and animal species that are unique, rare and of great
significance, including many species found nowhere else in the world.
SABAH PARKS
P.O. Box 10626, 88806
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Tel: +6088-212719
+6088-221001
x PROCEEDINGS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
T he 2nd ASEAN Heritage Parks (AHP) Conference was conducted back-to back with
the 4th Regional Conference for Protected Areas in Southeast Asia on 23-27 April
2007 in Sabah, Malaysia. The Conference reviewed the AHP Programme, in particular
its components, namely: 1) Capacity development; 2) Information sharing network; 3)
Technical staff exchange program; 4) Promotion of tourism; 5) Participation in joint research
programme; 6) Bi-annual conference of managers; and 7) Management improvement
programme. The Conference also reviewed the actions taken in relation to the strategic
directions set out at the 2003 World Parks Congress V held in Durban, South Africa and
the Programme of Work (PoW) on Protected Areas (PAs) approved at the 7th Conference of
Parties (CoP) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
The Conference brought together 223 participants composed of the heads and staff of PA
and AHP management authorities; officials and representatives of international and local
non-government organizations, and other PA practitioners.
The Conference identified regional actions for protected areas in relation to meeting the
Durban Accord and the commitments in the PoW on PAs and the AHP Programme; and
strengthened the management of the network on protected areas in the Region with special
focus on AHPs.
Specifically, the Conference reviewed the status of protected area management in the
SEA region, shared experiences, imparted best practices, identified problems and issues
and formulated a common regional strategic direction to respond to the challenges in the
sustainable use of biodiversity, access and sharing equitably the benefits from biodiversity
and conservation of biodiversity.
Various issues and concerns with regard to PA management came up. Among these were:
the recognition of the role of indigenous and local communities in PA management and the
provision of technical and financial support for them to conduct cultural environmental
2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA xi
impact assessment/monitoring; management of wastes generated from ecotourism activities
in PAs; marketing and promotion of AHPs; need for regional cooperation/mechanisms;
strengthening of the capacity building program for PA management; and regional
certification for logging, wildlife trade and destructive fishing methods as necessary tools for
better management of PAs.
The parallel sessions came up with issues, lessons learned and recommendations on how
to move the work forward in relation to the PoW for PAs. The 13 parallel sessions were:
7. Capacity Development for Better PA Management
The Conference drafted the Regional Action Plan for AHPs and PAs of SEA that would
complement and support national conservation initiatives toward the conservation and
management of protected areas. The proceedings of the conference will serve as reference
in defining and selecting priority activities in the AHPs and PAs.
The following are the key areas for action proposed for the ASEAN region:
• Establishment and strengthening of national and regional systems of PA
management integrated into a global network as a contribution to globally agreed
goals;
• Establishment and strengthening of regional networks, thereby promoting equity
and benefit sharing and integrating PAs in broader land and seascapes;
• Promotion of improved site-based PA planning and management and capacity
building of PA staff through appropriate technology transfer;
• Assessment, monitoring and evaluation of effectiveness of PA management and
development and adoption of minimum standards and best practices for national
and regional PAs, and ensuring that scientific knowledge contributes to the
effectiveness of PA systems;
• Enhancement and securing involvement of indigenous and local communities in PAs
and strengthening communication, education and public awareness; and ensuring
financial stability.
xii PROCEEDINGS
ACRONYMS
ACB ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity

ADB Asian Development Bank
AHP ASEAN Heritage Park
AIPP Asia Indigenous People’s Pact
AMS ASEAN Member States
ARCBC ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASOEN ASEAN Senior Ministers for the Environment
AWGNCB ASEAN Working Group on Nature and Conservation of Biodiversity
BBEC Bornean Biodiversity and Ecosystem Conservation
BMS Biodiversity Monitoring System
BPAMB Biodiversity Protected Area Management Project
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CB-MPA Community-based Marine Protected Area
CCA Community Conserved Area
CEPA Communication, Education and Public Awareness
CHM Clearing House Mechanism
CI Conservation International
CITES Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species
of Wild Flora and Fauna
COBSEA RCU Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia Regional Coordinating Unit
CoP Conference of Parties
CPA Community Protected Area
CTC Coral Triangle Center
CUZ Community-Use Zone
DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources
EC European Commission
EIA Environment Impact Assessment
EMS Environment Management Systems
EPP Ecosystems PAs and People Project
EU European Union
GEF Global Environment Facility
GMI Global Marine Initiative
HLSP Hoang Lien Son Project
IBA Important Bird Areas
ICM Integrated Coastal Management
ICRAN International Coral Reef Action Network
IEC Information, Education and Communication
IP Indigenous Peoples
IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature
KBA Key Biodiversity Area
MBCC Marine Biodiversity Conservation Corridor
MEA Management Effectiveness Assessment
MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements
MEE Management Effectiveness Evaluation
2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA xiii
MPA Marine Protected Area
NCSA National Capacity Self-Assessment
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NIPAS National Integrated Protected Areas System
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NP National Park
PA Protected Area
PALNet Protected Area Learning Network
PAMANA Ka Sa
Pilipinas Pambansang Alyansa ng Maliliit na Mangingisda ka sa Pilipinas
PAMB Protected Area Management Board
PAWB Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau
PCSSF Papua Civil Society Support Foundation
PoW Programme of Work
RECOFTC Regional Community Forestry Training Center for Asia and the Pacific
RAPPAM Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Areas Management
RNHP Regional Natural Heritage Programme
RWG-F Regional Working Group on Fisheries
SBSTTA Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice
SBWR Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve
SEACMPA Southeast Asia Center for Marine Protected Areas
SEAFDEC Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
SEA Southeast Asia
SHCA Species/Habitat Conservation Area
SINP Samar Island Natural Park
SSS Sulu-Sulawesi Seascape
TNC The Nature Conservancy
TNLL Lore Lindu National Park (Indonesia)
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
USAID United States Agency for International Development
WB World Bank
WCPA World Commission on Protected Areas
WDPA World Database on Protected Areas
WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centre
WHS World Heritage Sites
WWF World Wide Fund for Nature / World Wildlife Fund for Nature
WPC World Parks Congress
xiv PROCEEDINGS
OVERVIEW
Background and Context resulted in the increase in the number of AHPs from
The ASEAN Heritage Parks (AHP) embody the 11 to 27. Table 1 shows the list of AHPs.
aspirations of the peoples of Brunei Darussalam, The 1st ASEAN Heritage Parks Conference was
Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, held in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand in April
the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam 2004, where it was recommended that the AHP
to conserve their natural heritage that represent Conference be conducted every two years.
the bounty and diversity of living organisms of their The 2nd AHP Conference was held back to back
nations. The abundance of these diverse biological with the 4th Regional Conference on Protected
resources also ensures the continuous flow of goods Areas in Southeast Asia from 23 to 27 April 2007 in
and ecosystems services for the benefit of the present Sabah, Malaysia. The PA heads and staff reassessed
and future generations. Thus, the ASEAN Ministers of their programmes of activities based on the global
the Environment all signed the ASEAN Declaration on programmes and directions adopted during the 5th
Heritage Parks on 18 December 2003, wherein the World Parks Congress in Durban, South Africa in
ASEAN Member States (AMS) agreed that “common September 2003 and also in compliance with the
cooperation is necessary to conserve and manage Programme of Work (PoW) on Protected Areas
the ASEAN Heritage Parks for the development (PAs) of the 7th Conference of Parties (CoP) of
and implementation of regional conservation the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
and management action plans as well as regional They also gained knowledge from the experiences
mechanisms complementary to national efforts to of other conservation experts and practitioners
implement conservation measures”. They likewise from other parts of the ASEAN and international
defined the criteria for the selection of AHPs that organizations.
Table 1. List of ASEAN Heritage Parks
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM • Khakaborazi National Park

• Tasek Merimbun National Park • Lampi Marine National Park
• Meinmahla Kyun Wildlife Sanctuary
CAMBODIA
• Preah Monivong (Bokor) National Park PHILIPPINES
• Virachey National Park • Mt. Apo National Park
• Mts. Iglit-Baco National Park
INDONESIA
• Leuser National Park SINGAPORE
• Kerinci Seblat National Park • Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve
• Lorentz National Park
THAILAND
LAO PDR • Ao-Phangnga – Mu Koh Surin –
• Nam Ha Protected Area Mu Koh Similan Marine National Parks
• Kaeng Krachan Forest Complex
MALAYSIA • Khao Yai National Park
• Kinabalu National Park • Tarutao National Park
• Mulu National Park
• Taman Negara National Park VIET NAM
• Ba Be National Park
MYANMAR • Chu Mom Ray National Park
• Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park • Hoang Lien Sa Pa National Park
• Inlay Lake Wildlife Sanctuary • Kon Ka Kinh National Park
• Indawgyi Lake Wildlife Sanctuary
Durban Action Plan: During the World Parks in the Durban Accord were used as reference by the
Congress V in Durban, South Africa in September CBD and brought about the PoW on PAs. The PoW
2003, the participants crafted the Durban Action Plan moves the global agenda farther and sets ambitious
as a priority response to the global environmental targets for the Parties to the Convention towards better
social and economic challenges of the modern world PA management.
to PA management. Priority targets under the Durban Both the Durban Action Plan and the PoW on PAs
Action Plan included a strengthened role for PAs of the CBD were vital to the formulation of the Regional
in implementing the CBD through a participatory Action Plan for ASEAN Heritage Parks and Other
mechanism and in full compliance of the rights Protected Areas during the 2nd AHP Conference.
of indigenous peoples and youth population. The
management of all PAs would also be reviewed to Objectives of the Conference
determine if links exist with all the world’s ecosystems. The overall objectives were to:
The World Heritage List would be drawn up in all 1) identify regional actions for the PAs in ASEAN
sites whose biodiversity values are outstanding and Member States in meeting the targets in
universal. Support would be generated for effective the Durban Accord and the commitments
systems of management and communication and to the PoW on PAs of the CBD and the AHP
education strategies. Programme; and
Convention on Biological Diversity: The 2) strengthen the management of the network of
CBD was adopted by 189 countries and the European PAs with special focus on the AHPs.
Community in 1992. It is the most important legal
instrument addressing PAs through national and The specific objectives were to:
multinational PoW on PAs. The Conference of Parties 1) assess the status of PA management in
(CoP) of the CBD was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia the ASEAN region;
in 2004, a few months after the World Parks Congress. 2) share and document best practices and lessons
The priorities in the Durban Action Plan and the targets in PA management;
2 PROCEEDINGS
3) present the outcome and progress report of to move forward in relation to the PoW on PAs
the 1st AHP Meeting held in 2004; and timeline. Highlights of each group discussion were
4) formulate specific regional actions for the presented during the plenary sessions.
conservation and management of the AHP. These reports were used as discussion papers
during the plenary sessions. The outputs of these
Methodology sessions then formed the basis for the formulation
The Conference was officially opened by key of the Regional Action Plan for ASEAN Heritage
officials from the ASEAN and the EU. Keynote Parks and Other Protected Areas in the ASEAN.
address was given by Datuk Lamri Ali, Director of
Sabah Parks. Participants
Representatives from Brunei Darussalam, The workshop-conference had a total of 223
Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, participants composed of Protected Area Managers of
Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and the AHPs and other parks in the ASEAN, conservation
Vietnam presented their country reports that specialists in marine and terrestrial PAs, and heads
highlighted the unique biodiversity reources, and staff of PA agencies of the ASEAN. Malaysia sent
status of implementation of the CBD PoW on 79 participants; the Philippines – 44; Indonesia -29;
PA and the current issues and challenges on PA Thailand -22; Vietnam -14; Cambodia -11; Myanmar
management. -9; Singapore -7; Brunei Darussalam-2 and Lao PDR
Conference papers on terrestrial and marine -1. There were also participants from Japan, Europe,
PAs specifically on gap analysis, management North America, Australia and USA.
effectiveness, capacity development, data sharing Of the total, 58 percent represented government
and monitoring, and initiaives of NGOs, TNC and institutions working in the PA sector; 30 percent,
UNEP were also reported. An open forum and NGOs; 8 percent, international organizations and
critiquing followed every presentation. 4 percent from the academic institutions. The
Participants and other experts were grouped for distribution of participants is presented in Table 2.
the parallel sessions to discuss situations/issues, The directory of participants and resource persons
lessons learned and recommendations on how and guest is shown on page 68.
Table 2. Distribution of Participants
International
Country Government NGO Organization Academe TOTAL
Brunei Darussalam 2 - - - 2
Cambodia 7 4 - - 11
Indonesia 15 10 4 - 29
Malaysia 57 19 - 3 79
Myanmar 7 2 - - 9
Lao PDR 1 0 - - 1
Philippines 11 20 10 3 44
Singapore 4 2 - 1 7
Thailand 14 4 3 1 22
Vietnam 11 3 - - 14
Australia - - - 1 1
Japan - 1 - - 1
Switzerland - - 1 - 1
United Kingdom - - 1 - 1
United States - 1 - - 1
129 66 19 9 223
SYNTHESIS OF THE
OPENING PROGRAMME
O fficials from the State Government of Sabah,

the European Delegation to the Philippines;
the Australian Embassy in Malaysia; the IUCN
Convention on Biological Diversity Programme
of Work in order that “implementation of the
Convention is further advanced”.
- the World Conservation Union, and the Birdlife The Birdlife partnership in Asia has identified
International formally opened the Conference with over 2000 globally Important Biodiversity Areas
messages. (IBA) in the region, out of which 43 percent still
lack “any formal PA status”. These information are
Welcome Addresses contained in the country IBA books that describe
the identified sites containing remarkable biological
Paulus Basintal diversity using birds as indicator of overall diversity.
Assistant Director, Sabah Parks A recent addition to this collection is the IBA book
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia for Malaysia prepared by the Malaysia Nature Society,
which identified 55 sites covering 4.4 hectares as key
Mr. Basintal welcomed the participants and sites for conservation. The documentation of key
expressed deep appreciation for being given the conservation sites in the country through the IBA
opportunity to host the back-to-back conference. programme allows for the identification of gaps in
He also gave a brief background on the protected PA coverage and strengthening of existing efforts for
areas in Sabah, Malaysia. Mt. Kinabalu Park started protected area management.
as a protected area and the first park ever gazetted The IBA approach has helped pioneer the Key
in Sabah back in 1964. After 43 years, there are now Biodiversity Area approach, which has been developed
seven national parks - three terrestrial and four together with other conservation organizations
marine parks - covering 3.6 percent of the total land around the world. This approach is also used for gap
area of Sabah. analysis for protected areas and is currently being
Each park is considered to hold “Sabah’s natural field-tested around the world.
heritage” since these have been selected for their Birdlife works with the IBA local conservation
“unique scenic and geographical or geological groups in implementing activities at the site to
features through outstanding examples of flora and ensure that the IBAs are “maintained as community
fauna”. conservation areas”. This approach “seeks to
He concluded his report by mentioning the foster genuine partnership with local communities
difficult task of protecting or managing these areas to achieve conservation in important sites for
but also stressed the importance of owning this task biodiversity”.
for the benefit of future generations.
Kari Markku Lahti
Mike Rands Programme Officer, IUCN Programme on
CEO of BirdLife International Protected Areas
(Message was read by Dr. Calvin Loh, Gland, Switzerland
Executive Director, Malaysian Nature Society,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) Mr. Lahti, in his opening statement on behalf of the
recently appointed Director General of IUCN-World
BirdLife International is a partnership of over Conservation Union, Julia Marton-Lefevre, expressed
100 national conservation NGOs that are cooperating his hope for a focused and successful conference. He
to “save species, protect sites, conserve habitats also extended the apologies both of of the chair of the
and empower people for the purpose of conserving World Commission of Protected Areas (WCPA) Nikita
biodiversity”. To this end, BirdLife International Lopoukhine, and the Head of the Programme, David
has been active in various efforts supporting the Sheppard, who could not make it to the Conference
4 PROCEEDINGS
due to overlapping commitments. has released over $9million to support 51 projects in
He expressed his pleasure in seeing the 2nd ASEAN Southeast Asia and the Pacific. The RNHP aims to
Heritage Parks and 4th Protected Areas Conference “maximize the impact of the biodiversity conservation
develop into a very significant conservation event work by focusing its efforts and resources in areas
within the region. with high concentrations of endemic species and high
Mr. Lahti introduced IUCN and the areas of rates of habitat destruction”.
relevance for IUCN and, in particular WCPA, in
Southeast Asia and how it draws its membership from Juan Echanove
governments and non-government organizations Environmental Adviser and Project Officer for the
which enables it to act as a “neutral forum” to discuss ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity,
key conservation issues. The IUCN, with its networks EC Delegation to the Philippines
of volunteers organised into six Commissions, gets its
sources of technical expertise and advice from more Mr. Echanove enumerated the reasons for the
than 10,000 Commission members from around the “immense importance” attributed to Southeast
world. Most ASEAN nations are state members or Asia with respect to biodiversity and the increasing
members of IUCN, and have been associated in one global concern for its current state. Thus, in support
way or another with most of the regional conferences of the ASEAN governments’ thrust to address
on nature conservation and protected areas. issues on biodiversity loss at the regional level, the
The IUCN takes the lead in striking a balance European Union funded the ASEAN Regional Center
between the conservation of nature and sustainable for Biodiversity Conservation (ARCBC) Project in
development, using scientific evidence for their the mid-1990s to promote knowledge sharing and
actions to influence decisions and policy actions. best practices and common efforts on biodiversity.
The regional meetings and workshops are of great One major output of the Project is the Guidelines
importance in the implementation of the thematic and Criteria for the Establishment of the ASEAN
areas of WCPA especially the CBD PoW for PAs since Heritage Parks, which was eventually approved
there have been too little efforts on the local side when by the ASEAN Ministries of Environment. The
compared to the global approach. Project has also been involved in the process for
He expressed IUCN’s wish to see that the the Standardization of Habitat Classification for
Conference will provide guidance and will be a ASEAN and the preparatory process of the ASEAN
facilitator for future cooperative actions that will Framework Agreement on Access to Biological and
bring together the most active range of players in PAs. Genetic Resources.
The outcome of the Conference will lead to actions Upon completion of the Project, the stakeholders
that will be mainstreamed into the broader agendas felt the need to create a permanent institution to
of the ASEAN nations. “strengthen the capacity of the ASEAN Member
States in the formulation and coordination of
Penny Williams biodiversity-related policy, strategy and action,
Australian High Commission in Malaysia fulfill relevant treaty obligations and promote and
(The message was read by Ms. Anabelle advance common positions on matters related
Plantilla, Executive Director, Haribon to biodiversity conservation, management and
Foundation, Philippines) sustainable use of natural resources.” Thus, in 2005,
the EC provided financial assistance to the ASEAN
The Australian Government’s commitment Secretariat for the creation of the ASEAN Centre for
to support biodiversity conservation through the Biodiversity.
Regional Natural Heritage Program (RNHP) is Mr. Echanove shared that the “EC support to
”designed to support projects that help conserve ACB reflects our strong commitment to biodiversity
biodiversity hotspots in Southeast Asia and the conservation” and in strengthening the partnership
Pacific”. Under the RNHP, the Australian Government with ASEAN.
Keynote Address Conference Overview
Datuk Lamri Ali Cristi Nozawa

Director, Sabah Parks Vice-Chair of the IUCN-WCPA–SEA and
Sabah, Malaysia Partner Development Officer of BirdLife
International in Asia
Mr. Datuk Lamri Ali expressed his gratitude to
the organisers for choosing Sabah to host the event. Ms. Nozawa discussed the importance of working
He welcomed all the delegates to the auspicious together and having a back-to-back conference of
gathering of conservation experts from Southeast the AHP and regional PAs. She emphasised the
Asia and other parts of the globe and briefed them importance of the rich biodiversity of the Southeast
on the Sabah concept of a PA. The concept of Asian (SEA) region, which hosts 20% of the world’s
protected areas is not alien to Sabah as the local biodiversity, and the significance of the region’s rich
people of Sabah protect their water catchment and and diverse cultures.
spring areas and also prohibit fishing in certain Out of the region’s 1,000 protected areas, there
areas in a practice called ‘bombon’ or ‘tagal’. are only 27 AHPs, a figure that falls way below the
The local people also keep the forest areas and Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Program of
its adjacent areas intact as these are considered Work target. The 27 AHPs are starting points for more
sacred. Thus, during the time of gazetting of forest heritage parks that would represent the biodiversity of
reserves and state parks, the process was “readily the region. Thus, the PoW for PAs challenges all state
embraced by the people”. The local people’s regard parties to the CBD to go beyond the AHPs.
for conservation contributed to the highly successful At the World Parks Congress held in 2003 at
efforts on Nature Conservation and Protected Areas Durban and attended by over 3000 people, SEA
in the State. was under represented in sharing lessons and best
Sabah has one of the best systems and networks practices in PA management. This is a poor showing
of PAs in the region as reflected in the JICA- of the region compared to the 400+ participants from
funded paper prepared by WWF-Malaysia entitled, South America.
“Masterlist of Sabah Protected Areas, Recommended The ASEAN initiative and the World Parks Congress
List with Background Discussion and Justification,” have both a commitment to share lessons across the
released in December 2006. The report shows that region and “if there is a chance to share among the 27
the 93 PAs identified in the study cover over 1.1 AHPs then there should be a chance to share beyond it.”
million hectares, which is equivalent to 15.95% There is room for “better coordination, learning from
of Sabah’s total land area. In Sabah, “not only each other and joint actions under the ASEAN”.
is the percentage of coverage extensive but the Ms. Nozawa explained the flow of the Conference
habitats and species covered and the management and cited the CBD PoW and timelines as the bases
effectiveness are impressive as well.” for the session topics.
6 PROCEEDINGS
SYNTHESIS OF
CONFERENCE PAPERS
Report on the 1st ASEAN Heritage Parks and outputs were discussed.
Conference The full report is in Annex A1.
Roland Yap Programme of Work on Protected Areas:

Acting Executive Director (2006-May 2007) Progress and Prospects
ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity
Peter Shadie
Philippines
Coordinator, Regional Protected
Areas Programme
The results of the 1st AHP Conference held in Khao
Yai, Thailand as well as the overall strategies and the IUCN Asia Office
AHP programme components were discussed. Bangkok, Thailand
ASEAN Heritage Parks are “protected areas of
high conservation importance preserving in total a The context for the Programme of Work (PoW) on
complete spectrum of representative ecosystems at Protected Areas (PAs) of the Convention on Biological
the ASEAN level”. In December 2003, the ASEAN Diversity (CBD), the Articles in the CBD containing
signed the Declaration of Heritage Parks where 27 the PA provisions, and the 2010 targets adopted in
parks across the region were declared as ASEAN 2006 were discussed.
Heritage Parks. Figure 1 shows the PoW on PAs Timeline.
The first AHP Conference was held in September The PoW on PAs provides a comprehensive
2004 where it sought to determine common framework for PA action. Current initiatives across the
cooperation to conserve and manage AHPs and globe as well as future prospects geared towards the
develop and implement regional action plans implementation of the PoW were also discussed.
complementary to and supportive of national For Southeast Asia, the issues and challenges
initiatives. In the conference, the major strategies are the following: exceptionally rich biodiversity
Figure 1. CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas
– nature’s infrastructure; competition for access Management Authority. Their reports described
to finite land and resources in the face of rapid their respective countries, highlighting the unique
socioeconomic growth; degradation and over biodiversity in their areas, status of implementation
exploitation of natural resources through a range of the CBD’s PoW on PAs and the current issues
of change factors and threats; significant gaps in and challenges being confronted by each country.
protection of key ecosystems, habitats and species Among the issues and concerns dicussed during the
specially in marine environment; increasing pressure open forum are the following:
from tourism; trade in wildlife; lack of human and • Recognition of the role of indigenous peoples
financial capacity to effectively manage existing (IPs) in PA management
PAs; inadequate considerations to livelihood issues • Provision of technical and financia support
resulting in variable and, at times, antagonistic for IPs to conduct cultural and environmental
relations between local communities and PAs; poor impact assessment monitoring;
awareness and appreciation of the values and benefits • Management of wastes generated from
of PAs; and increasing international attention and tourism activities in the PAs;
transboundary efforts. • Marketing and promotion of AHPs;
The focus areas suggested include: optimizing • Use of ACB (ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity)
regional approaches to build an ASEAN Heritage indicators by countries for PA management
Site concept – scaling up and out; moving away from effectiveness;
‘business as usual’ to region-wide commitment to • Need for regional cooperation/mechanisms;
accelerate actions under PoW; making the region a • Strengthening of the capacity building
global showcase for marine PA establishment and program for PA management;
conservation; creating the conditions that enable • Holding at least three regional activities
a variety of PA governance mechanisms to support annually that address regional concerns in
participatory management; and implementing an terms of PA management; and
evaluative matrix to set baselines and measure toward • Adopting the regional certification on
the targets under the PoW. logging, wildlife trade and destructive fishing
The full report is in Annex A2. methods as necessary tools for PA better
management.
Country Reports The summary of the reports is presented in
The country reports were presented by country Table 3.
representatives, mostly Heads of the Protected Areas The full report is in Annex A3.
8 PROCEEDINGS
Table 3. Summary of Country Reports
Country Biodiversity Resources Management Authority Strengths Threats and Challenges
Brunei Darussalam Tasek Merimbun Heritage Park x Brunei Museums x Management and conservation x Persistent gathering of agar
Rare and endangered species protected by CITES Department, Ministry of programs in place; wood/ gaharu
By: Mr. Samhan Bin and National Wildlife Protection Act: 8 hornbills; Culture, Youth and Sports x Adequate funding for activities (Aqualariabeccariana);
Nyawa, Neofelis nebulosa; Helarctus malayanus; Hylobates x Department of Forestry as black gold still flowing; x Wild plants and other wildlife are
Park Manager of Tasek mullerii; Tarsius bancanus; Nycticebus coucang; Ministry of Primary x No firearms since 1962; illegally collected;
Merimbun National Park / Argusianus argus; Heliaeetus leucogaster; Industries x Many animals are considered x Virtually no Park Rangers Police
Curator of Natural History, Trogonoptera; Troides spp. etc.; Nepenthes unhealthy to eat; are deployed to deal with
Brunei Museums ampullaria; N. bicalcarata, N. gracilis, N. mirabilis, x Taboo to kill certain wild persistent violators.
Department, Ministry of Aqualaria beccariana, Gonystylus maingayi. animals as these are either
Culture, Youth and Sports sacred or could bring
Current inventory shows the number of species of misfortune; and
the following: x Strictly no logging within the
Fauna: freshwater fish (50), mammals (68), birds protected area
(148), herpetofauna (54), Lepidoptera (181),
Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies (54) such as
one endemic species of damselfly (Euphaea
ameeka) and the biggest - Tetracanthagyna plagiata
- and the smallest - Nannophya pygmaea -
dragonfly species.
Flora: 800 plant species recorded such as four
pitcher plant species (Nepenthes ampullaria, N.
mirabilis, N. bicalcarata and N. gracilis), one species
of Agar wood or Gaharu (Aqualaria beccariana), the
most threatened species; and one species of Ramin
(Gonystylus maingayi).
Cambodia Virachey National Park x Department of Forestry, x Management and conservation x Participation in PA Management
Flora (conservation status) Ministry of Agriculture programs are in place; is limited;
By: Mr. Daravuth Hong Fauna (conservation status) x Department of Protected x Protected areas are x Inadequate policy and law
Director of Phnom Kulen Areas, Ministry of established; enforcement in certain protected
National Park and Director Preah Monivong (Bokor) National Park Environment x Presence of international areas;
of Cluster Protected Habitat Types: evergreen and semi-evergreen forest organizations providing x Inadequate number and less
Areas, with smaller areas of mixed deciduous and technical and financial qualified staff;
Ministry of Environment deciduous dipterocarp forest; grass, shrubs, support; and x Inadequate or lack of program to
bamboo x Abundant biological resources implement the policy to integrate
Flora: (conservation status) ex. Burretiodendron people into the PA management
hsienmu system.
Fauna: (conservation status)
2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Wildlife Census: Ad hoc wildlife monitoring in
conjunction with NGOs
9
10
Indonesia Lorentz National Park x Directorate of Forest x Government policies are in x Complexity of PA in terms of
Flora: Ant house plants - Myrmecodia and Protection and Nature place as regards the following: scale, number and setting
By: Mr. Noor Hidayat Lecanopteris mirabilis (fern) - and carnivorous Conservation, Ministry Combating illegal (diversity of cultures and
Director of Areas pitcher plants - Nephentes spp, Casuarina, of Forestry logging; ecosystems);
PROCEEDINGS
Conservation, Dacrydium, Podocarpus, Tristania, Eugenia, rehabilitation and x Limited staff (number and
Directorate General of Dacrydiu, Podocarpus, Tristania, Eugenia, conservation of forest capacity);
Forest Protection and Syzygium; Pandanus; Freycinetia spp, Styphelia resources; x Limited access to information
Nature Conservation, suaveolens, Papuzilla laeteviridis, Cystopteris sp, strengthening the technology;
Ministry of Forestry Tetramolopium klosii, Rhacomitrium crispulum, economy and x Limited effectiveness in
Bryum cf. rugicollum and Distichum capillaceum, empowering of local communication and coordination.
Styphelia suaveolens and Vaccinium cf. coelorum. community;
management
Fauna (conservation status) : effectiveness of
About 123 of Papuas 172 mammals are known or protected areas, and
are expected to occur within the reserve; 411 of 643 Participants to
species of birds with many endemic forms (Petocz, international
1989). conservation networks
Lorentz National Park covers two endemic Bird
Areas (EBA) with a total of 45 restricted range bird
species and 9 endemic bird species confined to the
Sudirman range and the South-Papuan lowlands
EBA.
Little is known about the diversity of amphibians but
experts estimate the Park to house about 150
species of amphibians and reptiles. (Momberg,
Mambai, van Noord; 1998).
Gunung Leuser National Park x Directorate General Forest x Management and x Strategic problems in the Park
x Established as a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO Protection and Nature conservation programs are in can be classified into two. First,
x Given AHP status in 1981 Conservation, Ministry of place. logging in Aceh Tenggara has
x Along with Kerinci Seblat and TN. Bukit Barisan, Forestry x Funding for management encroached into the Park. Second,
received recognition from UNESCO in 2004 as a implementation regularly land claims and encroachment for
Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra. comes from central small-scale and big-scale oil palm
Fauna: 350 bird species; 36 of 50 Sundaland government, and since 2006, plantation in Besitang area,
endemic bird species; almost 65% of 129 species of additional funding has been Langkat District.
mammals, either big or small, in Sumatra is provided by the World x Total degraded area is estimated
recorded in Leuser. Heritage Center and the at 22,000 hectares.
Spanish Government
(through UNESCO).
Indonesia Key fauna species include Sumatran Elephant x Support to law enforcement x Other issues include the lack of
(Elephas maximus sumatranus), Tiger (Panthera has been given by the technical capability and
tigris sumatrae), Rhinceros (Dicerorhinus Ministry of Forestry, Police infrastructure, limited operation
sumtrensis) and Orangutan (Pongo abelii) as well as Headquarter Office, as well as funding support, as well as lack of
Owa (Hylobates lar), Kedih (Presbytis thomasi) and the Police at the province and strong monitoring and evaluation
others. districts. of Park performance.
Flora: More than 4.000 flora species, including 3 of

15 parasite plants, Rafflesia, and the tallest flower in
the world Amorphophalus titanium; a habitat of
many medicinal plants.
Kerinci Seblat National Park (KSNP) x Directorate General Forest x Funding for management Problems faced by KSNP
x located in Sumatera Island, Indonesia and Protection and Nature implementation of KSNP management are often interrelated
covers 1,389,509 ha. Conservation, Ministry of regularly comes from the and occur due to combinations of
x The Park is part of Bukit Barisan Mountain Forestry central government, with many factors, such as the following:
Range. additional funding (from 1996 x lack of conservation awareness
x at least 4 types of ecosystem represented: to 2002) from GEF World among the local people, the local
lowland forest, hill forest, mountain forest Bank through the ICDP government, and also the national
and wetland. program. government.
x Strong support from the local x the economic and political crises
Flora and Fauna: More than 4,000 species of government, local police, has also aggravated the situation
flora, 80 species of mammals, 376 species of NGOs, and local communities by encouraging people to exploit
birds, 9 species of primates, 56 species of in protecting the park. park resources and creating a
amphibians, and 50 species of reptiles have been situation of lawlessness.
identified in the Park. Endangered species include x local governments have not
the Sumatran Tiger and Sumatran Rhino. strengthened law enforcement in
the Park because they lack
awareness of the long-term
economic costs of forest
destruction.
x the six major threats to the Park
are: encroachment; illegal logging,
which is especially hard to deal
with because there is often a lack
of political will to enforce the law;
11
12
Indonesia x poaching; theft of non-timber
forest product (NTFP) such as
rattan, nests of swiftlet species,
honey, and gaharu; small scale
PROCEEDINGS
illegal mining of gold; and road
construction (poses a very
serious threat to park integrity
because it can improve access for
illegal activities such as illegal
logging, poaching, and
encroachment.
Lao PDR 20 National Protected Areas (NPA) covering 3.4 x Ministry of Agriculture NPA management strategies: x Habitat degradation due to
million ha or 14 % of the total land area of Lao PDR. and Forestry Department x Participatory PA management; agriculture practices
By: Savanh Seven (7) habitats that are of high international of Forestry x Co-management of PAs; x Livestock grazing especially
Chanthakoummane conservation significance: x Land use planning and land during the dry season
Head of Naitonal PA Unit 1) Evergreen Forest of the Sai Phou Luang allocation inside NPAs; x Illegal trade of wildlife; rampant
Ministry of Agriculture and and Foothills; x Integrated conservation and commercial hunting and fishing
Forestry Department of 2) Central Indochina Limestone Karst; development; and for rare species, and as a result
Forestry 3) Dry Dipterocarp Forests in the Mekong x Ecotourism. some species such as rhino and
plain; x International cooperation and some turtles have almost
4) Boliven Plateau; partnership with the Swedish disappeared from Lao PDR;
5) Northern Highlands; International Development x Commercial-scale harvesting of
6) Mekong River, and Cooperation Agency, Danish non-timber forest products
7) Other rivers and streams International Development x Illegal logging; and
Agency, Canadian x Development Projects -
Species diversity: 8,100 species of flowering International Development Hydropower generation can be
plants; 166 species of reptiles and amphibians; 430 Agency, the International both a threat and a benefit to
species of birds; 90 species of bats; over 100 Union for the Conservation of biodiversity. The flooding of large
species of large mammals and 87 families of fish. Nature, TRAFFIC, World tracts of land following dam
Wildlife Fund for Nature, construction destroys habitats
Wildlife Conservation Society, and plant populations and
World Bank, and others displaces wildlife.
x Strong cooperation with
neigbouring countries and at
border checkpoints to prevent
wildlife trade.
Malaysia (Peninsular) Taman Negara National Park. The lowland x Ministry of Natural x Collaboration in PA x Demarcation of boundaries of PAs
dipterocarp forest constitutes about 57.6 % of the Resources management across national on the ground;
By: Mr. Zainuddin AB plants. Meranti (Shorea spp) and Keruing boundary; x Integration of PAs into various
Shukor (Dipterocarpus spp) are common and frequently x Development and physical plans;
Director, Protected Area occur in association with the tall, buttressed implementation of PA Master x Mandatory EIA for activities within
Division Tualang (Koompassia excelsa), the tallest tree in Plan; and adjacent to PAs;
Wildlife Department SouthEast Asia. Cultivated fruit trees include wild x Identification of biomes; x Capacity development for
Peninsular Malaysia durian (Durio spp), petai (Parkia spp), terap x Establishment of new PAs; planning, establishment and
(Artocarpus spp.), langsat (Lancium spp.), rambai x Development of National management of PAs;
(Baccaurea spp.), rambutan (Nephelium spp.), x Physical Plan - mandating the x Development of multidisciplinary
macang (Mangifera spp.), mangosteen (Garcinia integration of protected areas approach in PA management;
spp.),putat (Baccaurea grifithi), ara (Ficus spp.), and into landscapes and seascapes x Integration of conservation into
jambu (Eugenia spp.). and sectoral interest. Communication, Education and
Public Awareness (CEPA) of the
Understorey trees and shrub: Euphorbiaceae, country; and
Rubiaceae, Annonaceae, with Memecylon spp., x Evaluation of effectiveness of PA
Helicia spp., Eugenia spp., Garcinia spp., and management.
Gironniera spp. being typical genera.
Epiphytes include pucuk paku (Athyrium
esculentum); birds nest fern (Asplenium nidus) and
staghorn fern (Platycerium coronarium).
Higher elevation species: oaks (Fagaceae spp.) and

some conifers (Dacrydium spp; Podocarpus spp.,
and Agathis spp.); the shrub layer: rattan and dwarf
palm species (Arega spp. and Licuala spp.).
Ericaceous species (Rhododendron and Vaccinium
spp.) predominate at the summit. Riparian species
include neram (Dipterocarpus oblingifolius),
mempening (Lithocarpus wallinchianus), and
berangan (Castanopsis spp.).
13
14
Malaysia (Sabah) Gunung Mulu National Park: x Forestry Department, x PA policies and programs in x Protection - lack of public
(World Heritage Site) State of Sarawak place; awareness and large areas of PAs;
By: Mr. Paul Basintal Flora x Participation to international x Lack of expertise of staff in PA
Assistant Director, x One of the richest sites in the world for palms PA network; management;
PROCEEDINGS
Sabah Parks 111 species x Collaboration with PA across x Conflict of interest in the
x 1700 species of liverworts/mosses state /national border; development of PAs; and
x 442 species of spore producing plants x Financing of management
x 4000 species of fungi activities
x Fauna
x 81 mammals, 270 birds, 83 reptiles, 76
amphibians, 50 fish, estimated 20,000
invertebrates
x 28 species of bats 3 million colony
x 200 cave fauna / 41 endangered
x 40 snakes
x 27 lizards
Myanmar Six AHPs: Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park; x Forestry Department x Policies and programs are in x Rural population heavily depends
Khakaborazi National Park; Lampi Marine National place; and on forests and forest products;
By: U Htun Paw Oo Park; Indawgyi Wildlife Sanctuary; Inle Wildlife x Participation to international x PA are located in remote areas;
Director Sanctuary; and Meinmahla Kyun Wildlife Sanctuary protected area network. shortage of qualified staff;
Nature & Wildlife Wildlife: x Mechanism for collaboration
Conservation Division, 11,800 Species of vascular plants of among law enforcement agencies
Forest Department, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms; and the Forestry Department; and
Ministry of Forestry 251 Mammal species x Land use conflict in the absence
1,027 Bird species of clear land use policy.
Reptiles
153 Snake species
87 Lizard species
36 Turtle and Tortoise species
2 Crocodile species
Amphibians
79 Frog species
2 Caecilians
1 Salamander
310 Fresh water fish species
465 Marine water fish species
841 Medicinal plant species
90 Bamboo species
Endemic species: Star Tortoise; Leaf Deer; White-
browed Nuthatch; Golden Deer
Philippines Mt. Apo Natural Park x Department of x Policy and laws on PA x Conflicting land uses mining
By: Ms. Norma M. x Habitat types are lowland forests: grasslands, Environment and Natural management and conservation and timber production over
Molinyawe mossy forests, and lakes; Resources are in place; biodiversity conservation areas;
Supervising Ecosystems x 126 recorded spcies of flora; x Species records constantly x Sustainable financing; and
Management Specialist/ x 272 spp. of birds, 40% are endemic to Mt. updated and used as basis in x Human population growth and
Chief, Protected Areas Apo; program formulation; limited economic opportunities
Management Division, x 53 spp of mammals; x Participation of international outside PA bear pressure on its
Protected Areas and x 17 spp of amphibians; and conservation institutions in resources.
Wildlife Bureau- x 36 spp of reptiles; developing and implementing
Department of Note: Rated as Extremely High Urgent for conservation programs;
Environment and Natural biodiversity conservation x Participation of stake holders
Resources in PA management through
Mts. Iglit-Baco National Park the Protected Areas
x Habitat types: grassland & Management Board (PAMB);
x evergreen forest x Financing for PA activities
x The most important fauna is the tamaraw assured through the
(Bubalous mindorensis) Integrated Protected Area
Fund (IPAF), albeit limited.
Singapore Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve x National Parks Board x Policies, programs in place; x Limited site and habitat (only
By: Ms. Ng Sock Ling Key Habitat types: Mangroves and mudflats; x Collaboration with corporate mangrove ); and
Assistant Director Brackish Water and Freshwater Ponds funding sources; and x Proximity to farms.
Sungei Buloh Wetland Important Flora: Mangroves x Well-trained and dedicated
Reserve Important Fauna: Migratory Shorebirds; Resident staff.
Birds; Mammals, Reptiles, Fish
Thailand Khao Yai National Park x National Parks, Wildlife x Policies and programs for x People living inside national
By: Dr. Songtam -Thailands oldest national park and Plant Conservation conservation and management parks;
Sukwasang -Nominated as a World Heritage Site Department, Ministry of are in place; x Effective control of tourist influx;
Director of National Parks - Fauna: Forestry x Integration of protected areas x Inadequate community
Research Division, 71 species of mammals into broader landscapes and participation in parks
Department of National 38 reptile species seascapes sectors so as to management;
Park, Wildlife and Plant 23 amphibian species maintain ecological structures x Unclear PA boundaries leads to
Conservation >318 bird species and functions; conflicts with local communities;
>215 insect species
15
16
Thailand Tarutao National Park x Establishment and x Inadequate staff;
Fauna: >100 Bird species; langur, macaque; maintenance transboundary x Weak public relations of PA staff
Mousedeer; wild pig; fish sea turtle; protected areas and and lack of awareness of local
coral collaboration with neighboring people; and
PROCEEDINGS
protected areas across x Conflicts of land uses operpay.
Kaeng Krachan Forest Complex national boundaries;
x Established in 1981 as the 28th National Park in x Providing international
Thailand. assistance to neighboring
x The largest national park in Thailand, with countries in capacity
2,914.70 square kilometers of forest in the development; and
watersheds of the Phetchaburi and Pranburi x Tourism receipts as source of
rivers. funds.
x Some of the valuable trees of Kaeng Krachan
include makhamong (Afzelia), takhian (Hopea),
chanthana (Tarena), yang (Dipterocarpus),
taback (Lagerstroemia), pradu (Pterocarpus),
and kritsana (Aquilaria).
x Like the plant community, the animals of Kaeng
Krachan represent both Asiatic and Malaysian
species. Over 400 bird species and 57 mammal
species are known to occur within the Parks
boundaries. Larger mammals include elephant,
gaur, sambar deer, banteng, serow, and bear,
Indo-Chinese tiger, both common and Feas
muntjac. Malayan tapir, white-handed gibbon,
dusky and banded langurs, Asian wild dog,
otter, and wild boar. Among the birds recorded
in the park are six species of hornbills, red
junglefowl, both Kalij pheasant and grey
peacock-pheasant, woolly-necked stork, and
black eagle. The ratchet-tailed treepie, first seen
here by members of the Bangkok Bird Club (Bird
Conservation Society of Thailand) in 1991, has
not been recorded anywhere else in Thailand.
Mu Ko Surin National Park:
Fauna: 23 mammal species; 94 bird species;
9 Reptile species; 126 Marine fauna; 5 Bird
species and 2 Reptile species are
endangered
Mu Ko Similan National Park:

Fauna: 27 mammal species; 66 bird species;
and 110 marine species
Ao Phang Nga National Park:

- the largest mangrove forest in Thailand
- Fauna: 14 mammal species; 120 bird
species; 18 reptile species; 4 amphibian
species; and 70 marine species
Viet Nam Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park x Forest Planning x Policies and programs for the x Ecological systems are seriously
By: Dr. Tran Ngoc Cuong Kon Ka Kinh National Park Department, Ministry of management and conservation affected with degradation in
Deputy Director of Nature Hoang Lien Sa Pa National Park Agriculture and Rural of PAs are in place; species and genetic resources;
Conservation Division of Ba Be National Park Development x International funding x Planning and management in
VEPA, institutions provide assistance wetland areas lacking;
Viet Nam Environment Biodiversity significance: in the conservation and x Marine biodiversity seriously
Protection Agency (VEPA Vietnam is ranked 16/25 in the world management of PAs; and threatened;
x Forest - 37% x People Provincial Committees x Trade in wild animals and plants
x Wetlands 30 types have direct responsibilities in widespread;
x Marine 20 typical models coordinating with national line x Invasive species are on the rise;
Diversity of native species agencies in the integration of and
Flora: 11.458 species, Fauna: 21.017 species, biodiversity programs and x Access and benefit sharing to
micro-organism: 3.000 species). activities at the local genetic resources and local
Genetic resource diversification domestication community level. knowledge have yet to receive due
(one of 12 origin places of plant seeds and an attention.
animal domestication centre in the world)
17
Gap Analysis Workshop Results: • Promote cooperation and collaboration among
National and Regional Action Points AMS in PA management
Ma. Consuelo Garcia National Action Points

Director, Biodiversity Information Management of the ASEAN Member States
ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity
Laguna, Philippines 1. Brunei Darussalam
With regard to representation and ecological
The Workshop was organized in collaboration gaps, the Forestry Department feels that there is no
with the National Parks Board of Singapore, UNEP- urgent need to conduct a gap analysis. In terms of
WCMC and Birdlife International, and held in management gaps however, the Forestry Department
Singapore from 11 to 13 April 2006. UNEP-WCMC needs to:
provided the maps and documents that were used • Be assisted in capacity building, basically on
in the workshop. how to conduct gap analysis for PAs.
The Workshop reviewed and analyzed the existing • Strengthen government to government
information on ecosystems, habitat and species in the cooperation for information sharing and
region; coverage of protected areas; and conservation identify whether there are any new gaps that
priorities, and identified representation gaps of the require urgent establishment of new PAs.
Region with limited consideration to two other gaps: • Establish cooperation and collaboration
ecological gaps and management gaps. with local research agencies in the country,
The first part of the presentation dealt on the CBD in particular University Brunei Darussalam
Programme of Work (PoW) on PA timeline followed by to gather information relevant to PA
the guiding principles for gap analysis and the key steps. management.
The three types of gaps discussed were: representation; • Strengthen human resource capacity in the
ecological; and management. The recommended areas of research, and GIS.
action points made at the national level highlighted • Explore the possibility of transboundary
the presentation. Gaps in terms of resources that were conservation cooperation in line with the
given to each AHP were raised during the discussion. It “Heart of Borneo – three countries-one
was suggested that ACB should rank how much funds conservation vision” initiative.
are allocated by governments for the management of
AHPs and that the key biodiversity areas in the gap 2. Cambodia
analysis should be integrated. Action points (support needed are in brackets)
The regional and national action points presented that need to be addressed from 2007-2010 by the
during the workshop are shown below. Department of Nature Conservation and Protection
and the Ministry of Environment are:
Proposed Regional Action Points • Build capacity on PA management and
• Promote economic and social benefits of PAs monitoring (national and international
to wider communities in the ASEAN region. experts, financial support).
• Share PA data at the regional level and • Enhance public awareness on the importance
optimize benefits to data sources (and build of the PA system (national and international
their capacities). experts, financial support).
• Ensure adequate representation of all major • Establish multi-sectoral mechanism for
ecological units in the PA system by conducting PA management (government’s will and
regular regional gap analysis. commitment, finance).
• Escalate the value of AHPs and promote the • Promote stakeholder participation in PA
importance of PAs for ecotourism. management through livelihood improvement
• Build capacity for PA management through programs (national experts, educational
continued adoption of the ASEAN Competence materials, finance).
Standards, technical exchanges and other • Establish a financial mechanism (human
mechanisms. resources and external support).
• Establish sustainable financial mechanisms to • Conduct research and identify new sites for
support PA management in ASEAN Member PAs (sufficient data/information, human
States (AMS). resources, finance).
18 PROCEEDINGS
3. Indonesia within PAs.
• Improve the management skills and capacity • Update/manage biodiversity information
of PA personnel. within PAs.
• Establish communication, networking and • Strengthen the Philippine Clearing House
collaborationamong different agencies and Mechanism.
other stakeholders in PA management. • Conduct assessments/scientific studies to
• Fill the representation gaps in the eastern determine populations of threatened wildlife
part of Indonesia, particularly Sulawesi and species, status of habitats, and socio-economic
Maluku. data.
• Identify Key Biodiversity Areas in other islands • Develop indicators for monitoring biodiversity
of Indonesia (besides Sumatra). to address the 2010 targets.
• Develop national park models to find best • Enhance existing Biodiversity Monitoring
practices for the effective management of System to respond to the ground condition
PAs. especially in monitoring habitat
changes.
4. Lao Peoples Democratic Republic • Update existing management plans and
• Promote economic and social benefits of PAs preparation of plans for other Key Biodiversity
to wider communities; review of PAs Areas (KBAs).
• Improve institutional arrangements. • Provide legal status for the identified
• Draft PA management master plan. KBAs to determine the extent of their
• Enhance PA management skills of PA staff. boundaries and corresponding management
• Strengthen transboundary PA management. strategies.
• Promote/implement co-management scheme
5. Malaysia to protect and manage identified KBAs, e.g.
• Evaluate and revisit (in Sabah and Sarawak) partnership with Local Government Units
representation and ecological gaps in (LGUs), private sectors, NGOs.
Malaysia’s PAs (incorporating existing and • Strong advocacy to both Congress and Senate
new information, e.g. KBAs, IBAs etc.). to promote PA management and biodiversity
• Evaluate and revisit management gaps of conservation.
existing PA in Sabah and Sarawak.
• Update existing information and assign current 7. Singapore
status on the IUCN PA management categories • Upgrade database management system.
(Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia). • Direct more applied research at management
• Promote and/or enhance efforts on trans- questions.
boundary PAs. • Conduct analysis of PA area information.
• One country > three systems (need for better • Enhance monitoring programmes
communication – initiate a regular platform,
e.g. forum/national workshop, PA authorities 8. Thailand
in Malaysia to meet, discuss and share • Set specified objectives for PAs, i.e. percentage
information/knowledge and experiences to of each ecosystem to be protected (terrestrial
improve our PA work. and marine ecosystems) according to the
Trisurat (2007) gap analysis.
6. Philippines • Revise PA system.
• Enhance the capability of PA staff, PA • Set PA policy at national and departmental
Management Board (PAMB) and major levels.
stakeholders in biodiversity conservation and • Include governance and people participation
PA management. in relevant PA legislation.
• Introduce an innovative sustainable financing • Enhance capability of regional offices in PA
mechanism to manage PAs; management.
• Streamline the processes/procedure for easy • Address gap analysis in all levels of management
access to the Integrated Protected Areas (site, regional, departmental, national).
Fund. • Set up mechanism for 30 per cent PA coverage
• Conduct valuation studies on the resource uses with relevant agencies.
9. Vietnam The ASEAN Guidelines on Competence
• Build capacity in biodiversity conservation, Standards for PA Jobs: A Tool for
research, management and development. Developing Capacity Building Programmes
• Regularly monitor and evaluate the status and for AHP Staff
activities in PAs.
• Promote better living conditions and awareness Monina T. Uriarte
of local people within and outside PAs. Capacity Development Specialist
• Solve the conflict in different management levels ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity
among central and local authorities and PAs. Laguna, Philippines
• Improve the links among PAs by sharing
knowledge, information, experience and even The ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity
human resources. Conservation (ARCBC), the predecessor of the ASEAN
The full report is in Annex A4. Centre for Biodiversity (ACB), developed the ASEAN
Guidelines on Competence Standards for Protected
Report on the Capacity Building Series 2: Area (PA) Jobs. Figure 2 describes the step-by-step
Management Effectiveness Assessment development of the PA Job Standards.
Paul Basintal
Assistant Director, Sabah Parks
Sabah, Malaysia
The report on Management Effectiveness

Assessment (MEA) included a brief introduction
on the rationale and objectives of the workshop
conducted and a discussion on the concept and
basic principles and operations of MEA. The MEA
aims to help the managers to effectivelt manage and
allocate resources better by promoting accountability
and transparency. The involvement of the local
community was also seen as a very important factor
to help build consituency and promote PA values.
Management Effectiveness Evaluation as defined
in the WCPA Guidelines (2006) is “....the assessment
of how well a protected area is being managed
– primarily the extent to which it is protecting
values and achieving goals and objectives.” The
evaluation considers design issues; the adequacy
and appropriateness of management systems and
processes; and the delivery of PA objectives including
conservation of values.
The Workshop on Management Effectiveness
Assessment (MEA) of Protected Areas was held from
21 to 23 March 2007 at Khao Yai National Park,
Thailand. A total of 46 participants from nine ASEAN
member countries and from Australia attended the
workshop that was jointly organised by the ACB, the
Birdlife International, the IUCN-WCPA-SEA and
WWF International. Figure 2. Process for Developing Occupational
The full report is in Annex A5. Standards for Protected Areas in the ASEAN
20 PROCEEDINGS
The ASEAN Guidelines are recommendations Sabah and Its Protected Areas
for the skills and knowledge ideally required for 24 and Introduction to the Field Trips
key PA jobs, divided into 17 technical categories and
five levels. The standards is a non-prescriptive tool Jamili Nais
to assist PA management authorities, training and Assistant Director, Sabah Parks
educational organizations and conservation projects Sabah, Malaysia
to improve human resources development staff
performance and training. The participants were briefed and informed about
Among the issues and concerns raised after several aspects of Sabah and its protected areas.
the presentation were the capacity building for the The five major issues faced by Sabah Parks are:
different levels to include indigenous peoples and establishment; governance, participation; equity and
other stakeholders in the programme and the need for benefit sharing; and sustainability.
translation to local languages. The participants also Kinabalu National Park is one of the four protected
agreed that there is a need to determine the actual areas under the jurisdiction of Sabah Parks. The other
use and impact of the competency standards in the national parks are Crocker Range, Tungku Abdul
field. There was also a suggestion to identify AHPs Rahman and Tawau Hills.
that will serve as models or learning laboratories for Kinabalu National Park, which is considered the
other AHPs or PAs. beacon of biodiversity in Malaysia, is located about 92
The full report is in Annex A6. km from Kota Kinabalu, and lies at the northern end
of Crocker Range. The National Park has an area of
ACB’s Biodiversity Information 753.7 sq km, and its main feature is Mount Kinabalu,
Management: Moving Information the highest peak in Malaysia at 4,085 meters high.
Forward in 2007 In 1964, Kinabalu was established as a National
Park in recognition of its grandeur, geographical
Ma. Consuelo D. Garcia and geological significance, and wealth of flora and
Director, Biodiversity Information Management fauna. Today, management and research is directed
ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity at conserving this magnificent mountain and its
Laguna, Philippines remarkable biodiversity.
Crocker Range was established as a National
The current databases of ACB and the proposed Park in 1984. It is Malaysia’s largest park, covering
design of databases /information management 1,399 sq km of forest-covered mountain range that
and data sharing were discussed. The results stretches in a south westerly direction from Gunung
of the Needs Assessment Survey conducted by Kinabalu towards the Sabah-Sarawk border. It
ACB for data management for ASEAN were also separates the coastal plains from the remainder of
discussed. the state. Frequently shrouded in rain clouds, the
After the report, the participants felt the need to peak rises to between 1200 to 1800 meters above
include information on indigenous peoples, policies, sea level.
programmes and the CBD in the ACB dataset. There Tunku Abdul Rahman Park, popularly known for
was also a concern to incorporate competence its historic islands, is a state park located in Gaya
standards in the information set of ACB and the Bay, three kilometers offshore from Kota Kinabalu.
threats to biodiversity such as encroachment and Named after Malaysia’s first Prime Minister, Tunku
land use conflicts. Abdul Rahman was gazetted in 1974 as Sabah’s second
It was suggested that ACB should make available National Park. The Park covers an area of about 50
satellite maps in the dataset and include NGOs amd sq km that includes five islands. Geologically, the
other stakeholders in ACB’s training programme for islands are part of the Crocker Range but became
database management. isolated from the mass, when sea levels rose after
The full report is in Annex A7. the last ice age.
The names of the islands are symbolic of their history number of MPAs in the region, only 10% of all MPAs
and early discoverers: Pulau Gaya (big), Manukan (fish), are effectively managed; 88% coral reefs are under
Mamutic (for shell collection), Sapi (the sound of a threat, 8% of the coral reefs are within MPAs and only
mowing buffalo), and Sulug (commemorating the ancestry 1% within MPAs are effectively managed.
of the Sulu peoples of Sabah). The MPAs that are of special significance are: (a)
The full report is in Annex A8. World Heritage Sites (WHS) (4 MPAs); (b) ASEAN
Heritage Sites (6 MPAs); and (c) Biosphere Reserves
Scaling up: Protecting the Global Centre of (6 MPAs). The priority areas of Outstanding Universal
Marine Biodiversity in the Coral Triangle Value and for WHS consideration are as follows: (1)
the Spratly Islands; (2) Cagayan Ridge; (3) North
Safira Warili Djohani Borneo/Balabal/Turtle Islands; (4) Samporna/Tawi
Country Director, The Nature Conservancy tawi; (5) Berau Islands; (6 ) Rajah Ampat; (7) Banda
Bali, Indonesia and Lucipara. Figure 3 shows the priority MPAs of
outstanding universal value.
Coral reefs cover a mere 0.2% of the ocean floor, yet The identified gaps are as follows: management
support an estimated 25% of all marine life. The global effectiveness (and transboundary management;
asset value of coral reefs has been estimated at nearly representation (effective connectivity network);
US$800 billion over a 50-year timeframe. More than prioritization and identification of sites of global/
500 million people depend on reef resources, and one regional significance (to preserve biodiversity); and
billion people worldwide are direct beneficiaries of coral coordination (share information, combine resources
reef goods and services. and capacity building).
The Coral Triangle is the global centre of marine A synergy between ongoing and past initiatives
biodiversity and one of the world’s top priorities for to optimize resources should be developed thru the
marine conservation. Spanning eastern Indonesia, following process: formulate policy and regional
parts of Malaysia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, guidelines to draw from larger platform activities;
Timor Leste and the Solomon Islands, the Coral identify gaps for future focus; enhance capacity for
Triangle covers an area of 2.3 million square miles management; and rationalize MPA protection to
(5.7 million km2), the equivalent to half of the entire facilitate poverty alleviation.
United States. It is home to over 600 reef-building The full report is in Annex A10.
coral species, or 75% of all species known to science,
and more than 3,000 species of reef fishes. Integrating Fisheries and Habitat
Over 150 million people live within the Coral Management in the UNEP/GEF Habitat
Triangle, of which an estimated 2.25 million fishers are Demonstration Sites
dependent on marine resources for their livelihoods.
The Nature Conservancy is working with a range of Vo Si Tuan
partners to protect the coastal and marine ecosystems Senior Expert, UNEP/GEF South China Sea Project
of this vast area by addressing key threats, such as over- Coordinating Unit
fishing, destructive fishing, and mass coral bleaching. Bangkok, Thailand
The Nature Conservancy’s Coral Triangle Center in
Bali, Indonesia works in the following sites: Komodo, Dr. Vo Si Tuan reported that the South China
Raja Ampat, Wakatobi, and Derawan. Sea Project was participated in by 14 government
The full report is in Annex A9. agencies, 16 universities and research institutes and
one NGO as Executing Agency, from 7 countries:
Status of Marine Protected Areas Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
in Southeast Asia Thailand and Viet Nam.
The demonstration sites were in four major
Loke Ming Chou ecosystems/habitat types: (a) mangrove sites; (b)
Professor, Department of Biological Sciences coral reef sites; (c) sea grass sites; and (d) wetland
National University of Singapore areas sites. These sites act as: (1) implementers and
Singapore experimenters of new management models and
methods; (2) producers of knowledge, experiences
The status of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) in and good practices; and (3) node of regional learning
Southeast Asia (SEA) was discussed. Out of the total network for South China Sea.
22 PROCEEDINGS
Figure 3. Priority Marine Protected Areas of Outstanding Values
One of the common strategies devised so far is the the Sulu Sulawesi Seascape (SSS). The components
Fisheries Refugia Approach. Under this approach, of the SSS Program are the Marine Conservation
fisheries and habitat management are integrated Corridors (Verde Passage; Cagayan Ridge), and the
into a spatially and geographically defined coastal or Balabac Strait Tri-National Marine Turtle Project.
marine area in which specific management measures The program uses the following strategies:
are applied to sustain important species (fisheries 1) Gather biophysical, socio-economic and
resources) during the critical stages of their life cycle institutional information that will serve as
for their sustainable use. foundation for rectifying existing MPA, and
The full report is in Annex A11. establishing new MPA and networks in the
corridor;
Sulu-Sulawesi Seascape: Securing 2) Improve management effectiveness in existing
Globally Important Marine Ecosystems MPAs;
3) Determine necessary levels to support
Sheila G. Vergara enforcement: fisheries, oil and gas and
Senior Marine Biodiversity Specialist ecotourism laws and regulations;
Conservation International 4) Develop sustainable support mechanisms for
Quezon City, Philippines MPA; and
5) Improve stakeholders’ awareness of the
As reported by Dr. Vergara, the Sulu-Sulawesi economic and ecological importance of MPA
Program is one of three programmess in the Region: and MPA networks
Asia: Eastern Tropical Pacific, Papuan Birds Head and The full report is in Annex A12.
SYNTHESIS OF
PARALLEL SESSIONS
P resentations in the parallel sessions provided

a venue for the discussion of various concerns
relevant to the AHP Program, Durban Accord and
The SBWR has projects for all kinds of stakeholders
who share the same interest in educating the youth
to help in the development of a sustainable natural
the CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas. environment. Individual volunteers can contribute
These enabled the participants to actively discuss and by lending their skills and time in activities such as
interact on various topics that are of common interest, bird census, field surveys, photography, guiding,
resulting in regional action points. and painting. Projects with schools include mural
The regional action points became the basis for the paintings, student guide-led tours, fundraising and
formulation of the Regional Action Plan for ASEAN clean-up projects. Government agencies provide
Heritage Parks and Other Protected Areas that was assistance by participating in World Environment
subsequently adopted by the Conference. Day celebrations. Funding and other activities have
also been undertaken with corporate partners such
1. Communication and Community as the HSBC and Toyota, as well as NGOs such as
Relations in Protected Area Management the Nature Society of Singapore.
Chair: Chumpon Sukaseam 1.2 ASEAN Heritage Parks: The Best

Director, National Parks Office Practices and Lessons in Protected Area
Department of National Parks, Management
Wildlife and Plants
Bangkok, Thailand Ratana Lukanawarakul
Senior Officer, National Parks Wildlife and
Co-Chair: Anabelle E. Plantilla Plant Conservation Department
Executive Director, Haribon Foundation Thailand
Quezon City, Philippines
Communication and community relations
1.1 Communication and Community strategies in Thailand focus on enforcement,
Relations in Singapore’s Sungei Buloh strengthening community relations and services. In
Wetland Reserve the ASEAN region, law enforcement is particularly
significant since encroachment on PAs and wildlife
James Gan poaching are major concerns. To combat these
Senior Conservation Officer, concerns, PA boundaries have been clearly demarcated
Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve and task forces have been properly trained and
National Parks Board equipped to patrol these areas. Special use zones have
Cresent, Singapore been identified for the use of the local communities.
Some of the activities that have been undertaken to
Mangroves, freshwater marsh and grassland, strengthen community relations in Thailand include
and lowland forest characterize the Sungei Buloh outreach programs, discussions between local people,
Wetland Reserve (SBWR). The reserve engages the non-government agency and PA staff, and workshops
community in nature conservation by providing on nature conservation and art training for the youth
information, encouraging action, supporting and children and on PA management. Surveys
community participation, and strengthening conducted in local communities show that poverty
environmental stewardship. Programmes include and lack of livelihoods are major concerns among
guided walks, bird watching, mangrove planting residents, who are traditionally engaged in poultry
activities, prawn harvesting demonstrations, arts farming, mushroom culture, fish and crab culture
and crafts, as well as an Adopt-A-Park Program. and vegetable gardening.
24 PROCEEDINGS
1.3 Communication and Community Conservation of Kaeng Krachan National Park 2005-
in Kaeng Krachan National Park 2008. This strategy aimed to establish data for key
wildlife species, reduce key threats and develop an
Kritsana Kaewplang effective management plan for the Park.
Director, Bird Conservation A survey was conducted among villagers of
Society of Thailand communities adjacent to the Kaeng Krachan NP
Thailand to address issues on PA management. Some of the
issues identified include the lack of communication
Kaeng Krachan is Thailand’s largest national park, between the local community and park staff,
encompassing 2,900 sq. km. The Park is patrolled by lack of community participation in management,
400 rangers who also man 33 ranger stations. Aside unclear park boundaries, and limited manpower.
from being an Important Bird Area, it is also a Tiger Recommendations to address these and other
Conservation Landscape. The Park is home to many concerns include strengthening capabilities of
globally threatened species such as the gaur, stump- park staff, involving the local community in park
tailed macaque, Asian elephant, banteng, Asian wild management, establishing an awareness and
dog, Malayan tapir, Asiatic black bear and serow. education program and facilitating a sustainable
Threats to the Park and the wildlife such as poaching, livelihood management project.
land encroachment and human-elephant conflict are Table 4 shows the Regional Action Points for the
addressed through a Wildlife-based Strategy for the session.
Table 4. Regional Action Points: Communication and Community Relations in PA Management
Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations

I. Land use conflict • Encourage co- • Goal: Strengthen • Provide diagnosis and assessment
management (micro communication, of situation.
and macro) of PAs. education and public • Identify benchmarks of a model PA.
• Develop care and awareness. • Identify change interventions
interest volunteers. • Target: Public awareness, for awareness, appreciation
• Maintain focus on and motivation for sustainable
understanding and
communication communications and community
objectives. appreciation of the
importance and benefits relations for one model PA for each
• Reach out to country (including the development
communities of protected areas are
significantly increased. of a communication plan that
using appropriate
reflects the perception of target
communication
channels. sectors such as IPs, youth, within
• Integrate livelihood the short term).
development to relieve • Adopt the Singaporean CEPA model
pressures on the PA. (Sungei Buloh).
• Create community • Formulate measures to facilitate
fund to support the formulation of consistent
conservation-related thrusts between national and local
activities of local governments.
communities. • Sabah Environmental Education
• Recognize traditional Network.
practices and culture. • Conduct Teachers’ training.
• Promote • Environmental Action Committee
environmental values – NGOs are members; supported by
formation at a young the Ministry.
age. • Environmental School competitions
– started since 2003 in Sabah,
Sarawak last year; West Malaysia to
do it soon.
• Cleanest district competition
(federal and state levels).
• Sarawak: press releases of
interventions and activities.
• Singapore: Sungei Buloh awareness
campaign activities for the youth.
• Volunteer program.
2. Land Use and Conflict Management in Samar people have a tragic history of environmental
Protected Areas disasters, including a massive flood in 1989 that
caused the deaths of thousands and destroyed crops
Chair: Victor Ramos and properties. People now also have to contend with
Former Secretary, Department of massive degradation brought about by the abandoned
Environment and Natural Resources, mine site in Bagacay. As a result, residents have shown
Philippines a strong opposition to mining and logging activities.
The Government has then made pronouncements
Co-Chair: Puspa Dewi Liman for a temporary suspension of logging operations
Indonesia and ordinances have been passed to ban mining and
logging activities in Samar Island. The Protected
2.1 Land Use Conflict Management in Samar Area Management Board of SINP also adopted the
Island Natural Park, Philippines Management Plan for SINP upholding protection
of the existing biodiversity and forest resources of
Clarissa C. Arida the Island. Continued dialogue both at the national
Programme Manager-Environment and local levels must be pursued immediately to
United Nations Development Programme- engage all sectors, government, civil society, private
Philippines sector, legislators and the communities to ensure a
sustainable development path for Samar Island and
The Samar Island Natural Park (SINP), which was its people.
declared a protected area in August 2003 through
Executive Proclamation 442, covers 360,000 hectares 2.2 Land Use and Natural Resources
of natural forest including 120,000 hectares of old- Conflict: The Case of Suku Kulawi,
growth forest. This old-growth forest represents Marena, Central Sulawesi Provinsi
25% of the national total of remaining old-growth
forest and is the largest contiguous lowland tropical NxenLumba
rainforest in the Philippines. Samar Island is one AMAN
of the 200 ecoregions of the world characterized JI. Rawa Banbu/13/4
by high biodiversity and high rate of endemism. It Jakarta, Indonesia
has one of the biggest limestone formations in the
country and has vast networks of caves which include Suku Kulawi is located in three regencies
the Sohoton and Calbiga caves. Other outstanding and its culture is defined by relationships with
biophysical features include lush mangrove forests people, nature and their God. The prevailing
and 25 river systems. Samar Island is one of the ownership system recognizes both individual
18 Centers of Plant Diversity in the country, with a and communal ownership. Tensions arose when
total of 974 species of flowering plants (18% of the community rights to access and manage natural
Philippine total) including 12 trees listed in the World resources were restricted in 1982. Almost half of
List of Threatened Trees. It is one of nine Endemic the Adat Kulawi, Marena territory became part
Bird Areas and is included in the mammals priority of the Lore Lindu National Park (TNLL) in 1993.
conservation sites in the Philippines. Community members also cited the repressive
Samar Island also has the largest bauxite approach by TNLL officials, lack of information and
(alumina) mineral deposit in the region. There are communication, and illegal logging and harvesting
presently 40 bauxite mining applications in Samar of non-timber forest products by other villages.
Island. A large number of mining applications fall These have resulted in a loss of livelihood for the
within the core zones or the forest section of the SINP. local community, loss of control over Adat territory,
In December 2002, the Department of Environment as well as forest destruction and poverty. Attempts
and Natural Resources (DENR) approved two Mineral to address these issues have been undertaken and
Processing and Sharing Agreements falling within measures include the strengthening of the Adat
the old growth forest and buffer zone. Until 1989, institution, participatory mapping of Adat territory,
there were 15 logging concessions operating across enforcement of Adat law and court, as well as draft
the three provinces of the Island. Two of the logging consensus on natural resource management and
concessions had permits until 2007. utilization in Adat territory.
26 PROCEEDINGS
2.3 Traditional Land Use and Conflict and rangers in conjunction with local communities
Management in Protected Areas in in several areas such as: local cultures, potential
Virachey National Park, linkages between biodiversity conservation and
Kok Lak Commune indigenous resource management systems, forest
collection activities for local livelihoods; and other
Phouy Bun Nyok communication skills. Indigenous peoples’ rights to
Indigenous Internship, NTFP use and protect forest products that have been closely
P.O. Box 2509 associated to their culture for centuries should also
Phnom Penh, Cambodia be recognized.
The Virachey National Park in Cambodia was 2.4 Land Use and Conflict Management in
designated a PA in 1993 and covers 337,723 ha. Protected Areas in The Land of Papua:
Ethnic groups who live adjacent to the Park include a Lorentz National Park
high percentage of Kreung, Kavet, Brao, Loa and Lun,
and a small percentage of Tampuen, Kachok, ethnic Sangthong Southammakoth
Chinese, Khmer and Vietnamese groups. Land in the Department of Forestry
Park is generally used for village settlements, swidden Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
agriculture, forest gathering and hunting, wet-field Indonesia
rice agriculture and conservation. Traditionally, land
is passed on to generations and families often work Lorentz National Park, the largest protected area in
on four to five plots for shifting cultivation and one to Southeast Asia, is home to 1,200 of 20,000 species of
two hectares for rice. The nearby Kok Lak Commune, plants, 118 species of mammals, 403 species of birds,
which consists of around 2,000 people in four villages, and 48 species of reptiles and amphibians. More than
has been encouraged by the government over the past six tribes live within the vicinity of the Park. Conflicts
several years to move down to lowland areas. Their between community members and Park management
food security situation has been precarious, and many stem from mining activities; illegal hunting, fishing
families have returned to upland swidden farming. and logging; tourism activities; road construction;
This has resulted in tension between the Park and harvesting of non-timber forest products; and land
the local Kavet communities over the use of the Park’s rights/tenure. Conflict resolution can be facilitated
local resources. To resolve these issues, discussions by strengthening local institutions, supporting formal
are now ongoing between the communities, Park policies, identifying needs of stakeholders, developing
staff and the Ministry of Environment to establish a mediator or conflict resolution team, initiating
five Community Protected Areas (CPAs) within VNP reconciliation in the level of customary people around
with support from the Biodiversity Protected Area Lorentz National Park, developing a management
Management Project/World Bank. Some tourism plan using the multi-stakeholder approach, and
benefit sharing activities have also begun. There are increasing management effectiveness.
also recommendations to provide comprehensive Table 5 shows the Regional Action Points for this
training for national and provincial PA system staff session.
Table 5. Regional Action Points: Land Use and Conflict Management in Protected Areas
I. Some protected .• State policies • Effective mechanisms • Arrange cross-visits for start-up
areas were declared are generators of for identifying and/or PAs to more mature parks. Such
without much regard conflicts. Being mitigating the negative visits will open the eyes of PA
for the communities sectoral, most laws impacts of key threats; management to more options in
living in those are often in conflict • Participation of solving the usual land use conflicts.
areas, causing land with each other. Local • Provide a facility or “clearing house”
indigenous and local
use conflicts. institutions are needed on the Internet for the free exchange
to synchronize these communities;
• Appropriate policies of information on cases of land use
conflicting laws on the conflicts.
ground. • Provision of supportive
enabling environment; • Provide training on basic skills in
conflict resolution to PA managers
and members of the management
board.
• Public awareness, • Advocate for the recognition of
understanding and customary rights and practices.
appreciation; and • Provide funds for the inventory
• Development and of biodiversity in every PA; Make
adoption of standards, sure that the information is used to
criteria and best attract public support and develop
practices. sustainable funding. Also, these are
useful tools to counter proposals for
mining, logging and other negative
impacts inside the parks.
• Develop a system of career service
for park managers in countries
where their roles are not yet
appreciated; provide scholarships
for further studies, e.g. a
masters program on biodiversity
management, to develop a corps of
qualified managers in the region.
• Encourage transboundary
cooperation and joint action
programs through regular contacts
among PA managers in the ASEAN.
II. Some protected • Conflicts among • Frameworks for

areas are so stakeholders monitoring, evaluating
unwieldy in size could have been and reporting; and
and beset not avoided if the CBD’s • Review and revision of
only with land recommendation policies.
use conflicts but on the “ecosystem
also insurgency approach” was used in
issues – problems establishing protected
beyond the areas.
capacities of PA
managers to solve;
limited resources
alloAcated for
them
III. Land use conflicts • Recognition of • Review and revision of

are prevalent customary laws policies.
among protected and land rights,
areas. Problems poverty reduction,
range from simple empowerment of
encroachments communities and
to more complex their involvement in
conflicts of park management are
interests between necessary requisites
the economic to solving conflicts
elite and the local
people.
IV. If not addressed • A management plan • Review and revision of

sooner, the covering multiple uses policies.
conflicts may in protected areas is
cause unnecessary needed to prevent
and preventable conflicts of interests
damage to among stakeholders.
biodiversity and
lost opportunities
to get the support
and participation of
local communities.
28 PROCEEDINGS
V. PA managers • Land use conflicts • Review and revision of
admit their have better chances policies.
limitations in of being resolved
resolving land if locally specific
use conflicts, solutions are actively
requiring explored and done
more support on the grassroots
from a level rather than from
management above.
board. Ensure that
all stakeholders
are included in
the board.
VI. State policies • Ecotourism, while

are slow in encouraged, must
recognizing be kept within the
the customary carrying capacity of
land rights of park facilities.
indigenous people
living inside the
parks, thus losing
not only their
support but also
their endemic
knowledge on
biodiversity
conservation
VII. Problems • Research on

of pollution biodiversity and
and poaching their dollar valuation
were observed are potent tools in
in popular convincing authorities
ecotourism spots. to give priority to
conservation instead
of utilizing forest and
mineral resources
inside the parks.
VIII. No mechanisms • PA managers need

for conflict to develop support
resolution are in from NGOs and other
place in some credible facilitators
protected areas, in mediating land use
allowing problems conflicts.
to fester.
IX. In some cases,

protected areas
have to report to
more than one
agency. Lack of
cooperation and
collaboration
among such
agencies add to
the problems.
3. Information Sharing and Knowledge The PALNet is an interactive, web-based knowledge
Management on Protected Areas management tool for park managers and other
stakeholders. It is a premier learning site for protected
Chair: Ma. Consuelo D. Garcia areas (PAs) and provides the right knowledge to the
Director, Biodiversity Information right people at the right time. This is a user-driven tool
Management for the exchange of information and of experience that
ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity serves as a professional networking tool supporting
Laguna, Philippines a community of practice, and functions as a gateway
to the wealth of other sources of information and
Co-Chair: Peter Shadie knowledge on PAs. The PALNet was developed through
Coordinator, Regional Protected the Ecosystems PAs and People (EPP) Project and
Areas Programme, Asia, was launched in 2003. It is integrated with the IUCN
IUCN-Thailand Knowledge Management Strategy and has links to the
Bangkok, Thailand Species Information System, Ecolex (environmental
law) and the World Database on PAs. PALNet
3.1. World Database on Protected Areas features include existing databases on ‘Documents’,
‘Experts’ and ‘Projects’; search by keyword; browse
Calvin Loh by region, theme, biome; and knowledge extraction.
WDPA / Malaysian Nature Society Users can also upload information once registered
Kuala Limpur, Malaysia with a login. The system is undergoing improvements
to allow posting of broader content, tighten user
The WDPA was established in 1981 in partnership controls, extract background on login users, enhance
with the IUCN. It is the only comprehensive inventory personalized pages, provide wider administrative
of the globe’s protected areas. Since 2002, it provided access, and enable interface with the WDPA.
regular statistical and analytical information for Table 6 shows the Regional Action Points for the
the Millennium Development Goal, Millennium session.
Ecosystems Assessment and the CBD processes. The
data comes through the following: UN List processes; 4. Gap Analysis for Marine Protected Areas
targeted requests for country data; convention in Southeast Asia
secretariat and advisory bodies for international
PAs, including World Heritage Sites and Man and the Chair: Rili Djohani
Biosphere (MAB). It now contains 117,000 records Country Director, The Nature
and is the foundational dataset for conservation Conservancy
decision-making. Bali, Indonesia
Updating of data comes from three levels:
national – UNEP-WCMC and national government Co-Chair: Kenneth Kassen
agencies; regional – European Environment Agency; Marine Coordinator
and international – consortium of cooperative WWF-Malaysia
stakeholders. Most recent use of WDPA dataset is in Sabah, Malaysia
the gap analysis process of the CBD.
Future site information of WDPA would include 4.1 Marine Protected Areas: Inputs to the Gap
attributes specific to marine PAs, tracking of changes Analyses for the Southeast Asian Region
on features and attributes, recording of multiple
management zones, and specialized information Porfirio M. Aliño
modules such as management effectiveness, which Professor / CRM Sector Leader
are linked to the site levels. Marine Science Institute, University of the
Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City
3.2. Protected Area Learning Network Philippines
Peter Shadie Mangroves, seagrass beds and coral reefs protect

Coordinator, Regional Protected Areas the coasts from erosion and strong waves and provide
Programme, Asia, IUCN-Thailand economic benefits for fisheries, fishers and tourism.
Bangkok,Thailand In the Philippines, marine biogeographic areas
30 PROCEEDINGS
Table 6. Regional Action Points: Information Sharing and Knowledge Management
on Protected Areas
I. Land-based • Agree on standard indicators • Development Short Term
database and standards for data sharing and adoption of • Conduct a Workshop for ASEAN
information. between countries. standards for data countries to agree on data standards
• Identify the lead national agency sharing; and including indicators and data
to coordinate data collection. • Framework for sharing protocols. Identify focal
• Agree on data sharing protocols. monitoring, point agencies; identify mechanisms
• Provide a process to collect evaluating and to source data from a wider range of
data from various sources reporting. stakeholders; and identify selected
– government, NGOs, academia, countries as pilot sites for the ACB
indigenous peoples (IPs), local database.
communities, and the private • Develop an MoU between ACB,
sector. WCMC and WCPA to formalize
• Invest in the capacity of IPs, collaboration on standard data
local communities and park indicators, data collection processes
managers to input data. and validation.
• Ensure that ACB acts as a
CHM for ASEAN countries and Long Term
supports MEAs and partners • Complete a comprehensive resource
(WDPA, WCPA). assessment for both terrestrial and
• Ensure that the ACB database is marine systems and a gap analysis
consistent with the WDPA. for terrestrial PAs across all ASEAN
countries.
• Establish a fully functioning ASEAN
data sharing platform.
II. Marine • Recognize that there are specific Long term

database marine indicators and standards • Complete a gap analysis for marine
information. for data sharing between PAs across all ASEAN countries.
ountries.
• Preferable to have one database
for marine and terrestrial PAs
given land-sea links but noting
the need for different data fields.
include the South China Sea, Sulu Sea, Visayas region, ecoregions that ensure connectivity and resilience of
Northeastern Pacific Seaboard, Southeastern Pacific biophysical and social resources; and increased efforts
Seaboard and the Celebes Sea. It would take nearly in coastal and marine governance.
100 years to be able to fully protect the country’s
marine protected areas (MPAs) unless effectiveness is 4.2 Status of Marine Protected Areas in
improved, larger areas are protected and conservation Southeast Asia - What Next?
mechanisms are enhanced. There is a need to link
initiatives in governance, ecoregions and marine Loke Ming Chou
corridors and operational functionality, and address Professor, Department of Biological Sciences
data gaps in MPAs particularly in those shared by two National University of Singapore
or more countries. Some of the measures to address Singapore
such gaps include the development of a Monitoring,
Evaluation, Response and Feedback System through The network of MPAs should effectively manage
adaptive management; inter-disciplinary Marine and conserve marine biodiversity, habitat health and
Biodiversity Conservation Programs; investigations fisheries. There are varying reports as to the number
and networking to produce synergistic and accelerated of existing MPAs, but experts agree that only 10
impacts; and coordinated actions facilitated by percent of all MPAs are effectively managed. Cheung
national and regional laws, and initiatives. Measures et al 2002, reported that the “present MPA system
that have been undertaken to support MPAs include is extremely ineffective for marine biodiversity
integrated MPA programs; incentives for good conservation and an increase in physical coverage
performance; development of marine corridors and of the MPA system alone will not improve marine
conservation”. In Southeast Asia, although 88 percent in the MPAs network revolve around management
of coral reefs are under threat, only 8 percent of these effectiveness (particularly in transboundary MPAs),
reefs lie within MPAs, and only 1 percent of MPAs in representation (to ensure effective MPA connectivity),
SEA are effectively managed. Some of the initiatives prioritization and identification of sites of global/
done to protect MPAs include the review of MPAs in regional significance (to preserve biodiversity),
the region undertaken by the ASEAN Regional Centre and coordination (to enhance information sharing,
on Biodiversity Conservation; development of the combination of resources, and capacity building).
ASEAN Declaration on Heritage Parks; identification These gaps can be addressed by developing a
of coral reefs worthy of WHS status by the National synergy between ongoing and past initiatives (to
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; study in optimize resources), drawing up policies and regional
genetic connectivity in the South China Sea by the guidelines; enhancing capacity for management; and
WorldFish Center; review of coastal/marine living increasing marine biodiversity protection to facilitate
resources, national legislation, and management poverty alleviation.
by the UNEP/GEF South China Sea Project; and Table 7 shows the Regional Action Points for the
the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion Project. Gaps session.
Table 7. Regional Action Points: Gap Analysis for Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia
I. Very few of • The economic benefit from • Improvement of • Replicate the areas of excellence on
SEA’s reefs lie the value of coral reefs in the effectiveness of PA protection such as Turtle Islands
within MPAs Philippines was quantified at $4 management between the Philippines and
and reefs of million. It will take 100 years to Malaysia.
the region fully protect the needed 10% of
are under- coral reef areas.
managed.
II. Depletion is • The presence or absence of • Provision • Work toward improving

reflected by the sharks and other large predators of enabling effectiveness of MPAs,
fact that only can be used as quick indicators policy, and declaring larger areas, and
seven have to quantify fish resources in socioeconomic using a combination of feasible
high priority marine areas. environment for management efforts such as
values. PAs mixing ecosystems and species
conservation strategies.
III. In certain areas • Gains have been achieved To remedy the lack of basic
like Sarawak, through the marine support information, the following were
no protection network in terms of MPA suggested:
has been management, enforcement • Monitoring, Evaluation, Response
established. strategies and cooperation and Feedback system through
with fisher groups and local adaptive management;
government units. • Inter-disciplinary marine biodiversity
conservation programs;
• Investigations and networking to
produce synergies and accelerated
impacts; and
• Meeting the challenges via
convergent and coordinated action.
IV. SEA is also • The FISH-BE model has been • In prime sites suffering from
lagging considered as a useful tool depleted resources, suggested
behind on for MPA management in measures include restocking and
certain global determining incentives and stock enhancement.
agreements equitable allocation of benefits.
on marine
biodiversity.
32 PROCEEDINGS
5. Indigenous Peoples in Protected Area By involving indigenous peoples in managing PAs,
Management this Project is piloting a model to achieve a ‘win-win’
scenario for both local livelihood improvement and
Chair: Jannie Lasimbang biodiversity conservation. Conserving natural forests
Secretary-General and habitats will achieve much more success with the
Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP) involvement of IPs in management.
Chiang Mai, Thailand
5.2. From the Ground Up: Documenting
Co-chair: Angie Cunanan Subsistence Pattern in Buayan-Kionop
National Coordinator Community Use Zone,
UNDP-GEF Small Grants Crocker Range Park, Sabah
Programme, Philippines
Makati, Philippines Yassin Miki, Assistant Field Coordinator
and
5.1. Engaging Indigenous People in Agnes Lee Agama, Regional Coordinator
Protected Area Development, SEA Global Diversity Foundation
Functioning and Management: Sabah, Malaysia
Case Study – Hoang Lien Son Project
Crocker Range, a long mountainous range,
Lam Hoang stretching from north to south of Sabah and one of the
Hoang Lien Son Project Coordinator most biologically important conservation and water
Flora and Fauna International-Vietnam catchment areas in the state, was declared a protected
Programme area in 1984. Subsistence activities are allowed in the
Hanoi, Vietnam Community Use Zones (CUZs) established inside the
Park for the use of the local community. A CUZ may
The Case Study represents the efforts of the not provide ownership of lands inside the Park, but it
Community-Based Conservation of Hoang Lien recognizes local communities as the rightful stewards
Mountain Ecosystem Project (Hoang Lien Son of the area. The Buayan-Kionop area, located in a
Project – HLSP) in engaging indigenous peoples remote part of the Crocker Range, is the largest CUZ
(IPs) in protected area (PA) development, operations where community members carry out subsistence
and management to determine the feasibility of agriculture (hill and wet rice), gather forest products,
the co-management approach in the Hoang Lien hunt and fish. They have an intricate knowledge of
Mountains. This project supported local stakeholders their surrounding natural landscapes, which is crucial
– the Lao Cai, Yen Bai, and Son La Forest Protection for building an understanding about the entire area
Departments – in setting up community-based used and accessed by the community.
monitoring groups that would include IPs, to help The Global Diversity Foundation and other
local governments and PA authorities monitor, patrol, environmental organizations worked with the
and conserve PAs, and communicate messages of Buayan-Kionop community to document key
biodiversity value to the local community. ethnobiological resources used by the community;
Although IPs are involved in the PA development study agricultural practices of the community; and
process, they are not included in management examine subsistence hunting and fishing practices.
decision-making. For it to become a new model Community members will be trained in qualitative
of co-management for Viet Nam where IPs can be and quantitative ethnobiological methods and drive
involved in PA management, and which in the future the process of documenting subsistence patterns in
can be applied to other PAs, the Project supported the Buayan-Kionop. Results will be used to formulate
Mu Cang Chai Species/Habitat Conservation Area the Buayan-Kionop CUZ collaborative management
(SHCA) in establishing an advisory body – the Forest strategies.
Protection Council. The Council is composed of local Table 8 shows the Regional Action Points for the
representatives from communes around the PA. session.
Table 8. Regional Action Points: Indigenous Peoples in Protected Area Management
I. Ensuring • Make IPs subject of PA • Participation in PA • Recognize and affirm indigenous
participation management, not objects. planning, peoples’ rights.
of IPs in PA • Involve IPs in the whole process establishment, • Harmonize conflicting laws and
management of decision-making, from governance and provisions, and amend PA laws
becomes planning to implementation and management. to allow effective participation
part of policy evaluation. of indigenous peoples in PA
framework. • Use customary laws to management.
strengthen conservation. • Involve IPs in PA decision-making
• Recognize customary laws, process, not merely in PA work, e.g.
which are changing and patrolling, biodiversity monitoring.
changeable and may negatively • Provide capacity building for IPs
impact protected areas. and PA managers.
• Draw on other laws and the • Use customary laws and traditional
Constitution that recognize IPs knowledge to strengthen
to strengthen claims for pro-IP onservation.
policies. • Allow PA managers to voice
• Although policy for participation oncerns with appropriate
exists, the interests of the State government agencies to achieve
can still hamper implementation policy change.
e.g. Mining Act vs. Indigenous
People’s Rights Act (IPRA) in
the Philippines.
II. Including • Many communities living • Recognition • IUCN to include CCAs as a new PA
Community within and around PAs have of Community category (areas and sacred sites
Conserved been protecting and managing Conserved Areas. governed and managed by IPs).
Areas in the pockets of areas. • Fallback is to adopt governance
national PA • CCAs significantly sustain the types that allow communities to
system. livelihoods of IPs. continue to manage areas found
within existing PAs.
• Map CCAs and include in the total
size of PAs in any particular country.
III. Funding for • UNDP SGP-GEF proposals • Incentives that • Use fines/penalties to fund
IPs in PA can be prepared in the form support PA and community use zones/PA
management. of videos for projects on involvement of IPs. management activities.
biodiversity conservation and • Direct funding to IPs in PA
capacity building of IPs. management.
• Ensure accountability and
transparency of projects by
establishing clear criteria and
guidelines for funding.
• IPs can develop networks with
other NGOs.
• Regional initiatives such as
the CMLV SEA show that sites
can maximize learning and
fundraising efforts.
34 PROCEEDINGS
6. Sustainable Financing for Protected management capacity; encouraging stakeholder
Areas participation in PA management; formulating good
management plans; campaigning with the private
Chair: Avi Mahaningtyas sector; promoting transparency in the accounting
National Coordinator, GEF-SGP of expenses; strengthening management of financial
Indonesia and physical assets, as well as exercising better fiscal
and budget control.
Co-Chair: Joseph D’ Cruz
Regional Technical Advisor, 6.2 Papua Civil Society Support Foundation
UNDP-GEF, Bangkok, Thailand
Maria Latumahina
6.1 Sustainable Financing for Protected Executive Director, PCSSF
Areas Gedung Kadin Papua, Lantai Satu
Jayapura-Papua, Indonesia
Narong Manhannop
Protected Area Manager, Khao Yai National The Papua Civil Society Support Foundation
Park, Department of National Parks, (PCSSF) is a grant facility to support civil society
Wildlife and Plant Conservation development initiatives. It supports civil society
Nakannratchasrima, Thailand and community-based organizations through small
grants, and by facilitating and sharing lessons
The presentation revolved around the definitions, learned, which help shape local policy and decision-
objectives and sources of financial support for making. The vision of the PCSSF is to enhance
protected areas. Some of the financial problems Papuans’ livelihood and basic rights by supporting
in PA management include a lack of capacity for local community organizations. Main programs
management effectiveness, inappropriate financial include economy and governance, empowerment
support, lack of continuous financial support, of women and community in natural resource
inappropriate activities, as well as ineffective management, improving access to information,
payment schemes. Some of the measures suggested policy and legal advocacy for Adat Rights Protection
to generate funding include conducting a forum to and biodiversity conservation.
obtain cooperation from various sectors; mobilizing Table 9 shows the Regional Action Points for the
funding through fees and trust funds; optimizing session.
Table 9. Regional Action Points: Sustainable Financing for Protected Areas

I. Need for • Sabah put together a proposal • Ensure financial • Start a discussion on the possibility
proper legal with a good justification for the sustainability of of a revolving fund between
infrastructure National government to allocate PAs and national neighboring countries to tackle cash
to guarantee a budget to cover some aspects and regional flow and costs of PA management
accountability of PA management. systems of PAs (Thailand, Cambodia and Myanmar).
and mecha- • Sabah has its own statutory involvement of
nisms for status for the park authorities as IPs.
sustainable public servants. They stay within
funding. the institutions. Sabah Park
has a master plan for the whole
system that is still actively
developed and adjusted to allow
corrective actions to be made.
II. Need for better • Sabah suggests putting together • Public awareness, • Roundtable dialogues among related
awareness a proposal that justifies the understanding and highlevel government agencies in
for people to inclusion of PA management in appreciation ASEAN countries to educate and pin
understand the national budget. down commitments to include the
the costs of PA costs of PA and HP maintenance in
maintenance the national budget (e.g. Ministry of
and willingness Finance, National Planning Agencies,
to share the Ministry of Marine, Forestry and
osts. What is Environment, etc.).
the meaning of
costs?
III. Mechanisms • Sabah National Park provides • Mechanism for the • More debates and discussions
to determine clean water supply for equitable sharing among related stakeholders in the
“entry fees” indigenous and local peoples for of costs and country and the region to discuss
and other fees daily use. Private sector pays benefits the financial sustainability and
to ensure the 900 RM/year for water use and commitments to maintain PAs and
state of good community is FOC. HPs.
social, cultural • Generating a trust fund for • An agreement should be made with
and ecological PAs and HPs is not necessarily the private sector to respect the
services of PAs easy and sustainable as the efforts of park authorities to sell the
and HPs. amount of endowments will education and tourism components
have to be significant and needs of PAs and HPs.
an agreeable decision making • Investment in pursuing the financial
mechanism on the use of the sustainability of PA management
revenues derived from the trust will need capacity building for
fund. human resources and local
• The UNDP/GEF has the institutions, baseline data, planning
experience of piloting a trust and actual management and will
fund but this did not materialize take a long period to reach break
in Mongolia. even point.
• In Myanmar, there is an issue • Establish a proposed benchmark
about collecting money for and guidelines for fee equation and
PAs because the local culture policy for charging visitors among
dictates that donations and gifts ASEAN countries. To be deliberated
should be given to the shrine in the 2008 CBD-COP9 in Spain.
and temples as part of homage. • Organize workshops and training on
The costs for conservation from fundraising and fund management
the revenue of donation cannot as well as park management skills
cover the needs for maintenance among ASEAN PA managers (Senior
of services. Managers).
IV. Need higher

leverage and
position for
Park Authority
to enforce the
protection
function of
this body in
facing threats
that extract
resources in
PAs and HPs.
V. Need to define
mechanisms
for “carbon
trading”
and include
the costs of
managing
PAs as part of
carbon sink/
supply that
shall be paid
by polluters.
36 PROCEEDINGS
7. Capacity Development for Better 7.2 Master in Public Management,
Protected Area Management Major in Biodiversity Management
in the Philippines
Chair: Noor Hidayat
Director, Areas Conservation Josefa R. Bautista
Directorate General of Forest Protection Faculty/Program Coordinator,
and Nature Conservation, Ministry Masters in Public Management,
of Forestry Development Academy of the Philippines,
Jakarta, Indonesia Pasig City, Philippines
Co-Chair: Ng Sock Ling The Philippines is home to some of the world’s

Assistant Director, most notable biological resources, which are
Sungei Buloh constantly threatened by habitat destruction, over-
Wetland Reserve, exploitation, chemical or environmental pollution
National Parks Board and biological pollution. To counter these threats, the
Singapore country developed the National Integrated Protected
Areas System (NIPAS) through Republic Act No. 7586
7.1 Training Course on Biodiversity – passed in June 1992. The law required the creation
BIOTROP Training and Information of protected area (PA) management boards and
Centre Experience management offices for national parks. However,
there has been a lack of systematic preparation to
Syah Indrawati Azron handle the huge challenges of managing PA sites or
General Manager, developing PA programs.
SEAMEO-BIOTROP Thus the Philippines’ Department of Environment
Training and Information Center and Natural Resources and the Development Academy
Jawa Barat, Indonesia of the Philippines launched the Master in Public
Management major in Biodiversity Conservation and
The BIOTROP Training and Information Centre Management (MPM-BCM) Program on 15 July 2004.
in Bogor, Indonesia offers a course on Biodiversity This program aims to provide foresters, biodiversity
Information Systems, which aims to enhance human experts, and marine scientists with the necessary
resources and develop information facilities to training to synergize their technical know-how with
support the establishment of a database networking the daily requirements of planning, interfacing with
system. communities, local government officials, donors,
Specifically, the course aims to provide insight preparing and defending budgets, keeping staff
and technical ability to manage, analyze and produce productive motivated and all the other strategic as
electronic information, as well as enhance the well as day to day management tasks.
capability of each node on the effort of technology Table 10 shows the Regional Action Points for the
transfer and human resource development. session.
Table 10. Regional Action Points: Capacity Development for Better Protected Area Management
I. ACB’s • Good information needs • Helped build • ACB can spearhead the translation
Competence targeted delivery to maximize its capacity for of the Competence Standards
Standards use. the planning, Manual into national languages of
Manual is not • Besides serving as a guide establishment and the ASEAN, and in a manner that is
widely used to AHP managers on management of practical and easy to understand.
due to issues job requirements, these PAs. • ACB to identify specific levels
with language, Competence Standards can • Comprehensive of authority and/ or ongoing
distribution also serve as a framework capacity building programs to target marketing of
and difficulty for training institutions to programmes the Competence Standards. ACB
level. Needs to design their capacity building and initiatives to identify lead partners in each
be translated programs, to better support implemented country – a country agency that can
in other capacity-building needs in PAs. lead the work in that country.
languages, • Organize orientations/ short
made more trainings for park managers/
easier to relevant institutions on how to use
understand, the Competence Standard guidelines
and more (especially for Myanmar).
widely
distributed.
II. There are • There are a number of training • Establishment and • Link ACB website to training
inadequate institutions that already offer strengthening of providers, e.g. Biotrop, DAP,
links between a number of courses relevant regional network RECOFTC, etc. Networking among
AHP managers to PA managers, e.g. Biotrop training providers, with ACB website
requiring (Indonesia), DAP (Philippines), as central focus.
training and RECOFTC (Thailand). However, • ACB has a training arm, which can
training because PA managers are host workshops that bring together
resources unaware of these training trainers to share training programs
(training providers, some training and identify competency gaps.
institutions, institutions are unable to • Get buy-in from big players (e.g.
internet get adequate trainees, and IUCN, WWF, etc) that have already
resources etc). managers do not tap these developed toolkits and other
institutions for their training materials and engage them in a
needs. virtual learning centre.
• Do a gap analysis to see which
competences training are available
and which are lacking.
• Form a group of experienced
trainers to share their existing
programs and provide available
training materials.
III: Lack of formal • Many field practitioners • Helped build • Institutions should accredit relevant
qualifications in ASEAN still lack formal capacity for the work in assessing qualifications
of field qualifications but their natural management of for higher training, to allow staff
staff to embark capabilities and local knowledge PAs without formal qualifications to have
on further should not be discounted. opportunities to progress.
capacity • Conduct short training courses
development, to accredit staffs who lack formal
e.g. Cambodia. training (validation).
IV. Financing • Cost of training is an issue that • Ensure financial • Hold more in-country training. It
of trainees slows down the progress of sustainability of is more cost effective to bring the
is an issue. capacity development in ASEAN PAs, and national trainer to the country needing the
Countries with countries. When training is done and regional training (incountry training) than to
unfavorable overseas, the cost of sending systems of PAs. fly numerous participants overseas
currency staff to attend these trainings for training.
exchange can be prohibitive. It may not
rates tend to necessarily be the most efficient
send fewer use of resources either.
participants
to attend
overseas
workshops or
conferences.
V. Capacity • As we seek to engage the local • Enhance • Provide training for local
development community/ indigenous people and secure communities. Broaden experiences
of indigenous in protecting our biodiversity, involvement of of local communities to see positive
/ local people they too, should receive capacity indigenous and examples of other indigenous
is lacking. This development training to better local communities, communities (‘centres of
could lead to equip them as partners in and relevant excellence’).
loss of local conservation. stakeholders. • Staff exchange between parks/
knowledge • On the other hand, the local institutions.
that could add community/ indigenous people • Document field-based practices that
to the body of have rich local knowledge of the are not yet well-documented to add
information on land and traditional practices, to the body of biodiversity/cultural
biodiversity which could add to existing knowledge.
and culture, as knowledge, but is as yet not
undocumented documented.
local practices
die out.
38 PROCEEDINGS
VI. Lack • As AHP managers link up and • Develop, apply and • Make an initiative to identify and
information hope to learn best practices ransfer appropriate make known “centres of excellence”
on from one another, they are technologies for that are willing to share knowledge
“centres of hampered by the lack of PAs. for purpose of staff exchange/
excellence” information on “centres of capacity building.
that are excellence” for the various • Organize study tours to observe
willing aspects of AHP management. ‘centres of excellence’ for capacity
to share building.
knowledge.
VII. Decision- • Decision-makers often do not • Strengthen • Improve awareness for decision-
makers understand the issues behind communication, makers, e.g. through forum for
(e.g. local biodiversity conservation. education and decision makers where peers
governments) This limitation impacts on public awareness. and trusted informants share
lack the chances of making good experience/developmen ts on topics
awareness of decisions based on informed of interest. These should be very
biodiversity choices. structured, conducted by eminent
issues. facilitators (e.g. RECOFTC, DAP
programmes) and may be facilitated
through ACB’s awareness program
for leaders.
VIII: Inconsistent • When impacts/outcomes of • Build capacity • ACB to spearhead initiative to

monitoring training are not consistently for the planning, identify key indicators to monitor
of impacts/ monitored and documented, it establishment and impacts of training, e.g. through
outcomes is impossible to determine if the management of periodic surveys.
training has been effective. This PAs.
impedes the ability to take stock
8. Biodiversity Monitoring for Terrestrial PAs In Africa, the Birdlife Africa Partnership adopted the
IBA framework in 2002, and IBA monitoring is now
Chair: Steven Ryan Swan underway in more than 10 countries.
Project Team Leader The key problem is sustainability and as such
FFI - Vietnam Programme monitoring schemes should be institutionalized,
Hanoi, Vietnam simple, robust and inexpensive. Based on lessons
from the African experience, the key principles of an
8.1 Monitoring Asia’s IBAs Asian IBA monitoring framework require that it be
simple, compatible with other monitoring initiatives,
Belinda Dela Paz flexible, relevant and sustainable.
Advocacy Officer A national IBA status and trends report should
Haribon Foundation highlight any significant positive or negative changes
Quezon City, Philippines at particular sites, give a detailed health check for
any sites assessed as needing urgent conservation
Important Bird Areas (IBAs) are sites that provide action, and include a clear list of management
habitats for species that are globally threatened, have recommendations based on monitoring outcomes.
restricted range, are members of congregations that
represent 1% of a biogeographic population and are 8.2 Biodiversity Monitoring System in
biome-restricted. These IBAs should be monitored to Protected Areas in the Philippines
measure progress towards international and national
conservation targets, guide conservation actions as Angelita P. Meniado
well as provide scientific information for advocacy, Supv., Ecosystems Mgt. Specialist
fundraising and policy review purposes. Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau,
Three types of indicators are studied in basic IBA Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources
monitoring: pressure (threats to IBAs), state (status North Ave., Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
of biodiversity) and response (actions). Detailed
IBA monitoring contributes to national, regional and Biodiversity monitoring is important to assess
global indices as well as guide adaptive management. the status of biodiversity, determine and address
threats, establish impacts of current management as 8.3 Towards Site Level Monitoring
well as check if local communities benefit from the in Lao PDR
conservation of protected areas. The Philippines’
Biodiversity Monitoring System (BMS) in Protected Savannh Chanthakoummane
Areas is a standardized monitoring system that aims Head, National PA Unit
to improve the information available for decision- Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
makers in PAs through the regular collection of Department of ForestryLao
data on natural resources and their utilization. PDR
Results will be used to improve the participation
of the PA community and other stakeholders in Site-level monitoring refers to the systematic,
PA management. The BMS is largely cost-effective field-focused or office-based acquisition of
and simple; requires minimum training and information for use in management planning and
operational resources; includes local communities effectiveness assessment. Management programs
as active participants and resource managers; and that would benefit from field observations or
keeps decision-makers focused on conservation monitoring include law enforcement, boundary
and sustainable use. BMS methods include the demarcation, resource inventory and research,
use of a field diary, photo documentation, focus resource management, education and awareness,
group discussion and the transect method. The and determining the role of indigenous peoples.
BMS is now being used in 36 PAs in the country. Site-level monitoring has been conducted at the
Its implementation has resulted in the formulation Dong Hua Sao National Protected Area in Lao
by the Protected Area Management Board (PAMB) PDR, which covers 1,100 square kilometers. The
of management resolutions, local ordinances Park is characterized by numerous wetlands and
and other initiatives; improved participatory PA upland evergreen forests, and provides habitats
management; enhanced technical capabilities of for 62 mammal and 291 bird species. The Park is
staff in PA monitoring and community relations; protected by a patrolling unit and four to eight staff
increased communication on PA management members are assigned to monitor Park activities.
between stakeholders; and developed awareness Some of the recommendations that are results of
and appreciation of communities on PA management regular monitoring include the creation of a standard
and biodiversity conservation. but flexible and adaptable approach to site-level
Table 11. Regional Action Points: Biodiversity Monitoring for Terrestrial Protected Areas
I. Community • All PAs have effective • Enhanced • Encourage effective participation
involvement in management using participatory and secured of local communities where
monitoring. and science-based site planning involvement of appropriate and provide incentives.
processes that incorporate clear indigenous and • Ensure regional coordination
biodiversity objectives, targets, local communities in biodiversity data collection
management strategies and • Establishment and and management particularly
monitoring programs, drawing strengthening of transboundary PAs.
upon existing methodologies regional networks
and a long-term management
plan with active stakeholder
involvement.
II. Insufficient • All PAs have effective • Framework for • Increase capacity of biodiversity
capacity/ management using participatory monitoring and monitors such as government
limited and science-based site planning reporting rangers, park staff, community
skilled human processes that incorporate clear • Ensure financial rangers, NGOs, and academic
resources biodiversity objectives, targets, sustainability institutions.
to conduct management strategies and
monitoring monitoring programs, drawing
upon existing methodologies
involvement.
40 PROCEEDINGS
III. Need for a • All PAs have effective • Develop and test a “tool box” of
“tool box” management using participatory standardized methods to monitor
of methods and science-based site planning status of species and ecosystems
to monitor processes that incorporate clear and sustainable use.
specific biodiversity objectives, targets,
species. management strategies and
monitoring programs, drawing
involvement.
IV. Monitoring • All PAs have effective • Promote the use of monitoring data
outputs for PA management using participatory to inform decision/policymakers.
management, and science-based site planning
policy and processes that incorporate clear
advocacy. biodiversity objectives, targets,
management strategies and
involvement.
V. Insufficient • All PAs have effective • Increase financing for monitoring in

financial management using participatory PAs.
resources and science-based site planning
allocated for processes that incorporate clear
monitoring. biodiversity objectives, targets,
management strategies and
involvement.
monitoring for testing in a variety of PAs in the Koen J.M. Meyers

region; development of capacity and expertise within Technical Adviser for Environmental Sciences
the region; and the production of materials and UNESCO World Heritage Sites
analytical tools necessary for implementation. Jakarta, Indonesia
Table 11 shows the Regional Action Points for the
session. World Heritage Sites (WHS) are areas with
outstanding universal cultural and natural values,
9. Managing World Heritage Sites with exceptional characteristics that transcend
in Southeast Asia national boundaries and are decreed to be of common
importance for present and future generations of
Chair: Jamili Nais all humanity. Inscription on the World Heritage
Assistant Director, Sabah Parks List is a catalyst to raising awareness about heritage
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia preservation on the part of governments and citizens
alike. Heightened awareness, in turn, leads to greater
Co-Chair: Kari Lahti consideration and a general rise in the level of
Programme Officer protection and conservation afforded to heritage sites.
IUCN Programme on PAs, There are currently 644 WHS in 138 countries all
Gland, Switzerland over the world. The World Heritage Convention and
its Operational Guidelines for the Implementation
9.1 World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia: of the World Heritage Convention provides the
Strengthening Integrated Conservation standards to ensure the protection of WHS, including
and Development at the Regional Level the establishment of management systems, as well
as periodic reporting and monitoring processes. management, conservation management, promotion
In the case of serial or transboundary properties, a of ecotourism and stimulation of the local community
management system or mechanism for ensuring the and economy. Park management aims to strengthen
coordinated management of separate components law enforcement and stakeholder participation to
is essential. Regional cooperation is particularly achieve its goal in making Komodo a world class
important to ensure support for WHS. Site support National Park.
and improvement can be achieved through joint
research, technical training, site visits, sharing 9.3 The Evolving Management of the Rice
of expertise and capacity building projects at the Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras:
regional level. Partnerships with WHS and ASEAN Focus on the Ifugao Rice Terraces
Heritage Parks need to develop and embrace broader
partnerships with member states, multilateral and Melissa Malingan-Sapdoy
bilateral institutions, NGOs, local communities and Manager, Environmental Management
private sectors. Division
John Hay Management Corporation
9.2 Komodo National Park (A World Baguio City, Philippines
Heritage Site), Indonesia
The Ifugao Rice Terraces was declared a national
Tamen Sitorus landmark through Presidential Decree No. 260 in
Head, Komodo National Park Authority, 1973 and was declared a World Heritage Site in 1995.
Directorate General of Forest Protection and The Ifugao Rice Terraces has five clusters in four
Nature Conservation municipalities, all of which have an average slope of
Indonesia 700-800 meters above sea level and slopes that are
more than 50 percent. In 1999, the terraces become
The Komodo National Park is an exceptional one of the 100 most endangered World Monuments.
storehouse of both terrestrial and marine biodiversity The Rice Terraces Ecosystem is characterized by
with global significance. The terrestrial area covers communal forests, privately-owned forests, swidden
407 square kilometers while the marine component farms, communal grassland, cane grassland, rice
covers 1,325 square kilometers. The Park is ponds/terraces, settlement areas and rivers. The
characterized by mountainous islands with massive rice production cycle has two phases, four seasons,
volcanic rocks such as sandstone, limestone, sandy 15 periods, 22 events, as well as 23 rituals and sub-
shale and clay. Savanna, monsoon and quasi-cloud rituals. Challenges to the sustainability of the rice
forests provide habitats for around 250 plant species, terraces include dispersed locations, ancestral claims,
32 mammals, 128 birds and 37 reptiles, including leadership concerns and development challenges such
the Komodo Dragon, which is the world’s largest as loss of interest in culture, diminishing biodiversity,
reptile. Coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds land use conversion, erosion and siltation, and a
provide habitats for 1,000+ fish species and 385 decreasing farm labor force. Local communities
coral species. and government have worked together to protect
Established as a National Park in 1980, Komodo this cultural heritage by repairing eroded terrace
is managed by the Balai Taman Nasional Komodo walls, providing technical assistance for traditional
(Komodo National Park Authority). Major threats to rice production, continuing marketing support for
the Park include poaching of deer, invasive species, “heritage rice”, conducting an inventory of flora and
human encroachment, and use of unsustainable fauna, and continuing documentation of traditional
fishing methods. Long-term effective management and indigenous knowledge systems.
of the Park is detailed in the Komodo Collaborative Table 12 shows the Regional Action Points for
Management Initiative, which emphasizes collaborative the session.
42 PROCEEDINGS
Table 12. Regional Action Points: Managing World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia
I. The nomination • Inscription in the WHS list is not • Standards, criteria, • Review the criteria for AHP and
process is not just a badge of honor; it is also a and best practices compare with WHS criteria.
fully understood bundle of responsibility. for planning, • Coordinated network regarding
at the regional • The WHS can eventually be selecting, reporting (due 2008).
level. There elfsustaining, with appropriate establishing, • Start inter-site linkages (including
should be better strategies and programs, managing and staff exchange).
understanding of ecotourism, appropriate governance of • Develop guidelines in identifying
the identification legislation and initial support national and and sharing benefits.
of sites, technical from government, civil society, regional systems • Create guidelines for the
help in the of PAs are nomination of clustering
nomination developed and transboundary PAs.
process, adopted. • Prepare cluster marine nomination
emphasis (prepare nomination for
on cluster Indonesia, prepare platform for
nomination, and the region).
transboundary
parks
nomination.
II. Benefit sharing • Equitable sharing

sites and of both costs and
communities benefits.
do not have • Participation of
direct benefits indigenous and
from revenues local communities.
generated from
tourism and other
activities in the
sites.
III. After inscription, • After inscription, there is support

the role of from UNESCO, IUCN, ASEAN
UNESCO is through increased presence and
unclear. visibility, regular and systematic
fora or platforms and promotion
of regional tourism. The WHC also
produces a video on WH sites
like the one produced for the AHP
– The ASEAN Dream.
• An ASEAN member country
should have a seat in the World
Heritage Committee.
IV. Communications • Establishment and • Establish and strengthen

and networking strengthening of transboundary PAs and other
- urgent need regional networks, forms of collaboration between
for regional collaboration neighboring PAs across national
networking and other boundaries and regional networks,
(intercountries, transboundary to enhance the conservation and
intracountry, PAs sustainable use of biological
inter-sites). • Framework for diversity, implement the
monitoring and ecosystem approach, and improve
reporting PA international cooperation.
management • Create a common platform for all
effectiveness heritage sites: Website, egroups,
working groups, other clear
channels of communication.
V. The need for • Public awareness, • Building capacity • Capacity building with technical
capacity building understanding and appreciation for the planning, assistance/ guidance from WCPA,
for national of the importance and benefits establishment and UNESCO and other groups to
leaders, park of PAs have significantly management of park managers on monitoring,
managers increased. PAs. reporting.
and other • Training on various aspects of PA
stakeholders management.
regarding the • Awareness programs on the
values and values and importance of the
importance of the heritage sites for leaders and
heritage sites. policy makers.
10. Management Effectiveness Assessment 10.2 Policy Challenges to the Management

of Protected Areas in Southeast Asia Effectiveness Assessment of Protected
Areas
Chair: Marc Hockings
Senior Lecturer and Vice-Chair, Ben S. Malayang III
IUCN-WCPA, Australia President, Silliman University
School of Natural and Rural Systems Philippines
Management, University of
Queensland, Catton Campus, Management Effectiveness Assessments (MEAs)
Queensland, Australia are important to ensure the good delivery of services;
achieve complementation and harmony in the
Co-Chair: Paulus Basintal management of PAs; and meet the cascade of global
Assistant Director, Sabah Parks to local expectations on PAs. Three preconditions to
Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia good MEAs include the high public values of PAs, high
public values of MEAs, and wide and robust technical
10.1 Introduction to Management base of MEAs. MEAs are management techniques
Effectiveness Evaluation and tools. Their use and adherence to doing them
will likely depend upon how much PAs are valued
Marc Hockings by their constituency and by society in general. PAs
IUCN-WCPA, Australia and MEAs should acquire high political value to
ensure high policy investments. MEAs are crucial
The 2006 WCPA Guidelines defines management to improving PAs, so these should be mainstreamed
effectiveness evaluation as “the assessment of how among layers of PA stakeholders and management
well a protected area is being managed – primarily organizations.
the extent to which it is protecting values and
achieving goals and objectives”. Management 10.3 MPA-Management Effectiveness:
effectiveness is a major issue since management A Case Study from Viet Nam
deficiencies are major threats to PAs. Management
effectiveness evaluations must be strengthened to Tham Thi Ngoc Diep
improve PA management, ensure effective resource Senior Marine Programme Officer
allocation, promote accountability and transparency, WWF Greater Mekong Program
as well as involve the community, build constituency Hanoi, Viet Nam
and promote PA values. Currently, an ongoing effort
aims to produce a global review of management A Guidebook on Marine Protected Areas is
effectiveness evaluations of PAs. Over 4,000 currently being used in several sites in Vietnam
management effectiveness studies in 80 countries to determine effective MPA management. One of
have been entered in a database to learn about the the sites is the Nui Chua National Park, which was
range of methodologies used for different situations designated a National Park in 2003 and covers
and PA systems. Results can be compared across 7,000 marine hectares. Issues faced by the MPA
systems to determine global trends in effective PA include coral reef degradation, diminishing fishery
management. yields, threats to marine turtles, lack of economic
44 PROCEEDINGS
resilience, management capacity and tourism. MPA effective tool since it is comprehensive and outcome-
management aims to effectively manage and conserve focused; relatively quick, cheap and efficient to
the nationally-unique and globally-significant marine undertake; provides clear and repeatable criteria and
biodiversity at the park, improve the livelihoods of indicators of good protected area management; links
local communities, and help increase opportunities country level PA assessment with the WCPA/IUCN
for sustainable income-generation. Some of the framework, thereby allowing comparisons of results
lessons that have been learned in the course of PA across countries; and encourages cooperation and
management include the need to simplify abstract partnerships between government, NGOs and other
indicators, as well as add new goals and objectives stakeholders.
for effective management. In Malaysia, RAPPAM was used to assess 18 out
of 24 existing terrestrial National and State Parks and
10.4 The Application of RAPPAM Tool in involved five different management agencies. The
Assessing Management Effectiveness objectives of the assessment were to update existing
of Protected Areas data on national and state parks in Malaysia; review
strength and weaknesses; identify and analyse the
Rahimatsah Amat main pressures and threats to national and state
WWF-Malaysia, Borneo Programme parks; and formulate appropriate recommendations
and to further improve management effectiveness.
Surin Suksuwan Results of the study showed that management
WWF-International effectiveness was quite strong overall but there are
Gland, Switzerland some weaknesses. Major concerns include land-use
disputes, lack of landscape linkages between PAs,
The Rapid Assessment and Prioritisation of and inadequate boundary demarcation; lack of up-
Protected Areas Management (RAPPAM) Tool was to-date management plans; need for more research
developed by WWF International and is questionnaire- on key ecological and sociological issues; and low
based. Its main assessment elements are Context, PA park user fees.
Design and Planning, Inputs, Management Processes, Table 13 shows the Regional Action Points for
Management Outputs and Outcomes. RAPPAM is an the session.
Table 13. Regional Action Points: Management Effectiveness Assessment of Protected Areas in SEA
I. Relatively little • There has been some work done • Provision of • Translate key MEE documents
work done on primarily by international NGOs enabling policy, into SEA languages (IUCN-WCPA
Management and international organizations institutional and Guidelines, RAPPAM, WWF/World
Effectiveness (FAO, UNDP, etc.). socio-economic Bank Tracking Tool [revised
Evaluation (MEE) • Need to engage governments, environment for version of METT and Marine
in SEA. management authorities, PAs Tracking Tool], Enhancing our
communities, institutions and Heritage workbook). Translation
others in this work. can be undertaken by ACB and the
• Need to develop understanding IUCN. Cost should be shouldered
of PA agencies and staff by each AMC.
concerning MEE as an issue and • Prepare proposal (from IUCN/
MEE tools. ACB) to UNESCO World Heritage
Centre and ACB/ADB/EC for the
establishment of an indepth MEE
for all SEA natural World Heritage
sites and all ASEAN Heritage sites
(35 sites) between now and 2010.
This should be undertaken by
IUCN and ACB. Costs may amount
to $900,000.
• Seek action of ASEAN countries
to implement CBD target of
conducting MEE in 30% of PAs.
This should be the responsibility
of relevant ASEAN Ministers and
organizations.
• Implement National Capacity
Self Assessment (NCSA)
recommendations (responsibility
and cost already designated in
NCSA recommendations).
II. Lack of regional • There is a need to develop • Building and • Use WCPA network to compile
capacity to capacity of PA staff, indigenous strengthening information on existing site
undertake MEE local communities and other capacity for level monitoring and evaluation
and site-level stakeholders to undertake the planning, as a first step in promoting
monitoring. monitoring and assessments. establishment and more effective monitoring
• Most ASEAN states share management of and evaluation within ASEAN
similar problems in relation PAs countries.
to capacity so there is an • Encourage countries to develop
opportunity for cooperative work plans for management
action. effectiveness monitoring and
• NGOs have experience and evaluation (and the training
interest in this work and could needed to implement these work
partner with government plans).
agencies to assist agencies in • Promote degree programs for
capacity development. biodiversity conservation and
management and promote
inclusion of information on
monitoring and evaluation within
these programs.
• Establish a regional mentor
network to assist countries in
implementing MEE (responsibility
– regional training institutions
such as RECOFTC and ACB).
II. Need to improve • Framework for • Make results of MEE activities

effectiveness of identifying, available to staff, other agencies,
communication monitoring, and stakeholders and the public.
among staff, with reporting. • Develop reporting systems to
the public and communicate results of site level
stakeholders in monitoring and MEE through
relation to PA an appropriate regional clearing
management and house mechanism.
MEE.
IV. Need to use • In the absence of agency/ • Development, • Commitment at highest

information government commitment, application level would be key and
arising from there can be problems in and transfer recommendations from this
MEE to improve implementing changes to of appropriate meeting would go to the ASEAN
management of management resulting from technologies ministers for discussion.
PAs. MEE findings. • Ensure senior management/
governmen t support and
commitment to MEE programs.
V. Need to develop • Science for doing good MEE • Development, • Identify the policies needed to
policies that is one thing but the policies review, and/or support MEE (responsibility
promote and to mainstream MEE in PA revision of – ACB).
institutionalize the management is another. policies. • Strengthen policies and their
conduct of good • Policies have the potential to enforcement and public sector
MEE. enable the development of the investments on the policies.
science to undertake MEE. • Include requirement on
comprehensive management plan
and MEE work plan for approval of
new PAs.
VI: Need to • Effective • Strengthen laws and legislation.

mmediately mechanism • Increase enforcement
address key for identifying, mechanisms including
threats shared preventing and/or transboundary cooperation.
across the region. itigating the
negative
46 PROCEEDINGS
11. Biodiversity Monitoring for Marine sustainability was to have a standardized monitoring
Protected Areas system. During the implementation of the PAMANA
project, the project decided to gather community
Chair: Shiela G. Vergara developed monitoring experiences to develop a
Senior Marine Biodiversity Specialist standard monitoring protocol on all PAMANA
Conservation International - Philippines member sites. Lessons learned from the four sites
Quezon City, Philippines sampled during the gathering were the following:
successful monitoring protocols were those initiated
Co-Chair: Calvin Loh by peoples organizations and supported by local
Executive Director government; methods must be simple, scientifically
Malaysian Nature Society, sound, and community accepted; monitoring should be
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia participatory in nature to attain sustainability. Emerging
issues include the following: a large number of CB-MPAs
11.1 Building Community-Based Marine in the Philippines still have no monitoring, sustainability
Protected Area Monitoring of monitoring initiatives, and the need to develop a
standard monitoring protocol. Future directions include:
Tiburcio Fernando, National President, development of a support group for monitoring, building/
strengthening of bay-wide alliance to maximize and share
Benjamin Dellosa skills, and logistical needs.
PAMANA KA sa Pilipinas, San Salvador,
Masinloc, Zambales, Philippines 11.2 Monitoring Stakeholder Perceptions
to Improve Effectiveness of MPA
Gregorio de la Rosa Jr Management
Research Assistant
Abdul Halim
Jose Ma. Antonio Bringas Policy and Finance Manager
Haribon Foundation The Nature Conservancy-Coral
2nd Flr. Santos & Santos Bldg., Triangle Center
973 Aurora Blvd. JI. Pengembak No. 2 Sanur-Denpasar
Quezon City 1109, Philippines Bali, Indonesia
Amidst serious small fisherfolks’ misery and The Coral Triangle in Indonesia is among the most
coastal marine ecosystem degradation, support to diverse coral reef systems on earth. Monitoring on
the establishment and management, particularly Coral Triangle Center (CTC) sites focuses on coral
enforcement of a significant number of marine health, fish spawning, and resource use. Community
protected areas (MPAs) in the coastal municipalities perceptions are also monitored to measure community
in the country is imperative. Philippine reefs are needs and attitudes about marine conservation and
highly threatened due to siltation from deforestation, sustainable resource uses; improve adaptive marine
coastal land development, industrial pollutants, protected area (MPA) management by reflecting
use of destructive fishing methods, and overfishing. stakeholder needs; and improve outreach programs
Moreover, studies by Licuanan (2002) indicate that to support MPA management. Some research
70 percent of coral reefs in the Philippines are in and monitoring results in the CTC sites show that
poor condition, and only 5 percent are in excellent communities are very supportive of the idea of
condition. To this end, PAMANA Ka Sa Pilipinas was developing MPAs and compliance and awareness on
formally organized by Haribon Foundation in 1999, regulations are positively correlated. Major threats
with the aim of protecting, managing and enriching to conservation include blast and cyanide fishing.
marine sanctuaries and coastal resources to respond Recommendations to reduce threats and strengthen
to the needs of the future generations. With an initial support include conducting awareness campaigns
membership of 33, PAMANA Ka Sa Pilipinas to date among the local community, developing outreach
has a total membership of 122. According to Alcala materials rooted in the local context and presented in
(2001), one of the components to attain CB-MPA the local language.
11.3 Biodiversity Monitoring of Marine inappropriate monitoring, varying methods used, as
Protected Areas well as insufficient monitoring. Some organizations,
such as Reef Check and the ASEAN-Australia Living
Annadel Salvio Cabanban Coastal Resources, have developed substantial
Sulu-Sulawesi Marine assessment and monitoring tools that can be adopted
Ecoregion Manager by others.
WWF-Malaysia The Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion Programme
has sought to address gaps through the Sulu-
Marine protected areas should be monitored Suluawesi Marine Ecoregion Conservation Plan,
to honor the implicit agreements with primary which was validated in June 2003 and ratified by
stakeholders; demonstrate benefits of protection; participating countries in 2005. Programs of work
convince policy-makers for sustainable development; on tri-national sea turtle conservation, tri-national
and evaluate interventions. According to the Status fisheries management, and network of MPAs
of Coral Reefs by the Global Coral Reef Monitoring have already been developed to ensure effective
Network, general gaps in MPAs include a lack of management of the area.
clear management goals and capacity, as well as Table 14 shows the Regional Action Points for the
high management costs. Specifically, gaps focus on session.
Table 14. Regional Action Points: Biodiversity Monitoring of Marine Protected Areas
I. Coastal land • Needs support from local • Strengthening of • Conduct mandatory EIA
development; government. communication, (both during and post project
growing education and monitoring) for siltation and
population, over public awareness. impact.
fishing/illegal • Develop, apply • Introduce alternative livelihood
fishing practices/ and transfer programs (e.g. micro-credit)
encroachment by appropriate to reduce demands on natural
illegal fishermen. technologies resources.
• Implement Family Planning
Program and monitor population
growth; propose “Population,
Health and Environment” program.
• Increase enforcement and monitor
and map incidences of violations.
• Monitor impact of overfishing/
illegal fishing practices.
• Implement the “notake” zone
policy.
II. Lack of support for • Lack of organized communities. • Involvement of • Organize communities with
CBMPAs. indigenous people, representatives from major
local communities, stakeholder groups.
and other
stakeholders.
III. Inform/educate • Use monitoring to demonstrate

policy makers/ benefits of protection; convince
implementers. policy makers and implementers.
• Train, empower and fund local
community to be enforcers and
strengthen monitoring.
• Encourage tourists to contribute
to funds for enforcing and
monitoring e.g. visitors pay
conservation fees.
• Provide incentives to participants
in conservation.
48 PROCEEDINGS
IV. Lack of clear • Framework for • Use IUCN “Ecosystem Approach”
management monitoring and to assess PA management
goals, effective reporting PA effectiveness and promote
implementation management adaptive management.
and stakeholder effectiveness. • Link monitoring indicators/
involvement. subjects to MPA objectives.
Sometimes • Adopt a common, consistent and
monitoring participatory monitoring system
methodology is for biophysical and socioeconomic
not appropriate, monitoring.
inconsistently • Analyze monitoring data then
implemented or present to PA managers, policy
insufficient. makers, researchers, stakeholders
and local communities.
• Develop system of peer delivery
of information among local
community stakeholders.
12. Sustainable Livelihood and Equity management options; integrated approach to habitat
in Relation to Protected Areas management for important species; model to change
behaviors of target groups towards biodiversity
Chair: Veronica Villavicencio conservation; and a more permanent framework as a
Executive Director, Peace and Equity basis for comprehensive conservation that is modeled
Foundation from BBEC.
Quezon City, Philippines The principal strategy of the program is that local
people are the best guardians of their environment.
Co-Chair: Anthony de Silva When people realize the benefits of conservation,
Thailand Program Coordinator they tend to support and participate in conservation
The World Conservation Union activities. As such, management programs need to
Bangkok, Thailand incorporate activities of people. Integrating society
in conservation is one of the solutions for a workable
12.1 The Segama Conservation Area – conservation initiative.
A Case for Stewardship
12.2 Sustainable Tourism and Protected
Laurentius Ambu Areas – Thailand
Deputy Director, Sabah Wildlife Department
Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia Ramesh Boonratana
Mahidol University
The state of Sabah covers 73,700 square kilometers Thailand
and is characterized by a tropical rainforest climate. Its
immense biodiversity has been protected by a number Sustainable tourism development meets the needs
of projects, including the Bornean Biodiversity and of present tourists and host regions while protecting
Ecosystem Conservation (BBEC) Programme that and enhancing opportunities for the future. It is
aims to establish a comprehensive and sustainable envisaged as leading to management of all resources
approach for biodiversity conservation and jointly in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic
implemented by the Sabah State Government, needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural
academic institutions and NGOs. Its four components integrity, essential ecological processes, biological
are Research and Education, Park Management, diversity and life-support systems.
Habitat Management, and Public Awareness. Ecotourism embraces the principles of sustainable
Program outputs include an enhanced monitoring tourism, but distinguishes itself by actively
system that integrates program components for contributing to the conservation of natural and
comprehensive conservation; an appropriate research cultural heritages. Ecotourism includes local and
and education model for conservation; effective indigenous communities in its planning, development,
and operation, and contribute to their well-being; rare or endangered species, and their habitats. MPAs
interprets the natural and cultural heritage of the also aim to improve community wealth, increase local
destination to visitors; and lends itself better to environmental awareness and strengthen capacity
independent travelers, as well as to organized tours for local communities to participate in marine
for small groups. management.
Ecotourism is about connecting conservation, In Viet Nam, MPAs face a range of issues involving
communities, and sustainable travel. It is the economic benefits, management structures and
preferred type of tourism in protected areas (PAs) capabilities, community participation and support,
and is an acceptable alternative way of income monitoring and evaluation, and law enforcement.
generation. However, tourism development The Nha Trang Bay MPA in Viet Nam covers 16,000
can impact on local environments and cultures hectares and provides habitats for 350 species of coral,
through infrastructure construction and tourism 22 species of fish, and 112 species of crustaceans. The
activities. Hence, whether tourism development MPA also aims to enable local island communities
harms or complements the PA will depend on the to improve their livelihoods and serve as a model for
commitment to the principles both of sustainable collaborative MPA management. Alternative income-
tourism and, of ecotourism. generating activities include environment friendly
activities such as handicrafts production, ecotourism,
12.3 Achieving Conservation Through livestock-raising and aquaculture.
Community Participation and Poverty
Reduction: Nha Trang Bay Case Study 12.4 Livelihood Inputs as a Tool to Deliver
on Conservation Objectives at the
Bui Thi Thu Hien Natmataung National Park
Marine and Coastal Program Manager
IUCN-The World Conservation Union- Khin Ma Ma Thwin
Vietnam General Secretary, Biodiversity and Nature
Hanoi, Vietnam Conservation Association (BANCA)
Yangon, Myanmar
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are established to
ensure the long-term health of marine habitats and The Natmataung National Park is situated in the
species diversity, and protect depleted, threatened, Eastern Himalayan Range Endemic Bird Area (EBA)
50 PROCEEDINGS
in Myanmar. It is the home of the White-browed workshops have also been conducted for children and
Nuthatch (Sitta victoriae), an endemic bird and villagers. The successful implementation of the project
several restricted range bird species. The area plays a has resulted in requests for project replication in
critical role in the water supply and agriculture of the other villages, increased awareness of environmental
country and provides habitats for globally important issues as well as the development of trust between
flora and fauna. Threats to the Park include forest villagers and Park staff. Still, many challenges have
clearing for shifting cultivation, wildlife poaching, to be faced, such as funding, climate, accessibility to
and collection of wild orchids. project site and others, but the success of the project
The Biodiversity and Nature Conservation shows the significance of integrating livelihood inputs
Association (BANCA) and Birdlife Indochina started a in conservation programs to generate the support of
conservation program that included livelihood inputs the local community.
and basic support such as food, water storage tanks, Table 15 shows the Regional Action Points for the
and school equipment. Environmental awareness session.
Table 15. Regional Action Points: Sustainable Livelihood Livelihood and Equity in Relation to PAs
I. Communities in • Stakeholder community • Synthesis and Sharing of Lessons
PAs suffer from involvement: information, and Best Practices of Zoning
poverty (lack of education; valuing, pride, Management and Livelihoods,
basic needs) and appreciation of biodiversity/ among practitioners, supported by
unsustainable resources. networks.
agriculture, • Provide basic needs and • Use training programs,
harvesting, and infrastructure (water, roads, organizations for capacity building
resource use energy, shelter). of all stakeholders (based on
practices. There needs assessments).
is a need to • Encourage more focused
increase income discussions on issues of
and improve Sustainable Livelihoods and
livelihoods. linkages with other sectors/
thematic discussion of PA
management.
• Ensure that marketing, the
language of business, is well
understood.
• Involve the local, smallscale
businesses in conservation and
livelihood programs.
II. Balance • Alternative income generating/ • Ensure that marketing, the

conservation livelihood activities. language of business. Is
objectives and • Appropriate technology. understood.
community needs • Credit systems. • Involve the local, smallscale
(PA Management). • Monitoring livelihood and businesses in conservation and
There is a need resource impact. livelihood programs.
to resolve land • Involvement of community in • Identify funds for PA zoning
tenure issues, decision-making (e.g. zoning, and management considering
lack of funds for planning, resource use rules). livelihood activities.
zone planning • Equity in Benefits and shared • Identify other sources – in
and management, sustainability. business, check corporate social
livelihood • Tourism as alternative livelihood responsibility (CSR) programs.
opportunities, can be double-edged – benefit • CDM (carbon mechanism).
effectiveness or threat. • Review current PA fees/revenues
of sharing and their use in supporting
PA revenues, community and sustainable
and fees for livelihood activities – to encourage
community needs. community support for PA
conservation.
13. Issues Relating to Application of IUCN management objective. The original aims of the
Categories for Protected Areas categories were to help reduce confusion about
names, to encourage international standards for
Chair: Nigel Dudley management and to provide a framework for handling
IUCN-WCPA data. The categories are a key tool that encapsulate
Categories Task Force the IUCN philosophy of protected areas. A task
United Kingdom force has now been established to update and revise
the categories in light of 10 years’ experience with
Co-Chair: Latsamay Sylavong their application and changing approaches to the
IUCN, Lao PDR way in which categories are used. The task force
is working closely with IUCN’s Commission on
13.1 Application of IUCN Categories for Environmental, Economic and Social Policy to look
Protected Areas in Sabah, Malaysia at both categories and governance models. It is
also running regional meetings to ensure that the
Junaidi Payne diverse cultures and geographies represented by
Senior Adviser, WWF-Malaysia IUCN have a chance to contribute to the revision
Borneo Programme of the categories.
Jamili Nais 13.3 The National Integrated Protected

Assistant Director (Research and Areas System in the Philippines and
Education), Sabah Parks the IUCN Categories
Laurentius Ambu Annabel Plantilla

Deputy Director, Haribon Foundation
Sabah Wildlife Department Cubao, Quezon City
Philippines
Protected area laws in Sabah cover land use,
forests, wildlife and national parks. Some of the The National Integrated Protected Areas
projects on protected area management include the System (NIPAS) Act defines the classification and
Bornean Biodiversity and Ecosystems Conservation administration of all designated protected areas
Programme (2002-2006), the 2005 Sabah PA Master to maintain essential ecological processes and
List and the 2006 Study on Government Response and life-support systems, preserve genetic diversity,
Workshop. Areas that are clearly defined as protected ensure sustainable use of resources and maintain
areas include land reserves for nature conservation, their natural conditions to the greatest extent
protection forest reserves and virgin jungle reserves, possible. PAs are identified portions of land
wildlife areas and parks. Areas that are not defined as and water set aside by reason of their unique
PAs include native reserves, recreational parks, and physical and biological significance, managed to
pre-1936 bird sanctuaries. Some areas are still being enhance biological diversity and protected against
debated for declaration as PAs, including river and destructive human exploitation. PA categories
shore reserves declared under the Water Law, and in the Philippines - which include strict nature
river reserves under the Land Law. reserves, natural parks, natural monuments, wildlife
sanctuaries, protected landscapes and seascapes,
13. 2 IUCN Protected Area Categories resource reserves and natural biotic areas - follow
those set by the IUCN. Some of the issues in PA
Latsamay Sylavong management include the length of the process
IUCN, Lao PDR before inclusion in the PA system, settlements
with PAs, overlapping protection status with other
A protected area is an area of land and/or agencies and exclusion of internationally PAs from
sea especially dedicated to the protection and the PA system. The challenges faced by PA managers
maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural include an assessment of the NIPAS system and its
and associated cultural resources, and managed management objectives, awareness-raising on the
through legal or other effective means. IUCN has categorization process, and capacity building among
six categories of protected areas, defined by their stakeholders.
52 PROCEEDINGS
13.4 Protected Area Categories involved in PA management are the Ministry of
in Thailand Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE) and
the National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation
Peeranuch Dulkul Kappelle Department (DNP).
Forest Official, National Parks, Wildlife and Some of the issues faced by the agency and
Plant Conservation Department other stakeholders include overlapping categories
Thailand of PAs, lack of flexibility in PA categories, and the
applicability of various laws in the PA system. To
There are currently 276 protected areas (PAs) in address these matters, an effective PA system plan
Thailand, covering 18 percent of the total land area must be set in place to harmonize laws, facilitate
of the country, while 47 national parks and wildlife effective management, transfer policy into action,
sanctuaries are still being processed for inclusion strengthen capacity of managers and enhance
in the PA system. PAs are categorized into national cooperation between relevant agencies.
parks, wildlife sanctuaries, forest parks, non-hunting Table 16 shows the Regional Action Points for
areas and botanical gardens/arboretum. The agencies the session.
Table 16. Regional Action Points: Issues Relating toApplication of IUCN Categories for Protected Areas
Different objectives and Confusion Goal: To integrate ASEAN interpretation of protected
definitions by some countries protected areas into area categories - (1-2 years) - includ-
(7 in the Philippines, 3 in broader landscapes ing guidance about what counts or
Myanmar, 4 in Thailand). and seascapes so may count (with special attention to
as to maintain eco- timber production forests)
Changing conditions within logical structure and as a protected area
protected areas function.
Minimum size of a protected area by
What “counts” as a protected All protected areas category?
area (e.g Sabah, Thailand, and protected area
Brunei, Indonesia) - in systems are inte- Region-specific interpretation of the
particular forest reserves, grated into the wider categories
community forests, and landscapes and sea-
ancestral domains. scapes, and relevant Case studies from the region
sectors, by applying
What minimum size “counts” the ecosystems Need advice from IUCN
as a protected area? approach and taking
into account ecologi-
cal connectivity and
the concept, where
appropriate, of eco-
logical networks.
Goal: To provide
an enabling policy,
institutional and
socio-economic
environment for
protected areas
Goal: To strengthen
communication and
public awareness
activities
Range of different government Lack of cooperation cre- One agency per country should com-
agencies handling protected ated the problems pile data on protected areas
areas - e.g problems in
consolidating information
Data collection Develop regional data collection (3-

year target)
Public perception - bad im- Increase awareness raising

pression of “protected areas”
THE REGIONAL ACTION PLAN
FOR ASEAN HERITAGE SITES
AND OTHER PROTECTED AREAS
T he Regional Plans of Action for each of the

parallel sessions were discussed during the
plenary sessions, then subsequently adopted by the
Southeast Asia in relation to meeting the targets in
the Durban Accord and the commitments to the PoW
for PAs of the CBD and the ASEAN Heritage Parks
Conference. From these action plans, the Conference Programme.
made its final recommendations that became the basis The key areas for action proposed for the ASEAN
for the formulation of the Regional Action Plan for Region are the following:
ASEAN Heritage Parks and Other Protected Areas. • Establishment and strengthening of national
The Regional Action Plan would complement and and regional systems of PA management ;
support national conservation initiatives toward the • Establishment and strengthening of regional
conservation and management of PAs. networks, thereby promoting equity and
Both the priorities set forth in the Durban Action benefit sharing;
Plan and the CBD Programme of Work on Protected • Promotion of improved site-based PA planning
Areas were also vital to the formulation of the Regional and management, and capacity building of
Action Plan. The Durban Action Plan recommended PA staff through appropriate technology
a strengthened role for PAs in implementing the transfer.
CBD through a participatory mechanism and in full • Assessment, monitoring and evaluation
compliance of the rights of indigenous peoples and the efefctiveness of PA management and
youth population. The management of all PAs would be devlopment and adoption of minimum
reviewed to determine if links exist with all the world’s standards and best practices for national and
ecosystems. The World Heritage List would be drawn regional PAs, and ensuring that scientific
up in all sites whose biodiversity values are outstanding knowledge contributes to the effectiveness of
and universal. On the other hand, the CBD used the PA systems;
priorities of the Durban Accord as reference for the • Enhancement and securing involvement of
Programme of Work for PAs that moves the global PA indigenous and local communities in PAs and
agenda farther and sets ambitious targets for the Parties strengthening communication; and
to the Convention towards better PA management. • Ensuring financial stability
Thus, one of the objectives of the Conference was Table 17 shows the Regional Action Plan for
to identify regional actions for the protected areas of Protected Areas.
Table 17. Regional Action Plan for ASEAN Heritage Sites and Other Protected Areas
Goals Action Agenda
GOAL 1: Establish and strengthen • Establish more PAs at the local level and community level and under various
national and regional systems of PAs forms of governance other than national government.
integrated into a global network as a • Set up regional systems of PAs using scientific information such as on
contribution to globally agreed goals ecological connectivity particularly for important marine biodiversity areas.
Goal 1.1: Integrate PAs into broader • Urge the mandatory Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) for
land and sea scapes developmental projects with potential negative environmental impacts on
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs).
• Implement a family planning program, as lower population brings with it
corresponding decline in demand for natural resources.
• Consider inter-relationships of population, health and environment (Philippine
Program on Population Resources and Environment).
• Recognize other PAs under other jurisdictions, e.g., private / community
management.
• Conduct regional assessments for WHS nominations.
54 PROCEEDINGS
Goals Action Agenda
Goal 1.2: Establish and strengthen • Strengthen regional coordination in biodiversity data collection and
regional networks of PAs management, particularly transboundary PAs.
• Strengthen ACB support coordination among countries pertaining to PA
management such as establishing the regional Clearing House Mechanism
(CHM) for the ASEAN.
• Strengthen regional cooperation for trans-boundary enforcement.
• Call for cluster WHS nominations of important sites located in multi-countries.
Goal 1.3: Substantially improve site- • Evaluate the effectiveness of managing AHPs and PAs and translate these into
based PA planning and management adaptive management actions at the site and system levels.
GOAL 2: Promote equity and benefit- • Assess cost and benefit implications of maintaining and establishing PAs for
sharing in the PA system communities and indigenous peoples (IPs) living in and around the PAs.
Goal 2.1: Enhance and secure • Ensure good governance in all PAs.
involvement of indigenous and local • Ensure participation of the IPs in PA management, particularly in the planning
communities and relevant stakeholders and decision-making process.
• Harmonize existing PA laws and IPs’ rights and customary laws.
• Include new category on Community Conserved Areas (CCAs), and areas and
sacred sites governed and managed by IPs.
• Lobby for the recognition by national government of CCAs as a legitimate part
of the PA system.
GOAL 3: Build capacity of PA • Conduct capacity-building across all areas with focus on the following:
Management effectiveness evaluation (MEE)
managers, stakeholders, and
Fund raising and fund management among ASEAN PA managers
beneficiaries
• Generate and share critical data on PAs among IPs and local communities.
• Establish degree programs for PA management and/or include PA management
into the formal curriculum.
• Empower local communities to resolve land use conflicts; provide PA managers
with basic skills on conflict resolution.
• Conduct more capacity-building initiatives at the regional level such as
increasing capacity for AHP and WHS management, through support from
UNESCO, ASEAN and IUCN.
Goal 3.1: Develop, apply and transfer • Establish a mechanism or a common platform to share technologies/best
appropriate technology for PAs practices on existing sustainable livelihoods within the PAs.
Goal 3.2: Promote financial • Seek alternative ways of generating income for PAs in Southeast Asia (SEA), as
sustainability national budgets (mostly trust funds) for PA management and operation and
related activities are inadequate.
• Establish benchmark and guidelines for fee collection and policy among ASEAN
countries for use and conservation of PAs.
• Obtain the commitment of national leaders to provide budget for the operation
and management of the PAs and AHPs.
• Establish sustainable financing mechanisms within SEA to support PA
management.
• Promote sustainable tourism.
Goal 3.3: Strengthen communication, • Review and establish mechanisms to measure if the countries’ public education
education and public awareness programs have been effective in communicating the basic biodiversity values of
PAs.
• identify change interventions for awareness, appreciation and motivation for
sustainable communications and community relations for one model PA for
each country; Include the development of a communication plan to target
specific sectors such as IPs, youth, within the short term.
• Conduct regional education campaigns across sectors (teachers, students,
NGOs, governments-local and national) while maintaining education campaigns
on the importance, values and activities being undertaken for PAs in each
country.
• Clarify misconceptions on PAs and promote greater awareness of its true
meaning and importance; ACB to lead in improving the awareness of high-level
decision makers.
• Implement good communication plans that are specific for PAs at the regional,
national, and local levels.
Goals Action Agenda
GOAL 4: Develop and adopt minimum • Identify the policies needed to support Management Effectiveness Evaluation
best standard and best practices for (MEE). ACB, and IUCN to be able to assist in developing and implementing MEE
national and regional PAs programs adaptable to the SEA situation.
• Identify the best practice approaches for PA management especially AHPs and
WHS.
Goal 4.1: Evaluate and improve the • Enhance regional capacity to undertake site capacity at the regional level.
effectiveness of PA management • Develop work plans for effective MEEs of PAs at the local, national and regional
levels.
• Prepare proposals to undertake MEE for AHPs and natural WH sites.
Goal 4.2: Assess and monitor PA status • Adopt a common and participatory monitoring system for marine PAs.
and trends • Consider monitoring mechanisms based on IUCN Categories.
Goal 4.3: Ensure that scientific • Share scientific knowledge to policy and decision makers for an effective PA
knowledge contributes to the and PA system.
establishment and management • Ensure that scientific data is incorporated in the establishment and
effectiveness of PAs and PA systems management of PAs.
• Conduct more scientific researches to address PA management needs.
The following are the details of each major goal ecology and the history of their nations. Thus, funds
and specific action plans from the Parallel Sessions allocated are insufficient to protect and maintain
of the Conference: these PAs. There is a need to promote awareness
of the importance of PA among governments as
GOAL 1: Establish and strengthen national prelude to having these PAs identified and included
and regional systems of PAs in the network of PAs in the Region. Increased
integrated into a global network as awareness will enable these PAs to secure regular
a contribution to globally agreed and bigger maintenance and enhancement budgets
goals. from governments.
Due to lack of support, site-based planning
1. Issues activities of these PAs are not undertaken. Data base
There is lack of awareness among people in pertaining to various facets of PAs is an important
Southeast Asia (SEA) of what constitutes a PA - from ingredient to site-based planning. This can include
those living in heritage sites and PAs, to policy makers population living in the PAs, number and name of
and urban dwellers. While SEA countries have their species, land area, soil type, and many others. Hence,
own lists or networks of PAs in accordance with their there is a need to conduct comprehensive resource-
own definitions and objectives, there may be still other based analysis as basis for planning of the PAs. The
PAs and CCAs, which can be included in the network database can be developed through surveys, secondary
of PAs. However, due to the limited definition of PAs, data collection from relevant agencies/ institutions,
such areas are not included. Hence, there is a need to and through rapid rural appraisal of the area.
have a common international definition in identifying This goal has three major components: (a) to
and nominating a PA site for inclusion in the global integrate PAs into broader land and sea scapes; (b)
network of PAs. Presently, PA advocates point to the to establish and strengthen regional networks; and
imbalance in the representation of ecosystems in the PA (c) to substantially improve site-based PA planning
network around the SEA Region, as some of these PAs and management.
have not yet been identified and included in the global
network of PAs. 2. Action Plan
Governments in the Region also still lack The following are the issues and the major critical
awareness of the importance of these PAs to activities to achieve this goal:
56 PROCEEDINGS
Issues Activities / Action Points
Need for a common definition of a PA • Agree on a common definition of a PA
and the establishment of a regional • Identify PAs in each country using the agreed standard definition of what
network of PAs and CCAs constitutes a protected area.
• Conduct a comprehensive resource analysis of each country as basis for
identifying PAs.
• Establish more PAs at the local/community and national levels based on the
standard definition.
• Enroll PAs per country and prepare a list of network of PAs in the region.
• Establish and strengthen transboundary PAs, and other forms of collaboration
between neighboring PAs across national boundaries and regional networks.
• Implement an ecosystem approach, and improve international cooperation to
enhance the conservation and sustainable use of resources .
• Include a new category on CCAs and other areas and sacred sites governed and
managed by IPs as part of the PAs.
Lack of recognition by governments • Undertake information, education, and communication (IEC) activities on the
of the critical role of pas in the importance of PAs among governments of ASEAN countries, as well as among
country. Need to integrate pas into civil society.
broader land and seascapes • Advocate the inclusion of PAs into the broader land and seascapes to enable
integration into the overall physical development planning of a country.
Inadequacy of present regional • Set up regional systems of PAs using scientific information on ecological
network, and the need to establish a connectivity particularly for important marine biodiversity areas.
stronger and active regional network • Strengthen regional coordination of bodies involved in PA identification,
for exchange of information. conservation and coordination.
• Identify, list and map PAs and CCAs per country, and provide a region-wide
network mechanism for information exchange.
• Protect CCAs and PAs through policy and legislation, and information
and advocacy of the importance of these areas, particularly to leaders of
governments.
• Replicate the areas of excellence on transboundary marine protection like the
Turtle Islands between the Philippines and Malaysia.
Lack of comprehensive database • Conduct comprehensive resource assessment for the region.
and other information • Establish database after the conduct of a comprehensive resource assessment.
for the preparation of an improved • Conduct survey and evaluation and undertake gap analysis of PAs and
site-based PA planning conservation sites in the areas of planning and management efficiency, capacity
and management. and cost-benefit analysis.
• On the establishment and management of data base as part of site-based PA
planning, the following are the action points:
Short term: Conduct workshop for ASEAN countries to agree on data
standards including indicators and data sharing protocols; identify focal

point agencies; identify mechanisms to source data from a wider range of
stakeholders; and select countries as pilot sites for the ACB database.
Short Term: Develop a Memorandum of Understanding between ACB, WCMC
and WCPA to formalize collaboration on standard data indicators, data

collection processes and validation.
Long Term: Complete a comprehensive resource assessment for both
terrestrial and marine systems, and a gap analysis for terrestrial and marine
PAs across all ASEAN countries.
Long Term: Establish a fully functioning ASEAN data sharing platform.
GOAL 2: Promote equity and benefit-sharing indigenous peoples’ rights, the IPs’ rights to their
in the PA system. land still lack due recognition in terms of existing
laws and present practices. There are conflicting
1. Issues laws and problems between national laws and IPs
Most PAs and heritage sites are inhabited by IPs. relating to boundary disputes, conflicting land
Yet, these IPs do not gain any benefits from the PAs, claims, illegal occupation and entry of refugees
which they inherited from their forefathers. Also, among others. It is difficult for countries to
their involvement in planning and management economically progress and develop if there are
is minimal. Although most ASEAN countries are conflicts among its peoples, thus, the need to
signatories to international conventions recognizing promote equity in the use of resources.
Included in this goal is the need to enhance 2. Action Plan
and secure involvement of indigenous and local The following are major critical activities to
communities and relevant stakeholders. achieve this goal:

Need to promote equity and benefit- • Recognize and affirm rights of IPs.
sharing of the resources of PAs • Conduct cost-benefit analysis of establishing PAs to determine the actions to be
taken to promote equity and benefit sharing.
• Empower IPs to solve land use conflicts through workshops/training on
conflict resolution and settlement.
• Enhance and use community funds to support conservation-related activities of
local communities.
• Involve IPs in PA decision-making process, not merely in PA work, e.g.,
patrolling, biodiversity monitoring
• Provide in-house skills training for local communities and encourage them to
aspire for higher education
Need to enhance and secure • Undertake a holistic survey of needs of IPs inside and outside of PAs.
involvement of indigenous and • Ensure the participation of IPs and other stakeholders in PA policy framework,
local communities and relevant management, conservation and decision-making.
stakeholders, and to recognize • Use customary laws and traditional knowledge to strengthen conservation.
indigenous systems in the • Conduct capacity building for IPs and PA managers.
management of natural • Provide training for local communities.
resources within PAs. • Broaden experiences of local communities to see other positive examples of
indigenous communities “centres of excellence” and to provide opportunities to
present themselves/ make themselves known.
Existence of conflicts between • Harmonize existing laws on PAs and IP rights and customary law.
IP customary laws and • Undertake research on customary laws on conflict resolution.
government laws • Organize research teams and undertake legal research to determine how laws
on IPs and PAs can be harmonized.
• Conduct a study of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Free and Prior
Informed Consent (FPIC) systems in different countries and the whole region
and assess effects on the population.
GOAL 3: Build capacity 0f PA managers, problems in conservation and PA management,

stakeholders and beneficiaries. and ensuring the protection and conservation of
these sites. Another problem is the insufficiency of
1. Issue institutional and legislation support for continued
Park managers and stakeholders still lack the biodiversity conservation and protection of these
technical expertise to manage PAs, CCAs and other areas.
critically important environmental areas. They are Complicating the problem of managing PAs is
constrained by inadequate training, equipment and how to balance the needs of local communities to
infrastructure support, information and science-based earn income from the natural resources within the
technology to effectively manage the environment. In PA versus the need to protect it for ecology and
addition, the absence of management plans and the long-term environmental gains. Thus, while PA
overlapping jurisdiction in some areas have affected management recognizes the needs and the important
the efficiency of managers and stakeholders in the role of local communities, the conservation and
conservation and management of these conservation protection of these resources should as well be a
areas. priority consideration.
Hampering the effective management of PAs is the The sub-goals under this major goal are to: (a)
lack of cooperation and collaboration among agencies develop, apply and transfer appropriate technology
involved in PA management. In some cases, PAs have for PAs; (b) promote financial sustainability; and (c)
to report to more than one agency. There is also lack strengthen communication, education and public
of information about centers of excellence that other awareness.
PA managers can learn from.
Another critical problem is the lack of financial 2. Action Plan
support and investment in conservation and PA The major critical activities to achieve this goal
management. Adequate funding is vital to addressing are as follows:
58 PROCEEDINGS
Lack of support to PA managers in • Provide further training for park managers, such as study visits to other
terms of appropriate technology, countries as well as on park management skills.
equipment, data, personnel etc. • Introduce best practices to PA managers and staff through cross posting or
cross visits.
• Encourage more investments in capacity-building activities of PA managers and
other stakeholders.
• Provide training on basic skills in conflict resolution to PA managers and
members of the management board.
• Develop a system of career service for park managers and staff in countries
where their roles are not yet much appreciated.
• Provide scholarships for further studies, e.g. Masters’ Degree Program on
Biodiversity Management, to develop a corps of qualified managers in the
Region.
• Organize workshops and training on fund raising and fund management for
ASEAN PA managers.
Need to develop, apply and transfer • Arrange cross-visits for start-up PAs to more mature parks so they learn more
appropriate technology within options in solving the usual land use conflicts.
and among PAs of different countries. • Encourage trans-boundary cooperation and joint action programs through
regular contacts among PA managers in the ASEAN.
• Conduct synthesis and sharing of lessons and best practices of zoning
management and livelihoods, among practitioners, supported by networks.
• Replicate areas of excellence as a means of increasing public awareness of the
importance of PAs.
• Replicate the areas of excellence on transboundary marine protection like the
management of the Turtle Islands between the Philippines and Malaysia.
Lack of finances to support long-term • Improve financial sustainability as capacity building will only be possible with
sustainability of the parks. adequate budget.
• Organize fund raising workshops and come up with a strategy to solicit more
support for PA and WHS management.
• Convene a round table of ASEAN governments for their commitment/support.
• Use fines/penalties to fund community use zones/PA management activities.
• Provide direct funding to IPs in PA management
• Undertake an IEC campaign on biodiversity parallel to funding raising
campaign.
• Establish the benchmark and guidelines for fee equation and policy for charging
visitors among ASEAN countries.
• Conduct dialogues among related high level decision-making agencies in
ASEAN countries to ensure commitments for the maintenance costs of PAs
and AHPs in the national budget (e.g. Ministry of Finance; National Planning
Agencies; Ministry of Marine; Forestry and Environment).
• Discuss the possibility of a revolving fund between neighboring countries to
tackle cash-flow and costs of PA (Thailand, Cambodia and Myanmar).
• Tap tourists in fund generation, e.g., visitors to pay entrance fees for the
conservation and maintenance of PAs.
Need to develop a more aggressive • Intensify the use of various channels of communication such as the website
and effective IEC campaign to and publications to raise the awareness of people on the importance of
increase public awareness of the conservation, and to encourage more investments on protection and
importance of conserving biodiversity conservation.
and PAs. • Integrate PA management in the formal educational curriculum.
• Publish and distribute scientific knowledge to end users and organize a series
of training and workshops to transmit the information.
• Embark on a strong media education campaign on biodiversity and the PA
system to raise awareness of the benefits in investing in biodiversity programs,
specifically PA management.
• Document current efforts, experiences and best practices and present the
finished products to groups from different countries.
• Organize forums and influences and conduct awareness programs where PA
officials and staff share their experiences/ developments on the values and
importance of the Heritage Sites.
• Create a common platform for all Heritage Sites: Website, e-groups, working
groups, clear channels of communication.
GOAL 4: Develop and adopt minimum Among the problems PA managers face are
best standard and best the possible conflicting interests between local
practices for national government and PA management. Local governments
and regional PAs. usually desire to earn money from the PAs while
PA managers are more concerned with protection
1. Issues and conservation. Managers also have to harmonize
The protected areas and heritage sites in Southeast land use conflicts between contrasting needs of
Asian countries are beset with common problems that stakeholders and PA managers. At present, there is no
threaten environmental integrity. The exploitation of mechanism in place for such conflict resolution.
resources through illegal activities such as poaching, Presently, traditional practices and culture are not
logging and wildlife trade is exacerbated by the yet well recognized vis a vis modern PA management.
absence or lack of economic opportunities outside the These local cultural practices in natural resource
protected areas. The impact of mining and tourism management are good sources of information that are
activities, dam building and infrastructure also has vital to the sustainable management of the PA. Thus,
adverse effects on the environment. Conversion this indigenous body of information on biodiversity
of forest lands to agriculture and introduction of and culture should also be documented and included
alien species has also contributed to the changing in PA management systems and procedures.
landscape and biodiversity. Among the sub-goals of this major goal are to: (a)
Proper and effective management can help evaluate and improve the effectiveness of PA management,
address these various problems. Countries excelling (b) assess and monitor the status and trends of PAs, and
in managing their PAs and are known to have the “best (c) ensure that scientific knowledge contributes to the
practices” in managing their PAs should disseminate establishment and management effectiveness of PAs and
their know-how and expertise on PA management the PA system.
among their neighboring Southeast Asian (SEA)
countries. There should be a minimum best standard 2. Action Plan
and/or best practices type of management that SEA The major critical activities to achieve this goal
countries should adhere to. are as follows

Lack of scientific knowledge to assist • Identify and document best practices in managing PAs and disseminate it to the
in the establishment of effective network.
PAs and PA systems • Continue conducting scientific researches to address PA management needs
and establish a “tool box” of methods to monitor specific species.
• Apply scientific knowledge in establishing efficient management of PAs.
• Organize a regional fair on sustainable livelihoods in PAs with exhibits on best
practices.
• Use a combination of feasible management efforts such as mixing ecosystems
and species conservation strategies in PAs.
• Translate the ASEAN Guidelines on Competence Standards for PA Jobs into
national languages of the ASEAN, and in a manner that is practical and easy to
understand.
• Organize orientation training for PA managers/ relevant institutions on how to
use the ASEAN Guidelines.
• Translate key MEE documents into SEA languages (IUCN-WCPA Guidelines,
RAPPAM, WWF/World Bank Tracking Tool (revised version of METT and
Marine Tracking Tool), Enhancing our Heritage workbook).
• Conduct more in-country training.
• Identify and make known “centres of excellence” that are willing to share their
knowledge with other PAs.
• Organize study tours to observe “centres of excellence” for capacity building.
• Promote staff exchange between PAs/ institutions.
Need to improve effectiveness • Evaluate management effectiveness of PAs and communities to determine
of PA management gaps/needs.
• Provide appropriate technology and its transfer and application to conservation
sites.
• Establish a common forum/facility to share technologies on sustainable
• Focus on three layers of concern: (a) site level, (b) policy and decision makers,
and (c) the general public, in managing the PAs.
60 PROCEEDINGS
• Involve the local, small-scale businesses to be part of the conservation and
livelihood programs in the PAs.
• Coordinate and undertake regional cooperation, such as for trans-boundary
enforcement.
• Prepare proposals (from IUCN/ ACB) to submit to UNESCO World Heritage
Centre and ACB/ADB/EC for the establishment of in-depth management
effectiveness evaluation for all SEA natural World Heritage sites and all ASEAN
Heritage sites.
• Undertake a gap analysis to determine competency training courses that are
required.
• Promote degree programs for biodiversity conservation and management and
promote inclusion of information on monitoring and evaluation within these
programs.
• Conduct mandatory Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of all projects
being proposed near or within PAs as basis for deciding to allow the project.
• Require the formulation of a comprehensive management plan for all PAs.
• Provide alternative livelihood programs (e.g. micro-credit) to reduce demand
on the natural resources.
• Increase enforcement mechanisms including trans-boundary cooperation
• Provide technical support and financial assistance for PAs to achieve effective
management.
Need to monitor and assess • Evaluate, monitor and assess management of PAs in different countries.
status of PAs • Establish a common and participatory monitoring and assessment system for
PAs.
• Enhance capacity of biodiversity monitors such as government rangers, PA
staff, community rangers, NGOs, academic institutions.
• Establish regional coordination in biodiversity data collection and management.
• Develop and test a “tool box” of standardized methods to monitor status of
species and ecosystems and sustainable use.
• Use the WCPA (World Commission on Protected Areas) network to compile
information on existing site level monitoring and evaluation as a first step in
promoting more effective monitoring and evaluation within ASEAN countries.
• Encourage countries to develop work plans for management effectiveness
monitoring and evaluation.
• Establish a regional network of mentors to assist countries in implementing
MEE. Disseminate results of MEE to the public.
• Develop reporting systems to communicate results of site level monitoring and
MEE – through an appropriate regional clearing house mechanism.
• Train, empower and fund local communities to become effective enforcers and
part of the monitoring team.
• Monitor and map incidences of violations.
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
S outheast Asia is rich in biodiversity. It boasts

of natural scenic sites whether forest, rivers,
oceans or other wildlife incomparable in beauty
Indigenous and local people are inherent
to conservation sites and therefore must be
involved, and if possible be allowed to lead in the
and uniqueness, terrestrial and marine life rich in conservation, protection and sustainable utilization
biodiversity not to mention people with beautiful of these protected sites. Capability building of PA
and diverse culture and heritage. All these have to managers, stakeholders including and especially
be protected and sustained. the IPs should be undertaken to improve their
The Regional Action Plan for ASEAN Heritage skills and knowledge in enhancing biodiversity and
Parks and Other Protected Areas should thus be protecting/sustainable heritage sites. This should
implemented for the protection and conservation of be done with full support from the government
PAs, CCAs, and AHPs. The Regional Action Plan would and international financial and development
protect ecology, biodiversity, prevent disappearance multilateral and bilateral institutions.
of critical species, and allow indigenous communities The following are the key areas for action proposed
to continue to live in their natural habitat while for the ASEAN Region:
protecting their rights to the PAs. It will also go a • Establishment and strengthening of national
long way in delaying and minimizing global warming, and regional systems of PA management
making available forest water and other natural integrated into a global network as a
resources for future generations. contribution to globally agreed goals;
Regional cooperation and networking of PAs and • Establishment and strengthening of regional
heritage parks is a must because each country can networks, thereby promoting equity and
learn from the experiences of other countries. No one benefit sharing and integrating PAs into
has exclusive knowledge, skills and expertise on how broader land and seascapes;
best to protect and sustain these critical areas. Also, • Promotion of improved site-based PA planning
since ASEAN countries are geographically located and management, and capacity building of
in one region, adjacent and close to each other, any PA staff through appropriate technology
activity or utilization of natural resources has an effect transfer;
on the other adjacent neighboring country. • Assessment, monitoring and evaluation
In view of the above considerations, ASEAN of effectiveness of PA management and
countries are urged to review their commitments to development and adoption of minimum
international agreements pertinent to and relating to standards and best practices for national and
biodiversity conservation and the recognition of rights regional PAs, and ensuring that scientific
of indigenous peoples to their land. Furthermore, knowledge contributes to the effectiveness of
ASEAN countries are encouraged to come up with PA systems;
a policy to mandate the Environmental Impact • Enhancement and securing involvement of
Assessment (EIA) of any development project that indigenous and local communities in PAs and
would be implemented near or within conservation strengthening communication, education and
sites, if this has not been yet adopted in their public awareness; and
countries. • Ensuring financial stability.
62 PROCEEDINGS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
T he 2nd ASEAN Heritage Parks Conference

was held back to back with the 4th Regional
Conference on Protected Areas in Southeast
• The chairs, co-chairs and presenters in the
parallel workshops who shared their expertise
and ideas: Jannie Lasimbang, Angie Cunanan,
Asia from 23 – 27 April 2007. These events were Lam Van Hoang, Timuay jose Boy Anoy, Yassin
coorganized by the State Government of Sabah, Miki, Jose D. Cruz, Avi Mahaningtyas, Ludi
Malaysia, ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB), Apin, Narong Mahannop, Maria Latumahina,
Birdlife International and IUCN WCPA SEA Tonny Suhartono, Ng Sock Ling, Josefa
with support from the Australian Government Rizalina Bautista, Syah Indrawati, Noelle
Department of the Environment and Water O’Brian, Victor Ramos, Puspa Dewi Liman,
Resources, United Nations Educational, Scientific Clarissa Arida, Sangthong Southammakoth,
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Haribon Phouy Bun Nyok, Nixen Limba, Kenneth
Foundation, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the Kassen, Chou Loke Ming, Thammasak
ASEAN and the European Union. Yeemin, Perry Alino, James Gan, Savannh
The organizers wish to thank the following: Chanthakoummane, Jatna Supriatna, Angie
• Datuk Lamri Ali, Calvin Loh, Kari Lahti, Meniado, Klaus Berkmuller, Marc Hockings,
Cristi Nozawa, Peter Shadie, Penny Williams Rahimatsah Amat, Ben Malayang, Tham Ngoc
represented by Anabelle Plantilla, Juan Diep, Veronica Villavicencio, Anthony de
Echanove and Roland Yap for gracing the Silva, Bui Thi Thu Hien, Khin Ma Ma Thwin,
opening ceremony; Ramesh Boonratana, Laurentius Ambu, Koen
• The country representatives who reported Meyers, Melissa Malingan, Tamen Sitorus,
their compliance to the Durban Accord and Chou Hoi, Tiburcio Fernado, Abdul Halim,
to the PoWPA of the CBD: Brunei, Cambodia, Anadel Cabanban, Nigel Dudley, Latsamay
Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sylavong, John Payne and Peeranuch Dulkul
Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Kapelle.
Nam; Our heartfelt gratitude for the support and active
• The resource persons who provided invaluable participation of all participants in the conference.
inputs for the parallel sessions: Ma. Consuelo Special thanks to the staff of Sabah Parks, ACB,
Garcia, Paul Basintal, Monina Uriarte, Jamili IUCN-WCPA, Haribon Foundation and Birdlife
Nais, Rili Djohani, Sheila Vergara and Vo Si International for their help and assistance and for
Tuan; serving as Secretariat in the Conference.
PHOTO
DOCUMENTATION
Opening Ceremony
of the 2nd AHP
Conference
64 PROCEEDINGS
Group photos
Paper Presentations
Cultural Show
Filed Trip
66 PROCEEDINGS
Sceneries at Kota Kinabalu National Park
Flora in Kota Kinabalu National Park
DIRECTORY 0F PARTICIPANTS,
GUESTS AND RESOURCE PERSONS
Title Last Name First Name Middle Country Organization/Institute

Name
Mr. Abd Sani Samit - Malaysia Sabah Forestry Department
Abd
Mr Razak
ABD. Razak Fazrullah Rizally Malaysia Sabah Parks
Mr Abdul Ghan Bin Nasai Jufri Bin Nasai Malaysia Sabah Parks
Mr Abdul Hamid Kamarul Azhal - Malaysia Johor National Parks Corporation
Mr. Abu Bakar Mohd Soffian Malaysia Sabah Wildlife Department

Dr. Agama Agnea Lee Malaysia Global Diversity Foundation
Mr. Agista Dian Indonesia Burung Indonesia
Mr. Ahtoi Galus Malaysia PACOS TRUST
Ms. Aizura Fitra Malaysia Marine Park Section, Ministry of
Natural Resources and
Environment
Mr. Ajimin Mohd Amdy - Malaysia Yayasan Sabah
Ajus Alfred Jubili Malaysia
Dr Alejar Amie Philippines ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity
Mr. Alferez Charles Narvaez Philippines DIOPID Committee on Mining
Issues (DCMI)
Dr. Alin James M. Malaysia University of Malaysia Sabah
Dr. Aliño Porfirio Miel Philippines Marine Science Institute /Philippine
Environmental governance Project
Dr. Amat Rahimatsa Malaysia

Mr Ambu Laurentius Nayan Malaysia Sabah Wildlife Department
(Sabah)
Mr Anan Saharudin Bin Malaysia Department of Wildlife and
(Peninsular) National Parks, Peninsular
Malaysia
Mr. Angataouran Ebzan Malaysia ZKK
Mr. Anoy Jose Alcantara Philippines Apu Manglang Glupa Pusaka
Mr. Antaran Bantong Bin Brunei Brunei Museums Department
Anupan Poopok
Mr Apin Ludi Malaysia Sabah Parks
(Sabah)
Ms Arida Clarissa Cabildo Philippines UNDP
Mrs Azron Syah Indrawati Indonesia SEAMEO-BIOTROP Training and
Information Center
Mr Basintal Paulus Malaysia Sabah Parks
(Sabah)
Ms. Bautista Josefa Rizalina Morata Philippines Development Academy of the
Philippines
Mr. Berkmuller Klaus Thailand
Ms. Bolinas Rowena Philippines Haribon Foundation
Bongsu Azami
Mr. Boonratana Ramesh - Thailand Mahidol University International
College
68 PROCEEDINGS
Name
Ms. Brown Jessica USA Quebec-Labrador Foundation/
Atlantic Center for the
Environment
Ms. Bui Hein Thi Thu Vietnam IUCN
Dr. Cabanban Annadel Salvio Malaysia WWF-MALAYSIA
Mr. Chan Albert Apollo Malaysia Sabah Environmental Protection
(Sabah) Association
Dr. Chan Lena Singapore National Parks Board
Ms. Chan Somaly Cambodia DNCP/MOE
Mr. Chanthakoummane Savani Vanh Lao PDR Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry
Department of Forestry
Mr Cheong Francis Fook Meng Malaysia Johor National Parks Corporation
Mr. Chey Yuthearith Cambodia Ministry of Environment
Dr. Chou Loke Ming Singapore National University of Singapore
Department of Biological Sciences
Mr. Chumnankid Cholathron Thailand Department of National Parks,
wildlife and Plant Conservation
Mr. Chumthong Naruebet Thailand Department of National Parks,
wildlife and Plant Conservation
Mr. Clark Brian - Malaysia Gunung Mulu National Park
Mr. Cohen Sheldon Indonesia The Nature Conservancy
Mr. Crosby Michael John United BirdLife International
Kingdom
Ms. Cunanan Angie Baylon Philippines UNDP GEF Small Grants
Programme
Mr. D' Cruz Joseph - Thailand UNDP/GEF
Ms. Dalawis Arlene Tiolo Philippines DENR
Mr. Dananuphanth Boonkit Thailand Ao-Phangnga NP
Mr. de Castro Glen Anunciado Philippines United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP)-SGPDTF
Philippines
Mr. de Silva Janaka Anthony Thailand The World Conservation Union -
IUCN
Ms Dela Paz Belinda Philippines Haribon Foundation
Mr. Dela Rosa Gregorio, Jr Escober Philippines Haribon Foundation
Mr. Dien Nong The Vietnam Ba Be NP
Mr. Diwa Redante Philippines Mt. Iglit Baco NP
Dr Djohani Safira Warik Indonesia
pp The Nature
g Conservancy
Mr. Dudley Nigel Mr. UK IUCN WCPA
Ms. Dulnuan Perfecta Philippines LGU - Ifugao
Mr. Echanove Juan Jose Echanove Philippines European Commission
Faizal Bin Ahmad Malaysia
Mr Fuentes Rodrigo Philippines
Dr Gabriel Jammy Malaysia EDP
Mr. Gampilok Raubin - Malaysia Sabah Forestry Department
(Selangor)
Mr. Gan Wan Ming James Terence Singapore National Parks Board
Mr. Gani Robert - Malaysia Gunung Mulu National Park
Ms. Garcia Maria Consuelo Philippines ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity
Mr. Giang De A Vietnam Forest Protection Station of Mu
Chang Chai, Yen Bai, Vietnam
Ms. Gonzales Laurinette Philippines BirdLife Asia
Name
Ms. Gonzales Maria Mithi Laya Santos Philippines Haribon Foundation
Ms. Gungab Odrie Joy Philippines ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity
Ms. Ha Nguyen Bich Vietnam Fauna & Flora International
Vietnam conservation Support
Programme
Mr Haidzer Ali Mohd Fadzli - Malaysia Johor National Parks Corporation
Mr. Haji Yusdi Baharom - Malaysia Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri

(Selangor) Selangor
Mr. Halim Abdul Indonesia The Nature Conservancy
Mr Hamzah Hasnizam - Malaysia Johor National Parks Corporation
Mr. Hasiholan Waldemar Indonesia Division of Bukit Duabelas NP,

Ministry of Forestry
Ms Hawardi Djohani Safira Warili Indonesia The Nature Conservancy
Mr. Hidayat Noor Indonesia Ministry of Forestry
Mr. Hien Tran Dinh Vietnam Forest Protection Department
Mr. Hiep Nguyen Manh Vietnam Forest Protection Department
Mr. Hla Khin Mauang Myanmar Forest Department
Mr. Hlawnching Famark Burma Chin Human Rights Organization
Mr. Hluangbumroong Somkiat - Thailand National Park Wildlife and Plant

Conservation Department
Mr. Hoang Lam Van Vietnam Fauna and Flora International,
Vietnam Programme
Dr. Hockings Marc Australia University of Queensland and
IUCN-WCPA
Mr. Hong Daravuth Cambodia Ministry of Environment
Mr. Htay Than Myanmar Forest Department, Inle Wetland
Wildlife Sanctuary
Mr. Htut Ye Myanmar Ministry of Forestry
Mr. IGNN Sutedja - Indonesia Ministry of Forestry
Mr. Ingan Peter Malaysia Jawatan Kunsa Zon Keguwan
Komuniti Kg Ulu Sanagang
Mr Isnain Irwan Malaysia Sabah Parks
(Sabah)
Ms. Istinngsih Vinca Safrani Indonesia ASEAN Secretariat
Datuk Jayasuriya Susanna Juliana Malaysia Perak Forestry Department/ Sabah
(Sabah) Environmental Protection
Association
Mr Jintoni Christopher Malaysia Ministry of Tourism, Culture and
Environment, Kota Kinabalu
Mr. Johari Ariffin Malaysia Sabah Parks

Ms. Jumin Robecca - Malaysia WWF-Malaysia
Ms. Kaewplang Kritsana Thailand BCST
Ms. Kalyan Hou - Cambodia Community-Based Natural
Resources Learning Institure
(CBNRM LI)
Ms. Kapelle Peeranuch Dulkul Thailand National Parks, wildlife and Plant
Conservation Department
Mr. Kassem Kenneth Ramsey Malaysia WWF-Malaysia
Mr. Khowinthawong Chaturathep Thailand Mu Ko Similan National Park,
National Park Wildlife and Plant
Department
70 PROCEEDINGS
Name
Mr. Kothari Ashish India Kalpavrikish / TILCEPA
Kwa Ma Ma Thwin Kwa Ma Ma Thwin Myanmar
(Hazel)
Mr. Lahti Kari Markku Switzerland IUCN, Programme on Protected
Areas
Mr. Lai Hieu Duc Viet Nam Chumomray National Park
Mr Lakim Maklarin Malaysia Sabah Parks
Mr. Landong Wilfred Stephen Malaysia Sarawak Forestry
Mr. Lasimbang Adrian Malaysia PACOS TRUST
Ms. Lasimbang Jannie - Malaysia Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact
(AIPP)
Ms. Latumahina Maria Elena Papua- Papua Civil Society Strenghtening
Indonesia Foundation/ PCSSF
Mr. Layugan Jovito, Jr. Balabbo Philippines DENR

Dr. Letchumanan Raman - Indonesia ASEAN Secretariat
Liew Elizabeth
Dr. Liew-Tsonis Janie Malaysia University of Malaysia Sabah
(UMS)
Ms. Lim Ai Gaik - Malaysia Marine Park Section, Ministry of
Natural Resources and
Environment
Dr. Lim Theresa Mundita Philippines DENR- Protected Areas & Wildlife
Bureau
Mr. Liwanag Henry Philippines ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity
Ms. Logmao Alma Philippines ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity
Dr. Loh Calvin Malaysian Malaysian Nature Society
Mr. Luangbamrung Somkiet Thailand
Ms. Lukanawarakul Ratana Thailand Department of National Park,
Wildlife and Plant Conservation
Mr. Lumba Nixen Antarixa Indonesia AMAN
Ms. Mahaningtyas Avi Indonesia GEF SGP Indonesia and Samdhana
Institute
Mr Maidin Nasrulhakim Bin Malaysia Sabah Parks
Malayang Ben Philippines
Mr. Malim Peter Malaysia Sabah Wildlife Department
(Sabah)
Ms. Malingan-Sapdoy Melisa Therese Ngitit Philippines John Hay Management Corporation
Mrs. Maloali Lienche Fransiena Papua- Papua Civil Society Strenghtening

Indonesia Foundation/ PCSSF
Mr. Manhannop Narong Thailand Khao Yai National Park

Ms. Maranan Meriden Espiritu Philippines PAWB-DENR
Ms. Martinah Haji Tamit Malaysia
Mr. Masjhur Aprianto Indonesia ASEAN Secretariat
Mr. MEAS Nhim Cambodia Ministry of Environment
Dr. Melana Dioscoro Maghinay Philippines Department of Environment &
Natural Resources, DENR Region
7, Banilad, Mandaue city
Ms Meniado Angelita Pancho Philippines Protected Areas and Wildlife

Bureau (PAWB)-DENR
Name
Ms. Mesina Sylvia Relampagos Philippines Foundation for the Philippine
Environment
Mr. Meyers Koen J.M. Indonesia UNESCO -World Heritage
Mr. Miki Yassin Malaysia Global Diversity Foundation (GDF)
Mr. Mirasol Felix, Jr. Siarot Philippines DENR - Mt. Kitanglad PA

Mr Mohamed Salleh HJ Abu Bakar - Malaysia Johor National Parks Corporation
Mr. Mohd Basri Abdul Manaf Malaysia Forestry Department Peninsular

Malaysia
Mr Mohd Top Aziz Malaysia Johor National Parks Corporation
Mr. Mohd. Taufik ABD Rahman Malaysia Department of Wildlife and

Rahman National Parks, Peninsular
Malaysia
Ms. Molinyawe Norma Mojado Philippines Protected Areas and Wildlife
Bureau (PAWB)-DENR
Mr. Murphy Adam Malaysia Global Diversity Foundation
Mr. Nababan Gunung - Indonesia Ministry of Forestry
Dr. Nais Jamili Facilitator Sabah Parks
Res. Person
Mr Nasri Jufri Participant Sabah Parks
Mr. Nawi Samsu Anuar Malaysia Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri
(Selangor) Selangor
Mr. Neou Karun Cambodia Preah Sihanouk & Ream NP
Ms. Ng Sock Ling - Singapore National Parks Board
Dr. Nguyen Hoi Chu Vietnam Vietnam Institute of Fisheries
Economics and Planning/ASEAN
WG on coastal Marine Environment
(AWGME)
Ms. Nguyen Tram Thi Thanh Vietnam Vietnam Environment Protection

Agency (VEPA)
Mr. Nguyen Tien Thuc Vietnam Kon Ka Kinh NP
Mr. NHAL
Nhal Thoun No Cambodia Ministry of Environment
Mr. Nik Mohd Maseri Malaysia WWF-Malaysia
Mr Niun Roland Malaysia Sabah Wildlife Department
(Sabah)
Ms Nozawa Cristi Marie Philippines BirdLife International
Mr. Nyawa Samhan Bin Brunei Brunei Museums Department
Ms. Nyok Phuy Bun Cambodia NTFP
Ms. Obon Irene Felicitas Malaysia Sabah Environment Protection
Association
Ms. O'Brien Noelle Patricia Thailand RECOFTC
Mr. Omar Jimmy - Malaysia
(Sabah)
Ms Ong Je-el Constantino Philippines Haribon Foundation
Mr Oo Htun Paw Myanmar Nature & Wildlife Conservation
Division, Forest Department
Mr. Oum Pisey Ministry of Environment
Mr. Pangkali Lyndon Baines Indonesia WWF Indonesia
Mr. Pasaribu Lusman Indonesia Bukit Barisan Selatan National
Park
72 PROCEEDINGS
Name
Ms. Payne Judayne Thailand
Mr. Peng Leong Kwok Singapore Nature Society (Singapore)
Ms. Plantilla Anabelle Edrosa Philippines Haribon Foundation
Mr. Poopook Anuphan Thailand Deprtment of National Park
Wildlife and Plant
Mrs. Purnamaningtyas Nining Ngudi Indonesia Directorate General of Forest
Protection and Nature
Conservation
Ms. Quibilan Miledel Christine Carino Philippines Conservation International
Philippines
Mr. Ramatha Letchumanan Malaysia Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment
Ramlah AG. Jalil Malaysia
Mr. Ramos Victor O. Philippines DENR
Dato Razani Ujang Malaysia Forestry Department Peninsular
Malaysia
Ms. Rehman Rashidah Maqbool Malaysia WWF-Malaysia
Repin Rimi Malaysia Sabah Parks
Mr. Rivera Leonilo Rapanut Philippines Mt. Apo NP
Mr. Rombang William Marthy Indonesia BirdLife Indonesia
Mr. Roslan Ariffin Malaysia Perlis State Forestry Department
Ms. Rubis Jennifer Theresa Malaysia EC-UNDP Small Grants Programme

for Operations to Promote Tropical
Forests
Mr. Ruddy Gustave Ruddy Gustave Indonesia AMAN
Mr. Rudyanto Indonesia BirdLife Asia
Ms. Salumbre Daisy Magallanes Philippines Haribon Foundation
Mr. Saway Victorino Linsahay Philippines Panagtagbo Mindanao
Ms. Seiha Ouk Cambodia Ministry of Environment
Mr. Sein Tun Myanmar Forest Department
Mr. Semasawat Chairat Thailand Maenampachi Wildlife Sanctuary
Mr. Shadie Peter Thailand IUCN

Mr. Shukor Zainuddin AB Malaysia Wildlife Department Peninsular
Malaysia
Mr. Siman Abdul Wahab - Malaysia Sabah Parks
(Sabah)
Mr. Sitorus Tamen Indonesia Komodo National Park Authority/
Directorate General of Forest
Protection and Nature
Conservation
Mr. Soe Lwin Myanmar Forest Department
Mr. Soewartono Indonesia Ministry of Forestry
Mr. Sophark Chou Cambodia Virachey National Park, MOE
Mr. Spait Maipol Participant Sabah Parks
Mr. Sugiarto Slamet Widodo Indonesia SEAMEO BIOTROP Training and
Information Centre
Dr. Sukasem Chumpon Thailand Department of National Park
Wildlife and Plants
Dr. Suksawang Songtam Thailand Department of National Park,
Wildlife and Plant Conservation
Name
Mr. Supranata Awen Indonesia Ministry of Forestry
Mrs. Suzue Keiko Japan BirdLife Asia
Mr. Swan Steven Ryan Viet Nam Fauna & Flora International
Mr. Takunai Ab. Ghaffar Malaysia Sabah Parks
Mr. Tan Hang Chong Nature Society (Singapore)
Mr. Tatlonghari Rick Jayson Philippines ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity
Mr. Texon Greg Philippines
Mrs. Tham Diep Thi Ngoc Vietnam WWF Greater Mekong Programme
Ms. Thandauthapany Lanashree - Malaysia WWF-Malaysia

Mr. Thet Tun Myanmar Forest Department
Ms. Thwin Khin Ma Ma Myanmar Biodiversity and Nature
Conservation Association (BANCA)
Mr. Tiburcio Fernando Escalante Philippines PAMANA Ka Sa Pilipinas

Dr. Tran Cuong Ngoc Viet Nam Vietnam Environment Protection
Agency (VEPA)
Mr. Trono Romeo Baskinas Philippines Conservation International
Philippines
Ms. Tumimbang Aireen Gozar Philippines ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity
Tuwalo Aswan
Dr. Uriarte Monina Philippines ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity

Ms. Vergara Sheila Gorosin Philippines Conservation International
Ms. Villavicencio Veronica Philippines
Wahol Mohd Zaini A. Wahol Malaysia Sabah Parks
Mr. Wamebu Zadrak Indonesia Government/Jayapura Regency
Mr. Wiratno Indonesia Gunung Leuser National Park, DG.

Forest Protection and Nature
Conservation, Ministry of Foresrty
Ms. Wong Anna Malaysia University of Malaysia, Sabah

Mr. Yahaya Yuisuf Malaysia Pahang Forestry Department
Mr. Yap Roland Philippines ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity
Ms. Yap Wendy Singapore National Parks Board
Dr. Yasin Hizamri Mohd Malaysia Forestry Department Peninsular
Malaysia
Mr. YBGH. Datuk Lamriali
Mr. Yoosomboon Apicha Thailand National Park Wildlife & Plant
Department
Mr. Yussop Thomas Malaysia Sabah Parks
(Sabah)
Mr. Zahariah Binti Zainal
Abidin
74 PROCEEDINGS
CONTENTS OF THE CD
The full reports / conference presentations, and messages are found in the CD that comes with this publication.
The titles of the paper presentations and messages are:
A. Conference Papers
1. Report on the 1st ASEAN Heritage Parks Conference
2. Programme of Work on Protected Areas: Progress and Prospects
3. Country Reports
4. Gap Analysis Workshop Results: National and Regional Action Points
5. Report on Capacity Building Series 2: Management Effectiveness Assessment
for Developing Capacity Building Programmes for ASEAN Heritage Parks Staff
7. ACB’s Biodiversity Information Management: Moving Information Forward in 2007
8. Sabah and its Protected Areas and Introduction to the Field Trips
9. Scaling Up: Protecting the Global Centre of Marine Biodiversity in the Coral Triangle
10. Status of Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia
11. Integrating Fisheries and Habitat Management in the UNEP/GEF Habitat Demonstration Sites
12. Sulu Sulawesi Seascape: Securing Globally Important Marine Ecosystems
B. Parallel Sessions Papers

Wetland Reserve
1.2 ASEAN Heritage Parks: The Best Practices and Lessons in Protected Area Management
1.3 Communication and Community in Kaeng Krachan National Park
2.1 Land Use Conflict Management in Samar Island Natural Park, Philippines
Marena, Central Sulawesi Provinsi
in Virachey National Park, Kok Lak Commune
Lorentz National Park
3.1. World Database on Protected Areas
3.2. Protected Area Learning Network
4.1 Marine Protected Areas: Inputs to the Gap Analyses for the Southeast Asian Region
4.2 Status of Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia - What Next?
Functioning and Management: Case Study – Hoang Lien Son Project
Community Use Zone, Crocker Range Park, Sabah
6.1 Sustainable Financing for Protected Areas
6.2 Papua Civil Society Support Foundation
7. Capacity Development for Better Protected Area Management
7.1 Training Course on Biodiversity – BIOTROP Training and Information Centre Experience
7.2 Master in Public Management, Major in Protected Area Management in the Philippines
8.1 Monitoring Asia’s IBAs
8.2 Biodiversity Monitoring System in Protected Areas in the Philippiness
8.3 Towards Site Level Monitoring in Lao PDR
and Development at the Regional Level
9.2 Komodo National Park (A World Heritage Site), Indonesia
Focus on the Ifugao Rice Terraces
10.1 Introduction to Management Effectiveness Evaluation
10.2 Policy Challenges to the Management Effectiveness Assessment of Protected Areas
10.3 MPA-Management Effectiveness: A Case Study from Viet Nam
10.4 The Application of RAPPAM Tool in Assessing Management Effectiveness of Protected Areas
11.1 Building Community-Based Marine Protected Area Monitoring
11.2 Monitoring Stakeholder Perceptions to Improve Effectiveness of MPA Management
11.3 Biodiversity Monitoring of Marine Protected Areas
12.1 The Segama Conservation Area – A Case for Stewardship
12.2 Sustainable Tourism and Protected Areas – Thailand
Reduction: Nha Trang Bay Case Study
National Park
13.1 Application of IUCN Categories for Protected Areas in Sabah, Malaysia
13.2 IUCN Protected Area Categories
13.2 The National Integrated Protected Area System in the Philippines and the IUCN Categories
13.4 Protected Area Categories in Thailand
76 PROCEEDINGS
ASEAN CENTRE
BIODIVERSITY
FOR
56 • JANUARY-MARCH 2008
78 PROCEEDINGS

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2nd ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS CONFERENCE AND THE 4TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 1

ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB) is a regional inter-governmental centre of

Developed and produced by the ACB Publications Team

Monina T. Uriarte, PhD

Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ xiii

Synthesis of the Opening Programme

Synthesis of Conference Papers

Synthesis of Parallel Sessions

Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................................................................................................................ 62

Photo Documentation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64

Directory of Participants, Guests and Resource Persons............................................................................................................................... 68

B. Parallel Sessions Papers

ASEAN CENTRE FOR BIODIVERSITY

ASEAN CENTRE for BIODIVERSITY

ACB ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM • Khakaborazi National Park

Table 2. Distribution of Participants

O fficials from the State Government of Sabah,

Datuk Lamri Ali Cristi Nozawa

Roland Yap Programme of Work on Protected Areas:

Figure 1. CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas

Country Biodiversity Resources Management Authority Strengths Threats and Challenges

Flora: More than 4.000 flora species, including 3 of

Higher elevation species: oaks (Fagaceae spp.) and

Mu Ko Similan National Park:

Ao Phang Nga National Park:

Ma. Consuelo Garcia National Action Points

The report on Management Effectiveness

P resentations in the parallel sessions provided

Chair: Chumpon Sukaseam 1.2 ASEAN Heritage Parks: The Best

Table 4. Regional Action Points: Communication and Community Relations in PA Management

Situation/Issue Lessons Learned Targets Addressed Recommendations

II. Some protected • Conflicts among • Frameworks for

III. Land use conflicts • Recognition of • Review and revision of

IV. If not addressed • A management plan • Review and revision of

VI. State policies • Ecotourism, while

VII. Problems • Research on

VIII. No mechanisms • PA managers need

IX. In some cases,

Peter Shadie Mangroves, seagrass beds and coral reefs protect

II. Marine • Recognize that there are specific Long term

II. Depletion is • The presence or absence of • Provision • Work toward improving

Table 9. Regional Action Points: Sustainable Financing for Protected Areas

IV. Need higher

Co-Chair: Ng Sock Ling The Philippines is home to some of the world’s

VIII: Inconsistent • When impacts/outcomes of • Build capacity • ACB to spearhead initiative to

V. Insufficient • All PAs have effective • Increase financing for monitoring in

monitoring for testing in a variety of PAs in the Koen J.M. Meyers

II. Benefit sharing • Equitable sharing

III. After inscription, • After inscription, there is support

IV. Communications • Establishment and • Establish and strengthen

10. Management Effectiveness Assessment 10.2 Policy Challenges to the Management

II. Need to improve • Framework for • Make results of MEE activities

IV. Need to use • In the absence of agency/ • Development, • Commitment at highest

VI: Need to • Effective • Strengthen laws and legislation.

III. Inform/educate • Use monitoring to demonstrate

II. Balance • Alternative income generating/ • Ensure that marketing, the

Jamili Nais 13.3 The National Integrated Protected

Laurentius Ambu Annabel Plantilla