UNDERSTANDING


CULTURE, SOCIETY AND CULTURE SHARED BY MEN-
considered as the main
POLITICS relationship between
sociology and anthropology.

 POLITICS- involve making a

UNIT 1: SOCIETY AND CULTURE common decision for a group
CHAPTER 1 & 2 of people; collective
decision of individuals based
 CULTURE- totality of what man on defined rules in society.
has learned as a member of
the society.  POLITICAL SCIENCE- systematic
study of a state and its
 MATERIAL CULTURE- consists of government.
tangible things.
 NORMS- guides or models of
 NON-MATERIAL- consists of behavior which tell us what
intangible things. is proper and which are
appropriate or inappropriate.
 BELIEFS- perception of
individuals to accepted  MORES- embody the code of
reality. ethics & standards of
morality.
 FOLKWAYS- customary patterns
of everyday life  VALUES- standards we use to
evaluate the desirability of
 SOCIETY- a product of human things.
social processes intended to
meet basic needs for  ETHNOCENTRISM- cultures
survival. differ & each culture defines
reality differently.
 SOCIAL STRUCTURE- stable
pattern of configuration of  CULTURAL VARIATION-
social relationships and differences in social
interactions. behaviors.

 SOCIOLOGY- scientific study  CULTURAL RELATIVISM- the

of patterned; shared human attempt to judge behavior
behavior. according to its cultural
context.
 ANTHROPOLOGY- deals with the
scientific study of man’s
works, body, behavior &
values, in time and space.
  HORTICULTURAL S- use of human
CHAPTER 3 muscle power & hand-held
tools to cultivate fields;
 EVOLUTION- natural process of subsistence (producing enough
biological change food to feed the group) &
surplus (practice in thickly
populated & permanent
 HOMO HABILIS- was the first
settlements) farming.
to make stone tools

 PASTORAL- herding &

 HOMO RUDOLFENSIS- longer
domestication of animals for
teeth, large molar teeth &
food & clothing
larger braincase

 AGRICULTURAL- use of plow in

 HOMO ERECTUS- “Upright Man”
farming
 HOMO HEIDELBERGENESIS- large
 INDUSTRIAL- use of mechanical
brow ridge and short wide
means of production
bodies

 POST-INDUSTRIAL- specialized
 HOMO FLORESIENSIS- “Hobbit”
knowledge to bring continuing
progress in technology.
 HOMO SAPIENS- “Wise Man”

 HOMO SAPIENS
NEANDERTHALENSIS- have body
to adapt winter climates

 HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS- Cro-

Magnon; anatomically modern
humans

 PALEOLITHIC AGE (OLD STONE

AGE)- first evidence of tool
construction.

 NEOLITHIC AGE (NEW STONE

AGE)- villages; domesticated
plants & animals.

 HUNTING & FOOD GATHERING

SOCIETIES- foraging
vegetables, fishing, hunting
larger wild animals
 CHAPTER 4 number of functions in the
society

 Socialization- continuing -Strain Theory (Robert Merton)-

process whereby an individual individuals reject goals and
acquires a personal identity and means that lead to deviance
learns non-material cultures
appropriate to a social -Control Theory- social
position. institutes contribute to social
order by controlling deviant
 Objective Socialization- the
society acting upon a child  Deviance- an act that violates a
social norm
 Subjective Socialization-
society transmits its culture
from one generation to the next  Social Control- efforts of group
and adapts it to regulate behaviors of the
embers to conform with the
 Agents of Socialization- family, established norms
school, church, peer group,
workplace & mass media  Informal Sanctions-unofficial
(positive & negative)
 Ascribed Statuses- those which
are assigned to individual from  Formal Sanctions- official
birth
 Human Rights- natural rights of
 Achieved Statuses- acquired by all human regardless of their
choice, merit, or individual nationality, religion,
effort ethnicity, sex, language & color

 Compliance- accepting influence  Natural Rights- God-given

because the content of the
induced behavior
 Constitutional Rights- rights
 Internalization- accepting guaranteed under the fundamental
influence because the content of charter of the country
the induced behavior
 Statutory Rights- provided by
 Identification- accepting the lawmaking body of a country
influence because he wants to or by law
establish or maintain a
satisfying relationship  Civil Rights- specified under
Bill of Rights
 Ingrational- when a person
conforms to impress or gain  Economic Rights- rights to
favor from other people property, whether personal, real
or intellectual
 Sociological Theories of
Deviance  Political Rights- enjoys by an
individual as a member of a body
-Functionalist Theory (Emile politic
Durkheim)- deviance can serve a
CHAPTER 5  Gesselschaft- impersonal,
secondary, contractual &
 Group- is composed of two or rationalized relationships
more persons who have
something in common,
 Primary Groups- intimate face
interacting w/ each other,
to face association and
and guided by set of norms
cooperation

 3 Requirements for a group

 Secondary Groups consist of
-must have 2 or more people small face to face structures
such as family & friendship
-there must be interaction
-members must be together
 In-Group- identifies an
physically
individual who is comfortable
in a group & w/ its members
 Forms of human cluster
 Out-Group- generally viewed
 Aggregate- people that are as the outsiders of the in-
found in one place but do not group
interact w/ each other
 Social Category- members  Reference group- groups that
possess common identifying are significant to us
status characteristics but do
not interact socially
 Stereotypes- group-shared
 Collective- crowds, masses, image of another group
public & social movements

 Social Organization-concept
that social scientists have
developed for the scientific
study of society, culture,
and personality

 Social Structure- independent

network of roles and the
hierarchy of statuses

 Social Function- results of

action that occur in relation
to a particular structure

 Gemeinschaft- community of
individuals with close
personal and family ties
(natural will)
  Endogamy- one should marry
one within one’s clan or
CHAPTER 6
ethnic group
 Family- basic social
institution & primary group  Exogamy-prescribes that one
in the society can marry one outside the
can or ethnic group
 Kinship- web of social
relationships that form an  Family orientation- family
essential part of the lives into which one is born
of most humans
 Nuclear family- smallest
 Descent- the origin/ unit; has a father, a
background of a person in mother and children
terms of family or
nationality  Extended Family- composed
of two or more nuclear
 Marriage- cultural families
mechanism that ensures its
continuity; an institution  Based on Descent, Residence
consisting cluster of non- & Authority:
material cultures
 Patrilineal, Patrilocal &
 Aug. 3, 1988- Family Code Patriarchal - Father’s
of Philippines took effect;
defines marriage as a  Matrilineal, Matrilocal &
special contract between a Matriarchal – Mother’s
man and a woman
 Bi- both
 Forms of Marriage
 The basic social unit of
 Monogamy- a man to take the Philippines is the
only one spouse at a time nuclear family while
Filipinos practice endogamy
 Polygamy- plural marriage

-Polygyny- marriage of one

man to many women

-Polyandry- marriage of one

woman to many men

-Group marriage

 2 types of norms regarding

the selection of marriage
partners