Analog Electronics GATE IES PSU Study Materials PDF

Analog Elecctronics-EC Postal Correspondence Course 1
SAMPLE STUDY MATERIAL
Electronics Engineering
EC/E & T
Postal Correspondence Course

GATE , IES & PSUs
Analog Electronics
Postal Course ( GATE & PSUs) © 2015 ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA® . All Rights Reserved
28-B/7, Jia Sarai, Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com
CONTENT
1. DIODE APPLICATION ……………………………………………… 03-29
2. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER………………………………………. 30-46
3. TRANSISTOR BIASING AND STABILIZATION ………………... 47-60
4. BJT AT LOW FREQUENCY ……………………………………….. 61-73
5. BJT AT HIGH FREQUENCY ………………………………………. 74-93
6. FET AMPLIFIER ……………………………………………………. 94-101
7. OSCILLATOR ……………………………………………………….. 102-112
8. FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER ………………………………………….. 113-123
9. POWER AMPLIFIER ………………………………………………. 124-131
10. MULTI VIBRATORS AND WAVE SHAPING CIRCUITS ……... 132-138
11. ANALOG ELECTRONICS Practices Set …………………………. 139-156
12. ANALOG ELECTRONICS IES Objective( E & T)…....................... 157-225
CHAPTER-1
DIODE APPLICATION
1. Rectifier: A diode rectifier (alternating to unidirectional converter) forms an essential building block
of the dc power supplies required to electronic equipment.
 FWR 
Alternating (DC value = 0) Unidirectional (Pulsating DC)

(+ve DC value)
Important Terms
RMS value of AC component

1. Ripple Factor: r 
DC value
Vac rms
r
Vdc
 Vdc2
2
V 
2
Vrms
   rms   1 Vrms  Vac2 rms  Va2 c
Vdc  Vdc 
 RMS value Vrms 

 Form factor (F)  DC value  V 
 dc 
Hence, r  F2  1
Note: Ideal value r = 0, F = 1 (AC component = 0)
Peak value
2. Crest Factor: C
RMS value
3. Ripple Voltage: Ripple voltage is defined as deviation of output voltage from it’s DC value
+ +
Output of rectifier  Pulsating DC
DC value = Vdc
RMS value = Vrms
4. PIV (Peak Inverse Voltage)
It is maximum voltage applied to diode in reverse bias condition and decide voltage handling capacity
of diode circuit.
Note: PIV should be low.

5. Transformer utilization factor: It shows the degree of utilization of the transformer in rectifier
circuit.
It must be very high and decide cost of circuit
Output Rectifier
V  VDC  VAC
Vrms  (VDC ) 2  (VACrms ) 2
 VACrms  Vrms
2
 VDC
2
Example: Let V  4  2 sin t
V
6
2
d
 VDC  4
2
 VACrms 
2
2
 2 
 Vrms  4 2
  16  2  18
 2
2
VACrms 1
 Ripple Factor (r)   2   0.35
Vdc 4 2 2
 Form Factor
Vrms 18
F   1.06
VDC 4
Rectifier
1. Half wave rectifier
2. Full wave rectifier
(a) Centre taped rectifier (b) Bridge rectifier
 Half Wave Rectifier

The half wave rectifier utilizes alternate half cycles of the input signal.
+Vm
 2 3
–Vm
Vo
Vm
Diode Diode Diode
ON OFF ON
 During +ve half cycle of supply voltage diode on and during –ve half it is off.
1. Vavg = VDC

1 V
= 
2 0
Vm sin t d (t )  m

1
2
1 
 V
2. Vrms    Vm2 sin 2 t d (t )   m
 2 0  2
3. Form Factor
Vm
Vrms 
F=  2   1.58
VDC V m 2

4. Ripple Factor
 
2
r  F2  1     1  1.21
2
5. Crest Factor:
Peak value Vm
C  2
RMS value Vm
2
6. Rectifier Efficiency:
DC output power P
  100  dc
AC input power A AC
Vm I m Vm I m  Vm 
Pdc  Vo Io    2  Im  R 
    L 
Vm
RMS output voltage Vrms 
2
Vrms V I
RMS output current I rms   m  m
RL 2RL 2
Vm I m Vm I m
Pac  Vrms I rms  
2 2 4
Vm I m
   2  40.53%
Pdc 2 4
(%) 
Pac Vm I m 
4
Vm I m
   0.286
Pdc 2
7. TUF : 
VA rating of transformer Vm I m
2 2
Voltage is available for full time period and current is available for half of time period
Note: Transformer is under utilized
8. PIV: Peak inverse voltage = Vm
9. Ripple Frequency: Source frequency
f r  rs
 Transfer curve of H.W.R. (Diode is assumed ideal)
Vi D Vo
Vi  0 ON Vi
Vi  0 OFF 0
Thevenin equivalent of half wave rectifier
Rth
RL
Vth
VTH
I dc 
RTH  RL
Vm sin  t  Vr Vm sin t
IL  
RS  RF  RL RS  RF  RL

1 Vm
I dc 
2 
o
I L d (t ) I m' sin t where I m' 
RS  RF  RL
 
1 1
I dc 
2 
o
I L d (t ) 
2 
o
I m' sin(t )d (t )
 I'  Vm /   VTh 
 m   
  RS  RF  RL  RTh  RL 
Vm
Thus VTh 

RTh  RS  RF
Drawbacks :
 Excessive ripple factor =1.21
 Low rectifier efficiency
 Low TUF
 d.c. Saturation of transformer secondary
Precision Half wave rectifier :
Vo
super diode
10. Full Wave Rectifier

In the full wave rectifier, rectification takes place for both the half cycle of input signal.
1. Centre Tapped F.W.R. (Using Ideal Diodes)
Note: Ripple frequency = 2 (source frequency)
fr  2 fs
(i) Average Value


1 2 Vm
Vaverage  VDC 
0 Vm sin t . d (t ) 

(ii) RMS Value

1
1  2 V
Vrms    Vm2 sin 2 t d (t )   m
 0  2
(iii) Form Factor
Vm
Vrms 
F  2   1.11
VDC 2 Vm 2 2

(iv) Ripple Factor
  
2
r  F 1  
2
  1  0.48
2 2
(v) Crest Factor
Vm
C  2
Vm
2
(vi) Rectifier Efficiency
Pdc 4 Vm I m
%   100  2
Pac   Vm I m 
 
 2 
8  Vm 
  Im  R 
2  L 
4
Vm I m
(vii) TUF =
Pdc
  2
 0.672
VA Rating of transformer 0.6035 Vm I m
Note: In FWR case utilization of transformer takes place in both +ve and –ve half hence TUF increases.
(viii) PIV = 2Vm ; Higher PIV is disadvantages to circuit as it effect diode operation.
Transfer Curve of FWR

Vo
Slope = +1
Slope
=–1 t
Vi
Thevenin equivalent of full wave rectifier
R th
Vth RL
Vth
I th 
RL  Rth
Vm sin t  Vr Vm sin t Vm
IL    I m' sin t  I m' 
RS  RF  RL RS  RF  RL RS  RF  RL

1 2 I m' 2Vm / 
I dc 
2 
o
I L d (t ) 


RS  RF  RL
2Vm
Vth  RTh  RS  RF

2. Bridge Type FWR (Using Ideal Diode):
Vm
t
t
– Vm
Vo
D1 D2 ON D1 D2 OFF D1 D2 ON
+ Vm D3 D4 OFF D3 D4 ON D3 D4 OFF t
 2 3
Floating resistance may acquire stray charge from environment.

2 Vm
(i) Average value: Vaverage  VDC 

Vm
(ii) RMS value: Vrms 
2

(iii) Form factor: F   1.11
2 2
(iv) Ripple factor: r = 0.48

(v) Rectification efficiency = 81.06%
Note: As waveform is some for centre tapped and bridge type FWR hence above (v) quantities are same.
(vi) TUF: TUF = 0.812

Note: Transformer is proper utilized.
(vii) PIV = Vm
Key Points:
(i) Both full wave rectifiers are better than the half wave rectifier in so far as voltage ripple factor,
rectification efficiency, TUF and crest factor are concerned.
(ii) TUF of bridge type FWR is better than centre tapped FWR therefore transforms required in the centre
tapper FWR is bulky.
(iii) PIV of diodes in bridge rectifier is half of that of the diodes used in centre tapped FWR.
(iv) Overall, a bridge rectifier using four diodes is more economical.
Filter Circuits:
 As the output of the rectifier circuit is pulsating DC containing AC and DC component filter circuits
are used to suppress the AC component.
 It reduces ripple factor to negligible value.
 Important components of the filters are capacitor and inductor.
Types of Filter Circuit:

1. C Filter
+ Vo
D1
1L
RL
D2
Vo
Rectifier +
Vo C RL
–
Here, ripple voltage is approximated as triangular waveform and on this basis d.c. and r.m.s value is
calculate.
 A capacitor C across load R L offers direct short circuit to AC component, these are therefore not
allowed to reach the load. However dc gets stored in the form of energy in C and this allows the
maintence of almost constant dc output voltage across the load.
 C-filter is suitable for load having low current (High Load Resistance)
1
 HWR with C-filter Ripple factor r =
2 3 f CR L
1
 FWR with C-filter Ripple factor r =
4 3 f CR L
1
Vdc  Vm  Vrpp
2
Vdc
Vrpp 
FC RL
2Vm
Vrpp 
1  2 FC RL
(ii) Inductor Filter (L-filter):
Rectifier
L
RL
 An inductor L in series with load R L reduces the ac component or ac ripples because L in series with
R L offers high impedance to ac component but very low resistance to dc.
 L-filter is suitable for loads requiring high load current (low value of R L ).
Note: In both C-filter and L-filter, time constant should be large for better waveform i.e.,
L
  CR L should be high.
RL
2 1
(ii) Ripple factor (r) =
2
3 2 X 
1  L 
 RL 
where, XL   L for HWR
= Z  L for FWR
(iii) L section or LC Filter:
Rectifier
L
C RL
 An LC filter consists of inductor L in series with the load and capacitor C across the load. This filter
possesses the advantage of both L filter and C filter.
2 XC
 Ripple factor r =
3 XL
1
Note: (i) Ripple factor (r) is independent of R L (ii) r 
f2
Voltage Regulator
 Voltage regulator is a circuit whose purpose is to provide constant DC voltage between it’s output
terminals.
 Voltage regulator circuits can be implemented using Zenner diode, transistors, etc.
1. Voltage Regulator Using Zener Diode:
R I
+ + IZ IL
Vi
– V2 RL Vo
 Vi is output of the filter circuit.
 Zener diode should be RB and breakdown.
 IZK  K NEE current = The minimum current flowing through the zener diode when zener
breakdown has just occurred.
 IZ m = The maximum zener current.
 PZm = Maximum power dissipated in zener diode = VZ IZm
 For satisfactory operation of circuit.
I  IZK  IL
Vi  Vo
 I ZK  I L
R
Example: Find PZ Given VZ  15V
150
+
50 V Vz 5 Vo
–
5
Solution: Voltage across reverse bias zener diode =  50  1.612 V
150  5
This voltage is less than VZ hence zener is off and IZ  0 hence PZ  VZIZ  0
Example. If in the above problem 5  resistor is replaced by 100  resistor. Now find PZ?
Solution: Voltage across RB zener diode
100
Vo   50  20 V
150  100
Now Vo  VZ
Hence, diode will go into breakdown mode.
Hence, (Vo  VZ  15V)
50  15
I  0.23 A
150
15
IL   .15 A
100
IZ  I  IL  0.23  0.15  0.08 A
PZ  VZ IZ  15  0.08 watts
= 1.2 watts
Clipping (Limiting) Circuits

 These are used to select the part of waveform that lie above or below some reference level.
(i) Positive Clipper:

 Clipping above reference level.
VR
+Ve
 Clipper 
(ii) Negative Clipper:

 Clipping below reference level
VR
–Ve
 Clipper 
(iii) Two Level Clipper:
+vR
Two level
 Clipper 
–vR
 On the basis of position of diode w.r.t load

(i) Shunt Clipper (ii) Series Clipper
R
D
D
Vi Vi Vo
VR
(Shunt +ve clipper) Series +ve clipper
Range of Vi D Vo Range of Vi D Vo
Vi  VR OFF Vi Vi  VR ON Vi
Vi  VR ON VR Vi  VR OFF VR
 Transfer Curve
Vo
Vo
VR
VR
Vi VR Vi
VR
 Wave form
Vo Vo
VR VR
77 Final Selections in Engineering Services 2014.

Rank Roll Name Branch
1 171298 SAHIL GARG EE
3 131400 FIRDAUS KHAN ECE
6 088542 SUNEET KUMAR TOMAR ECE
8 024248 DEEPANSHU SINGH EE
10 207735 VASU HANDA ECE
22 005386 RAN SINGH GODARA ECE
22 032483 PAWAN KUMAR EE
29 070313 SAURABH GOYAL EE
31 214577 PRAMOD RAWANI EE
33 075338 DIPTI RANJAN TRIPATHY ECE
35 003853 SHANKAR GANESH K ECE
35 091781 KOUSHIK PAN EE
36 052187 ANOOP A ECE
37 008233 ARPIT SHUKLA ECE
38 106114 MANISH GUPTA EE
41 018349 VINAY GUPTA ECE
44 098058 LEENA P MARKOSE EE
45 029174 NAVNEET KUMAR KANWAT EE
9 Rank under AIR 100 in GATE 2015 ( Rank

6,8,19,28,41,56,76,91,98)
and many more.............................
To Buy Postal Correspondence Package call at 0-9990657855

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Analog Elecctronics-EC Postal Correspondence Course 1

SAMPLE STUDY MATERIAL

Postal Correspondence Course

1. DIODE APPLICATION ……………………………………………… 03-29

2. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER………………………………………. 30-46

3. TRANSISTOR BIASING AND STABILIZATION ………………... 47-60

4. BJT AT LOW FREQUENCY ……………………………………….. 61-73

5. BJT AT HIGH FREQUENCY ………………………………………. 74-93

6. FET AMPLIFIER ……………………………………………………. 94-101

7. OSCILLATOR ……………………………………………………….. 102-112

8. FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER ………………………………………….. 113-123

9. POWER AMPLIFIER ………………………………………………. 124-131

10. MULTI VIBRATORS AND WAVE SHAPING CIRCUITS ……... 132-138

11. ANALOG ELECTRONICS Practices Set …………………………. 139-156

12. ANALOG ELECTRONICS IES Objective( E & T)…....................... 157-225

Alternating (DC value = 0) Unidirectional (Pulsating DC)

RMS value of AC component

 RMS value Vrms 

Note: Ideal value r = 0, F = 1 (AC component = 0)

Output of rectifier  Pulsating DC

RMS value = Vrms

Note: PIV should be low.

Example: Let V  4  2 sin t

 Half Wave Rectifier

8. PIV: Peak inverse voltage = Vm

9. Ripple Frequency: Source frequency

 Transfer curve of H.W.R. (Diode is assumed ideal)

Precision Half wave rectifier :

10. Full Wave Rectifier

1. Centre Tapped F.W.R. (Using Ideal Diodes)

Note: Ripple frequency = 2 (source frequency)

(i) Average Value

(ii) RMS Value

Transfer Curve of FWR

Floating resistance may acquire stray charge from environment.

(iv) Ripple factor: r = 0.48

(vi) TUF: TUF = 0.812

Types of Filter Circuit:

(ii) Inductor Filter (L-filter):

R L offers high impedance to ac component but very low resistance to dc.

where, XL   L for HWR

(iii) L section or LC Filter:

1. Voltage Regulator Using Zener Diode:

 Vi is output of the filter circuit.

 Zener diode should be RB and breakdown.

breakdown has just occurred.

 IZ m = The maximum zener current.

 PZm = Maximum power dissipated in zener diode = VZ IZm

Example: Find PZ Given VZ  15V

Solution: Voltage across RB zener diode

Hence, diode will go into breakdown mode.

Hence, (Vo  VZ  15V)

IZ  I  IL  0.23  0.15  0.08 A

Clipping (Limiting) Circuits

(i) Positive Clipper:

(ii) Negative Clipper:

(iii) Two Level Clipper:

 On the basis of position of diode w.r.t load

(Shunt +ve clipper) Series +ve clipper