DIGITAL SIGNAL AND

IMAGE PROCESSING

TAMAL BOSE

SOLUTION MANUAL

CHAPTER 1

Ratchaneekorn Thamvichai
Tamal Bose
Problem 1:
(a) Digital signal or sequence
(b) Continuous-time signal
(c) Continuous-time signal
(d) Discrete-time signal or sequence

Problem 2:
 Problem 3:
Discete-time signal is one that is defined at quantized time, i.e. time t is quantized in steps of
T s : t  nT s . Note that the signal is simply undefined for noninteger values of n.
Discrete-time sequence is a sequence of numbers with no time reference between data samples.
Analog signal: continous-time and continuous-amplitude signal
Digital signal: discrete-time and descrete-amplitude signal

Problem 4:

varSn
xn  Sn  kVn, SNR x  10 log 10 varKVn

since SNR x  20 dB
varSn
10 log 10  10 log 10 0. 25  20 dB
varKVn K
0. 5  10 2  K 2
1

K   0. 52
2
 0. 07071
10
Problem 5:
varSn 0. 5
SNR x  10 log 10  10 log 10  3. 01 dB
var0. 5Vn 0. 5 2  1
from

yn  1 xn  xn  8  1 sn  0. 5vn  sn  8  0. 5vn  8

2 2
1 1
 sn  sn  8  vn  vn  8
2 4
var 2 sn  sn  8
1
SNR y  10 log 10
var 14 vn  vn  8
1
varsn  varsn  8
 10 log 10 4
1
16
varvn  varvn  8

4 0.
1
5  0. 5 1
 10 log 10  10 log 10 4
 10 log 10 2
1
16
1  1 1
8
 3. 01 dB

SNRI  SNR y  SNR x  0 dB

There is no SNR improvement.

Problem 6:
(a) x 1 t  t  2t  2t  0

(b) x 2 t  ut  1u5  tt  3  u3  1u5  3t  3

 u2u2t  3  t  3


(c) x 3 t   e 3t t  2dt


  e 32 t  2dt  e  6



(d) x 4 t   e 2t  / t  2dt

 1 dtd e 2t  t2
 12e 2t | t2  2e 4

(e) x 5 t  sin2t 2t  14  sin2t 2 t  1

8
 sin2t  12  t  18
 12 sin 2 18  t  18  42 t  1
8


Problem 7:
5
(a) xnn  5  x5n  5  1
2
n  5  1
32
n  5
  
 xnn  k  xn  n  k  xnun  1 n
(b) 2
un
ko ko

Problem 8:
t
(a) 2t   4t  2dt
1
since 4t  2  1 when 1
2
 4t  2  1
2
3
8
t 5
8
t
1. if t  3
8
:  1 4t  2dt  0
t t
2. if 3
8
t 5
8
:  1 4t  2dt   3 1 dt  t  3
8
8
t 5
3. if t  5
8
:  1 4t  2dt   38 1dt  2
8
 1
4
8

 
(b)   t  2utdt    t  2u2dt  u2  1
(c) a n un  2  un  2
 a 2 n  2  a 1 n  1  n  an  1


(d) 3 sin 0. 15n  6
un

Problem 9:
x0
(a) xn  1 6 3 4 9 2
even part  1
2 xn  xn and odd part  1
2 xn  xn
since xn  x0
2 9 4 3 6 1

even part  1 9
2 3
3
x0
1 3 3
2 9
1
2 2 2 2

odd part  1  92 2  32 3
x0
0 3 3
2 9
1
2 2
 Note: xn  even part  odd part

(b) yn  5 2 3 1 0 4 3
yn  3 4 0 1 3 2 5
even part  1
2 yn  yn
 3
2
2 0 1
2
 32 1 5 1  32 1
2
0 2 3
2

odd part  1
2 yn  yn
  32 2 0  12 3
2
1 0 1  32 1
2
0 2 3
2

Problem 10:
(a) ft  e 3t1 t  e 1 t  1
e t.

t 0 ,t  0
(b) ft   e   / d  
 1 d
dt
e  t0
,t  0
0, t  0

1, t  0
1
(c) ft   t 2  4dt  0
1
since x 2  a 2   2|a|
1
x  a  x  a, then
1 1
ft   t  2  t  2dt
1 4
1 1
 1

4 1
t  2dt  1
4
 1 t  2dt  0
 
(d) ft   t  4dt 
2 1
  t  2  t  2dt
 4
 14 1  1  12 .

Problem 11:
(a) xt  A cos 0 t  B sin 0 t
even part x e t  12 xt  xt
 12 A cos 0 t  B sin 0 t  12 A cos 0 t  B sin 0 t
 12 A cos 0 t  A cos 0 t  12 B sin 0 t  B sin 0 t
 12 A cos 0 t  A cos 0 t  12 B sin 0 t  B sin 0 t
 A cos 0 t
odd part x 0 t  B sin 0 t

1. Since xt  x e t  x 0 t, then x 0 t  xt  x e t.

2. Use x e t  12 xt  xt
(b) xt  e t  t 2
even part x e t  12 xt  xt
 12 e t  t 2  e t  t 2 
  12 e t  e t   t 2 .
odd part x 0 t  12 xt  xt
 12 e t  t 2  e t  t 2 
 12 e t  e t 

Problem 12:
Property 5: ft  t  ft

ft  t   ft  d

Prop 4
 
  f  td   f  |1|
1
t   d

 
  ft  d  ft

(Prop 2)

Property 6: ft   n t  f n t


ft   n t   f n t  d

[ from  / x   / x, then  n x  1 n  n ]

ft   n t  1 n  f n   td

 1 n  1 n f n t [using Prop 3]
 1 2n f n t
 f n t.

Problem 13:
(a) xn  n  0. 5n  2  n  2  0. 5n  3 [unique]
un  0. 5un  1  1. 5n  2  0. 5un  3  0. 5un  4 or:
(b)
0. 5un  3  0. 5u2  n  1. 5u1  n0. 5un  u1  n

 un  0. 5un  1  1. 5un  2  0. 5un  3  0. 5un  4 [unique]

un  un  1  0. 5n  1

(c) xn 
0. 5un  1  0. 5un  2  0. 5n  3
u  0. 5un  1  0. 5un  2

n  2  0. 5un  3  0. 5un  4
The expression is not unique.

Problem 14:
Let xn be a periodic sequence with period P 1 . Let yn be a periodic sequence with period P 2 .
zn  xn  yn is always periodic with fundamental period P 1 k 1  P 2 k 2  P for integer k 1 and k 2 .
Let zn  xn  yn,
zn  P  xn  P  yn  P
 xn  k 1 P 1   yn  k 2 P 2 
 xn  yn
  zn

Problem 15:
  
(a) sin 2
n 4
:frequency w 0  2
.

(b)

cos 3 n  sin  n   : frequency w 0  

7 4 6 56
cos 3 n has period 3P  2m  P  14 m  14m  3
7 7 3
cos  n has period  P  2m  P  8m  8m  1
4 4
  k2
fundamental period of cos 3
7
n  sin 4
n 6
 14k 1  8k 2  56 k1
 7
4

Problem 16:
No. Example periodic continous time signal xt  sint

sampling it with T s  1, xnT s   sinnT s   sinn  Not periodic.

Problem 17:
(a) cos 37
n  0. 45 is periodic with period 14.
want cos 3nP
7
 0. 45  cos 3 7
n  0. 45


cos 3
7
n  0. 45 cos 3
7
P  sin 3
7
n  0. 45 sin 3
7
P
1 0
P  2m
3
7
P  143 m
let m  3, P  14
(b) sin0. 7n is not periodic
0. 7P  2m

P 2
0.7
m  no integer m such that P is integer
(c) sin0. 4n  cos0. 4n is periodic with period 5.

0. 4P  2m
P  0.4
2
m  5m

(d) 3 sin 0. 5n  2
cos 13
15
n is not periodic.

Problem 18:
xn  cos 2
3
n  2 sin 16
3
n is periodic with P  3
 2nP 16nP
xn  xn  P  cos 3
 2 sin 3
1 0

cos 2
3
n cos 2
3
P  sin 2
3
n sin 2
3
P

2 sin 16
3
n cos 16
3
P  cos 16
3
n sin 16
3
P
1 0

want 2
3
P  2m and 16
3
P  2m
P  3m P  38 m
 3 m  1  3 m  8

Problem 19: xn  cosan

(a) 0. 25 : fundamental period is 8
0. 25P  2m
P  8m  8 m  1
(b) 0. 34 : fundamental period is 100
0. 34P  2m
P  0.342m
 100
17
m  100 m  17
(c) 0. 75 : fundamental period is 8
0. 75P  2m
P  0.75
2m
 8m3
 8 m  3

Problem 20:
(a) 0 2 0 2

xn  A cos 0 n  
x0  0  A cos     or  3
2 2 2
x1  2  A cos  0 n  
2
 A  2,  0    2m  0m  0
2
 0   
2

let A  2, w 0  2
, and    2

check
x2  2 cos 2 2  2  2 cos 2  0
x3  2 cos 3 2  2  2 cos  2
Then A  2, w 0  2 , and   2k  2 for any integer k.

(b) 1 1 1 1
 (1) x0  1  A cos
(2) x1  1  A cos 0  
(3) x2  1  A cos2 0  
(4) x3  1  A cos3 0  

from (1) and (3) cos2 0     cos

cos2 0  cos sin2 0  sin   cos
1 0
2 0  2m  1 m  integer

 0  2m  1 2

let  0  2

from (1) and (2) cos 0    cos with  0  2

cos 0  cos  sin 0  sin  cos
 sin  cos
tan  1

   4 , 34
, 7 4
, 
with    4 , from (1) A  1
cos
 1
cos 4 
 2
 
Thus A  2 , 0  2
,   2k  4
for integer k.

check x0  2 cos 4   1

x1  2 cos 2  4   2 cos 4   1
x2  2 cos  4   2 cos 3
4
  1

x3  2 cos 2  4   2 cos 4   1
3 5

(c) 2 2 0  2 2  2 0 2


xn  2 cos 4
n  2k for integer k

A  2,  0  4
, and   2k.

Problem 21:
(a) f 1
20
cycles/ sample
(b) from f  F
Fs
, F  f  Fs  1
20
 100  5 Hz.

Problem 22:
want f  0. 3 cycles/ samples
from xt  cos 7. 5t  3 ,  7. 5  2F
F  7.5
2
Hz
then F s  Ff  20.3
7.5
 12. 5 samples/sec.
 Problem 23:
sin21t has frequency F  21
2
 10. 5 Hz xt  sin21t  cos16t
cos16t has frequency F  16
2
 8 Hz has Nyquist frequency F H  10. 5 Hz
since F s  50 Hz  2F H 21 Hz), we can reconstruct the signal.

Problem 24:
zt  0. 5 t sin21t  cos16t
The Nyquist frequency does not exist since 0. 5 t has unlimited bandwidth. Therefore, we cannot uniquely
reconstruct the signal.

Problem 25:
(a) yn  Rxn  2xn  1  xn  2xn  1
 linear
y 1 n  Rx 1 n  2x 1 n  1  x 1 n  2x 1 n  1
y 2 n  Rx 2 n  2x 2 n  1  x 2 n  2x 2 n  1
R 1 x 1 n   2 x 2 n  2 1 x 1 n  1   2 x 2 n  1 
  1 x 1 n   2 x 2 n  2 1 x 1 n  1   2 x 2 n  1
  1 2x 1 n  1  x 1 n  2x 1 n  1 
  2 2x 2 n  1  x 2 n  2x 2 n  1
  1 Rx 1 n   2 Rx 2 n   1 y 1 n   2 y 2 n
 shift-invariant
Rxn  m  2xn  m  1  xn  m  2xn  m  1
yn  m  2xn  m  1  xn  m  2xn  m  1
yn  m  Rxn  m
 non-causal yn depends on xn  1
 BIBO stable
|yn|  |2xn  1  xn  2xn  1|
 2|xn  1|  |xn|  2|xn  1|
if |xn|   for all n (bounded input), |yn|  5   (bounded output).
(b) yn  Rxn  0. 5 n xn
 linear
 R 1 x 1 n   2 x 2 n  0. 5 n  1 x 1 n   2 x 2 n
  1 0. 5 n x 1 n   2 0. 5 n x 2 n
  1 Rx 1 n   2 Rx 2 n
 Shift-variant
Rxn  m  0. 5 n xn  m
yn  m  0. 5 nm xn  m
yn  m  Rxn  m
 Causal
 Non BIBO stable
|yn|  |0. 5 n xn|
 0. 5 n |xn|
As n  , |yn|  , which implies unstable system.

(c) yn  Rxn  xn  n

 non-linear
R 1 x 1 n   2 x 2 n   1 x 1 n   2 x 2 n  n
  1 Rx 1 n   2 Rx 2 n
 1 x 1 nn 2 x 2 nn

 Shift-variant

Rxn  m  xn  m  n

Rxn  m  yn  m
yn  m  xn  m  n  m

 Causal
 Non BIBO stable
|yn|  |xn|  |n|
As n  , yn  , which implies the system is unstable.
(d) yn  Rxn  yn  1  xn
 linear
y s n
y 1 n  y 1 n  1  x 1 n
y 1 n  y 2 n y 1 n  1  y 2 n  1  x 1 n  x 2 n
y 2 n  y 2 n  1  x 2 n
y s n  Rx 1 n  x 2 n  Rx 1 n  Rx 2 n

 Shift-invariant
 let xn  n  m,
let xn  n
for m  0 : for m  0 :
y0  1
y 1 0  0 y 1 m  1
y1  1
y2  1 y 1 1  0 y 1 m  1  1

  
y 1 m  0 y 1 0  1
y 1 m  1  y 1 m  1 y 1 1  1

 h 1 n  1 for n  0 
 h 1 n  1 for n  m

hn  Rxn  1 for n  0

Rxn  m  1 for n  m or n  m  0
yn  m  Rxn  m  shift-invariant
 Causal

 Non BIBO stable


|hn|   (unstable)
n0

(e) yn  Rxn  sinxn  xn  1

 Non-linear
R 1 x 1 n   2 x 2 n  sin 1 x 1   2 x 2 n   1 x 1 n  1   2 x 2 n  1
  1 Rx 1 n   2 Rx 2 n
 1 sinx 1 nx 1 n1   2 sinx 2 nx 2 n1

 Shift-invariant

yn  m  sinxn  m  xn  m  1

yn  m  Rxn  m
Rxn  m  sinxn  m  xn  m  1

 Causal

BIBO stable
|yn|  |sinxn  xn  1|  1

Problem 26:
3t
(a) yt  Rxt   xd
