Topic.4 Chemical Bonding and Catalysis
Topic.4 Chemical Bonding and Catalysis
Topic.4 Chemical Bonding and Catalysis
Topic-4
Chemical Bonding and Catalysis (09 Marks)
Prerequisites
Atomic Structure:
Introduction: The word Atom in Greek means invisible. Decartes in Greece and
MaharshiKanad in India was first philosopher who discovers Atom. John Daltonan English
school teacher was the first give his famous atomic theory in 1808.
The smallest particle of element was called them as an Atom. The study of the fundamental
particle of an element and the type of bonding between different element help us to understand
the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of the element.
Diagram:
Electron (negative)
Nucleus(Positive)
Charged Charged
4 Location in atom Outside the Inside the Nucleus Inside the Nucleus
nucleus
5 Relative charge -1 1 0
6 Relative mass in 0.0005466 amu 1.007825 amu 1.008665 amu
amu
Atomicity of an Element:
The number of atom of an element present in the molecule known as atomicity.
Molecule of an element may have only one atom or many atoms in it.
E.g. He, Ne,Ar, Kr X having only one atom hence these are monatomic.
Most of the metals and non metals are monoatomic.
The gases like H2, N2 ,O2,Cl2are diatomic.
Ozone is (O3) is triatomic.
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) is polyatomic.
Z=P=e
The elements are arranged in the periodic table according to their atomic number.
2) Atomic Mass Number (A) :
The total number of protons and neutrons present together into the nucleus of an atom is known
as atomic mass number.
Atomic Mass Number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
A=P+n
Number of neutrons can be calculated with the help of atomic number and atomic mass number.
n = A -Z
L 2 2×22 = 8 s, p
M 3 2×32 = 18 s, p, d
N 4 2×42 = 32 s, p, d, f
Topic-4
Chemical Bonding and Catalysis(09 Marks)
CO.1 Apply the process of catalysis in industries.
“A bond established between two dissimilar atoms or ions due to electrostatic force of attraction is
called electrovalent or ionic bond”.
E.gi) Sodium atom losses one valency electron to complete its octet. Hence, positive
electrovalency of sodium is +1.
Na Na+ + e-
(2,8,1) (2,8)
E.gii) Magnesium atom losses two valency electrons to complete its octet. Hence, positive
electrovalency of magnesium is +2.
Mg Mg+++ + 2e-
(2,8,2) (2,8)
E.g. iii) Aluminium atom losses three valency electrons to complete its octet. Hence, positive
electrovalency of Al is +3.
Al Al+++ + 3e-
(2,8,3) (2,8)
b) Negative electrovalency: - “The valency obtained by gain of valency electrons by the
non-metallic atom of an element so as to complete its last orbit (octet) is known as negative
electrovalency”.
E.gi) Chlorine atom gains one valency electron from other atom to complete its octet.
Hence, negative electrovalency of chlorine is -1.
Cl+ e-Cl-
(2,8,7) (2,8,8)
E.g ii) Sulphur atom gains two electrons from from other atom to complete its octet. Hence,
the electrovalency of sulphur is -2.
S + 2e-S-2
(2,6) (2,8)
E.g iii) Phosphorus atom gains three valency electrons from other atom to complete its octet.
Hence, the negative electrovalency of phosphorus is -3.
P + 3e- P-3
(2,8,5) (2,8,8)
c) During formation of NaCl molecule, Na atom losses its 1 electron and acquire +1 charge
i.e. Na+ and attains the stable configuration.
d) Cl atoms gains 1 electron and acquire -1 charge i.e. Cl - and attains the stable
configuration.
e) The Na+ and Cl– combines together by the force of electrostatic attraction to form NaCl
molecule.
2) Covalent bond
“A bond formed by sharing of electrons by the reacting atoms is called covalent bond”.
(Covalency:- “The number of electrons that the reacting atoms share so as to complete its last shell
is called covalency”.)
Examples of covalent bond:-
*Formation of hydrogen molecule (H2)
a) It is covalent compound with single covalent bond.
b) In formation of hydrogen molecule, one atom of hydrogen combines with other
atom of hydrogen. It is diatomic.
c) Each hydrogen atom has electronic configuration (1)i.e. it contains 1 electron. So it needs 1
electron to complete the duplet.
d) So each hydrogen atom shares 1 electron with another hydrogen atom to complete the duplet
and both attain stable configuration.
e) H2 molecule is formed by sharing 1 pair of electron(2 electrons)between two hydrogen
atoms. Hence single covalent bond is formed between two hydrogen atoms.
*Hydrogen atom acquires partial positive (∂+) charge and oxygen atom gains partial negative
(∂-) charge.
*When two H2O molecules approach each other an electrostatic force of attraction takes place
between in hydrogen atom of one molecule and oxygen atom of another molecule.
*This attractive force between opposite charges leads to form a weak bond called as hydrogen
bond.
5) Metallic bond
“Metallic bond is an electrostatic force of attraction between valency electrons (sea of
delocalized electrons or electron cloud) and the positively charged metal atom (kernel) in
a metal element”.
*When two metals atoms come closer then the valence electrons in the atom get delocalized (free
to move).
* Hence, all electrons belong to the lattice as a whole.
* These electrons are free to move throughout the crystal lattice and thus gives rise to high
electrical conductivity to the metals.
CO.4 Apply the process of catalysis in industries
CO.4 Apply the process of catalysis in industries
BASIS FOR
SOLID LIQUID GAS
COMPARISON
BASIS FOR
SOLID LIQUID GAS
COMPARISON
Structure of solids
“Solids are substances having definite shape, definite volume, non-compressibility, rigidity and
mechanical strength”.
*The atoms, ions and molecules in solids are closely packed and they are held together by
strong forces.
Solids are of two types: -
a) Cryatalline solids: -
*Crystalline solids are the solids which are present in a well defined crystalline form, with their
particles arranged in a definite geometrical pattern, throughout the three dimensional network.
*They have a long range order.
*They are rigid.
E.g. Sugar, sodium chloride (salt), diamond, sulphur, etc.
“Unit cell is the smallest portion of the crystal lattice which when repeated in different
directions gives the entire crystal lattice”.
The unit cell is simply a box with an atom at each corner.
Structure
Lengths of
the sides of a=b=c a=b=c a=b=c a=b≠c
unit cell
Angles α=β=γ=90o α=β=γ=90o α=β=γ=90o α=β=90oγ=120o
Coordination 6 8 12 12
number
Examples NaCl (sodium Na( sodium), Li, Al (aluminium), Mg (magnesium, Zn
chloride), KCl, K, Cr, Ba, V, α- Cu (copper), Au (zinc), Ti (titanium),
Polonium, etc Fe, W, etc. (gold), Ag Zr (zirconium), etc.
(silver), PT
(platinum), Pb
(lead), etc.
Catalysis
CO.1 Apply the process of catalysis in industries
“Catalyst is a substance which alters (increases or decreases) the rate of chemical reaction,
without taking part in the chemical reaction and the phenomenon is called as catalysis”.
Types of catalyst:-
a) Positive catalyst: - The catalyst which increases the rate of chemical reaction is called as
positive catalyst.
E.g. i) Combination of hydrogen and oxygen in presence of spongy platinum.
ii) Conversion of starch into sugar in presence of acids.
b) Negative catalyst: - The catalyst which decreases the rate of chemical reaction is called
as negative catalyst.
E.g. i) Decomposition of H2O2 is suppressed by adding a small amount of glycerin or
urea.
ii) Decomposition of chloroform is suppressed by adding small amount of ethyl
alcohol.
c) Auto-catalyst: - When one of the products itself act as catalyst then it is called as auto-
catalyst.
E.g. i) Decomposition of explosives.
ii) Combustion reactions.
iii) Polymerization reactions.
Types of catalysis: -
a) Homogeneous catalysis: - When reactants and catalyst are in the same phase then it is
called as homogeneous catalysis.
b) Heterogeneous catalysis: - When reactants and catalyst are in the different phase then it
is called as heterogeneous catalysis.
Catalytic inhibitor: - Catalytic inhibitor is defined as substance which when added in small
quantities inhibits the activity (effectiveness) of catalyst.
Produces:
a gas (e.g. ethene, propene)
Catalytic cracking of crude oil Zeolite
a liquid (e.g.petrol)
a residue (e.g. fuel oil)
Platinum and
Reforming of naphtha rhenium on
alumina
Vanadium(V)
Making sulfuric acid
oxide on silica
Platinum and
Making nitric acid
rhodium
Manufacturing plastics