Long Bored Pile Design Issues For Very Tall Buildings Final Manusscript PDF
Long Bored Pile Design Issues For Very Tall Buildings Final Manusscript PDF
Long Bored Pile Design Issues For Very Tall Buildings Final Manusscript PDF
ENGINEERING
DEVELOPMENT
A Book to
Honor the 80 t h
Bir thday of
Prof. Dr. Ir.
Wirat man
Wangsadinat a
IN CIVIL
T H I S B O O K I S D E D I C AT E D TO T H E YO U N G G E N E R AT I O N S O F C I V I L E N G I N E E R S .
THE LATEST
ENGINEERING
DEVELOPMENT
A Book to
Honor the 80 t h
Bir thday of
Prof. Dr. Ir.
Wirat man
Wangsadinat a
IN CIVIL
Edited by
Muhammad Sapri Pamulu, Ph.D.
THE LATEST DEVELOPMENT IN CIVIL ENGINEERING:
A Book to Honor the 80 th Birthday of Prof. Dr. Ir. Wiratman Wangsadinata
Edited by
Muhammad Sapri Pamulu, Ph.D.
Designed by
SUNVisual
Published by
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F I R S T P R I N T I N G , F E B R UA RY 20 1 5
PRINTED IN INDONESIA
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
P R E FAC E Preface 9
Wangsadinata, Melani D.
T H E C O N T R I B U TO R S 30
7
TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S
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PREFACE
10
T H E C O N T R I B U TO R S
THE CONTRIBUTORS
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T H E C O N T R I B U TO R S
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43
CHAPTER 20
1 . I NTR O D U C TI O N
The emergence of large skyscraper projects in Jakarta in recent
years is marked by construction of buildings with 70 to more than
110 floors above ground. Three of the buildings are Thamrin Nine,
Signature Tower Jakarta and Pertamina Energy Tower, all of these
require deep bored pile foundations. All three buildings are situated
in the prime business districts of Jakarta, where the geologic
stratification is similar, i.e. consisting silt-clay alluvium; henceforth,
the bored piles behavior is expected to be similar. Table 1 shows
foundation details of these buildings.
Basement levels 6 7 6
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The bored piles of these large and tall buildings are quite deep,
and subject to high structural loads from the upper structure. Like
most piles under skyscrapers, the piles are commonly configured in
large groups, and are required to perform under stringent settlement
tolerance. Amongst the design issues associated with very long
bored piles in this article, are the load transfer from the piles to
the foundation soil, the serviceability and group interactions. The
discussion in this article is not aimed to specific foundation design
details of each site studied; but rather, as the load deformation
characteristics of bore piles are commonly similar, it is geared
towards more general understanding of the settlement behavior of
very long bored piles against axial compression load.
This article addresses shaft friction as the main element
of the load deformation behavior of the long bored piles. The
contribution of toe end resistance was briefly discussed, such that
the subsequent elaborations are mostly about shaft resistance.
This article demonstrates the effect of geotechnical engineering
judgment in the pile design practice. The analysis is based on 3
axial compression tests at the Thamrin Nine site, and the expected
performance of the piles are deduced from comparison of design 413
CHAPTER 20
2 . TE S TE D P I LE P E R F O R M A N C E AT TH A M R I N N I N E
Three sets of axial compression tests were performed at the
Thamrin Nine site. The load deformation curves, as well as customary
design estimates, are shown in Figure 4. Initially, the “design” load
deformation curves were established based on the soil profiles. Using a
typical NSPT –undrained shear strength correlation of cu = 6 NSPT (Reese,
Touma and O’Neill, 1976), as well as field vane shear test result in the
soil report, with typical values for soil modulus, Es = 55 MN/m2 (Duncan
and Buchignani, 1976), adhesion factor, α = 0.55 (API, 2007), and limiting
friction, qs , of α cu; the design load deformation curves were obtained.
The design estimates were then compared to the load test results.
The measured deformations were 40 to 70% of the design estimates,
therefore, using back calculated soil parameters, the load deformation
curves at Thamrin Nine were redefined. In general, the back calculated
cu for the Thamrin Nine site is 9 NSPT and Es is 83 MN/m2, typical to
Jakarta, are more favorable the design estimates in practice.
Figure 4.
Load
deformation
curves from
Thamrin Nine
site.
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3 . S I N G LE P I LE LOA D D E F O R M ATI O N S
3 .1 E N D R E S I S TA N C E
End bearing capacity for bored piles is achieved when a relative
deformation between the pile tip and its surrounding soil is about 2
to 6% of the bored pile diameter (Reese and O’Neill, 1987). For 1,200
and 1,800 mm diameter bored piles, the axial deformation to mobilize
the end bearing resistance would be 24 to 108 mm. Considering
the additional settlement due to group interaction, such magnitude
of deformation at the pile tip is usually not permitted by the upper
structure. Moreover, for long bored piles, it is very difficult to form
a competent bearing layer at great depth, as there would be drilling
debris at the bottom.
Poulos and Davis (1980) suggested that for a floating bored pile:
β = βo CK C υ (1)
where:
β = ratio of applied load to tip load.
β o = tip load proportion for incompressible pile in υ = 0.5
C K = correction factor for pile compressibility
C υ = correction factor for soil’s Poisson’s ratio
As the load at the pile tips for the long bored piles in this article are
small, the elaboration in the following sections of this article, unless
explicitly stated, ignores the end bearing resistance of the bored pile.
3 . 2 S H A F T F R I C TI O N R E S I S TA N C E
Load deformation curves based on the shaft friction are presented
in Figure 5. As described before, the curves for the Signature Tower
Jakarta and the Pertamina Energy Tower utilized similar adjustment
from the Thamrin Nine design estimate and load test result. The most
conservative result of Thamrin Nine was adopted.
As the axial loads increase, it can be seen that there are very
little additional shaft resistance beyond an axial deformation of 40 to
80 mm. In this article, the yield load is defined as the “ultimate” load.
The load test result, as well other results from bored piles in Jakarta,
do not exhibit noticeable strain softening, therefore hyperbolic
curves were used to establish load deformation relationships.
When single pile settlement becomes large, if group interaction is
accounted for, larger settlements will occur, whereas end bearing
capacity cannot develop due to the large group size. Therefore, the
bored piles performance at these 3 sites will not be governed by the
416 end bearing capacity, instead, it will be settlement dependent.
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Yield deformation 45 mm 71 mm 74 mm
Ultimate load 35 MN 40 MN 71 MN
Deformation at
- 40 % ultimate load 10 mm 14 mm 13 mm
- 80 % ultimate load 31 mm 46 mm 43 mm
load, Thamrin Nine piles utilize 71% of its ultimate, while for Signature
Tower Jakarta and Pertamina Tower, the utilization is 65% and more
than 100%, respectively. The deformation at design and 150% design
loads, also vary significantly. Although the Pertamina Tower test
load is intended to obtain a maximum plausible force, if it is used
eventually, there would be a significant spread in geotechnical
design judgment between the 3 projects. It was assumed that the
workmanship of the bored piles are more or less the same, as the
3 structures are of the same magnitude and built by reputable
multinational companies, such that the workmanship deviation could
be ignored.
Shaft friction propagates from top to bottom with increasing
applied load, at smaller loads, not all of the pile length carries the
load. Figure 6 shows plots of calculated pile settlements for variable
pile lengths at the sites. The settlements reduces with increasing pile
length, but, beyond a certain pile length, settlements remain mostly
constant. That means, in excess of this certain pile length, there will
be an excess shaft resistance. The excess shaft length is termed
as a redundant length of the pile. A pile with redundant length will
allow additional load without the occurrence of large settlements.
If we limit the pile settlement at a certain value, the product of
the redundant length times the average shaft friction, will be the
additional force that can be applied to the pile without causing
noticeable additional (accelerated) settlements. This required
additional force is termed as a redundant capacity in this article. It
will be shown that redundant capacity is more versatile in describing
bored pile settlement performance and the conservatism in the
design.
The redundant length of the bored piles at the 3 sites were
calculated using variable pile lengths at each site, starting at the
design length, and gradually reducing the length until additional
settlements became noticeable. Figure 6 shows the results for loads
of 40% ultimate, 80% ultimate, 100% and 150% design loads.
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Redundant length
Redundant capacity
419
CHAPTER 20
4 . P I LE G R O U P LOA D D E F O R M ATI O N S
In tall buildings, long bored piles come in large numbers,
and the performance of is governed by limit deformation of the
piles as a group. The settlement of the pile groups containing 271
(Thamrin Nine), 631 (Signature) and 208 (Pertamina) bored piles of
the 3 sites, will be 4 to 12 times the settlement of each single piles
in Table 3. Estimates of the pile group settlements were deduced
from multiplying the single pile settlements described previously, by
group interaction factors, according to Poulos and Davis (1980).
Assuming the piles are floating piles, group settlements of the
bored piles is:
(2)
where:
ρ1 = displacement of single pile under unit load
Pj ,Pj = load in pile j and k
α kj = interaction factor for spacing between piles k and j
In the Poulos and Davis (1980) pile settlement analysis, single
pile settlements for a pile in semi-infinite soil is expressed as:
421
CHAPTER 20
(3)
where:
ρ = settlement of pile head
I = IoR K R hRv
d = pile diameter
P = applied axial load
Io = settlement-influence factor for incompressible pile in semi-
infinite mass, for ʋ s = 0.5
R K = correction factor for pile compressibility = R A K
R A = Ap /(πd2)
K = pile stiffness factor, defined as EpR A /Es , where Ep is the pile’s
Young’s Modulus, R A is the ration between the pile cross
section area to area bounded by outer circumference of pile,
and E s is the soil’s Young’s Modulus.
Mat width 55 m 92 m 81 m
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425
CHAPTER 20
Figure 7. Normalized pile axial load contours for 40% and 80% of ultimate axial loads.
The results show that the maximum pile loads on the perimeter
are around 20% more compared to the average pile load. The center
piles, on the other hand, will carry 20% less than the average pile
load, which means, within the group, the perimeter piles could carry
as much as 40% more than the center piles. In terms of redundant
capacity, the perimeter piles would have less redundant capacity,
and as seen in Table 7, the redundancy would be less as the load
increases. For earthquake and wind forces, where the perimeter
piles would be subject to higher applied loads, the deformation of
the perimeter piles will increase rapidly when the redundant capacity
is exceeded, or the exhausted redundant capacity condition will
be spread towards the center piles. In the interest of pile group
behavior, the redundant capacity is also a more representative
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