MA201 MATHEMATICS III

Monsoon Semester of Academic Year 2019 - 2020

TUTORIAL PROBLEMS
COMPLEX ANALYSIS

The main aim of the tutorial classes is to help the students by providing them only
hints/ideas/techniques to solve the problems, and not the complete solution. There-
fore, students are expected to work out the tutorial problems before coming to the
tutorial class. Students are encouraged to get clarification/ explanations in the tuto-
rial class for better understanding of the concepts/techniques related to the tutorial
problems.

Attendance of students in the tutorial classes is mandatory.

Announcement:
• Quiz-I will be conducted during tutorial hour of 19.08.2019.

• Doubt clearing session by the course instructors for Complex Analysis will be held on every
Tuesday in the Discussion Room of Department of Mathematics at 5:00 pm.

Tutorial Date Problems that will be Discussed

29.07.2019 Problem Nos. 1 to 10
05.08.2019 Problem Nos. 11 to 24
14.08.2019 Problem Nos. 25 to 33
19.08.2019 Quiz-I
26.08.2019 Problem Nos. 34 to 43
02.09.2019 Problem Nos. 44 to 54
09.09.2019 Problem Nos. 55 to 61
Complex Numbers and Complex Algebra
1. Find the modulus, argument, principal value of the argument, and polar form of the given
complex number: √
√ 1−i 3 1−i (2 + i)2
(i) 3 + i (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) −100 (vi) −3i
2 1+i (3 − i)2
 
 1  1
2. Show that if |z| = 2, then  4 
2
≤ .
z − 4z + 3  3
 
 z1 − z2 
3. If either |z1 | = 1 or |z2 | = 1, but not both, then prove that   = 1. What exception
1 − z1 z2 
must be made for the validity of the above equality when |z1 | = |z2 | = 1?
4. If z1 , z2 , z3 and z4 are complex numbers of unit modulus, prove that
|z1 − z2 |2 |z3 − z4 |2 + |z1 + z4 |2 |z3 − z2 |2 = |z1 (z2 − z3 ) + z3 (z2 − z1 ) + z4 (z1 − z3 )|2

5. Prove that equation of the circle whose diameter is formed by joining z1 and z2 is
2zz − z(z1 + z2 ) − z(z1 + z2 ) + z1 z2 + z1 z2 = 0.
6. Interpret geometrically the following relations:
(i) {z ∈ C : |<(z)| + |=(z)| = 1}.
(ii) |z − a| − |z + a| = 2c where a and c are real constants with c > 0
7. Find all the roots or all the values of the following:
√
(i) Cube roots of i (ii) Fourth roots of (−2 3−2i) (iii) Fourth roots of (−1) (iv) Sixth
2
roots of 8 (v) The values of (i) 3

Limit and Continuity

|z|2
8. Show that lim = 0.
z→0 z

9. Let f (z) = z 2 /|z|2 .

(a) Find the value of limit of f (z) as z = (x + iy) → 0 along the line y = x.
(b) Find the value of limit of f (z) as z = (x + iy) → 0 along the line y = 2x.
(c) Find the value of limit of f (z) as z = (x + iy) → 0 along the path y = x2 .
(d) What can you conclude about the limit of f (z) as z → 0.
10. The following functions are defined for z 6= 0. Which of these functions can be defined at
z = 0 so that it becomes continuous at z = 0.
<(z) z z<(z) <(z 2 ) z2
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
|z| |z| |z| |z|2 |z|

Differentiability and CR Equations

x3 (1 + i) − y 3 (1 − i)
11. Let f (z) = for z = x+iy 6= 0 and f (0) = 0. Show that f (z) is continuous
x2 + y 2
at origin but f 0 (0) does not exist.

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12. If f (z) is a real valued function in a domain D ⊆ C, then show that either f 0 (z) = 0 or f 0 (z)
does not exist in D.

13. Let f (z) = (x3 y(y − ix)) / (x6 + y 2 ) for z = x + iy 6= 0 and f (0) = 0.
f (∆z) − f (0)
(a) Find the value of lim as ∆z → 0 along the line y = mx.
∆z→0 ∆z
f (∆z) − f (0)
(b) Find the value of lim as ∆z → 0 along the imaginary axis.
∆z→0 ∆z
f (∆z) − f (0)
(c) Find the value of lim as ∆z → 0 along the path y = x3 .
∆z→0 ∆z
(d) What can you conclude about the existence of f 0 (z) at z = 0.
(e) Show that the Cauchy-Riemann (CR) equations hold true at (0, 0).

Analytic Functions
14. Show that the function f (z) = x3 + 3xy 2 − 3x + i(y 3 + 3x2 y − 3y) is differentiable only at
points that lie on the coordinate axes. Is f (z) analytic at any point lies on the coordinate
axes?

15. Show that the function f (z) = xy + iy is continuous everywhere, but not analytic in C.

16. Check whether the function g(z) = (3x2 + 2x − 3y 2 − 1) + i(6xy + 2y) is satisfying the sufficient
conditions to be an analytic function at any point in the complex plane. Write this function
in terms of z.

17. Let a function f (z) = u(x, y) + i v(x, y) be analytic in a domain D. Prove that f (z) is
constant in D if f 0 (z) = 0 throughout in D.

18. Find the analytic function f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) given the following:
(First verify that they are harmonic functions)
(a) u(x, y) = y 3 − 3x2 y (b) v(x, y) = sin x cosh y
(c) u(x, y) − v(x, y) = (x − y)(x2 + 4xy + y 2 )

Elementary Analytic Functions and their Mapping Proper-

ties
19. Find the values of z which make the function f (z) = exp(z) (a) purely real and (b) purely
imaginary.

20. Find all solutions of exp(z − 1) = 1.

21. Describe the image of the following sets in the z-plane under the mapping w = sin(z).
(i) {z = x + iy ∈ C : x = (π/2), −∞ < y < ∞}
(ii) {z = x + iy ∈ C : x = −(π/2), −∞ < y < ∞}
(iii) {z = x + iy ∈ C : |x| ≤ (π/2), y = 0}
(iv) {z = x + iy ∈ C : x = 0, −∞ < y < ∞}
(v) {z = x + iy ∈ C : x = a with |a| < (π/2), −∞ < y < ∞}
(vi) {z = x + iy ∈ C : |x| < (π/2), y = b, b 6= 0}

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 (vii) {z = x + iy ∈ C : |x| < (π/2), y > 0}
(Note that mappings by cos z, sinh z and cosh z closely related to the sin z function are easily
obtained once mappings by the sine function are known. Because, cos(z) = sin(z + π2 ),
sinh(z) = −i sin(iz) and cosh(z) = cos(iz) and they are the same as the sine transformation
preceded by translation or rotation.

22. Evaluate the following:

(i) log(3 − 2i) (ii) Log i (iii) (i)(−i)

23. Determine the domain of analyticity for the function f (z) = Log (3z − i) and compute f 0 (z).

24. Find the principal branch of the function log(2z − 1).

Line/Contour Integrals
25. Let z1 = −1,
Z z2 = 1 and z3 =Z i.
Compute z dz and z dz.
[z1 , z2 , z3 ] [z1 , z3 ]
Z
26. Evaluate |z| z dz where C is a positively oriented simple closed contour consists of (i) the
C
line segment from −2i to 2i and (ii) the semi circle |z| = 2 in the second and third quadrants.

27. If C is the boundary of the triangle with vertices

Z at the points
 0, 3i and −4 oriented in the
 
counterclockwise direction then show that  (ez − z) dz  ≤ 60.
C

Cauchy’s Integral Theorems and its Applications

28. Does Cauchy’s theorem hold separately for the real and the imaginary parts of an analytic
function f (z). If so, prove that it does, if not give a counter example. (Hint: Think of the
identity function and the unit circle contour)
Z 2
z −4
29. Evaluate 2
dz if C is a simple closed contour described in the counterclockwise direc-
C z +4
tion and
(i) The point 2i lies inside C, and −2i lies outside C
(ii) The point −2i lies inside C, and 2i lies outside C
(iii) The points ±2i lie outside C
(iii) The points ±2i lie inside C
Z
cosh z
30. Evaluate 2n+1
dz where C : |z − i| = 1.
C (z − i)

31. Let f be an entire function such that |f (z)| ≤ A + B|z|n for all z ∈ C where A and B are
positive real constants and n is a fixed natural number. Show that f is a polynomial of degree
at most n. (It is a generalization of Exercise Problem 1 of Section 50, Brown and Churchill,
7th edition)

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32. Let f (z) = (z + 1)2 for z ∈ C. Let R be the closed triangular region with vertices at the
points z = 0, z = 2 and z = i. Find points in R where |f (z)| has its maximum and minimum
values.

33. Let f be analytic in the disk |z| < 1. Suppose that |f (z)| ≤ 1 for |z| < 1 and f (0) = 0. Show
that |f (z)| ≤ |z| for |z| < 1 and |f 0 (0)| ≤ 1. This result is known as Schwarz Lemma.

Power Series
34. Find the power series expansion of the following functions about the point z0 = 0 and find its
radius of convergence √
(i) f (z) = cos
Z z
2
(ii) f (z) = sinh2 z (iii) f (z) = log(1 + z) (iv) f (z) = z + 2i
z
(v) f (z) = exp(w2 ) dw
0
Z z
2
35. Find the Maclaurin series expansion of the error function erf z = √ exp(−t2 ) dt using
π 0
term by term integration.

36. If the radius of convergence for the series ∞ n

P
n=0 an z is R, then find the radius of convergence
for the following:
X∞ ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
(i) 3
n an z n
(ii) 4 n
an z (iii) an z 2n
(iv) an z 7+n
(v) n−n an z n
n=0 n=0 n=0 n=0 n=1

37. Expand each of the following functions about the point z = 1 into a power series and find the
radius of convergence:
z
(i) 2 (ii) sin(2z − z 2 ) (iii) Log (1 + z 2 )
z − 2z + 5
38. Find the Laurent series expansion of the following functions about the given singular points
z = z0 or in the given region (specify the region in which the expansion is valid wherever it is
necessary).

(a) z 2 exp(1/z) in the neighborhood of z = 0 and z = ∞

(b) Log z−a


z−b
in the neighborhood of z = ∞
1
(c) in the neighborhood of z = −1 and z = ∞
z2
+1
z+3
(d) f (z) = 2
for |z| < 1 and for 1 < |z| < 2.
z(z − z − 2)

Zeros and Singularities

39. Find the order of the zero z = 0 for the function z 2 (exp(z 2 ) − 1).

40. Find the singular points and investigate the behavior at infinity of the following functions:
exp(1/(z − 1))
(i) (ii) cot z − (2/z)
exp(z) − 1

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 1
41. Find the residues of the function at all isolated singular points and with respect to
− z5 z3
point at infinity (provided the later is not a limiting point of the singularities)
eimz
42. Find the residues of f (z) = , (m, a real) at its singularities.
z 2 + a2
z4
   
1
43. Show that the residue at the point at infinity for the function f (z) = sin is
2z 2 − 1 z
equal to (−1/6).

Contour Integrations using Residue Theorem

Z
z dz  π  π
44. Evaluate where C : z −  =

C cos z 2 2

Application of Residues in Summing the Series

45. Suppose that f is analytic on the plane except for poles w1 , w2 , · · ·, wN , none of which are
integers, and suppose that lim |zf (z)| = 0.
z→∞
∞
X N
X
Then we have f (n) = − Res (f (z)π cot(πz); wj ). Using it find the sum of the
n=−∞ j=1
∞
X 1
series where a is chosen such that none of the denominators vanish.
n=1
n2 + a2

Argument Principle and Rouche’s Theorem

46. Let C denote the unit circle |z| = 1, described in the positive sense. Determine the change in
the argument of f (z) as z describes C once if f (z) = (z 3 + 2)/z.

47. Using Rouche’s theorem, find the number of roots of the equation z 9 − 2z 6 + z 2 − 8z − 2 = 0
lying in |z| < 1.

48. How many roots of the equation z 4 − 5z + 1 = 0 are situated in the domain |z| < 1? In the
annulus 1 < |z| < 2?

Application of Residues in Evaluating Real Integrals

Type - I
2π
2π(1 + a2 )
Z
dθ
49. Prove that = where −1 < a < 1.
0 (1 + 2a cos θ + a2 )2 (1 − a2 )3
Z π Z π
a dθ a dθ π
50. Prove that 2 = 2 2
= p ; (a > 0)
0 a2 + sin θ 0 a + cos θ (1 + a2 )
Type - II

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 Z ∞
dx π
51. Prove that = √ , (a > 0)
0 x4 +a 4 3
2a 2
Type - III
Z ∞
x sin mx dx π
52. Prove that 2 2
= exp(−ma); m > 0
0 x +a 2
Type - IV: Indented Contour Integration
Z ∞
x dx π
53. Prove that P.V. 3
=√
−∞ (x + 1) 3
Z ∞
sin πx dx
54. Prove that =π
0 x(1 − x2 )
Contour Integration of Branch functions of Multiple-valued Functions
Z ∞
dx π
55. Using “Indented contour”, show that √ 2 = √ by integrating an appropriate
0 x(x + 1) 2
branch of the multiple valued function.
Z ∞
dx π
56. Using “keyhole contour”, show that √ 2 = √ by integrating an appropriate
0 x(x + 1) 2
branch of the multiple valued function.

Inverse Laplace Transformation

57. Show that the inverse Laplace transform of Y (s) = 1/(s2 + 4) is (1/2) sin 2t, by using contour
integration method.

Bilinear Transformations
58. Find a bilinear transformation which maps 2, i, −2 onto 1, i, −1.

59. Find a bilinear transformation which maps 0, 1, ∞ onto i, −1, −i.

60. Find a bilinear transformation which maps ∞, i, 0 onto 0, i, ∞.

Schwarz-Christoffel Transformations (Optional Topic)

61. Find the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation of√the upper half plane U onto the equilateral
triangle whose vertices are (−a, 0), (a, 0), (0, a 3) where a > 0.