This full-text paper was peer-reviewed and accepted to be presented at the IEEE ICCSP 2015 conference.

Performance Analysis ofLTE Networks In

Different Transmission Modes Using 16-QAM
Under Fading Channels

Reena Parihar, R.Nakkeeran

LTE system architecture evolution

Abstract-3GPP group standardized Long Term Evolution
(LTE) and it is designed to have transmission bandwidth up to
20MHz, with low latency and packet optimized radio access
technology. The maximum data rate contemplated for LTE is 100 EPC::

Mbps in downlink and 50 Mbps in the uplink. The 3GPP selected

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access as the radio
access technology because it can be simply implemented in
receiver with high performance and high spectral efficiency. In
LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) various MIMO transmission methods
are used to achieve high data rate compliance with the LTE
standards. This paper investigates the performance analysis of
LTE-A networks in different transmission modes using 16-QAM,
under different fading channels with different antenna
I dJ LJE LJu

correlation conditions. This work deals with the study of Fig. I. LTE System Architecture
performance based on Release 10 of the 3GPP standard. Bit
Error Rate (BER) is evaluated in terms of Signal to Noise Ratio
LTE SAE (System Architecture Evolution) consists UE,
(SNR) using low and high channel distortion. The BER analysis
for Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO),Transmit diversity,
eNodeB and EPC(evolved packet core). Multiple interfaces
Open and Closed Loop Spatial Multiplexing and it is carried out are designed between these entities which include SI between
for 2x2 and 4x4 antenna configuration. EPC and eNB, Uu between UE and eNB, X2 between two
eNodeB [4].
Index Terms-Long Term Evolution (LTE), User Equipment The basic architecture contains the following network
(UE), TxD (Transmit Diversity), Multi-Input Multi-Output
elements.
(MIMO), Evolved Node B (eNB), SIMO(Single Input Multiple
A. LTE Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio (EUTRAN)
Output).
It provides higher data rates and is optimized for
packet data. It is responsible for complete radio management
I. INTRODUCTION in LTE. When a packet arrives from UE to eNB, eNB
LTE has been developed to realize the goal of achieving compress the IP header and encrypt the data stream.
global broadband mobile communications [1]. The objectives B. LTE evolved packet core (EPC)
of this system include, improved system capacity and The LTE EPC consists of:
coverage, higher radio access data rates, significantly J)Mobility Management Entity (MME):It is a control entity.
improved spectral efficiency, flexible bandwidth operations, All the Non Access Stratum(NAS) signaling originates at UE
low latency, multi-antenna support, reduced costs of operation and terminates in MME. MME is also responsible for tracking
and integration with the Internet and existing mobile area list management, selection of PGW/SGW and
communication systems. LTE network architecture include also selection of other MME during handovers.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) [2], [3] 2) Serving Gateway: It terminates the interface towards
for downlink, single carrier-frequency division multiple EUTRAN. For each UE there is a single Serving GW
uplink. associated with EPS at a given point of time. SGW acts as a
local mobility entity for inter eNB handovers.
Reena Parihar, Dept. of Electronics Engineering, Pondicherry University, 3)PDN Gateway (PGW): PGW terminates SGi interface
India (e-mail: [email protected])
towards the PDN. PGW is responsible for all the IP packet
R Nakkeeran, Dept. of Electronics Engineering, Pondicherry University,
India. based operations such as deep packet inspection, UE IP

978-1-4799-8081-9/15/$3l.00 © 2015 IEEE

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 This full-text paper was peer-reviewed and accepted to be presented at the IEEE ICCSP 2015 conference.

address allocation, Transport level packet marking in uplink B. Downlink Transmission Model
and downlink, accounting etc. In this paper we consider four downlink transmission modes
4)Home Subscriber Server: The functions of the HSS with different antenna diversity [8].
include functionalities such as mobility management, call and
session establishment support, user authentication andaccess 1) Transmission mode-1
authorization. Single Input Multiple Output (SIMa) [9]-[12]: This
technique uses a single transmitter antenna but different
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section II number of receiver antennas for improving the benefits of
provides an overview of LTE physical layer .In Section III receive diversity. Receive diversity with Maximum Ratio
performance of LTE networks under different fading channel Combining results in a good BER performance in comparison
is evaluated by simulations. Finally, Section IV concludes the to single input single output. Modeling of receive diversity
paper have no effect on the transmitter but causes many changes to
receiver operations and channel modeling..
II. LTE PHYSICAL LAYER
2) Transmission mode-2
A. LTE Physical Layer (PHy) Modeling Transmit Diversity (TxD):In this technique each subcarrier
Physical layer modeling of LTE [5], [6] take into account all carries redundant information which is transmitted on different
the processing performed on bits of data that are pass down antennas. In this mode, LTE does not focus on increasing the
from the top layers to the Physical layer. It describe how data rate but only makes the communications link more stout.
different transport channels are mapped to different physical TxD uses space-time coding belonging to a class of multi­
channels, how signal processing is done on each of these antenna techniques. Space-time codes are capable of giving
channels and how data are finally transported to antenna for diversity order equal to the product of the number of receive
transmission purpose. and transmit antennas. In the LTE standard we used one of the
transmit-diversity technique known as Space Frequency Block
Fig. 2 illustrates the LTE Physical Layer model for Codes (SFBC), which is related to Space Time Block Coding.
downlink transmission. Here data is first multiplexed then it is LTE specified two transmit-diversity schemes: One is a 2 x 2
encoded to a step known as Downlink Shared Channel SFBC technique and the other is a 4 x 4 technique.
processing (DLSCH). The DLSCH processing takes into In SFBC, as illustrates in Fig. 3, pairs of modulated symbols
consideration process like attaching a CRC code for detection (s" S2) is map directly on to consecutive samples in time on
of error, segmenting the data into smaller blocks then the first antenna port. On the second antenna port, the
performing channel-coding for user data based on turbo swapped and transformed symbols (-S2*, s,*) are mapped
coding, also to reflect a desired coding rate it carried out a consecutively in time such that the consecutive vectors on
rate-matching operation that selects the number of output bits, different antennas are orthogonal.
at last of the first step reconstructing the codewords. The
second step include physical downlink shared channel
processing. Here before going for modulation mapping
operation on codewords, first scrambling operation is perform
ANTENNA! ANTENNA2
on it. The next step is the multi-antenna processing, here SPACE
before going for transmission through multiple antennas, a 51S, FREQUENCY 51 ·5,'
single stream of modulated symbols is sub-divided into -----> BLOCK �

5, 51 •
multiple sub-streams and then given for transmission through CODING
multiple antennas. The MIMO operations use two steps:
precoding and layer mapping [7].

Fig. 3. Illustration of Space frequency block coding

3)Transmission mode -3,4

Su_
Spatial Multiplexing: Spatial multiplexing is a technique
Chan�cndinc:
DLSCH
Processing which divides the bit stream into multiple sub-streams that
Ratemetchinr:
allows MIMO wireless systems to obtain high spectral
efficiencies. Here sub-streams are modulated independently,
Of OM
Symbols for
as a result spatial multiplexing can provide higher data rates
Muttlpie
transmit
than comparable Transmit diversity. However, due to absence
of redundancy in the transmitted signal makes spatial
mUltiplexing vulnerable to deficiencies in the rank of the
matrix characterizing. If there is inaccuracies in estimation of
Fig. 2. Illustration of Physical layer specification in LTE
Channel can strictly limit performance gains. As a result, to
make the implementation more robust in the presence of
various channel impairments LTE standard introduces various

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 This full-text paper was peer-reviewed and accepted to be presented at the IEEE ICCSP 2015 conference.

mechanisms such as adaptive pre-coding and layer mapping where, D is a diagonal matrix and diagonal elements
based on rank estimation. represented by singular values of the channel matrix, Vis a
square matrix and its dimension is equal to the rank of the
Mode-3: In the Open loop spatial-multiplexing with Cyclic channel matrix and U is a matrix whose size is equal to the
Delay Diversity (CDD) [13], [14], Open-loop precoding is number of receiver antennas. One of the theoretically optimal
designed for transmission in high-mobility scenarios and does precoders can be defined as a column-permuted version of
not depend on Precoder Matrix Indicator (PMI) by the mobile matrix V. This precoder operates only on transmitter antennas
terminal. An open loop approach works best when the mobile with sufficient rank and guarantees that the resulting MIMO
terminal moves rapidly, since the channel-state feedback from equation can be solved. Such an optimal precoder cannot be
a previous sub-frame cannot accurately predict the channel practically implemented, since it requires complete knowledge
quality in the current one. As a result, in open-loop spatial of the channel matrix at the transmitter.
mUltiplexing no explicit information regarding the precoder At the transmitter, first layer mapping is performed then
matrix is transmitted from the base station to the mobile precoding is done which includes matrix multiplication on
terminal. Instead, here the precoder matrix is selected in a modulated symbols. As a result, the MIMO equation after
deterministic way that can be computed synchronously in both using precoder is given as:
the transmitter and the receiver in every sub-frame.
Y=HVX+n (4)
Mode-4: In the closed loop spatial multiplexing PMI is used
as a feedback from receiver to the transmitter side. Precoding Here V is the precoding matrix. At the receiver, we apply the
with closed-loop feedback prompts the receiver to choose the received signal with the inverse of the same precoding matrix
precoder matrix from a finite codebook and then to convey the Vas used in the transmitter after MIMO receiver operations.
selected matrix to the transmitter using a limited number of
bits. III. SIMULAnON RESULTS

C. Rank-Deficiency Problem in MlM O

The performance analysis of LTE physical layer is done and
Spatial multiplexing solves the following system of linear BER of LTE is evaluated for different signal to noise levels.
equations, which expresses the received signal (1') as a Various BER with respect to SNR plots are presented by
modified version of the transmitted signal (X) transformed considering 16-QAM for all four Transmission mode under
linearly by the MIMO channel matrix (H) plus an added white different types of fading channels at different antenna
noise (N): correlation level. The simulation is done by using MATLAB.
The parameters used in the simulation are given in Table-I
Y=HX+n (1) TABLE-I

SIMULAnON PARAMETERS
for a 4 x 4 MIMO configuration the received vector Ycan be
Parameters Value
expressed as follows:
Modulation 16 -QAM

SNR [0 -18JdB
(2)
Channel Flat , Frequency selective, EPA
,EVA.
Transmission mode SIMO, TxD, open loop SM,
When the paths connecting transmit antennas to receive closed loop SM.

antennas become similar, multiple rows or columns of the Turbo coding rate 1/3

channel matrix H can become linearly dependent; for

example, in the above channel matrix first two rows if Bandwidth 10 MHz

becomes identical then the rank of the channel matrix is three,

Simulation length 100 subframe
whereas the dimension of the matrix is four. Here for this
system inverse does not exist as the linear equations is
Receiver type MMSE
singular. As a result, the MIMO system of equation
represented by this type of linearly dependent matrix cannot low and high
Antenna correlation
be uniquely solved.

D. Precoding: No of transmitter antenna used 1,2,4

Precoding techniques have been developed to solve the No of receiver antenna used 2,4
problem of rank deficiency. The best possible precoder can be
determined by exploiting the singular-value decomposition of
the channel matrix [15], [16]. The distorted channel uses frequency selective fading with a
Singular-value decomposition expresses the channel matrix as: 70Hz maximum Doppler shift, antennas with high spatial
Y=UDV (3) correlations, fig 3-9 shows BER as a function of transmission
mode and antenna configuration in noisy channel conditions.

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 This full-text paper was peer-reviewed and accepted to be presented at the IEEE ICCSP 2015 conference.

The clean channel condition is characterized by a flat fading

channel model with antennas of low spatial correlation, and a
maximum Doppler shift of zero. Here is the BER Analysis as
shown in fig. 4-10.

0:
LU
(D

"
10

0:
LU
(D

3
10.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
"
10 Eb/NO (dB)

Fig .. 7. BER Response of Open loop Spatial MUltiplexing under High and
Low distortion Channel for 2x2 antenna

Fig. 4. BER Response of SIMO under High and Low distortion Channel for °
10 F::::::;::-:-::-:T:-::-:::y====a
1x3 antenna.

0::
LU
(D

0:
LU
(D

Fig. 8. BER Response of Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing under High and
Low distortion Channel for 4x4 antenna diversity for 4x4 antenna
Fig. 5. BER Response of Transmit Diversity under High and Low distortion
Channel for 2x2 antenna

cr
w
(D

cr
W
ill

5
1 0· L-__�____-L____�__�____-L____�____L-__�____�
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Fig. 9. BER Response of Closed Loop Spatial MUltiplexing under High and
Eb/No (dB) Low distortion Channel for 2x2 antenna

Fig. 6. BER Response of Transmit Diversity under High and Low distortion
Channel for 4x4 antenna

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 This full-text paper was peer-reviewed and accepted to be presented at the IEEE ICCSP 2015 conference.

receive antennas are employed. Transmit diversity improves

performance and its BER is good compare to other
transmission modes. In Spatial Multiple (SM) modes 3 and 4,
performance seems rather low under both channel conditions.
In SM we observed that OLSM 4x4 antenna diversity perform
ct:
better than CLSM 4x4 under high channel distortion.
W
III

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2x2 MIMO BER is low for EPA channel model at zero
Doppler shift and it is highest for EVA channel at 70 Hz
Doppler shift.

IV. CONCLUSION

The performance in each mode is consistently better in a

clean channel than in a noisy channel. In the SIMO case,
performance improves as a result of diversity when multiple

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