12/14/11

Structural  Steel  and  Timber  

Design  SAB3233  

Topic  7  
Laterally  unrestrained  beams  
 
  Mohammad  
Prof  Dr  Shahrin  
 
 

Topic  10  -­‐  ConnecLons  

Topic  9  –  Trusses  
Topic  1  -­‐  Overview  

Topic  8  –  Columns  

Topic  2  -­‐  Basis  of  

Topic  7  –  Laterally   Structural   Structural  Design  
unrestrained  beams   Steel  Design   (BS  EN  1990)  

 
Topic  6  –  Laterally   Topic  3  –AcLons  on  
restrained  beams   Structures    
 (BS  EN  1991)  
Topic  4  –  Design  of    
Topic  5  –  Cross-­‐secLon  
steel  structures  
classificaLon  
(BS  EN  1993)  

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Beam is a member predominantly subject

to bending. A beam is a structural member
which is subject to transverse loads, and
accordingly must be designed to withstand
shear and moment. Generally, it will be
bent about its major axis

Clamp  at   §  Slender  structural  elements  

root   loaded  in  a  sLff  plane  tend  
to  fail  by  buckling  in  a  more  
flexible  plane.    

§  In  the  case  of  a  beam  bent  

about  its  major  axis,  failure  
Unloaded   may  occur  by  a  form  of  
Buckled   posiLon   buckling  which  involves  
posiLon   both  lateral  deflecLon  and  
Dead  weight  
twisLng.      
load  applied  
verLcally   Lateral-­‐torsional  
buckling      

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•  Perfectly  elasLc,  iniLally  

M   M   straight,  loaded  by  equal  
L   and  opposite  end  moments  
ElevaLon   SecLon   about  its  major  axis.  

§  Unrestrained  along  its  

Plan  
length.  
z  
x   §  End  Supports  
u  
§  TwisLng  and  lateral  
y   deflecLon  prevented.  
§  Free  to  rotate  both  in  
the  plane  of  the  web  and  
f   on  plan.  

Unrestrained  beam  

•  The  compression  flange  is  

not  restrained  from  deflect  
laterally  and  rotate  about  
the  plan  of  the  secLon,  
which  is  called  lateral  
torsional  buckling  
•  Three  components  of  
displacement  i.e.  verLcal,  
horizontal  and  torsional  
displacement  

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•  Lateral  restraint  may  be  of  along  the  span  or  at  some  points  
along  the  span.  
P1   P2  

A   B   Primary  beam   C   D  

Secondary  beams  

Front  view  of  the  primary  beam  

Secondary  beams  
Original  shape  

A   B   C   D  

Deform  shape  

Plan  view  
Points  A,  B,  C  and  D  are  restrained  from  deform  laterally  by  the  secondary  beams  and  the  connecAon  at  column  

Unrestrained  Beam  
Examples  :   Timber  floor  

Steel  slide  

UB  
UB  

Crane  railway   Water  tank  

This  crane  girder  is  not  

restrained  laterally  
between  two  brackets.    

This  beam  only  laterally   Support  

Bracket   restrained  on  both  ends.  
Steel  column  

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Design  factors  which  will  influence  the  lateral  stability  can  

be  summarized  as:  
 
•  The  slenderness  of  the  member  between  adequate  
lateral  restraints;  
•  the  shape  of  cross-­‐secLon;  
•  the  variaLon  of  moment  along  the  beam;  
•  the  form  of  end  restraint  provided,  
•  the  manner  in  which  the  load  is  applied,  i.e.  to  tension  
or  compression  flange.  

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ElasLc  buckling  of  beams  

CriLcal  Buckling  Moment    for  uniform  bending  moment  diagram  is  

π 2 EI z ⎡ I w L2GI t ⎤
M cr = ⎢ + 2 ⎥
L2 ⎣ I z π EI z ⎦

Includes:  
§  Lateral  flexural  sLffness  EIz  
§  Torsional  and  Warping  sLffnesses  GIt  and  Eiw  

Their  relaLve  importance  depends  on  the  type  of  cross-­‐

secLon  used.      

Effect  of  Slenderness  

Non-­‐dimensional  plot  permits  
results  from  different  test  series  to  
Non-­‐dimensional    moment   be  compared  
M resistance  plot  
Mpl   Stocky  beams  (  λ

     LT
       <  0,4)  
unaffected  by  lateral  torsional  
1,0 Mcr buckling  
Mpl   Slender  beams  (      λ
   LT
     >1,2)  
resistance  close  to  
theoreLcal  elasLc  criLcal  
moment  Mcr  
Stocky Intermediate Slender   Intermediate  slenderness  -­‐  adversely  
affected  by  inelasLcity  and  geometric  
0 1,0
λ
LT = Mpl imperfecLons  
Mcr
  EC3  uses  a  reducLon  factor  χLT  on  
plasLc  resistance  moment  to  cover  the  
whole  slenderness  range    

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Design  buckling  
resistance  

Lateral-­‐torsional  buckling   The  design  buckling  resistance  

c   reducLon  factor   moment  Mb.Rd  of  a  laterally  
unrestrained  beam  is  calculated  as    
                                                                                                                     
ReducLon  factor  

1.0  
M b .Rd = χ LT β wW pl . y f y / γ M 1

which  is  effecLvely  the  plasLc  

resistance  of  the  secLon  mulLplied  by  
Welded  beams  
the  reducLon  factor  cLT  
1.0    
0   2.0   λ
LT
Slenderness  

ReducLon  factor  
for  LTB  
 
  Lateral-­‐torsional  buckling  
reducLon  factor   χ LT =
1
2 $.0.5
ϕ LT + "#ϕ LT
2
− λLT
   
                                                                                                                      %
ReducAon  factor  

1.0  
 where  

# &
ϕ LT = 0.5%1+ ∝LT (λLT − 0.2) + λLT2 (
$ '
Welded  beams  
and  
λ
LT
0   1.0   2.0   α LT =  0.21  for  rolled  secLons  
Slenderness   α LT  =  0.49  for  welded  secLons  

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Determining   λLT
   
The  non-­‐dimensional   slenderness   λ LT = M pl.Rd / M cr
   
calculated  by  calculaLng  the  plasLc  resistance  moment  Mpl.Rd  and  elasLc  criLcal  
moment  Mcr  from  first  principles    

0.5
⎡ λ ⎤ 0.5 ⎡ E ⎤
or  using   λLT = ⎢ LT ⎥ β w where   λ1 = π ⎢ ⎥
⎣ λ1 ⎦ ⎣ fy ⎦

For  any  plain  I  or  H  secLon  with  equal   L / iz

λLT = 0.25
flanges,  under  uniform  moment  with   ⎡ 2
1 ⎡ L / iz ⎤ ⎤
simple  end  restraints   ⎢1 + ⎢ ⎥ ⎥
⎢ 20 ⎢⎣ h / t f ⎥⎦ ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Effect  of  load  

paeern  on  LTB  
The  elasLc  criLcal  moment  for  a  beam  under  uniform  bending  moment    is  

M   M  
π π 2 EI w
M cr = EI z GI t 1 +
L L2GI t

The  elasLc  criLcal  moment  (mid-­‐span  moment)  for  a  beam  with  a  central  
point  load  is    

4,24 π 2 EI
M cr = EI z GI t 1 + 2 w
L L GI t
M  
…    which  is  increased  from  the  basic  (uniform  moment)  case  by  a  factor  
C1=4.24/π=1.365    
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C1  factor  
Loads   M  cr  = C 1 p       EI  GJ  
     Bending    M                
2
1+ p EI w
C1   EC3  expresses  the  elasLc  criLcal  moment  
moment  
L L 2 max
GJ

M   M   Mcr  for  a  parLcular  loading  case  as  

M   1.00  
M  
M   1.879   π π 2 EI w
M cr = C1 EI z GI t 1 +
M   -­‐M   L L2GI t
M   2.752  
F   C1  appears:    
FL/4   1.365  
F   •  as  a  simple  mulLplier  in  
FL/8   1.132   expressions  for  Mcr    
F   F  
FL/4   1.046  
•  as  1/  C10.5  in  expressions  for  
=   =   =   =   λLT.  

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End support conditions

•  Basic case assumes end conditions which prevent
lateral movement and twist but permit rotation on
plan.

L
Elevation Section

Plan

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End support conditions

§  End conditions which prevent rotation on plan enhance the
elastic buckling resistance
§  Can include the effect of different support conditions by
redefining the unrestrained length as an effective length
§  Two effective length factors, k and kw.
§  Reflect the two possible types of end fixity, lateral bending
restraint and warping restraint.
§  Note: it is recommended that kw be taken as 1.0 unless special
provision for warping fixing is made.
§  EC3 recommends k values of 0,5 for fully fixed ends, 0,7 for one
free and one fixed end and of course 1,0 for two free ends.

Choice of k is at the designer’s discretion

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Level  of  applicaLon  of  load  

1,4 Effect of load

F
position on •  Loads  applied  to  top  
a=d/2
1,2 buckling resistance flange  are  destabilising  
Equivalent uniform moment

•  Problem  increases  with  

momentmoment factor

1,0 F depth  of  secLon  and/or  as  

a=0 F span  reduces  
0,8 •  EC3  introduces  C2  factor  
into  expressions  for  λLT  
0,6 F
a=d/2

0,4
m

1 10 100 1000
L2GI t
EIw

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Beams  with  intermediate  lateral  support  

•  If  beams  have  lateral  restraints  at  intervals  along  the  

span  the  segments  of  the  beam  between  restraints  
must  be  treated  in  isolaLon  
•  beam  design  is  based  on  the  most  criLcal  segment      
•  Lengths  of  beams  between  restraints  should  use  an  
effecLve  length  factor  k  of  1.0    
 

Design  Procedure  :   Start

Estimate support condition of the steel beam

Estimate all the load subjected onto the beam

Determine the maximum design of shear force, VEd and moment, MEd

Chose steel grade and cross section size that suitable for the design (EN 1993-1-1:2005, Table 3.1)

Classify the cross section of the steel beam (EN 1993-1-1:2005, Sheet 1, 2 and 3)

Determine the maximum shear force of the section, Vc, Rd (EN 1993-1-1:2005, Clause 6.2.6)

No
VEd ≤ Vc, Rd

Yes

Is shear buckling resistance checking for

web need? (EN 1993-1-1:2005, Clause 6.2.6)

Yes
No
Check for shear buckling resistance of web (EN 1993-1-5, Section 5)

Determine the maximum moment resistance, Mc, Rd (EN 1993-1-1:2005, Clause 6.2.5)

No
MEd ≤ Mc, Rd

Yes

A B
!

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Design  Procedure  :   A B

No Is the combined bending

and shear checking need?

VEd > 0.5Vc, Rd

Yes

Check for combined bending and shear force resistance (EN 1993-1-1:2005, Clause 6.2.8)

No
MEd ≤ MV, Rd

Yes

Checking for lateral torsional buckling resistance (EN 1993-1-1:2005, Clause 6.3.2)

No
MEd ≤ Mb, Rd

Yes

Determine value of permanent load that gives effect to the beam deflection

Determine the allowable deflection (EN 1990:2002, Clause A1.4.3)

No
Actual deflection ≤ Allowable deflection

Yes

Adopt section

End
!

Design  Procedure  :  

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Example  1  :  Design  of  an  unrestrained  beam  

Thank You

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