Fluid Coupling Notes

NEED OF AN TRANSMISSION
 The transmission is a device that is connected to the rear

side of the engine and transmit power from the flywheel
to the drive wheels.
 An automobile engine runs at a certain RPM (Revolutions

Per Minute) range and the transmission's work to make
sure that the power is delivered to the wheels while
keeping the engine within that range with minimum
power loss.
 It does this through various gear combinations. In first gear,
the engine turns much faster in relation to the drive
wheels, while in high gear the engine is loading even
though the vehicle may be going in excess of 70 MPH.
 In addition to the various forward gears, a transmission also

has a neutral position which disconnects the engine from
the drive wheels, and reverse, which causes the drive
wheels to turn in the opposite direction allowing you to
back up.
 There are two basic types of automatic transmissions based

on whether the vehicle is rear wheel drive or front wheel
drive
Working of clutch
• Fluid couplings are the easiest and cheapest way
of creating a perfectly Flexible Drive Train
• Because no mechanical parts are necessary

between the engine (impeller) and the shaft or
Equipment or Machine being driven.
• Without mechanical parts, there is practically no

wear.
FLUID COUPLING
A fluid coupling or hydraulic coupling is a

hydrodynamic device used to transmit
rotating mechanical power in automobile
engine to transmissions system.
It is as an alternative to a mechanical clutch to

transmit power smoothly.
PRINCIPLE
 Taking a fan that is plugged in power and blowing air into

another fan which is unplugged.
 If you grab the blade on the unplugged fan, you are able to
hold it from turning but as soon as you let go, it will begin to
speed up until it comes close to the speed of the powered
fan.
 The difference with a fluid or torque converter is that instead
of using air, it uses oil or transmission fluid, to be more precise
to transmit he power.
• It is a device for transmitting rotation between
shafts by means of the acceleration and
deceleration of a hydraulic fluid (such as oil). Also
known as hydraulic coupling.
• Structurally, a fluid coupling consists of an
impeller on the input or driving shaft and a
runner on the output or driven shaft.
• The two contain the fluid. Impeller and runner
are bladed rotors, the impeller acting as a driven
and the runner reacting as a driven.
Basically, the impeller accelerates the fluid
from near its axis, at which the tangential
component of absolute velocity is low, to near
its periphery, at which the tangential
component of absolute velocity is high.
This increase in velocity represents an increase
in kinetic energy. The fluid mass emerges at
high velocity from the impeller, impinges on
the runner blades, gives up its energy, and
leaves the runner at low velocity.
Hydraulic fluid couplings transfer rotational
force from a transmitting axis to a receiving
axis. The coupling consists of two toroids --
doughnut-shaped objects -- in a sealed
container of hydraulic fluid.
One toroid is attached to the driving shaft and
spins with the rotational force.
The spinning toroid moves the hydraulic fluid
around the receiving toroid.
The movement of the fluid turns the receiving
toroid and thus turns the connected shaft.
Fluid Coupling
• Converts or transmits rotating
mechanical energy or power.
• Basic components
- outer shell or housing,
- impeller or pump and turbine or runner
• Both of these units are contained within the
housing via oil-tight seals.
• The input turbine is connected to the power
supply, typically an electric or ICE.
• The output turbine is connected to the drive train
of the vehicle or the drive system of a machine.
• Mineral oil is used
28
Fluid Coupling: Working
• Standstill
- The entire operating fluid in the
coupling is at rest
• Idling
- In sufficient centrifugal force for the
oil to turn the turbine
• Low to medium speed:
- Centrifugal force pushes oil into
turbine and some turning effort is
transmitted. Large degree of slip in
the unit. O/p shaft is rotating slowly
than input shaft.
• Medium to High Speed
- Oil force is sufficient to transmit full
power. O/p shaft rotating at about
98% of speed of I/p shaft (2% slip).
29
LOSSES IN THE FLUID COUPLING
• Losses in the fluid coupling become power drops
according to the following formula:
Losses in the fluid coupling
= ((nd - nu )/(nd ))x100

where:
nd= Driver(Engine or impeller) speed in rpm
nu= Output speed (Transmission shaft or Runner) in
rpm
FLUID COUPLINGS EFFICIENCY
 Although fluid couplings use hydraulic fluid within

their construction, the mechanism loses a portion
of its force to friction and results in the creation
of heat.
 No fluid coupling can run at 100 percent
efficiency. Excessive heat production from poorly
maintained couplings can result in damage to the
coupling and surrounding systems.
ADVANTAGES OF USING FLUID COUPLINGS
 Easy start-up with gradual acceleration of the driven

component
 Automatic load speed adjustment on the basis of the

synchronous speed of two or more motors
 The drive train is protected against overloads
 Rotational vibrations are dampened
 The torque transmitted complies with pre-set values
 Direct on-line start electric motors can be used, without star-

delta starters or slip-ring motors with rheostat

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NEED OF AN TRANSMISSION

 The transmission is a device that is connected to the rear

 An automobile engine runs at a certain RPM (Revolutions

 In addition to the various forward gears, a transmission also

 There are two basic types of automatic transmissions based

• Because no mechanical parts are necessary

• Without mechanical parts, there is practically no

A fluid coupling or hydraulic coupling is a

It is as an alternative to a mechanical clutch to

 Taking a fan that is plugged in power and blowing air into

Losses in the fluid coupling

= ((nd - nu )/(nd ))x100

 Although fluid couplings use hydraulic fluid within

 Easy start-up with gradual acceleration of the driven

 Automatic load speed adjustment on the basis of the

 The drive train is protected against overloads

 Rotational vibrations are dampened

 The torque transmitted complies with pre-set values

 Direct on-line start electric motors can be used, without star-

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