Hydrogen in 1 Shot
Hydrogen in 1 Shot
Hydrogen in 1 Shot
Hydrogen
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ByWhich
arvind Arorathe idea of water
discarded
considered as element
CHEMISTR
Henry Cavendish Y
In year 1783
HYDROGEN
Discovered that Water is compound made of
In Greek
Hydro - gen
By arvind Arora
Water Producer
Antoine Lavoisier
CHEMISTR
As it produces water on burning with oxygen.
Y
Through out Periodic Table If u search for an element without Neutron
HYDROGEN
• Hydrogen is the only element Where in neutron is absent
By arvind Arora
CHEMISTR
Y
HYDROGEN + Hydrogen cation
(Proton)
-
Ac e
ce ate
pt n
e- Do
Hydrogen anion By arvind Arora
(Hydride)
CHEMISTR
Hydrogen Y
Since Hydrogen resembles both alkali metals and the
HYDROGEN
halogens So we say H resembles both group 1 & group 17
Where to place Hydrogen in Periodic table ?
By arvind Arora
CHEMISTR
Y
Placed separately in the periodic
HYDROGEN
By arvind Arora
CHEMISTR
Y
Resemblance of H with alkali metals
Let’s study
HYDROGEN
1. Electronic configuration H,Li, Na their outermost electronic
configuration is same
1
1
H – 1s
2 1
3
Li – 1s 2s
2 2 6 1
11
Na – 1s 2s 2p 3s
H H+ + 1e–
CHEMISTR
alkali metals, H also loose 1 e- and gains a +ve charge. So there is
similarity in electropositive character of H and alkali metals.
Y
3. Oxidation state
HYDROGEN
As we know NaCl dissociates to give Na+ and Cl-
Charge on Na is +1
Na+Cl-, K+Br-, H+Cl-, Charge on K is +1
Charge on H is +1
By arvind Arora
Oxidation state of H is same as that of K, Na… i.e. alkali metals
CHEMISTR
Y
4. Combination with electronegative elements
HYDROGEN
Alkali metals like Na, K reacts with O to form oxides
By arvind Arora
Na Cl
H Cl CHEMISTR
K Y Cl
4. Combination with electronegative elements
HYDROGEN
Alkali metals like Na, K reacts with S to form sulphides
H also reacts with S to form hydrogen sulphide
S
S
Na NaBy arvind Arora Electronegative element
S S
K K H H
CHEMISTR
Y
Resemblance of H with alkali metals
5. Liberation at cathode
HYDROGEN
Cathode Anode
2HCl(aq) H2(g) + Cl2(g)
+
-
ByAno
arvind Arora Cath
de ode
Hydrogen
Chlorine
gas aq. Sodium chloride
CHEMISTR
Y
Differences of H with alkali metals
1.Electropositivity HYDROGEN
H is less electropositive than alkali metals
2. Nature of oxides
H2O: Neutral Oxide of H is neutral
H+ ions
< alkali metal
cations
By arvind Arora
Size of H- ions is much smaller than
CHEMISTR
Y
Resemblance with halogens
1. Electronic configuration: HYDROGEN
If we compare E.C. of F and Ne, In last
2 2 6 shell difference of electron is 1
F – 1s 2
2s 2
2p 5
, 10
Ne – 1s 2s 2p
9
1 He – 1s2
1
H – 1s , 2 Similarly the difference between H
and He is 1
2. Electronegative character
Cl + 1e– Cl–
By arvind Arora
H + 1e– H–
3. Oxidation state
Na+1Cl-1 Na+1H-1 CHEMISTR
Y
Resemblance with halogens
4. Ionization enthalpy: HYDROGEN
Element Ionization enthalpy(kJ/mol)
Li 520
F Since the ionization enthalpy of
1680
‘H’ is close to ‘F’
H 1312
5. Liberation at anode ∴ H behaves like F according to
ionization enthalpy.
Anode
By arvind Arora
Cathode
NaCl(aq) Cl2(g)
+ 2Na
(s)
2NaH(aq) H2(g) + 2Na(s)
6. Atomicity and non-metallic character
Diatomic and typical non-metals.
CHEMISTR
Y
7. Formation of similar types of compounds
HYDROGEN
halogen reacts with many element to give halides similarly Hydrogen reacts
with different elements to give Hydrides
i. Halides: CCl4, SiCl4, NCl3
ii. Hydrides: CH4, SiH4, NH3
8. Combination with metals
By arvind Arora
Hydrogen reacts with alkali and alkaline earth metals we get Metal hydride
H- ions
< halide ions
By arvind Arora
CHEMISTR
Y
Isotopes of hydrogen
HYDROGEN
• There are 3 isotopes of
hydrogen
1 Protium
2 Deuterium
By arvind Arora
3 Tritium
CHEMISTR
Y
Comparison of the nucleus
HYDROGEN
By arvind Arora
CHEMISTR
Y
Comparison of Isotopes of hydrogen
HYDROGEN
sr.
Property Protium Deuterium Tritium
no.
Relative
By arvind Arora
1.007825 2.014102 3.016049
2.
atomic mass
Y
Laboratory preparation of dihydrogen
1)
HYDROGEN
Reaction of acids with metals
Eg : Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
Mg + H2SO4 MgSO + H2
By arvind
4 Arora
Salt
• Acids can be dil HCl, dil H2SO4 etc
Metals dil.acid
CHEMISTR
• Metals which are more electropositive than hydrogen such as zinc, iron,
magnesium etc Y
Laboratory preparation of dihydrogen
HYDROGEN
2) Reaction of Base with Metal
Eg : Zn + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2
Sodium Zincate
CHEMISTR
Y
2) Preparation of highly pure dihydrogen (>99.95%)
Can be obtained by
HYDROGEN
electrolysing
between nickel electrodes.
By arvind Arora
warm aqueous
barium hydroxide
solution
CHEMISTR
Y
3) Bosch process
HYDROGEN
Fe O + Cr2O3
2 3
CO(g) + H2(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)
773K
Water gas Steam
This water gas is mixed with twice the volume of steam and the
mixture is passed over (Fe2O3) & (Cr2O3)
CO gets oxidized to CO2 By arvind Arora
▪ How to separate these two gases ?
Anode Cathode
By arvind Arora
Hydrogen
Chlorine gas
gas Aqueous
Sodium
CHEMISTR
chloride
Y
Cell Reactions
Dissociation: HYDROGEN
2NaCl(aq) 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl– (aq)
2H2O(l) 2H+(aq) + 2OH– (aq)
At anode:
2Cl-(aq) Cl2(g) + 2e–
At cathode:
2H2O(l) + 2e– H2(g) By arvind
+ 2OH – Arora
(aq)
Ni, 1270 K
CnH2n+2 + nH2O nCO + (2n+1)H2
By arvind
Ni, 1270 K Arora
Eg : CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)
(water gas/syngas)
CHEMISTR
Y
6) From steam(Lane’s process)
HYDROGEN
Superheated steam is passed over iron fillings heated to 1023-1073K
1025 – 1270 K
3Fe + 4H2O(g) Fe3O4 + 4H2
By arvind Arora
CHEMISTR
Y
Physical properties of dihydrogen
HYDROGEN
• Colourless
• Odourless
• Tasteless
• Combustible
• Insoluble in water
By arvind Arora
CHEMISTR
Y
Chemical properties
1) Reaction with halogensHYDROGEN
Forms hydrogen halides.
General reaction
H2(g) + X2(g) 2HX(g) (X = F, Cl, Br,
Reaction with fluorine occurs evenI) in the
dark,
By
Reaction with iodine requires arvind Arora
a catalyst
2) Reaction with dioxygen
Produces ammonia
CHEMISTR
Y
4) Reaction with metals
HYDROGEN
Hydrogen combines with many metals at high temperatures to yield the
corresponding hydrides
By arvind Arora
CHEMISTR
Y
5) Reactions with metal oxides
HYDROGEN
• Acts as a reducing agent
• Reduces oxides of metals less active than iron to the corresponding
metals
• Examples are oxides of copper, zinc, lead
and iron.
yH2(g) + MxOy(s) By
xM arvind
+ yH OArora
(s) 2 (l)
By arvind Arora
CHEMISTR
Y
7) Reactions with organic compounds :
a)
HYDROGEN
Hydrogenation of oils
• Oils contain many C = C bonds
Ni, 473K
Vegetable oil + H2 Vegetable fat
By arvind Arora
CHEMISTR
Y
b) Hydroformylation of olefins
HYDROGEN
Alkene
Addition of
Hydrogen
Addition of Formyl group
By arvind Arora
Or aldehyde group
O
-CHO or -C H
CHEMISTR
Y
b) Hydroformylation of
olefins HYDROGEN
• First yields aldehydes which further undergo reduction to give alcohols.
O
• H2 + CO + RCH = CH2 RCH2CH2C H
Alkene Aldehyde
O By arvindOArora
H
• H2 + RCH2CH2C H RCH2CH2C H
Aldehyde H
CHEMISTR
Alcohol
Y
Dihydrogen releases more energy than petrol
HYDROGEN 3X
Lots of air pollution Less air pollution
By arvind Arora
Later used to generate electrical energy
Demand Production
Electricity CHEMISTR
Y
Production of electricity from hydrogen
HYDROGEN
Electron flow
Air H2 for recycling
Air 1
Anode reaction: O2+ H2O + 2e– → 2 OH–
or 2
O2 + – H2
Cathode reaction : H2 + 2OH– → 2H2 O + 2 e–
By arvind Arora
Porous
Carbon
electrode
KOH solutionCHEMISTR
Y
Hydrogen as a fuel
HYDROGEN
Advantages
• Clean burning fuel
By arvind Arora
CHEMISTR
Y
Uses of dihydrogen
HYDROGEN
1) In the manufacture of vanaspati fat by the hydrogenation of
vegetable oils.
By arvind
Nitric Arora
acid (HNO 3
)
CHEMISTR
Y
Uses of dihydrogen
HYDROGEN
3) It is used in the manufacture of organic chemicals
Example: methanol.
By arvind
5) It is widely used in the manufacture of Arora
metal hydrides.
CHEMISTR
Y
6) As a fuel HYDROGEN
Liquid hydrogen mixed with liquid oxygen is used as a rocket fuel in space
research.
By arvind Arora
CHEMISTR
Y
7) In fuel cells
HYDROGEN
Dihydrogen is used in fuel cells for generating electrical energy.
By arvind Arora
CHEMISTR
Y
Hydrogen bonding in water molecules
+ HYDROGEN
.–. δ+ δ.. – .
δ+ δ –
..O.. δ
H δ .O. H O.
H
+H H H
δ δ+ δ+
By arvind Arora
CHEMISTR
Y
Water Due to the presence of hydrogen bonding between its molecules
HYDROGEN
Physical properties
• High freezing
• High boiling point
• High heat of fusion
• High heat of vapourisation
By arvind Arora
• High specific heat
• High thermal conductivity
• High surface tension CHEMISTR
Y constant
• High dipole moment and dielectric
Universal solvent
HYDROGEN
Ionic compounds and even covalent compounds like alcohol
and carbohydrates dissolve in water.
It is an excellent solvent for transportation
of ions and molecules required for plant and
animal metabolism.
By arvind Arora
CHEMISTR
Y
Structure of water
HYDROGEN
Gaseous state
CHEMISTR
Y
Structure of ice
HYDROGEN
By arvind Arora
CHEMISTR
Y
Chemical Properties of Water
HYDROGEN
1) Amphoteric Nature
3) Hydrolysis Reaction
By arvind Arora
4) Hydrates Formation
CHEMISTR
Y
1) Amphoteric Nature It has the ability to act as acid as well as base
HYDROGEN
According to Bronsted concept it act as base with
strong acid and it act as acid with strong base
+ –
• H2O(l) + H2S(aq) H O
By3 arvind
(aq)
+ HS
Arora
(aq) Water also undergoes
self ionization
• The auto-protolysis (self-ionization)
of water takes place as follows :
CHEMISTR
• H2O(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq)
Y
2) Redox Reactions Involving Water
With electropositive metalsHYDROGEN
In this reaction water is easily reduced to dihydrogen by
highly electropositive metal
By arvind Arora
Mg3 N2 + 6H2O 3Mg(OH)2 + 2NH3
CHEMISTR
Y
4) Hydrates Formation :
By
(ii) Interstitial water eg: BaCl 2 arvind
.2H2O Arora
(iii) Hydrogen-bonded water eg: [Cu(H2O) 4]2+SO2–4.H2O
in CuSO4.5H2O
CHEMISTR
Y
Heavy Water (D2O) Was discovered by
HYDROGEN
Preparation of heavy water
Urey in 1932.
CHEMISTR
Y
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
HYDROGEN
Discovered by Thenard in 1818
Also called as oxygenated water
Industrial preparation
CHEMISTR
Y
Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen Peroxide
HYDROGEN
1) From barium peroxide
CHEMISTR
Y
2) By electrolysis Electrolysis of 50% H2SO4 is carried out .
+
HYDROGEN
–
2H2SO4 2H + 2HSO4
At cathode
2H+ + 2e– H2
At anode
By –arvind Arora
2HSO4–(aq) H2S2O8 + 2e
(Peroxodisulphuric acid)
CHEMISTR
Y
2HSO4–(a H2S2O8 + 2e–
HYDROGEN
q) (Peroxodisulphuric acid)
Is Hydrolyzed
CHEMISTR
H2SO5 = Peroxomonosulphuric acid
Y
Physical Properties
HYDROGEN
• In pure state Very pale blue
coloured liquid
CHEMISTR
Y
Strength of hydrogen peroxide solution
HYDROGEN
Percentage strength
Volume
strength
• Volume (in ml/l)of oxygen liberated at N.T.P by the
By arvind Arora
decomposition of 1ml/1l of that sample of hydrogen peroxide.
CHEMISTR
Y
Structure
• Non-planar HYDROGEN
111.5
o
o
By arvind Arora
94.8
CHEMISTR
Y
Storage of hydrogen peroxide
HYDROGEN
• Cannot be stored in glass bottles because
Alkali oxides present in glass catalyses its decomposition
2H2O2(l) 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
CHEMISTR
Y
Uses of Hydrogen Peroxide
HYDROGEN
1. In green chemistry :
a) In pollution control treatment of domestic and industrial
effluents
b) Oxidation of cyanide
c)
By arvind Arora
Restoration of aerobic conditions to sewage wastes
CHEMISTR
Y
2. As an antiseptic and sold in the market as perhydrol
HYDROGEN
3. In daily life, it is used as a hair bleach and
as a mild disinfectant
By arvind
4. It is generally used to manufacture Arora
chemicals like
sodium perborate and percarbonate. These chemicals
are used in high grade detergents.
CHEMISTR
Y
5. In industries as a bleaching agent for textiles, paper pulp,
HYDROGEN
oils, fats and leather
By arvind Arora
CHEMISTR
Y
Auto oxidation and auto reduction
HYDROGEN
• Decomposes rapidly on heating in presence of finely divided
metals such as Ca, Fe, Cu, Au, Ag, Pt, MnO2, carbon, dust,
light etc
By arvind Arora
H2O2 + H2O2 2H2O + O2
By arvind Arora
CHEMISTR
Y
Arvind Arora
Tha ...