Coordinates: 45°56′29″N 18°38′50″E

Battle of Mohács
The Battle of Mohács (Hungarian: [ˈmohaːt͡ʃ]; Hungarian:
Battle of Mohács
Mohácsi csata, Turkish: Mohaç Meydan Muharebesi) was
one of the most consequential battles in Central European
Part of the Ottoman wars in Europe and Ottoman–
history. It was fought on 29 August 1526 near Mohács,
Hungarian wars
Kingdom of Hungary, between the forces of the Kingdom of
Hungary, led by Louis II, and those of the Ottoman Empire,
led by Suleiman the Magnificent. The Ottoman victory led to
the partition of Hungary for several centuries between the
Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy, and the
Principality of Transylvania. Further, the death of Louis II as
he fled the battle marked the end of the Jagiellonian dynasty
in Hungary and Bohemia, whose dynastic claims passed to
the House of Habsburg. The Battle of Mohács marked the
end of the Middle Ages in Hungary.

Contents
Background
Decline of royal power (1490–1526)
European events, and the Franco-Ottoman
alliance Battle of Mohács 1526, Ottoman miniature[1]
Preparations
Date 29 August 1526
Battle
Location Mohács, Kingdom of Hungary
Aftermath
Result Decisive Ottoman victory;
Legacy
See also
End of Ottoman–Hungarian wars
Notes
Start of Ottoman–Habsburg wars
References
Collapse and partition of Medieval
External links
Hungary

Belligerents
Background Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Hungary

Kingdom of Croatia
Crimean Khanate
Decline of royal power (1490–1526) Crown of Bohemia
After the death of the absolutist King Matthias Corvinus in Holy Roman Empire
1490, the Hungarian magnates, who did not want another Duchy of Bavaria
heavy-handed king, procured the accession of Vladislaus II Papal States
(reigned 1490–1516), King of Bohemia, because of his
notorious weakness. He was known as King Dobře, or Kingdom of Poland
Dobrzse in Hungarian orthography (meaning "all right"), for Commanders and leaders
his habit of accepting, without question, every petition and Suleiman I Louis II of
document laid before him.[9] The freshly elected King Pargalı Ibrahim Hungary †
Vladislaus II donated most of the royal estates, régales and Pasha Pál Tomori †
royalties to the nobility. By this method, the king tried to Malkoçoğlu Bali Bey
György Zápolya †
stabilize his new reign and preserve his popularity amongst Devlet I Giray
Stephen VII Báthory
the magnates. After the naive fiscal and land policy of the Gazi Hüsrev Bey
royal court, the central power began to experience severe Behram Pasha
financial difficulties, largely due to the enlargement of feudal Strength
lands at his expense. The noble estate of the parliament
55,000–70,000 25,000–30,000 men[3][4]
succeeded in reducing their tax burden by 70–80%, at the
men[2][3][4] 80 guns (only 50 arrived
expense of the country's ability to defend itself.[10]
200 guns on time)
Vladislaus became the magnates' helpless "prisoner"; he
could make no decision without their consent.[11] The Casualties and losses
standing mercenary army (the Black Army) of Matthias ~1,500-2,000[5][6] ~ 14,000 to 20,000+[7][8]
Corvinus was dissolved by the aristocracy. The magnates
also dismantled the national administration systems and bureaucracy throughout the country. The country's defenses sagged as
border guards and castle garrisons went unpaid, fortresses fell into disrepair, and initiatives to increase taxes to reinforce defenses
were stifled.[12] Hungary's international role declined, its political stability shaken, and social progress was deadlocked. The early
appearance of Protestantism further worsened internal relations in the country.

The strongest nobles were so busy oppressing the peasants and quarreling with the gentry class in the parliament that they failed
to heed the agonized calls of King Louis II against the Turks.

In 1514, the weakened and old King Vladislaus II faced a major peasant rebellion led by György Dózsa, which was ruthlessly
crushed by the nobles, led by John Zápolya. After the Dózsa Rebellion, the brutal suppression of the peasants greatly aided the
1526 Turkish invasion as the Hungarians were no longer a politically united people. The resulting degradation of order paved the
way for Ottoman pre-eminence.

King Louis II of Hungary married Mary of Habsburg in 1522. The Ottomans saw that alliance as a threat to their power in the
Balkans and worked to break it. After Suleiman I came to power, the High Porte made the Hungarians at least one and possibly
two offers of peace. It is unclear why Louis refused. It is possible that King Louis was well aware of Hungary's situation
(especially after the Battle of Chaldiran and Polish-Ottoman peace from 1525) and he believed that war was a better option than
peace. Even in peacetime the Ottomans raided Hungarian lands and conquered small territories (with border castles), but a final
battle still offered a glimmer of hope. To such ends, in June 1526, an Ottoman expedition advanced up the Danube.

European events, and the Franco-Ottoman alliance

King Francis I of France was defeated at the Battle of Pavia on 24 February 1525 by the troops of the Habsburg Holy Roman
Emperor, Charles V. After several months in prison, Francis I was forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid.

In a watershed moment in European diplomacy, Francis formed a formal Franco-Ottoman alliance with Sultan Suleiman the
Magnificent as an ally against Charles V. The French-Ottoman strategic, and sometimes tactical, alliance lasted for about three
centuries.[13]

To relieve the Habsburg pressure on France, in 1525 Francis asked Suleiman to make war on the Holy Roman Empire, and the
road from Turkey to the Holy Roman Empire led across Hungary. The request of the French king coincided well with the
ambitions of Suleiman in Europe and gave him an incentive to attack Hungary in 1526, leading to the Battle of Mohács.[13]

Preparations
The Hungarians had long opposed Ottoman
expansion in southeastern Europe, but in 1521
the Turks advanced up the Danube River and
took Nándorfehérvár (present-day Belgrade,
Serbia) – the strongest Hungarian fortress on the
Danube – and Szabács (now Šabac, Serbia).
This left most of southern Hungary indefensible.

The loss of Nandorfehervar caused great alarm

in Hungary, but the huge 60,000 strong royal
army – led by the king, but recruited too late
and too slowly – neglected to take food along.
Therefore, the army disbanded spontaneously
under pressure from hunger and disease without
even trying to recapture Belgrade from the
newly installed Turkish garrisons. In 1523,
Archbishop Pál Tomori, a valiant priest-soldier,
Kingdom of Hungary before 1526, and the 3 parts into which it was
was made Captain of Southern Hungary. The
divided after the Battle of Mohács: Royal Hungary, Transylvania,
general apathy that had characterized the
and the part that was annexed by the Ottoman Empire.
country forced him to lean on his own bishopric
revenues when he started to repair and reinforce
the second line of Hungary's border defense system. Pétervárad fell to the Turks
on July 15, 1526 due to the chronic lack of castle garrisons. For about 400 km
along the Danube between Pétervárad and Buda there was no single Hungarian
town, village, or fortification of any sort.

Three years later, an Ottoman army set out from Istanbul on 16 April 1526, led
by Suleiman the Magnificent personally. The Hungarian nobles, who still did not
realize the magnitude of the approaching danger, did not immediately heed their
King's call for troops. Eventually, the Hungarians assembled in three main units:
the Transylvanian army under John Zápolya, charged with guarding the passes in
the Transylvanian Alps, with between 8,000 and 13,000 men; the main army, led
by Louis himself (beside numerous Spanish, German, Czech and Serbian
mercenaries); and another smaller force, commanded by the Croatian count
Christoph Frankopan, numbering around 5,000 men. The Ottomans deployed the
largest field artillery of the era, comprising some 300 cannons, while the Louis II of Hungary, who died at the
Hungarians had only 85 cannons,[14] though even this number was greater than Battle of Mohács, painted by Titian
other contemporary Western European armies deployed in the battlefields.

The geography of the area meant that the Hungarians could not know the Ottomans' ultimate goal until the latter crossed the
Balkan Mountains, and when they did, the Transylvanian and Croatian forces were farther from Buda than the Ottomans were.
Contemporary historical records, though sparse, indicate that Louis preferred a plan of retreat, in effect ceding the country to
Ottoman advances, rather than directly engaging the Ottoman army in open battle. The Hungarian war council – without waiting
for reinforcements from Croatia and Transylvania only a few days march away – made a serious tactical error by choosing the
battlefield near Mohács, an open but uneven plain with some swampy marshes.

The Ottomans had advanced toward Mohács almost unopposed. While Louis waited in Buda, they had besieged several towns
(Petervarad, Ujlak, and Eszek), and crossed the Sava and Drava Rivers. At Mohács the Hungarians numbered some 25,000 to
30,000 soldiers. The only external help was a small contingent of Polish troops (1,500 soldiers and knights) led by the royal
captin Lenart Gnoiński (but organized and equipped by the Papal State).[15] The Ottoman army numbered perhaps 50,000,[3][4]
though some contemporary and modern-day historians put the number of the Ottoman troops at 100,000.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22]
Most of the Ottoman Balkan forces registered before this battle were described as Bosnians or Croats.[23]

The Hungarian army was arrayed to take advantage of the terrain and hoped to engage the Ottoman army piecemeal. They had
the advantage that their troops were well-rested, while the Turks had just completed a strenuous march in scorching summer heat.
But rather than attacking the fatigued enemy immediately, the Hungarians let them struggle through the marshy terrain. It would
have been "unchivalrous" to attack the enemy when they were not yet ready for battle.[24]

Battle
Hungary built up an expensive but obsolete army, structured similarly to that of
King Francis I at the Battle of Pavia and mostly reliant on old fashioned heavily
armoured knights on armoured horses (gendarme knights). The Hungarian
battlefront consisted of two lines. The first had a center of mercenary infantry
and artillery and the majority of the cavalry on either flank. The second was a
mix of levy infantry and cavalry.[25] The Ottoman army was a more modern
force built around artillery and the elite, musket-armed Janissaries. The
remainder consisted of feudal Timarli cavalry and conscripted levies from
Rumelia and the Balkans.[26]
The battle of Mohács, on an Ottoman
The length of the battle is as uncertain as the number of combatants. It started miniature
between 1:00 PM and 2:00 PM, but the endpoint is difficult to ascertain. While
some historians have placed the length of the battle at two to three hours, this
seems unlikely given several important factors. The Ottoman army did not
retreat from the field to camp after the battle; instead, they remained on the field
all night without food, water, or shelter. Since the Ottoman historians all note
that it was raining, it seems likely that had the battle ended early in the
afternoon, the sultan would have ordered his army to camp or at least to return to
their baggage. The few reliable sources indicate that Louis left the field at
twilight and made his escape under cover of darkness. Since the sun would not
have set until 6:27 PM on 29 August 1526,[27] this would imply that the battle
lasted significantly longer than two to three hours (perhaps as long as four or
five).

As the first of Suleiman's troops, the Rumelian army, advanced onto the
battlefield, they were attacked and routed by Hungarian troops led by Pál
Tomori. This attack by the Hungarian right caused considerable chaos among the
irregular Ottoman troops, but even as the Hungarian attack pressed forward, the
General Pál Tomori, the captain of
Ottomans rallied with the arrival of Ottoman regulars deployed from the
the army, in his golden renaissance
reserves. While the Hungarian right advanced far enough at one time to place
armour (1526)
Suleiman in danger from Hungarian bullets that struck his cuirass, the
superiority of the Ottoman regulars and the timely charge of the Janissaries, the
elite troops of the Ottomans, probably overwhelmed the attackers, particularly on the Hungarian left. The Hungarians took
serious casualties from the skillfully handled Turkish artillery and musket volleys. The Hungarians could not hold their positions,
and those who did not flee were surrounded and killed or captured. The result was a disaster, with the Hungarians advancing into
withering fire and flank attacks, and falling into the same trap that John Hunyadi had so often used successfully against the
Ottomans.[28] The king left the battlefield sometime around twilight but was thrown from his horse in a river at Csele and died,
weighed down by his heavy armor. Some 1,000 other Hungarian nobles and
leaders were also killed. It is generally accepted that more than 14,000
Hungarian soldiers were killed in the initial battle.[7][8]

Suleiman could not believe that this small, suicidal army was all that the once
powerful country could muster against him, so he waited at Mohacs for a few
days before moving cautiously against Buda.[29]

Aftermath
Discovery of the Corpse of King
The victory did not give the Ottomans the security they wanted. Buda was left Louis II
undefended; only the French and Venetian ambassadors waited for the Sultan to
congratulate him on his great victory.[24] Though they entered the unguarded
evacuated Buda and pillaged the castle and surroundings, they retreated soon
afterwards. It was not until 1541 that the Ottomans finally captured and occupied
Buda following the 1541 Siege of Buda. However, for all intents and purposes,
the Battle of Mohács meant the end of the independent Kingdom of Hungary as
a unified entity. Amid political chaos, the divided Hungarian nobility elected two
kings simultaneously, John Zápolya in 1526 and Ferdinand of Austria in 1527.
The Ottoman occupation was contested by the Habsburg Archduke of Austria,
Ferdinand I, Louis's brother-in-law and successor by treaty with King Vladislaus
II.

Bohemia fell to the Habsburgs, who also dominated the northern and western Sallet of king Louis
parts of Hungary and the remnants of the Kingdom of Croatia, while the
Ottomans held central Hungary and suzerainty over semi-independent
Transylvania. This provided the Hungarians with sufficient impetus to continue
to resist the Ottoman occupation, which they did for another seventy years.

The Austrian branch of Habsburg monarchs needed the economic power of

Hungary for the Ottoman wars. During the Ottoman wars the territory of the
former Kingdom of Hungary shrunk by around 70%. Despite these territorial and
demographic losses, the smaller, heavily war-torn Royal Hungary had remained
economically more important than Austria or the Kingdom of Bohemia even at
the end of the 16th century.[30] Of Ferdinand's territories, the depleted Kingdom
of Hungary was at that time his largest source of revenue.[31]

The subsequent near constant warfare required a sustained commitment of

Ottoman forces, proving a drain on resources that the largely rural and war-torn
kingdom proved unable to repay. Christian armies besieged Buda several times
during the 16th century, and Suleiman himself died of natural causes in Hungary
during the Battle of Szigetvár in 1566. There were also two unsuccessful
Ottoman sieges of Eger, which did not fall until 1596, seventy years after the
Janissary uniform
Ottoman victory at Mohács. The Turks proved unable to conquer the northern
and western parts of Hungary, which belonged to the Habsburg monarchs.

A book on the Turkish culture was written by Georgius Bartholomaeus with information obtained from Christian troops released
by the Ottomans after the battle.[32][33][34]
Legacy
Mohács is seen by many Hungarians as the decisive downward turning point in
the country's history, a national trauma that persists in the nation's folk memory.
For moments of bad luck, Hungarians still say: "more was lost at Mohács" (Több
is veszett Mohácsnál). Hungarians view Mohács as marking the end of an
independent and powerful European nation.

Whilst Mohács was a decisive loss, it was the aftermath that truly put an end to
independent Hungary. The ensuing two hundred years of near constant warfare Battle Monument in Mohács
between the two empires, Habsburg and Ottoman, turned Hungary into a
perpetual battlefield. The countryside was regularly ravaged by armies moving
back and forth, in turn devastating the population. Only in the 19th century
would Hungary regain some degree of autonomy, with full independence
coming only after the First World War; however, the Treaty of Trianon awarded
much of its former land to other states (such as Romania, Czechoslovakia, and
Yugoslavia), and Hungary has never regained its former political power.

In the 464 years from 1525 to 1989, Hungary spent the vast majority of the time
under the direct or indirect domination of a foreign power. These foreign powers
were, successively, the Ottoman Empire (1525–1686), the Holy Roman Empire Markers at the Mohacs Monument
(1686–1804), the Austrian Empire (1804–1867), and the Soviet Union (1945– show where bodies of nobles,
1989); furthermore, between 1867 and 1918 Hungary was widely considered the knights, soldiers, and horses were
found
"junior" partner in the Austro-Hungarian Empire: autonomy was granted, but
stopped well short of independence.

The battlefield, beside the village of Sátorhely, became an official national historical memorial site in 1976 on the 450th
anniversary of the battle. The memorial was designed by architect György Vadász.[35] A new reception hall and exhibition
building, also designed by Vadász and partially funded by the European Union, was completed in 2011.[36]

See also
The Ottomans: Europe's Muslim Emperors

Notes
1. Lokman (1588). "Suleiman the Magnificent and the Battle of Mohac (1526)" (http://warfare.ml/Ottoman/Ottoman.h
tm). Hünernâme.
2. Ágoston, Gábor (2009). "Mohács, Battle of". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.). Encyclopedia of the
Ottoman Empire. New York: Facts on File. pp. 388–389.
3. Stavrianos, Balkans Since 1453, p. 26 "The latter group prevailed, and on 29 August 1526 the fateful battle of
Mohacs was fought: 25,000 to 30,000 Hungarians and assorted allies on the one side, and on the other 45,000
Turkish regulars supported by 10,000 lightly armed irregulars."
4. Nicolle, David, Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe, 1000–1568, p. 13 "Hungary mustered some 25,000 men
and 85 bore cannons (only 53 being used in actual battle), while for various reasons the troops from Transylvania
and Croatia failed to arrive.
5. Cathal J. Nolan, The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization,
Vol. 2, (Greenwood Press, 2006), 602.
6. https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Mohacs
 7. Turner & Corvisier & Childs, A Dictionary of Military History and the Art of War, pp. 365–366 "In 1526, at the
battle of Mohács, the Hungarian army was destroyed by the Turks. King Louis II died, along with 7 bishops, 28
barons and most of his army (4,000 cavalry and 10,000 infantry)."
8. Minahan, One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, p. 311 "A peasant
uprising, crushed in 1514, was followed by defeat by the Ottoman Turks at the battle of Mohacs in 1526. King
Louis II and more than 20,000 of his men perished in battle, which marked the end of Hungarian power in Central
Europe."
9. "Hungary" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checke
d&title=Hungary%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia). Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20081227020406/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary) from
the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
10. Francis Fukuyama: Origins of Political Order: From Pre-Human Times to the French Revolution
11. http://www.history.com/topics/hungary/page4
12. "A Country Study: Hungary" (https://archive.is/20120708070759/http://geography.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.ht
m?site=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/hutoc.html). Geography.about.com. Archived from the original (http://geograp
hy.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/hutoc.html) on 2012-07-08. Retrieved
2010-08-29.
13. Merriman, p.132
14. Jeremy Black (2013). War and Technology (https://books.google.com/books?id=xs8qAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85&dq=
cannons+gunpowder+%22louis+I+of+Hungary&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitqaDpw7HWAhUsMJoKHTCCCX4
Q6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=cannons%20gunpowder%20%22louis%20I%20of%20Hungary&f=false). Indiana
University Press. p. 85. ISBN 9780253009890.
15. http://www.mohacs.hu/en/info/attractions/monument/lengyel-hosi-emlekmu.html
16. Spencer Tucker Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, page: 166 (published 2010)
17. Gábor Ágoston,Bruce Alan Masters: Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, page: 583 (published: 2009
18. Christian P. Potholm: Winning at war: seven keys to military victory throughout history, page 117 (published in
2009)
19. William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel: World History, Volume: I page: 419, (published: 2006)
20. Stanley Lane-Poole: Turkey, page:179 (published 2004)
21. Stephen Turnbull: The Ottoman Empire, 1326–1699, page:46
22. Battle of Mohács article (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/387567/Battle-of-Mohacs) Encyclopædia
Britannica
23. Fine, John V. A. (5 February 2010). When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-
Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods (https://books.google.com/
books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA215). University of Michigan Press. p. 215. ISBN 0-472-02560-0.
24. Zoltán Bodolai (1978). "9. Darkness After Noon" (http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/timeless/chapter09.htm).
The Timeless Nation – The History, Literature, Music, Art and Folklore of the Hungarian Nation. Hungaria
Publishing Company. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
25. "The Battle of Mohacs: The Fall of the Hungarian Empire", by Richard H. Berg, published in Against the Odds,
Volume 3, Number 1, September 2004
26. Ottoman army wikipedia page
27. Cornwall, C., Horiuchi, A., and Lehman, C. Sunrise/Sunset Calculator (http://www.srrb.noaa.gov/highlights/sunris
e/sunrise.html). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Accessed August 31, 2008, using the
Gregorian date of the battle, September 8, 1526. Also entered were the coordinates 45° 56′ 29″ N, 18° 38′ 50″ E
and a "time zone" of 1.243 hours before Greenwich, since at the time of the battle, time zones had not been
invented.
28. David Nicolle and Angus McBride: Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe 1000–1568 PAGE: 14
29. ZOLTÁN BODOLAI: The timeless nation (Sydney, 1978)
30. Robert Evans, Peter Wilson (2012). The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806: A European Perspective Volume 1
van Brill's Companions to European History (https://books.google.com/books?id=rSON55zorLsC&pg=PA263&dq
=Austria+Moh%C3%A1cs+revenues+%22kingdom+of+hungary%22+population&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IuhpVZ6AL8X
QswG9iILADQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false). BRILL. p. 263. ISBN 9789004206830.
31. Dr. István Kenyeres: The Financial Administrative Reforms and Revenues of Ferdinand I in Hungary, English
summary at page 92 Link1: [1] (http://www.tti.hu/images/kiadvanyok/folyoiratok/tsz/tsz2003-1-2/061-092_Kenyere
s.pdf) Link2: [2] (https://archive.org/details/061092Kenyeres1)
32. Georgius Bartholomaeus (1567). De Turcarum moribus epitome (https://books.google.com/books?id=9zRbAAAA
QAAJ&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false). apud Ioan. Tornaesium. pp. 26–.
33. Alois Richard Nykl (1948). Gonzalo de Argote y de Molina's Discurso sobre la poesía castellana contenida en
este libro (i.e. El libro de Patronio o El conde Lucanor) and Bartholomaeus Gjorgjević (https://books.google.com/
books?id=-OdeAAAAMAAJ&q=debet+placuit+exempli+gratia+pauca+sunt&dq=debet+placuit+exempli+gratia+pa
uca+sunt&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUy9iqj-XOAhVBKB4KHQjFDNEQ6AEIJDAB). J.H. Furst. p. 13.
34. N. Melek Aksulu (2005). Bartholomäus Georgievićs Türkenschrift"De Turcarum ritu et caeremomiis"(1544) und
ihre beiden deutschen Übersetzungen von 1545: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Türkenbildes in Europa (https://
books.google.com/books?id=s1NpAAAAMAAJ&q=debet+placuit+exempli+gratia+pauca+sunt&dq=debet+placuit
+exempli+gratia+pauca+sunt&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUy9iqj-XOAhVBKB4KHQjFDNEQ6AEIKjAC). Verlag
Hans-Dieter Heinz. p. 142. ISBN 978-3-88099-422-5.
35. "Historical Memorial at Mohács" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090124110024/http://hungarystartshere.com/ge
n?genid=11372). Hungarystartshere.com. Archived from the original (http://hungarystartshere.com/gen?genid=11
372) on 2009-01-24. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
36. "Visitors' center at Mohács battlefield memorial site inaugurated – Caboodle.hu" (https://web.archive.org/web/201
40903064253/http://www.caboodle.hu/nc/news/news_archive/single_page/article/11/crown_shaped/?
tx_ttnews&). Archived from the original (http://www.caboodle.hu/nc/news/news_archive/single_page/article/11/cro
wn_shaped/?tx_ttnews%5Bswords%5D=mohacs&cHash=0cbc4daf42) on 3 September 2014. Retrieved
23 February 2012.

References
Stavrianos, L.S. Balkans Since 1453, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000.
Nicolle, David, Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe, 1000–1568, Osprey Publishing, 1988.
Stephen Turnbull, The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699, Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Molnár, Miklós, A Concise History of Hungary, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Minahan, James B. One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, Greenwood
Press, 2000.
Palffy, Geza. The Kingdom of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy in the Sixteenth Century (East European
Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press, 2010) 406 pages; Covers the period after the battle of
Mohacs in 1526 when the Kingdom of Hungary was partitioned in three, with one segment going to the
Habsburgs.
History Foundation, Improvement of Balkan History Textbooks Project Reports (2001) ISBN 975-7306-91-6

External links
Battle of Mohács, HD video with realistic period dresses and military units, and English subtitles (https://www.yout
ube.com/watch?v=pa7etFcv-o0&hd=1)
The Fall of The Medieval Kingdom of Hungary: Mohacs 1526 - Buda 1541 (https://web.archive.org/web/2007042
1182454/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/warso/)

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