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Isabela Campus

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND EDUCATION

Minante Uno, Cauayan City, Isabela 3305

PHE103 – FUNDAMENTALS OF GAMES AND SPORTS

1ST SEMERTER - A.Y. 2019 - 2020
MIDTERM

BADMINTON
HISTORY
Badminton has its origins in ancient civilizations in Europe and Asia. The ancient game known as
battledore (bat or paddle) and shuttlecock probably originated more than 2000 years ago.
In the 1600s battledore and shuttlecock was an upper class pastime in England and many European
countries. Battledore and shuttlecock was simply two people hitting a shuttlecock backwards and forwards with
a simple bat as many times as they could without allowing it to hit the ground.
Modern badminton can be traced to mid-19th century British India. It was created by British military
officers stationed there. A net was added to the traditional English game of battledore and shuttlecock. As it
was popular in the British garrison town of Poona, the game came to be known as "Poona" or "Poonai" Initially,
woolen balls were preferred by the upper classes in windy or wet conditions, but ultimately shuttlecocks took
over the role of a "ball." This game was taken by retired officers who got back to England. It was introduced as
a game for the guests of the Duke of Beaufort at his stately home 'Badminton' in Gloucestershire, England
where it became popular. Hence, the origin of the name "Badminton."
In March 1898, the first Open Tournament was held at Guildford and the first 'All England' Championships
were held the following year.
The International Badminton Federation was formed in 1934 with nine founder members, England, Wales,
Ireland, Scotland, Denmark, Holland, Canada, New Zealand and France. India joined as an affiliate in 1936.
The first major IBF tournament was the Thomas Cup (world men's team championships) in 1948. Since then,
the number of world events has increased with the addition of the Uber Cup (women's team), World
Championships (individual events), Sudirman Cup (mixed team), World Junior Championships and the World
Grand Prix Finals.
Badminton is a relatively new Olympic sport. It was a demonstration sport at the 1972 Munich Olympics.
Badminton eventually became an Olympic sport in Barcelona in 1992. Only the singles and doubles were
introduced for the first time in the Olympic Games. Mixed doubles was included in the 1996 Atlanta Olympic
Games and badminton is the only sport that has mixed doubles event in the Olympics. Only five countries have
won gold medals at the Olympics since badminton was introduced in 1992 - China, Indonesia and Korea,
England and Denmark.Susi Susanti from Indonesia won the women's singles in Barcelona, becoming
Indonesia's first medalist after forty years participating in the Olympics. Ironically, Susi's future husband, Alan
Budi Kusama won Indonesia's second gold medal in the men's singles.

OBJECTIVE OF THE GAME

The object of badminton is to hit the shuttlecock over the net and have it land in the designated court
areas. If your opponent manages to return the shuttlecock then a rally occurs. If you win this rally i.e. force your
opponent to hit the shuttlecock out or into the net then you win a point. You are required to win 21 points to win
a set with most matches being best of 3 sets. Points can be won on either serve.

RULES OF BADMINTON
 A game can take place with either two (singles) or four (doubles) players.
 An official match has to be played indoors on the proper court dimensions. The dimensions are 6.1m by
13.4m, the net is situated through the middle of the court and is set at 1.55m.
 To score a point the shuttlecock must hit within the parameters of the opponents court.
 If the shuttlecock hits the net or lands out then a point is awarded to your opponent.

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JADE MARK PASCUA, LPT
  Players must serve diagonally across the net to their opponent. As points are won then serving stations
move from one side to the other. There are no second serves so if your first serve goes out then your
opponent wins the point.
 A serve must be hit underarm and below the server’s waist. No overarm serves are allowed.
 Each game will start with a toss to determine which player will serve first and which side of the court
the opponent would like to start from.
 Once the shuttlecock is ‘live’ then a player may move around the court as they wish. They are permitted
to hit the shuttlecock from out of the playing area.
 If a player touches the net with any part of their body or racket then it is deemed a fault and their
opponent receives the point.
 A fault is also called if a player deliberately distracts their opponent, the shuttlecock is caught in the
racket then flung, the shuttlecock is hit twice or if the player continues to infract with the laws of
badminton.
 Each game is umpired by a referee on a high chair who overlooks the game. There are also line judges
who monitor if the shuttlecock lands in or not. The referee has overriding calls on infringements and
faults.
 Let may be called by the referee if an unforeseen or accidental circumstance arose. These may include
the shuttlecock getting stuck in the bet, server serving out of turn, one player was not ready or a decision
which is too close to call.
 The game has only two rest periods coming the form of a 90 second rest after the first game and a 5
minute rest period after the second game.
 If the laws are continuously broken by a player then the referee holds the power to dock that player of
points with persisting fouls receiving a forfeit of the set or even the match.

SERVING

The legal bounds of a badminton court during various stages of a rally for singles and doubles games

SCORING
Each game is played to 21 points, with players scoring a point whenever they win a rally regardless of
whether they serve (this differs from the old system where players could only win a point on their serve and
each game was played to 15 points). A match is the best of three games.
If the score reaches 20-all, then the game continues until one side gains a two-point lead (such as 24–
22), except when there is a tie at 29-all, in which the game goes to a golden point. Whoever scores this point
will win.
At the start of a match, the shuttlecock is cast and the side towards which the shuttlecock is pointing
serves first. Alternatively, a coin may be tossed, with the winners choosing whether to serve or receive first, or
choosing which end of the court to occupy first, and their opponents making the leftover the remaining choice.
In subsequent games, the winners of the previous game serve first. Matches are best out of three: a
player or pair must win two games (of 21 points each) to win the match. For the first rally of any doubles game,
the serving pair may decide who serves and the receiving pair may decide who receives. The players change
ends at the start of the second game; if the match reaches a third game, they change ends both at the start of the
game and when the leading player's or pair's score reaches 11 points.

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JADE MARK PASCUA, LPT
LETS
If a let is called, the rally is stopped and replayed with no change to the score. Lets may occur because
of some unexpected disturbance such as a shuttlecock landing on a court (having been hit there by players
playing in adjacent court) or in small halls the shuttle may touch an overhead rail which can be classed as a let.
If the receiver is not ready when the service is delivered, a let shall be called; yet, if the receiver attempts
to return the shuttlecock, the receiver shall be judged to have been ready.

BIOMECHANICS
Badminton biomechanics have not been the subject of extensive scientific study, but some studies
confirm the minor role of the wrist in power generation and indicate that the major contributions to power come
from internal and external rotations of the upper and lower arm. Recent guides to the sport thus emphasize
forearm rotation rather than wrist movements.

SINGLES
Since one person needs to cover the entire court, singles tactics are based on forcing the opponent to
move as much as possible; this means that singles strokes are normally directed to the corners of the court.
Players exploit the length of the court by combining lifts and clears with drop shots and net shots. Smashing
tends to be less prominent in singles than in doubles because the smasher has no partner to follow up their effort
and is thus vulnerable to a skillfully placed return. Moreover, frequent smashing can be exhausting in singles
where the conservation of a player's energy is at a premium. However, players with strong smashes will
sometimes use the shot to create openings, and players commonly smash weak returns to try to end rallies.
In singles, players will often start the rally with a forehand high serve or with a flick serve. Low serves
are also used frequently, either forehand or backhand. Drive serves are rare.
At high levels of play, singles demand extraordinary fitness. Singles is a game of patient positional
maneuvering, unlike the all-out aggression of doubles.

DOUBLES
Both pairs will try to gain and maintain the attack, smashing downwards when the opportunity arises.
Whenever possible, a pair will adopt an ideal attacking formation with one player hitting down from the rear
court, and their partner in the midcourt intercepting all smash returns except the lift. If the rear court attacker
plays a drop shot, their partner will move into the forecourt to threaten the net reply. If a pair cannot hit
downwards, they will use flat strokes in an attempt to gain the attack. If a pair is forced to lift or clear the
shuttlecock, then they must defend: they will adopt a side-by-side position in the rear midcourt, to cover the full
width of their court against the opponents' smashes. In doubles, players generally smash to the middle ground
between two players in order to take advantage of confusion and clashes.
At high levels of play, the backhand serve has become popular to the extent that forehand serves have
become fairly rare at a high level of play. The straight low serve is used most frequently, in an attempt to
prevent the opponents gaining the attack immediately. Flick serves are used to prevent the opponent from
anticipating the low serve and attacking it decisively.
At high levels of play, doubles rallies are extremely fast. Men's doubles are the most aggressive form of
badminton, with a high proportion of powerful jump smashes and very quick reflex exchanges. Because of this,
spectator interest is sometimes greater for men's doubles than for singles.

MIXED DOUBLES
In mixed doubles, both pairs typically try to maintain an attacking formation with the woman at the front
and the man at the back. This is because the male players are usually substantially stronger, and can, therefore,
produce smashes that are more powerful. As a result, mixed doubles require greater tactical awareness and
subtler positional play. Clever opponents will try to reverse the ideal position, by forcing the woman towards
the back or the man towards the front. In order to protect against this danger, mixed players must be careful and
systematic in their shot selection.
At high levels of play, the formations will generally be more flexible: the top women players are capable
of playing powerfully from the back-court, and will happily do so if required. When the opportunity arises,
however, the pair will switch back to the standard mixed attacking position, with the woman in front and men in
the back.

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JADE MARK PASCUA, LPT
GOVERNING BODIES
The Badminton World Federation (BWF) is the internationally recognized governing body of the sport
responsible for conduction of tournaments and approaching fair play. Five regional confederations are
associated with the BWF:
 Asia: Badminton Asia Confederation (BAC)
 Africa: Badminton Confederation of Africa (BCA)
 Americas: Badminton Pan Am (North America and South America belong to the same
confederation; BPA)
 Europe: Badminton Europe (BE)
 Oceania: Badminton Oceania (BO)

FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENTS

COURT
For singles – 44 feet long and 17 feet wide
For doubles – 44 feet long and 20 feet wide

NET
Stretched from post to post, 2 feet and 6 inches in depth, and 5 feet in height from the floor.

POSTS
5 feet and 1 inch in height from the floor.

RACKET
It is light and can be made of wood, aluminum metal or synthetic material such as graphite or carbon. It
can be up to 68 centimeters long and it usually weighs about 100 grams.

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JADE MARK PASCUA, LPT
SHUTTLECOCK
It is made from 14-16 goose feathers that are placed in a leather-covered cork head, made of either
plastic or nylon.

4 COMMON STROKES IN BADMINTON

CLEAR - also called lob. The shuttle soars in a high arc and falls into the court behind the opponent.
DROP – The shuttle falls gently and just clears the net.
DRIVE – It is a hard stroke hit on a straight line.
SMASH – It is a hard stroke hit sharply downward.

TERMINOLOGIES
Alley - Extension of the court by l 1/2 feet on both sides for doubles play.
Back Alley - Area between the back boundary line and the long service line for doubles.
Backcourt - Back third of the court, in the area of the back boundary lines.
Balk - Any deceptive movement that disconcerts an opponent before or during the service; often called a
"feint."
Baseline - Back boundary line at each end of the court, parallel to the net.
Carry - An illegal tactic, also called a sling or throw, in which the shuttle is caught and held on the
racquet and then slung during the execution of a stroke.
Center or Base Position - Location in the center of the court to which a singles player tries to return
after each shot.
Center Line - Line perpendicular to the net that separates the left and right service courts.
Clear - A shot hit deep to the opponent’s back boundary>Nine. The high clear is a defensive shot, while
the flatter attacking clear is used offensively.
Court - Area of play, as defined by the outer boundary lines.
Drive - A fast and low shot that makes a horizontal flight over the net.
Drop - A shot hit slowly and with finesse to fall rapidly and close to the net on the opponent’s side.
Fault - A violation of the playing rules, either in serving, receiving, or during play (see common faults
listed below).
Flick - A quick wrist and forearm rotation that surprises an opponent by changing an apparently soft
shot into a faster passing one; used primarily on the serve and at the net.
Forecourt - Front third of the court, between the net and the short service line.

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JADE MARK PASCUA, LPT
Hairpin Net Shot - Shot made from below and very close to the net with the shuttle rising, just clearing
the net, and then dropping sharply down the other side. The shuttle’s flight approximates the shape of a
hairpin.
Half-court Shot - A shot hit low and to midcourt, used effectively in doubles against the up-and-back
formation.
Kill - Fast, downward shot that cannot be returned; a "putaway." Let - A legitimate cessation of play to
allow a rally to be replayed. Long Service Line - In singles, the back boundary line.1n doubles a line 2
l/2 feet inside the back boundary line. The serve may not go past this line.
Match - A series of games (at U.S. Olympic Festival-’93 it is three out of five), to determine a winner.
Midcourt - The middle third of the court, halfway between the net and the back boundary line.
Net Shot - Shot hit from the forecourt that just clears the net and drops sharply.
Push Shot - Gentle shot played by pushing the shuttle with little wrist motion, usually from net or
midcourt to the opponent’s midcourt.
Racquet - Instrument used by player to hit shuttlecock Weight: About3 ounces. Length: 27 inches.
Made of: Ceramic, graphite, or boron frame; beef-gut string.
Rally - Exchange of shots while the shuttle is in play.
Serve or Service - Stroke used to put shuttlecock into play at the start of each rally.
Service Court - Area into which the serve must be delivered. Different for singles and doubles play.
Short Service Line - The line 6 l/2 feet from the net which a serve must reach to be legal.
Shuttlecock - Official name for the object that players hit. Also known as "birdie." Weight: .17-.l9
ounces. Made of: 16 goose feathers attached to a cork tip covered with goat skin. Usually lasts for no
more than two games. The heavier the shuttlecock, the faster it flies. Flies faster in higher temperatures
and at higher altitudes.
Smash - Hard-hit overhead shot that forces the shuttle sharply downward. Badminton’s primary
attacking stroke.
Wood Shot - Shot that results when the base of the shuttle is hit by the frame of the racquet. Once
illegal, this shot was ruled acceptable by the International Badminton Federation in 1963.

Prepared by: AR-JHAY CADIENTE, LPT

JADE MARK PASCUA, LPT