Assignments in Science Class X (Term I)

2 Acids, Bases and Salts

IMPORTANT NOTES
1. Acids generally have a watery touch and sour 14. pH scale measures the concentration of H+(aq)
taste. Some acids are highly corrosive in nature ions in a particular solution. In the word pH,
and can cause severe burns. p stands for “potenz” meaning power and H for
2. Bases generally have a soapy touch and bitter the H+(aq) ions.

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taste. Soluble bases have a corrosive action on 15. On the pH scale, the concentration of H+(aq)

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the skin and can cause severe burns. ions is measured from 0 to 14. Zero (0) is for
3. Aqueous solutions of acids and bases are good highly acidic solution and 14 is for highly

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conductors of electricity. alkaline solution.
4. An acid is a compound, which on dissolving in 16. pH of distilled water and neutral salt solution

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water gives hydronium ions or H+(aq) ions as is 7.
the only positively charged ions. 17. If the pH of a solution is less than 7, then it is an
acidic solution. When the pH of a solution

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5. An alkali is a compound, which on dissolving
in water gives hydroxyl or OH– (aq) ions as the decreases from 7 to 0, the concentration of
only negatively charged ions. H+(aq) ions in it goes on increasing and so does
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the acidic character of the solution.
6. An oxide or a hydroxide of a metal which reacts
with acids to form salt and water as the only 18. If the pH of a solution increases from 7 to 14,
the concentration of H+(aq) ions decreases and
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products, is called a base.

that of OH–(aq) ions increases. So, the neutral
7. All bases/alkalises have a positively charged solution becomes more and more alkaline, till at
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metallic ion except ammonium hydroxide pH 14 it is highly alkaline.

[NH4OH] which has a positive NH4+ radical.
19. pH is generally measured by pH paper, which
8. The separation of H+(aq) ions from an acid
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is prepared by impregnating a filter paper in a

takes place only in the presence of water. The solution of universal indicator and then drying.
separated H+(aq) ion can exist independently
20. The colours produced on the pH paper at
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and hence combines with water molecule to

different values are listed below.
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form hydronium ion [H3O+].

9. An acid containing least possible amount of pH Colour pH Colour
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water is called a concentrated acid.

0 Dark red 8 Greenish blue
10. An acid containing fairly large amount of water
1 Red 9 Blue
is called a dilute acid.
2 Red 10 Navy Blue
11. The process of mixing water in an acid is called
dilution of acid. While diluting an acid always 3 Orange red 11 Purple
add acid slowly to water and continuously 4 Orange 12 Dark Purple
stir the mixture. It is because the reaction is 5 Orange yellow 13 Violet
generally exothermic and can cause spurting.
6 Greenish yellow 14 Deep violet
12. An alkali containing least possible amount of
water is called a concentrated alkali. 7 Green

13. Dilution of an acid/ alkali, lowers the 21. Acid-base indicators are organic dyes derived
concentration of H+(aq)/OH–(aq) ions per unit from plant materials which shows the presence
volume. of acids and bases.

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22. Litmus is a natural indicator, extracted from a 36. Substances which react with acids to form salt
plant, belonging to the thallophyta family. and water as the only products are called basic
23. The dyes from the plants, such as red cabbage substances. Thus, oxides and hydroxides of
leaves, coloured petals of plants such as metals are bases.
Petunia, and Turmeric are other natural 37. A chemical reaction in which an acid reacts
indicators. completely with a base to form salt and water as
24. Phenolphthalein and methyl orange are the only products, is called a neutralisation
synthetic indicators which show the presence of reaction.
acids and bases. 38. All oxides of metals are insoluble in water.
25. Blue litmus solution turns red in acidic 39. All hydroxides of metals are insoluble in water,
solutions, but is not affected in basic solutions. except the hydroxides of sodium, potassium,

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26. Red litmus solution turns blue in basic calcium and magnesium.

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solutions, but is not affected in acidic solutions. 40. Soluble hydroxides of metals are called
27. Phenolphthalein solution turns pink in basic alkalises.
41. An acid solution which produces more H+(aq)

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solutions, but turns colourless in acidic
solutions. ions for an aqueous solution of 1 molar
concentration is called a strong acid.

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28. Methyl orange solution is yellow in basic
solutions and pink in acidic solutions. 42. An acid which produces few H+(aq) ions for an
aqueous solution of 1 molar concentration is

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29. Turmeric solution turns brown in basic
called a weak acid.
solutions, but remains yellow in acidic
solutions. 43. Sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid
and phosphoric acid are the examples of
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30. The substance whose smell changes in acidic or
strong acids.
basic medium are called olfactory indicators.
44. Carbonic acid, sulphurous acid, acetic acid,
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31. Acids react with active metals to form the salts

etc., are the examples of weak acids.
of the metals and liberate hydrogen gas. Active
metals are sodium, potassium, calcium, 45. An alkali which produces more OH–(aq) ions in
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magnesium, aluminium, zinc and iron. an aqueous solution of 1 molar concentration, is

called a strong alkali.
Active metal + Acid ⎯→ Metal salt +
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Hydrogen(g) Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are

the examples of strong alkalies.
32. Acids react with metal carbonates to form their
46. An alkali which produces few OH–(aq) ions for
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respective metal salts, water and carbon

an aqueous solution of 1 molar concentration, is
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dioxide gas.
called a weak alkali.
Metal carbonate + Acid ⎯→ Metal salt + Water
Calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and
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+ Carbon dioxide gas.

ammonium hydroxide are examples of
33. Acids react with metal hydrogencarbonates weak alkalies.
(metal bicarbonates) to form their respective
metal salts, water and carbon dioxide gas. 47. Some animals and plants employ acids/alkalises
for their self defence.
Metal hydrogencarbonate + Acid ⎯→ Metal
salt + Water + Carbon dioxide. 48. An ionic compound containing a positive ion
other than hydrogen ion and a negative ion
34. Acids react with metal oxides to form their other than hydroxyl ion is called a salt.
respective salts and water as the only products.
49. All the salts having the same negative ion/
Metal oxide + Acid ⎯→ Metal salt + water. radical, but different metallic ions is called a
35. Acids react with metal hydroxides to form their family of salts.
respective salts and water as the only product. Conversely, all the salts having the same
Metal hydroxide + Acid ⎯→ Metal salt + positive metallic ion and different non-metallic
Water ions/radicals is called a family of salts.

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50. The salts formed by the action of strong acids NaCl(s) + H2 O (l) + NH3(g) + CO2(g)
with strong bases, are called normal salts.
51. The salts formed by the action of strong acids NH4Cl(aq) + NaHCO3(s)
and weak bases are called acid salts. 61. Baking soda is used : (i) in making baking
52. The salts formed by the action of weak acids powder (ii) as a constituent of antacids and (iii)
and strong alkalises are called basic salts. in fire extinguishers.
53. Common salt is the most important and most 62. Soda ash (anhydrous sodium carbonate) is
abundant salt in nature. In addition to its use as prepared by strongly heating baking soda.
an edible salt it is also a raw material for
2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s)+H2O(l)+ CO2(s)
producing chemicals, such as chlorine,
hydrogen, sodium and hydrochloric acid. 63. Washing soda (hydrated sodium carbonate) is

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54. When saturated common salt is electrolysed, the prepared by dissolving soda ash in water and

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products are sodium hydroxide, hydrogen and then crystallising it.
chlorine gas. Na2CO3(s) + 10H2O(l) Na2CO3.10H2O.

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55. Hydrogen gas is used in (i) oxy-hydrogen
64. Washing soda and soda ash is used (i) in
flame (ii) hydrogenating vegetable oils,

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softening of hard water (ii) in the manufacture
(iii) manufacture of ammonia and hydrochloric
of glass and dry soaps (iii) as a common
acid, (iv) as a rocket fuel.
cleansing agent in the household (iv) in the

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56. Chlorine gas is used in : (i) disinfecting water manufacture of caustic soda, boron and sodium
(ii) in the manufacture of bleaching powder, phosphate.
hydrochloric acid and pesticides (iii) in
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bleaching wood pulp and cotton fabrics (iv) in 65. The fixed number of water molecules, which
the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride and are in loose combination with one molecule of a
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chlorofluorocarbons. salt, is called water of crystallisation.

57. Sodium hydroxide is used : (i) in the 66. Plaster of Paris is chemically calcium sulphate
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manufacture of all kinds of soaps and detergents 1

(ii) making paper pulp in paper industry (iii) hemihydrate [(CaSO 4 ) 2 .H 2 O or CaSO 4 .
2
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making artificial fibres like rayon and nylon (iv)

H2 O]. It is prepared by prolonged heating
for de-greasing surface of metals (v) and
making bleaching agents such as sodium gypsum at a controlled temperature of 100°C.
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hypochlorite. heat 1
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CaSO4.2H2O(s) CaSO4. H O
58. Bleaching powder is prepared by passing 100 C 2 2 (s)
chlorine gas through freshly prepared slaked
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lime paste, till it stops reacting. + H O
2 2 (g)
59. Bleaching powder is used : (i) for bleaching
cotton-fabrics and wood pulp (ii) making 67. Plaster of Paris reacts with water to give a hard
unshrinkable wool (iii) in the manufacture of mass called gypsum.
chloroform (iv) in sterilisation of drinking (CaSO4)2.H2O(s) + 3H2O(l) 2CaSO4.
water, and (v) in disinfecting laboratories, 2H2O(s)
drains, ditches, etc. 68. Plaster of Paris is used : (i) for keeping
60. Baking soda is prepared industrially from fractured bones in position (ii) in making
common salt, by passing carbon dioxide gas decorative toys and panelling ceilings (iii) in
through saturated ammonical common salt making fire proof materials and (iv) in making
solution. blackboard chalk.

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I. VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 Mark)
A. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Blue and red litmus papers are placed 5. Name an alkali solution which has no metallic
simultaneously in a colourless aqueous solution. ion.
It is found that the colour of both litmus papers is 6. What is the pH of a neutral solution?
red. What is the nature of the solution and why? 7. What is a universal indicator?
2. A strip of absolutely clear cloth is sprayed with 8. What do you understand by the term salt?
onion juice. The strip is then rubbed with

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9. Write fully balanced equation when carbon
few drops of hydrochloric acid. Will the strip

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dioxide is passed through ammonical brine
smell like onion? Give a reason for your answer.
solution.
[HOTS]
10. Name a carbonate of a metal which has cleansing

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3. Name two metals which react with concentrated
properties.
sodium hydroxide solution to liberate hydrogen
gas. 11. Name the chemical which is used as a

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4. Write the general word equation for reaction preservative in pickles and curing fish.
between acids and bases.

B. QUESTIONS FROM CBSE EXAMINATION PAPERS PR

1. Write the name and chemical formula of the
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11. Which bases are called alkalises? Give an
products formed by heating gypsum example of an alkali. [2010 (T-I)]
at 373 K. [2010 (T-I)]
12. What would be the colour of litmus in a solution
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2. The pH of a sample of vegetable soup was found of sodium carbonate? [2009]

to be 6.5. How is this soup likely to taste? 13. Why does tooth decay start when the pH of the
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[2010 (T-I)] mouth is lower than 5.5? [2009]

3. Write the names and chemical formula of the 14. Which one of these has a higher concentration of
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products formed by the action of chlorine on H+ ions?

slaked lime. [2010 (T-I)] 1 M HCl or 1 M CH3COOH [2009]
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4. Write the name and chemical formula of the 15. What effect does an increase in concentration of
H+ (aq) in a solution have on the pH of the
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main product formed by heating baking

soda. [2010 (T-I)] solution? [2009]
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5. Which one is a stronger acid, with pH = 5 or with 16. Name the gas usually liberated when a dilute
pH = 2? [2010 (T-I)] acid reacts with a metal. What happens when a
burning candle is brought near this gas? [2009]
6. A compound which is prepared from gypsum has
the property of hardening when mixed with 17. Name the gas evolved when dilute HCl reacts
proper quantity of water. Identify the compound with sodium hydrogen carbonate. How is it
and write its chemical formula. [2010 (T-I)] recognised? [2008]
18. How will you test for a gas which is liberated
7. Name the acid present in ant sting. [2010 (T-I)]
when hydrochloric acid reacts with an active
8. Name a salt which does not contain water of metal? [2008]
crystallisation. [2010 (T-I)]
19. On adding dilute hydrochloric acid to copper
9. Why is it advised not to use copper or brass oxide powder, the solution formed is
vessels to store pickles or curd? [2010 (T-I)] blue-green. Predict the new compound formed
10. What happens when water is added to quick which imparts blue-green colour to the solution.
lime? [2010 (T-I)] [2008]

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20. How does the flow of acid rain into a river make 26. Write chemical equations to show the reactions
the survival of aquatic life in the river difficult? taking place when a glass rod dipped in
[2008] concentrated hydrochloric acid is introduced in a
21. How is the pH of a solution of an acid influenced jar containing ammonia gas. [2004]
when it is diluted? [2008] 27. Write the name and the chemical formula of the
22. How does the pH of the solution change when a organic acid present in vinegar. [2004]
solution of a base is diluted? [2008] 28. Write balanced chemical equation for the
23. What is the role of acid in our stomach? [2008] reaction taking place when dry blue crystals of
24. Choose strong acid and strong base from the copper sulphate are dropped into concentrated
following: [2008] sulphuric acid. [2004]

25. Dry ammonia gas has no action on litmus paper, 29. Which will be more acidic and why?

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but a solution of ammonia in water turns red (i) A solution with pH value of 6.0 or

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litmus paper blue. Why is it so? [2005] (ii) A solution with pH vlaue of 5.0. [2004]

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II. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS–I (2 Marks)

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A. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Why are all alkalis bases, but not all bases 8. Why does a bee sting cause pain and itching?

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alkalises? What is the common remedy to overcome such a
pain?
2. Why does nitric acid not produce hydrogen,
when treated with metals? 9. Do basic solutions also have H+(aq) ions? If yes,
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3. Metal hydroxides and metal oxides are called then why are these basic?
bases. Explain and support your answer by 10. Two solutions R and Q are tested with universal
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balanced chemical equations. indicator. The solution P turns red, whereas

4. Match the acids given in Column (A) with their solution Q turns orange. Which solution : (i) is
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correct sources given in Column (B). [HOTS] more acidic; (ii) has more pH.
11. Name the acid present in ant sting and give its
Column A Column B
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chemical formula. Also give the common

(a) Lactic acid (i) Tomato method to get relief from the discomfort caused
(b) Acetic acid (ii) Lemon by the ant sting. [HOTS]
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(c) Citric acid (iii) Vinegar 12. How would you distinguish between baking
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(d) Oxalic acid (iv) Curd powder and washing soda by heating? [HOTS]
13. A sulphate salt of Group 2 element of the
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5. What happens when nitric acid is added to an egg

Periodic Table is a white, soft substance, which
shell? [HOTS]
can be moulded into different shapes by making
6. Give two examples of : (i) soluble bases its dough. When this compound is left in open for
(ii) partially soluble bases (iii) insoluble bases. some time, it becomes a solid mass and cannot be
7. Arrange the following solutions in order of used for moulding purposes. Identify the
decreasing H+(aq) ions concentration. sulphate salt and why does it show such a
(i) ammonium hydroxide (ii) gastric juice behaviour? Give the reaction involved. [HOTS]

(iii) vinegar (iv) sodium hydroxide

B. QUESTIONS FROM CBSE EXAMINATION PAPERS
1. A substance ‘X’ is used for white washing. 2. What is the colour of FeSO4 .7H2 O crystals?
[2010 (T-I)] How does this colour change upon heating? Give
(i) Name ‘X’ and write its formula balanced chemical equation for the changes.
(ii) Write reaction of substance ‘X’ with water [2010 (T-I)]

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 3. Classify the following salts into acidic, basic and which has detergent properties. Identify A, B and
neutral. C and also write balanced chemical equations for
Potassium sulphate, ammonium chloride, the conversions of A to B. [2010 (T-I)]
sodium carbonate, sodium chloride. [2010 (T-I)] 13. What are the three products of ‘Chlor-alkali
4. For making cake, baking powder is taken. If at process’? Write one commercially or industrially
home your mother uses baking soda instead of important material each that can be prepared
baking powder in cake. from each of these products? [2010 (T-I)]

(a) How will it affect the taste of the cake and 14. When a drop of orange juice is added to pure
why? water, how the pH value vary for water? If a drop
of lemon juice is also added, will there be any
(b) How can baking soda be converted into
more change in the pH value? [2010 (T-I)]
baking powder? [2010 (T-I)]

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15. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. How do you think the
5. In one of the industrial processes used for

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pH will change as it turns in to curd? Explain?
manufacture of sodium hydroxide, a gas X is
formed as by product. The gas X reacts with dry [2010 (T-I)]

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slaked lime to give a compound Y which is used 16. A milkman added a small amount of baking soda
as a bleaching agent in chemical industry. of fresh milk.

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Identify X and Y. [2010 (T-I)] (a) Why does he shifted the pH of fresh milk
6. How washing soda is prepared from baking soda. to slightly alkaline?
Write balanced chemical equation. Give two
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(b) Why does this milk take a longer time to
uses of washing soda. [2010 (T-I)] set as a curd? [2010 (T-I)]
7. What is amphoteric oxides? Give two examples 17. HCl and HNO 3 show acidic characters in
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of amphoteric oxide with balanced chemical aqueous solution while alcohol and glucose
equation. [2010 (T-I)] solution do not. Give reasons. [2010 (T-I)]
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8. Name two salts that are used in black and white 18. Write the chemical formula for bleaching
photography. Give reactions when they are powder. How is bleaching powder prepared? For
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exposed to light. [2010 (T-I)] what purpose is it used in paper factories? [2009]
9. While constructing a house, a builder selects 19. Write the name and chemical formula of the
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marble flooring and marble table tops for the calcium compound used for disinfecting
kitchen where vinegar and juices of lemon, drinking water. How is this compound
tamarind, etc. are more often used for cooking. manufactured? [2009]
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Will you agree to this selection and why? 20. A compound which is prepared from gypsum has
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[2010 (T-I)] the property of hardening when mixed with a

10. A knife, which is used to cut a fruit, was proper quantity of water. Identify the compound.
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immediately dipped into water containing drops Write the chemical equation for its preparation.
of blue litmus solution. If the colour of the For what purpose is it used in hospitals? [2009]
solution is changed to red, what inference can be 21. Describe an activity to show that acids produce
drawn about the nature of the fruit and why? ions only in aqueous solutions. [2008]
[2010 (T-I)] 22. What is ‘Baking Powder’? How does it make
cakes soft and spongy? [2008]
11. A person is suffering from indigestion due to the
intake of hot spicy food. What remedy you will 23. How is Plaster of Paris obtained? What reaction
prescribe to the patient? Give the name of a is involved in the setting of a paste of Plaster of
chemical that can give relief to him. [2010 (T-I)] Paris? [2007]

12. A white powder A is a mild non corrosive base 24. (i) An aqueous solution has a pH value of 7.0. Is
and is used in the preparation of cakes. When the this solution acidic, basic or neutral?
powder is heated it gives another powder B. The (ii) Which has a higher pH value, 1 M HCl or 1 M
powder B is re-crystallised to get a substance C NaOH solution? [2006]

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25. Given below are the pH values of four different left open in dry air? What is this change named
liquids: 7.0, 14.0, 4.0, 2.0. as? Name two industries based on the use of
Which of these could be that of washing soda. [2005]
(i) lemon juice 30. How is Plaster of Paris chemically different from
(ii) distilled water gypsum? How may they be interconverted?
(iii) 1 m sodium hydroxide solution Write one use of Plaster of Paris.
(iv) tomato juice [2006]
[2005, 2010 (T-I)]
26. A calcium compound which is a yellowish white
31. State the chemical property in each case on
powder is used as a disinfectant and also in the
which the following uses of baking soda are
textile industry. Name the compound. Which gas
based : (i) as an antacid. (ii) as a constituent of
is released when this compound is left exposed
baking powder. [2004]

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to air? [2006]

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32. How is chloride of lime chemically different
27. Name the gas evolved when dilute sulphuric acid from calcium chloride? Why does the chloride of
acts on sodium carbonate. Write the chemical lime gradually lose its chlorine when kept

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equation for the reaction involved. [2005] exposed to air? [2004]
28. “Sulphuric acid is a dibasic acid.” Write two 33. What is meant by the term ‘pH of a solution’?

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reaction equations to justify this statement and The pH of gastric juices extracted from the
name the reaction products in the two cases. stomach of two persons A and B were found to be

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[2005] 1 and 3 respectively. The stomach juice of which
29. What happens when crystals of washing soda are person is more acidic? [2004]
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III. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS–II (3 Marks)

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A. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
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1. What will you observe when a spoonful of black (iii) Why is effervescence produced during
copper oxide is placed in a beaker containing the chemical reaction?
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warm and dilute sulphuric acid? Write a 4. Describe your observations and explain by
balanced equation in support of your answer and writing chemical equations, when carbon
state the nature of copper (II) oxide in this dioxide gas is passed through limewater : (a) for
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reaction. a minute (b) for more than 5 minutes.

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2. In a test tube containing 4 ml of sodium 5. Identify the compound X on the basis of the
hydroxide solution two drops of phenolphthalein reactions given below. Also, write the name and
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and then hydrochloric acid is added drop by chemical formulae of A, B and C. [HOTS]
drop. State your observations and state the kind
of reaction taking place. + Zn A + H2(g)
Compound + HCl
3. A sodium salt is placed in a dry test tube. To this X B + H 2O
salt is added 5 ml of hydrochloric acid. Then a lot + CH3COOH
C + H2O
of effervescence takes place with the liberations
of a colourless gas. The gas on passing through a 6. A metal carbonate X on reacting with an acid
colourless solution, turns it milky. Answer the gives a gas which when passed through a
following questions. solution Y gives the carbonate back. On the other
(i) Which gas is produced during the hand, a gas (G) that is obtained at the anode
chemical reaction? during electrolysis of brine is passed on dry Y, it
(ii) What is the colourless solution and why gives a compound Z, used for disinfecting
does it turn milky? drinking water. Identify X, Y, G and Z. [HOTS]

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 B. QUESTIONS FROM CBSE EXAMINATION PAPERS
1. Five solutions A, B, C, D and E when tested with 4. Your are given two solutions A & B. The pH of
universal indicator showed pH as 4, 1,11,7 and 9 solution A is 6 and pH of solution B is 8
respectively. Which solution is (a) neutral (b) (a) Which solution is acidic and which is basic?
strongly alkaline (c) strongly acidic (d) weakly
(b) Which solution has more H + ion
acidic (e) weakly alkaline.
concentration?
Arrange the pH in increasing order H-ion (c) Why is HCl a stronger acid than acetic acid?
concentration. [2010 (T-I)]
[2010 (T-I)]
2. What happens when chlorine is passed over dry 5. (a) An element ‘X’ on reacting with oxygen
slaked time? Write chemical equation of the forms an oxide X2O. The oxide dissolves in

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reaction involved. Mention three properties of water and turns blue litmus red. Predict the
the product.

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[2010 (T-I)]
nature of the element whether metal or non-
3. (i) What do you understand by the term metal?
hydrated salt?

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(b) A solution of copper sulphate was kept in an
(ii) Give two examples of hydrated salt which iron pot. After few days, the pot developed
are white and state their chemical formula.

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some holes in it. How will you account
[2010 (T-I)] for this.

6. Fill in the missing data in the following table

Name of the salt formula

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[2010 (T-I)]
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Base Acid
(i) Ammonium chloride NH4Cl NH4OH —
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(ii) Copper sulphate — — H2SO4

(iii) Sodium chloride NaCl NaOH —
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(iv) Magnesium nitrate Mg(NO3) 2 — HNO3

(v) Potassium sulphate K2SO4 — —
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(vi) Calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2 Ca(OH)2 —

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7. A student prepared solutions of (i) an acid and (ii) solution respectively. If you are given only red
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a base in two separate beakers. She forgot to litmus paper, how will you identify the contents
label the solutions and litmus paper is not of each test tube? [2010 (T-I)]
available in the laboratory. Since both the
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11. A gas is produced when conc. H2SO4 is added to

solutions are colourless, how will she distinguish solid sodium chloride taken in a test tube. The
between the two? [2010 (T-I)] gas coming out through the delivery tube is
8. Tooth enamel is one of the hardest substance in passed over a dry blue litmus paper and then over
our body. How does it undergo damage due to a moist blue litmus paper. Record your
the eating of chocolates and sweets? What observations and explain reason with the help of
should we do to prevent it? [2010 (T-I)] chemical equation. [2010 (T-I)]
12. Crystals of copper sulphate are heated in a test
9. (a) What do you mean by Olfactory
indicators? tube for some time.
(a) What is the colour of copper sulphate
(b) Zinc is an amphoteric metal. Justify with crystals (i) before heating and (ii) after
reaction. [2010 (T-I)] heating
10. You have been provided with three test tubes. (b) What is the source of liquid droplets seen
One of them contains distilled water and the on the inner upper side of the test tube
other two contain an acidic solution and a basic during the heating process?
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13. What is meant by water of crystallisation in a acid and a weak base. State the behaviour of the
substance? How would you show that copper aqueous solution of this salt towards litmus
sulphate crystals contain water of crystallisation? solution. [2006]
[2008] 18. (i) What is the action of litmus on
14. (a) Why does an aqueous solution of an acid (a) Dry ammonia gas.
conduct electricity? (b) Solution of ammonia gas in water
(b) How does the concentration of hydronium (ii) State the observations you would make on
ions (H3 O+) change when a solution of an adding ammonium hydroxide to aqueous
acid is diluted? solutions of (a) Ferrous sulphate (b)
(c) Which has a higher pH value, a concentrated Aluminium chloride [2006]
or dilute solution of hydrochloric acid? [2008] 19. (i) Differentiate between ‘strong’ and ‘weak’
electrolytes.

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15. What is observed when
(ii) Select the strong electrolytes from amongst

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(i) dilute sulphuric acid is added to solid
sodium carbonate? the following:
(ii) hot concentrated sulphuric acid is added to molten NaCl, glacial CH3 COOH, strong

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sulphur? NH4OH solution, dil. HCl. [2006]
(iii) sulphur dioxide is passed through lime 20. Identify the compound of calcium which is

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water? [2007] yellowish white powder and is used for
Also write chemical equations to represent the disinfecting drinking water. How is it
chemical reactions taking place in each case. manufactured? Write the chemical equation for

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16. (i) Name the raw materials used in the the reaction involved. What happens when it is
manufacture of sodium carbonate by Solvay left exposed to air? [2005]
process.
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21. A compound X of sodium forms a white powder.
(ii) How is the sodium hydrogen carbonate It is a constituent of baking powder and is used in
formed during Solvay process separated some antacid prescriptions. When heated, X
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from a mixture of NH4Cl and NaHCO3? gives out a gas and steam. The gas forms a white
(iii) How is sodium carbonate obtained from precipitate with limewater. Write the chemical
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sodium hydrogen carbonate? [2007] formula and name of X and the chemical
equation for its decomposition on heating. What
17. What are the salts among chemical substances? is its role in baking powder and in antacids?
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Give an example of a salt derived from a strong [2005, 2010 (T-I)]

IV. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 Marks)

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A. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. (i) What do you understand by the term
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(a) Which gas is evolved in the above

hydrated salt? reaction?
(ii) Give two examples of hydrated salts which (b) Why do the soap bubbles rise up in the
are coloured and state their chemical air?
formula.
(c) Write a word equation, and a fully
(iii) Give two examples of hydrated salts which balanced equation for the above reaction.
are white and state their chemical formula.
(d) Name three more metals which will show
2. Explain, why a solution of zinc sulphate or a
similar reaction as above.
solution of ammonium chloride is acidic in
nature. 4. A drop of water is poured over a white powdery
substance. Then it is observed that the substance
3. Zinc granules are heated with conc. sodium
turns blue. Answer the following questions :
hydroxide solution and the gas evolved is passed
through soap solution, then the tiny bubbles of (i) What is the white powdery substance?
soap float up in the air. Answer the following (ii) Why does the substance change to blue
questions. colour?
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 (iii) Write the chemical formula of the blue substance.
(iv) Is the blue substance an acidic salt or a basic salt?
(v) Give a reason for your answer in (iv)
5. In the following schematic diagram for the preparation of hydrogen gas as shown, what would happen if
the following changes are made? [HOTS]

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(a) In place of zinc granules, same amount of zinc dust is taken in the test tube.
(b) Instead of dilute sulphuric acid, dilute hydrochloric acid is taken.
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(c) In place of zinc, copper turnings are taken.

(d) Sodium hydroxide is taken in place of dilute sulphuric acid and the tube is heated.
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B. QUESTIONS FROM CBSE EXAMINATION PAPERS

1. (i) Account for the following. (ii) While diluting an acid, why is it
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(a) Dry HCl gas does not change the colour recommnended that the acid should be
of dry blue litmus paper. added to water and not water to acid.
(b) Antacid tablets are used by a person (iii) A dry pellet of a common base ‘B’ when
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suffering from stomach pain. kept in open absorbs moisture and turns
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(c) Toothpaste is used for cleaning teeth. sticky. The compound is also formed by
[2010 (T-I)] Chloralkals process. Identify B. What
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type of reaction occurs when B is treated

2. (i) What are strong acids and weak acids?
with dilute hydrochloric acid? Write the
Give an example for each. [2010 (T-I)]
chemical equation.

A. Group Activities vinegar N solution of fresh lemon N solution of

soap N solution of washing soda N solution of
1. Objective caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) N a rack of clean
To prepare an indicator solution from red cabbage test tubes N a clean dropper.
and use it to test common acids and alkalises. 1. Pour about 150 ml of water in the boiling
Materials Required : pot and put it to boil. Chop the red cabbage
N 100 g of red cabbage N a sharp knife N boiling
finely. When the water starts boiling, pour
pot with a handle N 250 cc beaker N solution of the chopped cabbage in it and at the same
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 time stop heating. Allow the contents to ja r, the pipe close to the ba se. Apply
cool. plasticine on the upperside of the lid to make
2. On cooling pour out the clear liquid in a it air tight.
beaker. This liquid is dark reddish purple in 3. Make a solution of baking soda by dissolving
colour. This is your indicator. about 30 g of it in 300 cc of water. Pour the
3. Take five clean test tubes. Pour about 2 cc solution in the jar.
of vinegar in the first test tube, 2 cc of 4. Take a small glass bottle (such as an inkpot)
lemon solution in the second test tube, 2 cc and tie a loop around its neck with a long
of soap solution in the third test tube, 2 cc cotton thread. Fill ¾ of the bottle with
of washing soda in the fourth test tube and vinegar.
2cc of caustic soda solution in the fifth test 5. Suspend the glass bottle in the jar by holding
tube.

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the cotton thread, such that a part of it is
4. Now pour 4 drops of indicator in each of the above the baking soda solution.

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test tubes and shake well. You will observe :
6. Fix the lid on the jar. The lid will hold the
(i) In case of vinegar and lemon solution
cotton thread. Now, your working model of

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the colour changes to red, thereby
the fire extinguisher is ready.
showing the presence of acid.
(ii) In case of soap solution and washing 7. In order to use it, lift the lid for a moment.

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soda solution, which a re wea k The glass bottle will fall in the baking soda
alkalises, the colour changes to blue. solution. As the vinegar mixes with baking

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(iii) In case of caustic soda solution, which soda solution, it produces carbon dioxide
is a strong alkali, the colour changes gas, which forces out the contents of the
to green. bottle.
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2. Objective
B. Experiments
To prepare a soda acid fire extinguisher.
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Material Required : [May be demonstrated by the teacher or

performed by the students.]
(i) an empty and clean ½ litre jam jar with a metal
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lid, (ii) a small bottle, (iii) a plastic tube about 1 m 1. Objective

long and 5 mm diameter, (iv) plasticine (v) baking
To show acids, bases and salt solutions in water are
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soda, (vi) vinegar, (vii) a cotton thread and (viii)

electrolytes, but organic substances in liquid state or
water. Proceed as follows :
aqueous solution are non electrolytes.
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Materials Required
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A rubber cork, two brightly polished copper nails,

connecting wires, a 250 ml beaker, a 6 volt battery, a
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six volt bulb in a bulb holder, a switch or a single one

way key and the following solutions.
(i) dilute hydrochloric acid
(ii) dilute sulphuric acid
(iii) dilute acetic acid
(iv) dilute sodium hydroxide solution
(v) dilute ammonium hydroxide solution
1. Remove the metal lid from the empty jam jar (vi) limewater [Ca(OH)2 solution]
and in the middle of it make a hole with the (vii) common salt solution
help of a nail and a hammer, such that the (viii) copper sulphate solution
size of the hole is just equal to the diameter (ix) alcohol
of the plastic pipe. (x) ether
2. Pass the plastic pipe through the hole in the (xi) glucose solution in water
lid, such that, when the lid is placed on the (xii) sugar solution in water
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Procedure to a 6-V battery, through a bulb and a switch as
1. Take the rubber cork and place it in an inverted shown in the figure. Your apparatus is ready for
position. Fix two copper nails in the cork by finding the conductivity of different liquids.
hammering. 5. Half fill the beaker with liquid (i) i.e.,
hydrochloric acid. Switch on the current.
Observe whether the bulb glows brightly or
dimly or does not glow at all. If the bulb glows
brightly, then the liquid is a strong electrolyte, if
dimly then a weak electrolyte and if it does not
glow then the liquid is a non-electrolyte.
6. Pour off the hydrochloric acid. Wash the

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apparatus thoroughly, first with tap water and

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then with distilled water. Repeat the activity from
liquid (ii) to liquid (xii). Record your
2. Tie the ends of two connecting wires to the observations in the observation table.

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copper nails tightly.
7. On the basis of the observation table make a list
3. Place the cork in the 250 ml beaker. of (i) strong electrolytes (ii) weak electrolytes,

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4. Connect the other ends of the connecting wires (ii) non-electrolytes.

Observation Table

S.No. Name of liquid/solution

PR Glow of bulb Nature of
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bright/dim/no-glow electrolyte
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I. Dilute hydrochloric acid

II. Dilute sulphuric acid

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III. Dilute acetic acid

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IV. Dilute sodium hydroxide solution

V. Dilute ammonium hydroxide solution

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VI. Limewater

VII. Common salt solution

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VIII. Copper sulphate solution

IX. Alcohol

X Ether

XI. Glucose solution

XII. Sugar solution

Precautions
1. After carrying out the activity with one liquid the apparatus with a clean towel or hot air
always wash the beaker and the cork with tap blower.
water and then with distilled water. Finally, dry 2. Once the activity is over, switch off the current.

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 3. The copper nails must be partially dipped in the 7. Wait for few minutes. Take out each strip of cloth
liquid while performing the experiment. and check for the colour and stain.
Group Discussions 8. Record your observations in the observation
1. Discuss, why some liquids allow the current to table.
flow through them conveniently. What is nature S.No. Colour of cotton Colour of cotton
of these liquids? cloth dipped in cloth after treating
2. Discuss, why some liquids allow less current to sample chemical sample solution
flow through them? What is the nature of these with H2SO4
liquids? How does this nature differ from the
1. Sample A
nature of the compounds in Q. 1?
2. Sample B
3. Discuss, why some liquids not allow the current

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to flow through them? What is the nature of these 3. Sample C

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liquids. 4. Sample D
4. Discuss in which direction the cations and anions

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move in strong electrolytes or weak electrolytes? The chemical is bleaching powder in the beaker,
where the colour of flower petals is bleached.
5. Discuss what happens to cations and anions on

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reaching their respective electrodes and why? Bleaching powder reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to
liberate chlorine gas. The chlorine gas reacts with
2.Objective water to form nascent oxygen, which in turn bleaches

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To identify bleaching powder, among the given the colour of flowers.
sample of chemicals. CaOCl2(s) + H2SO4 (aq) → CaSO4(s) H2O(l) + Cl2
Cl2 + H2O → 2HCl + [O]
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Materials Required
Four samples of chemicals: (i) ammonium chloride,
(ii) sodium chloride, (iii) potassium chloride, Group Discussions
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(iv) bleaching powder, four beakers of 100 ml, conc. 1. Why does the stained cloth get bleached with
sulphuric acid, a dropper, a glass stirrer, white cotton bleaching powder? Discuss in detail.
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cloth strip (10 cm × 2 cm), petals of coloured flower. 2. Is it possible to bleach artificial dyes with
bleaching powder? Discuss in detail.
Procedure
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3. Discuss what kind of bleaching takes place in

1. Spread the white cotton strip and place over it terms of oxidation or reduction.
petals of coloured flower. Rub the petals on the 4. Why is the bleaching done by bleaching powder
cloth, such that it gets stained with the colour of
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permanent in nature?
the flowers. Cut the strip into four equal pieces.
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5. Why is bleaching powder not used in bleaching

2. Take the four beakers and label them P, Q, R silk?
and S.
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6. Discuss at least two more uses of bleaching

3. In beaker P place 1 g of sample A, in beaker Q powder, other than bleaching.
place 1 g of sample B, in beaker R place 1 g of 7. Is it possible to recognise bleaching powder, by
sample C and in beaker S place 1 g of sample D. switching the salt sample? If so, discuss what
4. Pour about 20 ml of distilled water in each chemical process/processes are involved.
beaker, so as to make a solution. Stir the contents 8. Why does bleaching powder not completely
of each beaker with the glass rod. Make sure that dissolve in water? Discuss, is it a single salt or a
the glass rod must be thoroughly washed before mixture of two salts.
stirring in the next beaker.
3. Objective
5. Place the stained piece of cotton cloth in each of
To prove copper sulphate crystals [CuSO4 .5H2 O]
the beakers, so that it gets thoroughly immersed.
contain water of crystallisation.
6. With the help of a dropper add 2 drops of
concentrated sulphuric acid in each beaker and Materials Required
stir the contents. A hard glass test tube, a single hole rubber cork, fitted

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with a glass tubing but at an angle of 120°, iron stand, 4. The dehydration reaction of copper sulphate
ordinary glass tube, a trough containing cold water, a crystals is given below.
bunsen burner and 10 g of copper sulphate crystals.
CuSO4.5H2O ⎯⎯⎯
100°C
→ CuSO4.H2O ⎯⎯⎯
250°C
→
Procedure CuSO4
1. Fill 1/3 of the hard glass test tube with copper
sulphate crystals. Clamp the test tube in an iron What is the colour of CuSO4.H2O?
stand. In the mouth of the test tube fit a delivery C. Classroom Discussions
tube whose other end goes into another test tube
placed in cold water. Discuss the importance of pH in:
1. Our digestive system
2. Heat the crystals of copper sulphate strongly.
You will notice : 2. Mouth and tooth decay

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3. Dairy industry
(i) The crystals give out stream of fumes. The

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fumes move to the test tube placed in water 4. Breweries
and condense to form a colourless liquid. 5. Fruit processing plants
6. Meat processing plants

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(ii) The crystals lose their blue colour and
change to a white powder. 7. In agriculture
8. Diagnostic purposes

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3. Allow the apparatus to cool. Remove the test
tube containing anhydrous copper sulphate. Add 9. Cosmetic industry
a few drops of water to the anhydrous copper
sulphate. You will notice that copper sulphate
regains its colour. PR
D. Research
Find out how large number of animals and plants save
themselves by chemical warfare.
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Thus, the activity proves that hydrated copper
sulphate contains water. E. Charts
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Group Discussions 1. Make a pictorial chart of organic acids, showing

the fruit and the acid contained in it.
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1. Why does copper sulphate lose its blue colour on 2. Make a chart showing :
strong heating? (i) Four strong inorganic acids
2. Discuss how the presence of water molecules in (ii) Four weak inorganic acids
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its crystals produce colour. (iii) Four organic acids

3. Find out the names of at least four more salts that 3. Make a pictorial chart of elements/compounds
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contain water of crystallisation and write their which can be obtained from common salt and
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correct chemical formulae. state two or more uses of each product.

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