Machine Shop

What's a Machine Shop?

"A machine shop is a room, building, or company where machining is done"
In a machine shop, machinists use machine tools and cutting tools to make parts, usually of metal
or plastic but sometimes of other materials such as glass or wood.

Use of Machine Shops:

Machine shops are used in the creation of new parts, as well as repairs of existing equipment and
parts.

What are Machine Tools?

A Machine tool is defined as:
"A tool that uses power to cut and shape metal or other strong materials to get
the desired results"
In other words, a machine tool is used to manufacture metal components of machines.
We call Machine Tools the mother machines since they are the machines enabling the production
of all the other machines including themselves.

Types of Machine Tools:

 Lathe machine
 Milling Machine
 Surface Grinder
 Drill Machine
 Shaper machine
 Planner machine
 CNC lathe machine
 CNC milling machine

Lathe Machine:
A lathe is a machine tool which rotates the work piece on its axis to perform various operations
such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation, facing, turning, with tools that are
applied to the workpiece to create an object which has symmetry about an axis of rotation.
Principle of Lathe Machine: The Principle of Lathe Machine is that work piece rotates and the
tool remains stationery i.e A lathe is anything that turns the work while you apply a tool to it.
Milling Machine:
A Milling machine is defined as,
"A milling machine is a power driven machine that cuts by means of a
multitooth rotating cutter"
A milling machine is a tool found primarily in the metal working industry. In general, these
machines are used to shape solid products by eliminating excess material in order to form a
finished product.
Principle of Milling Machine: The principle of Milling machine is that workpiece remains
stationary while the tool rotates.

Surface grinding machine:

A tool grinder is a machine that grinds the objects to get sharp edges. It is used to sharpen
milling cutters and tool bits along with a host of other cutting tools.
Principle of Tool Grinder: The principle of tool grinder is that tool rotates while the workpiece
remains stationary.
Drill Machine:
A drill machine is used for boring holes in various materials or fastening various materials
together with the use of fasteners.
Principle of Drill Machine: The principle of drill machine is that workpiece remains stationary
while the tool rotates.

Shaper:
A machine tool for forming flat surfaces, consisting of a frame, usually horizontal, on which the
work is held while a cutting tool moves along it with a reciprocating motion. Sometimes,
grooving is also done with the help of shaper.
Principle of Shaper: The principle of shaper is that workpiece remains stationary while the tool
rotates.

Planer machine:
A planer is a type of metalworking machine tool that uses linear relative motion between the
workpiece and a single-point cutting tool to cut the work piece. A planer is similar to a shaper,
but larger, and with workpiece moving, whereas in a shaper the cutting tool moves
Power saw:
power saw - a power tool for cutting wood. sawing machine, saw. band saw, bandsaw - an
endless saw consisting of a toothed metal band that is driven around two wheels.

CNC lathe machine:

A metal lathe or metalworking lathe is a large class of lathes designed for precisely machining
relatively hard materials. These rigid machine tools remove material from a rotating workpiece
via the (typically linear) movements of various cutting tools, such as tool bits and drill bits.
Working principle:The lathe is a machine tool which holds the workpiece between two rigid
and strong supports called centers or in a chuck or face plate which revolves. The cutting tool is
rigidly held and supported in a tool post which is fed against the revolving work The resulting
coded computer file is then uploaded to the CNC machine, and the machine will then
automatically produce the desired parts for which it was programmed to design.

CNC milling machine:

CNC milling is a specific form of computer numerical
controlled machining.Milling itself is a machining process similar to both drilling and cutting,
and able to achieve many of the operations performed by cutting and drilling machines. Like
drilling, milling uses a rotating cylindrical cutting tool.
Working principle: The workpiece is holding on the worktable of the machine. The table
movement controls the feed of workpiece against the rotating cutter CNC milling is a specific
form of computer numerical controlled (CNC) machining.Milling itself is a machining process
similar to both drilling and cutting, and able to achieve many of the operations performed by
cutting and drilling machine
 Lathe Machine
Definition: Lathe machines are capable of cutting or grinding symmetrical shapes into
materials such as wood and metal. There are countless practical applications associated with
lathe machines. The definition of a lathe is that a machine that shapes objects by rotating them
while a shaping tool is applied to its surface.

Working Principle of Lathe machine: The working Principle of Lathe Machine is that
workpiece rotates and the tool remains stationery i.e A lathe is anything that turns the work while
you apply a tool to it.

Function: A lathe machine can be used to create symmetrical shapes into a piece of wood,
metal or other material. Lathe machines offer cutting, grinding and even milling options. Lathes
grip a work piece and spin it along an axis. Shapes are created after running a cutting tool or
grinding tool against the rotating work piece. Cutting tools can be held in place and moved by
the operator or by the machine itself depending on the type of lathe machine in use.

Components of Lathe Machine: All lathes require several basic components to function
properly.
Explanation of the standard components of most lathes:
• Bed: Usually made of cast iron. Provides a heavy rigid frame on which all the main
components are mounted.

• Ways: Inner and outer guide rails that are precision machined parallel to assure accuracy of
movement.

• Headstock: Mounted in a fixed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end. Using a
chuck, it rotates the work. Its function is that it gives instructions to the whole machine.

• Gearbox: Inside the headstock, providing multiple speeds with a geometric ratio by moving
levers.

• Tailstock: The tailstock is used to support the right end of the work. The tailstock is also used
for tool-holding for machining operations, such as drilling, reaming, and tapping. It plays a
supportive role to workpiece.

• Carriage: Moves on the outer ways. Used for mounting and moving most the cutting tools.

• Cross Slide: Mounted on the traverse slide of the carriage, and uses a handwheel to feed tools
into the workpiece. Its function is to decrease the length of workpiece.
• Tool Post: To mount tool holders in which the cutting bits are clamped.

• Chuck: Allows the mounting of difficult workpieces that are not round, square or triangular. It
acts as a holder.

•Compound Slide: The part of the lathe on the carriage that allows for angular adjustment of the
cutting tool. Its function is to decrease the diameter of workpiece.
Apron: Apron is attached to the carriage and hangs over the front side of the lathe bed.
Lead screw: The basic function of the lead screw is to move the turret by a précised increment
for every rotation of the screw. As a result of this it allows the machine to generate threads in a
work piece

Diagram of Lathe Machine:

 Lathe machine operations
 Turning operation: Turning is a machining process in which a cutting tool, typically
a non-rotary tool bit, describes a helix tool path by moving more or less linearly while the
work piece rotates

 Facing Operation: Facing is the process of removing metal from the end of a
workpiece to produce a flat surface

 Taper Turning Operation: The taper turning is an operation of producing a conical

surface by gradual reduction in the diameter of a cylindrical workpiece.
 Step Turning: Step turning is an operation performed on lathe machine where the
excess material is removed from the work piece to obtain various steps of different
diameters

 Knurling Operation: A knurling tool is used to press a pattern onto a round section.
The pattern is normally used as a grip for a handle. ... As the saddle moves along the bed
of the lathe the knurled pattern is pressed into the steel along its length

 Threading Operation: Lathe Threading. Thread cutting on the lathe is a process that
produces a helical ridge of uniform section on the workpiece. This is performed by taking
successive cuts with a threading toolbit the same shape as the thread form required.
 Drilling Operation: Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of
circular cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often
multi-point

 Grooving Operation: The term grooving usually applies to a process of forming a

narrow cavity of a certain depth, on a cylinder, cone, or a face of the path.

 Parting Operation: Parting Operations. Parting uses a blade-like cutting tool plunged
directly into the workpiece to cut off the workpiece at a specific length.
  Chamfering: Chamfering and burring, two terms used in parts fabrication, describe
processes for finishing machined parts.

 Filtering Operation: Filters are designed to remove water-soluble fluids, smoke

from machining operations, and machine oil.

Types of Lathe Machines:

 Speed Lathes / Wood Lathe
 Gear head Engine Lathes
 Tool Room Lathes and
 Turret Lathes
Speed Lathes / Wood Lathe: These are some of the products which can be easily made on
wooden lathes or speed lathes. As name suggest, there is a high speed spindle which can be operate
in 3 to 4 varying speeds ,near 1000 to 2100 rpm,by shifting the position of the drive belts on the
pulley system. Yes it is very simple in design because the components like gearbox, feed rod, lead
screw, carriage, are not the part of these lathes which make it more simple and easy to operate in
any condition. The major components of these lathes are headstock, tailstock, tool rest, and bed.
Unlike other lathes, there is less precision in these lathes since the cutting tool is operated by hand.
So these lathes require good skill and steady hands to provide spick and span contours and smooth
curves accurately on the workpiece.Operations that can be done on these lathes are wood turning,
metal spinning, polishing, centering.

Gear head Engine Lathes: Engine lathes are the most common types of lathe machine. It is
designed for low power operations as well as high power operations. Various lengths of the
machine is available. The length can be up to 60 feet. Engine lathe is commonly seen in every
machine shop. Various metals can be machines. The machine can operates at a wide range of speed
ratios.
Tool Room Lathes: It is a very versatile lathe machine. It can give better accuracy and
finishing . It has wider range of speeds . It can give different types of feeds. It can be a great
device to manufacture die.

Turret Lathes: It is a great machine for quick operations. It has various types of tool posts
mounted on a single structure. As a number of tools are set up on machine, the job can be completed
very quickly with the help of a single setup. A capstan wheel is used to position the next tool. A
sequential machining process can be done by using the turret lathe without moving the workpiece.
It eliminates the error that occurs due to misalignment.

Necessary of lathe machine:

The lathe is one of the most essential machine tools. This multi-purpose equipment is commonly
used for executing a wide range of functions that includes shaping many solid substances such as
wood, metal, etc. It is an important workshop tool which is extensively utilized in several
industrial segments and especially in the metal shaping industries.

A small or large piece of metal can be shaped for producing the required kind of object. There
are different ways and numerous processes to shape metals. Moreover, metal shaping is one of
the methods that are used to manufacture a variety of products. Today, various kinds of metal
shaping tools are available in the market. They enable us to create a vast array of metal products.
These versatile tools assist to deform, turn, bend, twist, pound, roll and hammer the metal sheets
into metal objects.