Chemistry Oxford

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‫‪V∑J∞« ŸUDÆ‬‬
‫‪ 2015 - 2014‬م‬ ‫طبعة‬
‫غير مصرح بتداول هذا الكتاب‬

‫خارج وزارة التربية والتعليم‬
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‫‪:∫hC’G ÜÉÑdG‬‬
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‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ‪ : Chemistry‬ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺬى ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺎدة‬
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Nanotechnology and Chemistry
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100 nm ‫ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬى ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪة ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة وﻳﻜﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬: ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮى اﻟﺤﺮج‬
M
#3 Size Dependant Characteristics F: 171 rV F! 18 J
: % g7$ , 8$ M1 A+

+

,
\L1+ [E( 43 F:J {L8 C , T8+ A 6 I. 43 6. F7$ : Q#H
L #$ F: 4J V $. 308 43 $$ 6. -17 'Y5 N , 'V8 A$q $
7E 3 43 >
6 KQ , 6 f9G. [E(8 N c. , L
+ , 1J. 43 6 8
=! 1 F: C 'V8 -c S M1 C
macro 51 \N C {L
MMB
\ 1 +*I 6. -17 J< : ,!
=M1 C #$ F: P*+ 'V
!$. nano $ \N O vE Jx
Q#H ! $JBX N V10W 9/ ,! V1?W 9/
/ TEM8 L+ % TEM8

!;
8$ M1 >7:8 1 , M # #$ F: c8.
1 ,M1 C Micro 1 , Macro 51 C1: 2!;
< L 8 rV C
N*7 O 8$ M1 L rV S
= 0 ] 8 LEM
!VW O #M|8
=F: O [M J C+
d Ç
pÇÑUN
Q= *% E7 1 F M= $
" C+ E 4J FW S9
? $+ 9L8 A7l &I 47 O >( FL 1W E 23! U8 Q ? D
1m
F M" $
" $PI% V11W 9/
M [E(8 ` E5 M8G F: O [M J C+ E MMB
M1 C #$ F:
C+ E 23 , M1 C E5 F: M7+ H$9N QO ` %5 > l71 M1 9Q
=8 8 $ 8B 15 r 8$ 1: 4
F: O [M J

+

,
n$ 6+Q W C >N. -1 C 47 6+Q W 6. 53

QO , KQ F! K 18
15 n$ C EEJ O AB:
F
QO 9 9M n$ -1 15 n$ 47 1
=6+3 W C 8B
EE J F: O [M J C+ E E , -1
Nanochemistry ‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎء اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮ‬

'I W9M C1c8 8$ M1 1 LEM S >78 , $ _ C _
M7+0+ s8B: 93 S1:+ ME
1 8 rV+ T78 = 8$ M7+ Q M1 TV

LNM [" . 1. . 4+$. . EEJ > " 6
N , & " M7 8$ M1 , 8$$
: 8 15 M1 8$ M7+ M7 L 8$ M1 '(
C 18 , #. & ". .
‫اﻟﻤﻮاد أﺣﺎدﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻌﺪ اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮى‬

V
Thin Films LN Y] !%. C , J #$ 7E Q M1
U C !8N P!+ 3R :1 'R
,>5 .( C !81 [MW -*I
8$ P $ i V
nanowires 8$ p*W ='
=-1 " >1 V
$-P' $Mm= V1+W 9/ $8! Z= V14W 9/
‫ﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬2‫اﻟﻤﻮاد ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ا‬

Carbon nanotubes 8$ 6+ 4+$. ! , C8$$ C87+ K1
8$ M1
= 9: M7 8MJ.
AF G%B $8

! Q / V1;W 9/

+

,
: 8$ 6+ 4+$ B11 rV C

9 !I
. , \ C . -+! !I
9 , 9 -+! >I
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s8B C+ F+ #N 4E+ 4( C #N.
>1 -17 H1!. L 23 =IN >18 6. !+ A 18 6$i 7" F:J #8
=-c ( >1 >EL1 !VW C 18 $ Q &EJ.
!$ + 97YW B!05 !VW C 18 , IV 23 4E+ C
E+ !+ FE

= A7 s8B: WJ
‫ﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬2‫اﻟﻤﻮاد ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ا‬

6
= Bucky Balls 5E 5 $ I >% , 8$$ M7+. * K1
M1
{(V C 1: ! , C60 B+ ! B8 6+ 9Q C 9Q 60 C 5E 5
: N 5 E8 5E s8B: ZQ1 6. J< =!E5
17
B11
8Md >5 5E 5 VW 6z -17 EV8 P:1 > " 4E+ ,
9V -B: 1+ =AM C7 -M C -B S 4W8 6. A 18 P:1 45 =F:
= F: >M #. s8B S > L 5E
U G'U V1>W 9/ ! $D V1hW 9/
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≈àdG á«≤°ûeódG ±ƒ«°ùdG ¿CG AÉª∏©dG ∞°ûàcG
áahô©ªdGh É`ªjób
k ¿ƒª∏°ùªdGh Üô©dG É¡eóîà°SG
á°†ØdG äÉª«°ùL É¡Ñ«côJ ≈a πNój áHÓ°üdGh Iƒ≤dÉH
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‫ﻓﻰ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻄﺐ‬
=:$ -c 8(
gd E1 {VY
E$: 9l C >L8 -Y r C 8B8 1 +(1 8*V :$ O N+ - >I

=1 8*V +(1 8*V C+ f8 < #3 #L Z*7
=k81 F !9G F8 # >R R( B!. Z$O
C8Y 9 C 8 M: Gq+ L
@J 9
O !W9O F8 8$$
+9 Z$O
=J >
6M
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∫Éée ≈a ¬JGRÉéfE’ á«µjôeC’G á«æWƒdG Ωƒ∏©dG IOÓb ≈∏Y π°üëj iô°üe ºdÉY ∫hCG ó«°ùdG ≈Ø£°üe QƒàcódG
.¿ÉWô°ùdG ¢Vôe êÓY ≈a ájƒfÉædG ÖgòdG äÉÑcôe ΩGóîà°SÉH É«LƒdƒæµàdG √ò¡d ¬≤«Ñ£Jh ≈LƒdƒæµJƒfÉædG
‫ﻓﻰ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‬

=-3R J 3R M1 8 E P7
=I I1+ 6 E 8M. 8YJ E 83R 8M

‫ﻓﻰ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬

/ NM 8
9L+ B1
6 $$ VW+ 1" 8* Z$O
)
C *c
=89 NM
=- N 9 MN 8* Z$
‫ﻓﻰ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬

=L '; I PBV ZB 4
] 8$$ s8B Z$O
>1: c $ C
P!+ :E f 7" L
>. C 8$$ M S(

=n1Y 7" Mc1 18
1
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SLE M9I :$. S(


+

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=( 91N 11 '
! W* $ B!.
=9WB$ F:J {L

=C8BV 9L+ B1
$ O [" S(

‫ﻓﻰ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬

8 Y >J -1
, -1 -! L
>17
8$ "1 >%

=( 8 C MV I7 GO , 8
‫اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮات اﻟﻀﺎرة اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﻧﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻰ‬

UJ C 11 C A$. #8 k7E 6. <O LEM C 87 ! $
6. C F]
: F!V C , ! 9l 0
8* Y]. &* C >

6. C 18 ` RI $ s8B 6. >%1
: $ 7'cjB

A 4E8 N
E 8* $ . >M . F: >M L :
= I * Y
C 1 8+ U A+ (L$ Nanopollution #$ U ! : $n 7'cjB

=!1:J 4E+ KQ ,9MV C 9M 6

6. C 18 , 8$ M1 S(
1
/
E $ 8*V !+ fV
N -! T7
6. SM
@J
0
C *c
=+ -! -1 1 C >5
FN
C W !$.
$ 1< 9 z+ 671 #8 : $ B&o 7'cjB

] S8G ! >7+ 1L 8M(N< 1< 1 C 1 * Y1
=% '(1

ŽƁ}Ŧŧs7Ŧum
s
}Ŧũsüib`HŦ
>
, ! .M
R !(( M1 45
W9+ F!8 #3 F7 : . /
=k7E !c7+ S V1 M1
-J M 71 !$ C #. 1 + !: 15 $9L : ,-

=$%
\L 9715 V
, 6$L 41+ 17 7 , 7 15 C M 9L : ,- G

= 1 23! 7 9L
$ \L M1 :71+ {V8 , R( 1 M1
: &!/2!
= 8 D
$ Z$i
= 8$ M1 1 LEM S >78 , $ _ C _ : ! . U
ŽƁ}Ŧŧs7ijmckb=
židŦ ŠsmjmhŦ
‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‬
! ‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎء اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮ‬
! ,-
$8

: ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣ ُﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬
ّ ُ
‫اﻫﺪاف‬
: N AP T
O QM 8S 6 H# $8) D
=$G 8B9 M7 VW+ 15 >
C E78
=893 > 71+ 15 451 &1 5 48
=9M. M &1 C+ N*7 538
=v M =g = x GR & F:J P78
F:J A1:J 71+ GR < M 48
=J &1
$7W<+ M $ 1 8s1 E 48
=E8: D+ . 1 !R(+
s8B: R( R( FE8
=E8: D+ $7W<+ 451
1 M1 15 48
=$B1 M71 C :

7 D
8s1 E 48
C )1 #; D
E+
s9Ŧŧs7Ŧ =$B1 1 M71
: ‫ﻓﺼﻮل اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬
$3 / $% 0
$3 / $5 6"

1
-./01
23, : ‫اﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ‬
≈fÉãdG ÜÉÑdG - ÖdÉ£dG ÜÉàc 20

F! &
+ -1 W9M . 61 Z8 M
? === N/8 U
C +* 15 L8M+ EM NL7 J. c
)M1 65 Qq
N+ 9L7 3 45
M1 8ML 15 8
=A 7N1 D+

08 J
8 7 > AV$ 15 F -1
M1 15 8
6q K35 , !
$ 4$
aME

/ 6 8 1 > C :

=> 3 C E71 1 M71+
>7 C 18 \L W C %5. p
M7 . >% V1 M1 S !+
7EI KQ 'N8 , F: .
3 !7 >7$ M1
umjhŦŠsmjmhŦ
+ fM &$ PW -B:
1 8 V1
=1 *
Quantitative
ّ ُ
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬ Chemistry
Balanced Equation $f $%
Mass $BU
Mole
Molecular Formula $n8*F $5
Chemical Formula $3 / $5
Empirical Formula $= $5
Atomic Mass $8AH $B/
Avogadro’s Number A&D
Reactants 7IJB
Products p2!
Practical Yield %J p2!
Theoretical Yield V6" W @'q! p2!
21 ≈fÉãdG ÜÉÑdG - ÖdÉ£dG ÜÉàc e¥«d°d∑≤√ ZM¥dOMπ≤√ ‰Ë l°UD±

á«FÉ«ª«µdG ádOÉ©ŸGh ∫ƒŸG : ∫hC’G π°üØdG
Mole and Chemical Equation
rKFÇ"Çu
Chemical Equation ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
!"#$%&' (
C:5 ]1 C+ 15 >
U8
6*+7 B5 3C4 C ( =
4
KQ C E71 8B 1 M71 6q &%1 >EW

;D:
.

: 8 15 B5 E5 F:
"5 E,G =
ǻ
H 3
:"
2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)
*C F:
5H =
M1 1 y( G C 1 M71 E7
0:%
I J 6 K *C D8 F: !L =
2:
C E78 F!W 1!+ F+8 > C :
1
:" D8 2M: *C E,G =
=> 3 U" >18e > W *: F: !L $L

L
"C4 : 25 E,G =
> M1 15 1 M71 [l
2* 6*+7
;.

]1 fJ C E71 M71 'I 7 , A :

" F:
]1 C & 2 >5 6O &L$ $q a15 " :/0 *' =
/ C:5
N: $C*O P+
QC *' =
C & 2 D8 C:5 G] C & 1 S >
4(
= 4( ]1 5.
W . EI H$5 -W M1 8B M71 C1c

[l8 vwx FN9 &: === ] /
` < . 8G] .
>W. 4
, 8B < C E7 V1 G
=M1 1 B C18

4

' 5
s Solid 4I
l Liquid >W
g Gas G]
aq Aqueous Solution &
G $38*J $ fA V0W & F"U= D "!m 'B

> (7 9Q M 6 8 6. 71+ , $G 1 M71 6
6. 4:8
M71 , -L+ 6$N TL > C :
(7 n$ 9Q M7
vwx > " M71 ;+ -1 C8 C:5 S C9! M
>
C E7
.E$ M71 6G , > C >N. > C :
C:5 9Q M 6. :$
$G M71 >7:
*71 M71 I )c+ l89 M715 !7 >7
: vx > Y+ 15 Balanced Equation
2H2 + O2 2H2O H2 + O2 H2O
$% Nf % V1W 9/ $% Nf 9P V0W 9/
#. Products D
Reactants *1 C+ 1 N*7 a$$N
/ 1 M71 >%1

=1 23 B:
. c C 18

4

' 5
‫ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬2‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ا‬
K35 , 9!($ . -1 !$+Q $8 E51 k7+ K
>% 8B 17 k7+
*
. L k1 C+ &M7 *
>% $8 C+ F
1 * k7+
=$8. <M7 9I ! E7 F8 4W
: $8 M71+ A E78 -1 8M( 895 [ +QO 7
+ -
-
NaCl(s) Na (aq) + Cl(aq)
NaCl(s) 9! Na− 68.
Cl−
Na+
H2O(l) 9! Cl− 68.

Cl- , Na+ 78 ( r/JB8 sD . D 8 8AU $d( ! V4W 9/
E7$ $q , - 8MI 8E5 [ C8 8M( 59 S K8E k1J &M7

: 8B M71+ > 3 C
2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
J M1 -1 $8. 9I M 6
1 ! M1 23 6. @J
: 8 15 $8. M7 9I > 3 C E7 C 18 A$q , s8B 9I M1
+ - + 2- + 2-
2Na(aq) + 2OH(aq) + 2H (aq) + SO 4 2Na(aq) + SO 4 + 2H2O(l)
2-
6M 15 > Ho SO 4(aq) $8. Na+ $8. 6. :$ L+ M71 O ;+
E71 $8 M71 >($ M71 I C !1q+ , > pY
F !$. #. , M

=FL 1 $8 CE
, > C
- +
2OH(aq) + 2H (aq) 2H2O(l)
5 6 8 c $ & O W
E 5 [ & C MN lO
=1J. 4W9 C 9E EI 9I >( -1 )38 < #3 c
K2CrO4(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) 2KNO3(aq) + Ag2CrO4.(s)
d Ç
pÇÑUN
=$G $8. M71+ T+ > C E

4

' 5
æÃk
πc ≈a áÑdÉ°ùdG äÉæë°ûdG ´ƒªéªd É`k jhÉ°ùe áÑLƒªdG äÉæë°ûdG ´ƒªée ¿ƒµj ¿CG Öéj áfhRƒªdG á«fƒjC’G ádOÉ©ªdG ≈a
.πYÉØàdG øe áéJÉædGh á∏NGódG ô°üæ©dG äGQP OóY ihÉ°ùJ ≈dEG áaÉ°VE’ÉH ádOÉ©ªdG ≈aôW øe
æÃdc
.IOÉªdG ¢UGƒN ¬«a í°†àJh OGôØfG ádÉM ≈∏Y óLƒj ¿CG øµªj IOÉªdG øe AõL ô¨°UCG ƒg : A…õédG
.á«FÉ«ª«µdG äÓYÉØàdG ≈a ∑ôà°ûJ IOÉª∏d á«FÉæH IóMh ô¨°UCG ≈g : IQòdG
.É«v ∏ªY É¡©e πeÉ©àdG Ö©°üjh ôàeƒfÉædG IóMƒH ÉgOÉ©HCG Qó≤J ô¨°üdG ≈a á«gÉæàe äÉª«°ùL É¡∏c IQòdG hCG A…õédG
The Mole ‫اﻟﻤﻮل‬

M1 15 C E7 v SI x \L ; &1 j*MI VW -17 T

/ &$ &1 ! [l =1 > C :
V1
: F1 <.
Mole and the Mass of Matter ‫اﻟﻤﻮل وﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة‬

, ` RI 893 ! TM8 J 93 5 6q 9Q 9I M1 H$5 QO
vux O 9( C 18 amu 893 > J+ 9L

/ 6q , 12 amu = vCx 6+ 893 H$5 Qq
C 12 g C E78 6+ 9Q C <
=6+ 9Q
> _1: C 9E J -B: 5 6
23 s8B 9I M1 H$5 QO
=s8B: ! TM8 , -B: 3! $ 1 93 893
.‫ ﻫﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻛﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرات اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰيء‬: ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ‬
9Q C:5 C C
9Q #E: _1:1 7
CO2 6+ 5. $ C -B: 5
=6+ C
v 6+ 9Q 5 1 x + v C:5 9Q 5 2 x = CO2 -B 5 6. #.
12 amu = 6+ 893 16 amu = C:5d 893 6. H1 Qq
44 amu = 12 + 32 = v 12 1 x + v 16 2 x = CO2 -B 5 6q
44 g = CO2 s8B C & 6 8

4

' 5
/ R( J+ E !

J C E7 C 18 $8 E51 J
, -B: C <+
=s8B: )J L8I n+ !+J C 18 R( J 5 6q
æÃk
áµÑ°ûdÉH ±ô©j º¶àæe ≈°Sóæg AÉæH πµ°T ≈a ¿ƒµJ á«fƒjC’G äÉÑcôªdG
R( J
£/Efp~{D*¢ADfDbsEibF¡J&b+¡J&°*bpJk£0fJ4¡cD*
£+fc~zD*q~9¡-¢gD*f£~|D*,v0¡+b<x£cgD*JHibGbm-°*
áµÑ°û∏d É«v £«£îJ ÉLPƒªf
k í°VƒJ ∂eÉeCG ≈àdG IQƒ°üdGh .É¡d áfƒµªdG äÉfƒjC’G
89E EY
.≈fƒjC’G ΩƒjOƒ°üdG ójQƒ∏c í∏ªd ájQƒ∏∏ÑdG
:
z5 4
CaCl2 $8 895 C R( J 5 6q &%1 >EW 7
v 68. 5 1 x + v 89 68. 5 2 x = CaCl2 5
40 amu = 893 35.5 amu = 9 893 6. H1 Qq
Cl− Ca2+ Cl− 111 amu = 40 + 71 = v 40 1 x + v 35.5 2 x = CaCl2 5 6q

111 g = CaCl2 R( J C & 6 8 K3+
$5 G
V+W 9/
"/ 8AU
WOzÇdÅWuKF
ô«ÑµJ ƒgh Mol á«fÉªdC’G áª∏µdG øe Ωw ΩÉY ≈a ódÉØà°ShCG º∏¡∏«a ºdÉ©dG ƒg (∫ƒe) º°SG ≥∏WCG øe ∫hCG
A…õL iCG Molecule áª∏µd
78AB $MM= 6BU

$3 / $%
vgx :+

78 3! 44 g 9L 6+ 5. $ G] C 5 HVW QO
&1 5 <1 M / V
K$.
K$q 22 g 9L A 5 HVW QO =A /J <
vg/molx vmolx
=A & '($ V
! 1 !
< M = :+ M1 5
s8B: !E5
!c7+ C M1 P* O KQ S8 , # M C &1 5 'V

8E5 C & 1+ 63.5 g = vCux \ C & 6. @J , s8B: !5 P* +
249.5 g = vCuSO4.5H2Ox 1 \

4

' 5
O2 C:5 >% 93 s8B: (7 9Q & C (7 -B & 'V8
=] H2 C9! N2 C
32 g = 16 2 = O2 C:5 s8B C &1 5 6q s8B 9I C:5 65 Qq
16 g = 16 1 = O C:5 9Q C &1 5 6
9Q 9I C:5 65 QO
C9 C$ C:5. 95 M8

vH2x vN2x vO2x vCl2x vI2x
GAH $3!c 7n8*& V;W 9/
6 8 89VE 9W >% 8B ! 7E
/ s8B: !E5
'V8 I p
$1 -B 9I 8 89VE H8E K35 , v P4 x 9Q 7+9. C -B:
'V8 + , J 9Q C 9E 1! >5 -B 6q E( 1+ , v S8 x 93
=E( &1 C 89VE &1
9W H8E5
vP4x vS8x
$38*J $ t%2
O n8*F QU'B ZIB] VhW 9/
d Ç
pÇÑUN
893 > 60+ 1 H2O , H2SO4 , NaCl , P4
08 1 > 1 4J
[H = 1 , O = 16 , S = 32 , Na = 23 , Cl = 35.5 , P = 31]
: 8 15 C:5 ]1 >

C :
1 )J C 18
2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)
]1 5. C & 2 D C:5 C & 1 O Z
]1 C & 2
]1 5. C 80 g D C:5 C 32 g O Z
]1 C 48 g 6. #.
16 amu , 24 amu C:5 ]1 C > Atomic Mass 893 60+ a1
/
=4


4

' 5
2Mg + O2 2MgO
2 mol 1 mol 2 mol
2 24 2 16 2(24 + 16)
48 32 2 40
80g 80g
F"U= "!m 9J2 D $F2! $] 7 U $PI% V>W 9/
: ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬

+M1 1 &( *1 C N+ + 15 Z8 15 >
>5 6O
6. 6M 15 >;
B 1 23 6q )M1 C *1 J. 15 MG QO =D
C
M1 M1+ 1 > - . / 1
K!
1 M1 1
=> pY
=:
M1 < C >N M7 *1 N+ S !
C D8 >
:e
2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s) : M71 7E
/ C:5 S ]1 >8

? ]1 C 12g S C:5 C 32g VW > M1 >7
[Mg = 24 , O = 16]
:9
1 mol = 32 = O2 < M
32
2 mol MgO
2 mol MgO = * 1 mol O2 = MgO < M
1 mol O2
0.5 mol = 12 = Mg < M
24
2 mol MgO
0.5 mol MgO = * 0.5 mol Mg = MgO < M
2 mol Mg
M/ >N A :

MgO < M 6< , > M1 >7 ]1 `
The Mole and Avogadro's number ‫اﻟﻤﻮل وﻋﺪد أﭬﻮﺟﺎدرو‬

. 9Q 9I H$5 -W M1 J M C E7 &1 61 VW
9M. . M8i F7 >I
N = M1 $8 . $8 R( J . s8B
C J & M1 $8 . s8B: . 93 M 6. O Amedeo Avogadro
M7 3 6. 7+ 1 , M1 23 !
9( H$5 1! H+ M M1
=A a18
/ 9M. M7+ 1W 3 6.02 1023 + 9L8

4

' 5
‫ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪد ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺬرات أو اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت أو اﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎت أو وﺣﺪات‬: Avogadro’s Number ‫ﻋﺪد أﭬﻮﺟﺎدرو‬
.(‫ ) ذرة أو ﺟﺰيء أو أﻳﻮن أو وﺣﺪات اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬6.02 1023 ‫اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻰ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة وﻳﺴﺎوى‬
/ 6. 78 3! , 4( H8E . 8 . 6+ >% 9Q 9I M1 H$5 QO
C <
: &%1 >EW 7 , M1 23 C 9Q 6.02 1023 #8 M1 23 C #.
=6+5 9Q 6.02 1023 #8 6+ C &
WOzÇdÅWuKF
ôãcCG óàªj ¬fEÉa §N πµ°T ≈∏Y ¿ƒHôµdG ô°üæY øe 12 g ≈a IOƒLƒªdG ô¨°üdG á«gÉæàªdG äGQòdG Ö«JôJ ºJ GPEG
.¢ùª°ûdGh ¢VQC’G ø«H áaÉ°ùªdG ±É©°VCG øe
/ 6q E5 . I7 -W s8B 9I M1 H$5 QO

#8 M1 23 C <
: &%1 >EW 7 , M1 23 C -B 6.02 1023
/ 6q C:5 >% ( J
O2 -B 6.02 1023 #8 O2 C <
/ 6q -1 >% 45 J
H2O -B 6.02 1023 #8 H2O C <
: 6$L $8 . s8B: . 93 M <1 M C+ N*7 C E7$ 6. C 18 TEW 1
93 93
v6.02 1023x 9M. M s8B: < M = s8B: M
$8 $8
:e
. .
:60+ a1
/ $+5 C 50. g M1 6+ 9Q.M 4J
[Ca = 40 , C = 12 , O = 16]

4

' 5
9M FRc C WL P; A1:J GR < M C+ N*7 C E7 C 18 K3+
: 8 15 9
22.4 L GR < M = vSTPx GR F:J
vLx GR F:J
GR < M

22.4 vLx
vmolx
:e
C9! C S A
-1 C 90 g Z$i G* C:5 F:J 4J
[ O = 16 , H = 1 ] =vSTPx WL P;
:9
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

2 mol 1 mol 2 mol
18 g = 2 1 + 16 = H2O -1 C &

: 6. :$ M71 C
H2O C 2 mol O2 C 1 mol
H2O C 90 g O2 C X mol
2.5 mol = 1 90 = v C:5 < M x X `

36
56 L = 22.4 2.5 = C:5 G] F:J `
‫ اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬: ‫ﻓﺮض أﭬﻮﺟﺎدرو‬
.‫ﻋﻠﻰ أﻋﺪاد ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت‬

4

' 5
29N a1:J
/ >RY8 vSTPx FRc 9 C WL P; G] #. C &1 6. 78 3
F: 'c8 <1 M 'c
QO =GR 3 C -B 6.02 1023 #8 22.4 L
/ s8B: M 'c8
= c8.
vH2x C9 vCl2x 95 v2HClx C9! 895

1 mol 1 mol 2 mol
22.4 L 22.4 L 2 22.4 L
-B 6.02 1023 -B 6.02 1023 -B 2 6.02 1023
G Q" 7d ! $F2! 9JB D $] 7f5 F
V0?W 9/
: 8 ! &1 F Sl 18 TEW 1

=:+ ! E7
/ R( J . s8B: . 893
= 6.02 1023 29L R( J . $8 . 93 . s8B: C H+ M
=vSTPx FRc 9 C WL P; GR C 22.4 L 5
‫( ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرات أو اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت أو اﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎت أو‬6.02 1023) ‫ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد أﭬﻮﺟﺎدرو‬: ‫اﻟﻤﻮل‬
.‫وﺣﺪات اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة‬
78AB $MM= 6BU

2-BM G


á«FÉ«ª«µdG á¨«°üdG ÜÉ°ùM : ≈fÉãdG π°üØdG
Calculation of Chemical Formula
rKFÇ"Çu
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ‬
!"#$%&' (
Mass Percent - 2;:
:R
(, E,G =
%
B /89
;7M
21 . 3R E71 M1 L(1 HEI.

(L AB
-" 8M 4 >M M1 Y K35 , $71
89
1
89 S(, =
M , M1 23 $ 1+ C !1 #9l F! AB
;7M E5"
R.L
C J M 78 #3 8s1 E [M( V8

(L
"4 A"
:R
(, E,G =
1 + => C J 100 > E+ -B:
T:,G UQ A"
(,
C 6 >5 4$ ) 8s1 E [M( VW C 18
;.
B

$ M1W C E$ )J 7 ; $
C C a
/ F5 F7$ 6. 4:8 , NH4NO3 $
$7W<+ O KQ 8
C 18 , M1 C 100 g M
F8 E8: D &* C . M1 s8B: R(+
=a1
` ! &(
‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬

100% = ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬

4

6
7 89
pUuKFvÅn{Ã
: ábÓ©dG øe Öcôª∏d á«dƒªdG á∏àµdGh ô°üæ©∏d ájQòdG á«dƒªdG á∏àµdG á«eƒ∏©ªH Öcôe ≈a ô°üæ©d ájƒÄªdG áÑ°ùædG ÜÉ°ùM øµªj
ÖcôªdG øe óMGh ∫ƒe ≈a ΩGôédÉH ô°üæ©dG á∏àc
100% = ô°üæ©d ájƒÄªdG áÑ°ùædG
ÖcôªdG øe óMGh ∫ƒe á∏àc
4 (H) + 2 (N) + 3 (O) = NH4NO3 $ 1
80 g = 4 1 + 2 14 + 3 16 = NH4NO3 $ 1
C C 28 g = 2 14 #. 2vNx !+ #
23
v28x C 1
%N= 100% = 35%
v80x $ 1
=L8M n+ C9! C:5 C >5 E$ 4J
E$ 6. :$ $ $ , 100 #8 6. +< 451 $ 1 I7 4$ _1:
100% = (5%x C9! E$ + (60%x C:5 E$ + (35%x C
æÃk
.ÖcôªdG Gòg ≈a ¬d ájƒÄªdG áÑ°ùædG á«eƒ∏©ªH Öcôe ≈a ô°üæ©dG á∏àc ÜÉ°ùM øµªj
=451 1 A 8s1 E 71+ 451 ( >5 < M )J C 18
:e
6. H1 QO =FL C9 6+5 #8 #c 45 6+ < M 4J
vC = 12 , H = 1x 28 g 451 3! 1 85.71 % 451 3 6+ E$
:9
28 85.71% 451 1 6+ E$
24 g = = = 6+ 5
100% 100%
2 mol = 24 = 6+ < M `

12

4

6
7 89
ZM
ÇèdJ
.ÖcôªdG Gò¡d á«FÉ«ª«µdG á¨«°üdG èàæà°SG ºK ø«LhQó«¡dG ä’ƒe OóY Ö°ùMG ≥HÉ°ùdG ∫ÉãªdG ≈a
‫ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

C 18 , E R( s8B: R( R( _$. O 1 y( FL
=s8B: R( R( C >5 C E7 1 ) VW
‫ ﻫﻰ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ أﺑﺴﻂ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺪدﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ذرات اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن‬: Empirical Formula ‫اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺟﺰيء اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ‬
93 < . 93 M7 E$ -(JO 1

=451 R( J . s8B:
C3H6 C+E 45 C E71 s8B: R( : e
9Q 3 C9 9Q 6 C 458 -B: 6. 7

O E 23 FE+ 1N QO vCx 3 : vHx 6 E+ #. , 6+5
E [E(
v3x >71 1L+ 1 I 1N >N.
' V00W 9/ CH2 451 3! R( 6
K3+ vCx 1 : vHx 2
æÃk
-bF¡E£+fc~zF~z+&*Aq~9¡-bDH$¥ymD¢£pD*d£CxgD*<xc-°fDbpD* wG¢Af£DH&°*f£~|D*
6+ 5. &. -B >% ac8.

/ s8B: R( C R( E7
6J k7+
NO K8 5. . CO
@J , C6H6 #M7 C8BE C2H2 CW >% J . RI E5 pY
N
vCHx 1! R( 6.
23 6. 9E A $ 1 I7 8s1 E 71+ 451 R( )J C 18
=451 C 100 g >5 M1 I7 23 >5 >%1
E
78AB $MM= 6BU

$3 / $5 $8n $"!

4

6
7 89
:e
60+ a1
/ 74.1% E+ C:5. 25.9% E+ C$ #8 451 R( 4J
vN = 14 , O = 16x
:9
1.85 mol = 25.9 = C < M
14
4.63 mol = 74.1 = C:5 < M
16
4$ M:8i 1RI. 1L+ 1.85 : 4.63 N < M : O < M C+ E
: <1 M C+ M+
N : O
1.85 4.63
:
1.85 1.85
1 : 2.5
R( [E(
v2x >71 )c+ C , . RI C E7
< E 23 &B
<
N2O5
‫ ﻫﻰ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ رﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﺠﺰيء اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ أو اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ أو وﺣﺪة اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ‬: Molecular Formula ‫اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﻨﻮع واﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﺬرات أو اﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺠﺰيء أو اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬
)c+ F , R( )J A 1 71+ 451 s8B: R( )J C 18
= R( J M
æÃk
Öcôª∏d á«dƒªdG á∏àµdG
= á«dhC’G á¨«°üdG äGóMh OóY
á«dhC’G á¨«°ü∏d á«dƒªdG á∏àµdG
:e
40 % E+ 6+5 C 6 8 v KV k1J x KW k1J 6. 1 > HE .
DW =60 g A s8B: 1 H$5 Qq 53.33 % E+ C:5. 6.67 % E+ C9
vC = 12 , H = 1 , O = 16x 60+ a1
/ k1 s8B: R(

4

6
7 89
:9
C H O
40 6.67 53.33
= <1 M )J
12 1 16
3.33 6.67 3.33
<1 C M RI. 1L+
1 : 2 : 1 = <1 M C+ E
C H2 O = R(
rB= u
V01W 9/ 30 = 12 + 2 1 + 16 = R( s8B: )J
2 = 60 = R( J M )J

30
J M R( = 451 s8B: R(
C2H4O2 = 2 CH2O = 451 s8B: R(
‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻰ واﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻨﻈﺮى‬

p HMYÇ
C 5 15 8M( 895 [ C 20 g 48Q.

C 45 g 4W c $ & !O 'l. F , -1
=c 895
? D 23 I C 50 +J L8M+ C 18 >
=7 D +1 D C+ P* p 65 QO

? K3 p
1
AgCl u QA V04W 9/
78AB $MM= 6BU

@'q! p2! %J p2!

4

6
7 89
a15 8;$ M

> M7 6q 7 15 M &( 15 >
-O
=] . : . <1 J+ 1 M1 C B8 :
M1 C A &( C 18
7 D
+ 1
! >($ 1 6q − > 1 1
O 7+ − a1
` C
6
6. >% %5 KQ )EW. =8` ;$ 7N1 +1 1 C >N. M 6
Practical Yield
)EW. O lO => $ 69:+ ! T(8 N K35 =! -/ B ) 8M :
M1
> V1 M1 6. . !$ :
M1 K!
E$ *
UJ >% #.
#; D
+ > M7 M1 7N1 . +1 1 1
, -L+ H
=Theoretical Yield
: N*7 C 7 D
8s1 E )J C 18
7 D

100% = 7 D
8s1 E
#; D

:e
: > &* C FRl H
%1 & D8
CO(g) + 2H2(g) Δ CH3OH(l)
=6+ 5. &. C S C9! C 1.2 g >
C %1 & C 6.1 g D$ Qq
[C = 12 , O = 16 , H = 1] =7 D
8s1 E 4J
:9
32 g = 12 + 16 + 4 1 = CH3OH s8B: 1

D
CH3OH C 1 mol H2 C 2 mol

D
32 g 4g
D
Xg 1.2 g
9.6 g = 32 1.2 = v 8; CH3OH 5 x X `
4
63.54 % = 100 6.1 = 7 D
8s1 E `
9.6
rKFèYÇ
¢Ag~6*f£)b££D*ib+b~zpD*¢A-bE*vsg~6*H¡D*<kp+<¢A)ÉE5Ef<¡mEEHb-
.á°SQóªdG áÑàµe ≈a IOƒLƒªdG ™LGôªdG ¢†©Hh ( âfôàfE’G ) äÉeƒ∏©ªdG áµÑ°ûH ∂dP

s9Ŧŧs7Ŧum
s
}Ŧũsüib`HŦ
U" > C :

1 M1 1 y( G C E7
: $3 / $%
=>
= M1 C J & $8 . s8B: . 93 M : A&D
J . $8 . s8B: . 93 C 9M. M #
M1 15 :
=M1 R(
-B ! 6 8 I7 9Q C+ 8M E$ F+. C E7
RI : $= $5
=451
M7 _ C E7
R( J . 451 . (7 -B: 8B9 RI : $n8*F $5
=J . -B: 3 ! 6 8 $8 . 93 7
=> M7 M/ 1 +1 M1 15 : @'q! p2!
=> C a1
` ! >($ M1 15 : %J p2!
s9Ŧŧs7ijmckb=
‫ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرة أو‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬
‫اوﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ‬
ŽHŦ ‫اﻟﺠﺰيء ﻣﻌﺒ ًﺮا ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮاﻣﺎت‬
22.4L 6.02 1023

STP ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺰيء أو ذرة أو أﻳﻮن‬

: ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣ ُﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
ّ ُ
‫اﻫﺪاف‬
: N AP T
O QM 8S 6 H# $8) D
=1 )9:+ >1 _$. C+ B18 &1+ M(L1 jY8
=! EJ(1 89 R ! |1 >7 6+3 1 '(8
=V1 fM+ >1 B5
C E78
=B5 J #Jq+ &1 B5
48
=">W 4I" >1 7 rV P78
#9VE FRc &1 B5
C+ $E N*7 >%18
=21:
A$] 9M R
@J C LL 8R >1 C+ 69L8
=!
$ F:J
!1. [l8 ME 8R k7+ c8
=
J VW
L k1 C > + M(L1 jY8
=!
(

'87 V1 8; C+ 69L8
=L k1
VW+ L g1J C+ B18
=9! \ \L M
!1
j* C8
fI P78
=!1 9! \
ws9Ŧŧs7Ŧ
: ‫ﻓﺼﻮل اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
78'5 9 0
- <
= 1
'&5.6/:89 : ‫اﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ‬
ådÉãdG ÜÉÑdG - ÖdÉ£dG ÜÉàc 40

,>1 C F t7
K$. :
KJ C sE ; H7. QO
9E 6. 15 GR C FVl & A
#3 -!
j* C E5 M7 > M1
YL M1 6M71 9V( K35 ,E3
8* =EI > l9
M C A88 1+ -1 #

C %5 _$. p => E7
EQ
(7 >% c1J ! >1
- >% #N ! ,[1
K3 = ;1 E
C as"
/ P7$ 6. #9c C1
#3 F7 F!$ J >1
A t7$
=A
ŵsj}ŦƁmsüjŦ
ŦgŦƁ
ّ ُ
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬
Solution
Solutions Acids
Mixture UX
Colloids 78'5
and Bases
Homogenous vFB
Heterogeneous vFB 'm
Saturated wM
Concentration *U'B
Morality $8Ao
Molality $o
Percentage $8n $"!
Acid u
Base G-
Alkali @-
Salt
Indicator V 9 W a/
41 ådÉãdG ÜÉÑdG - ÖdÉ£dG ÜÉàc e¥«d°d∑≤√ ZM¥dOMπ≤√ ‰Ë l°UD±

äÉjhô¨dGh π«dÉëŸG : ∫hC’G π°üØdG
Solutions and Colloids
rKFÇ"Çu
-1 O . II H+ 895. 7M [ lO

/
CJ < 18 n$: UV ! D8 )3
!$q
!"#$%&' (
C 6 >5 B1
C 18 , CW ! >5 )38 < . F:"G :9' =
S1 QO . =L71+ 1
, n$: ] 6 8 K3 ; z
"C TL 3G #:;%
I3B7 E"VK NH
"C W9 =
#3 , #R+ 18 A$q T71 &1 I C+ FV
28 /"C -?X 3:
CE >% ) W 1 VW+ A
$ B1
C 18 /
(9
G
=B$81 4 7Y > <W8 Y< 3G .5 C ( =

4"+
[Z *+, F:"G .5 E,G =
2<
3G"
\:+ "C =
U+( S8>K ] 3B7 E"9 ^
I*L
0 _ N"8
0 _
.5
;(
3` =
y% . D x8* V1W 9/ D II x/ 8AU V0W 9/ 8 U+( S8> F:"G
. $;"a % b*L
0

8
Q;1 3G Y4 =

<,( 28 = >G =
2*+7 28
% cd: =

@'m V4W 9/

; 36
<
Solutions ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬
WW.
` / 6
a$J.
I" / , U
8 17 89l >1
n$ 688 1!$. :W &1 n$ C C #. >+ H1N QO , 7 15 *
U
&1 f31 KQ > , &1 >M n$: 5|8 , 1 n+ M1
=AB. C -B #. -1
.‫ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدﺗﻴﻦ أو أﻛﺜﺮ‬: Solution ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬
E Q 6 1 1+ Solvent 4831 FW E5 E A #3 4R 6 1 TM8 M
= Solute )31 FW+ P78 RI
: Types of Solutions ‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬

a7E
/ >1 '(

C , M1 + a1M
/ ME
& 15 6. k7E L78
: &: !l8 15 4831 8B
$e Q8H $

6H $
Y
7EM GR – : -! G] G] G]
-1 43 C:5 – 8GR +Y1 G]
-1 v1: Mcx & C%8i – -1 & >W >W >W
-1 [1 . 4I
8M*E . C
*E C9! G]
Ag(s) / Hg(l) c FR1 4I >W 4I
5 > EW >% KE 4I

9 Y V0W &
-1 ! 6 8 >W 4I _ C >1 -B: 3 W9M B5$ PW
=4831

; 36
<
pUuKFvÅn{Ã
.Égƒëf á£HGôdG äÉfhôàµdEG ÜòL ≈∏Y IQòdG IQób ≈g : á«Hô¡µdG á«ÑdÉ°ùdG
πªëJ á«ÑdÉ°S ôÑcC’G IQòdGh á«Hô¡µdG á«ÑdÉ°ùdG ≈a ø«àØ∏àîe ø«JQP ø«H á«ªgÉ°ùJ ¬£HGQ ≈g :á«Ñ£≤dG á£HGôdG
b+ áÑLƒe á«FõL áæë°T iôNC’G πªëJ Éªæ«H b- áÑdÉ°S á«FõL áæë°T
áæë°T πªëj ±ôWh b+ á«FõL áÑLƒe áæë°T πªëj ±ôW É¡d ¿ƒµj ≈àdG äÉÄjõédG ≈g : á«Ñ£≤dG äÉÄjõédG
.§HGhôdG √òg ø«H ÉjGhõdGh ≈ZGôØdG É¡∏µ°Th É¡H §HGhôdG á«Ñ£b ≈∏Y ∂dP ∞bƒàjh b- á«FõL áÑdÉ°S
: ‫اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﺬﻳﺐ ﻗﻄﺒﻰ‬

; C9! C C:5 EW 1N _
9 4E+ EMN F+9 -1 -B M1 F+
1N 6. 15 , B E " C9! >18 1+ B EW " C:5 9Q >1
K3
C 9M -1 -B 6q K3 104.5° + 9L
-1 -B CM+ C+ 8B
=EML
EMN M+9
. .l*& D BM' $8* V+W 9/
: ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺘﻴﺔ واﻟﻼإﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺘﻴﺔ‬

O< #. O > O +! 9 >I
!
9N @J C >1 FL
.‫ ﻫﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﻟﻴﻠﻬﺎ أو ﻣﺼﻬﻮراﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻰ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ أﻳﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬: Electrolytes ‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺘﺎت‬
: O i FL

!
s8B S1 6. 71+ C80
6
@J , E5 9+ +! 9 >I
: $8P 7B'B/(
: !%. C $8. O K
=NaOH 8M( 59 NaCl 8M( 895 >% $8 E51
J +! 9 >I8 #3 HCl C9! 895 G] >% EML 1 E51
=8GR +! 9 >I8 < -1 A

; 36
<
æÃk
¬æµdh IOôØªdG ¬JQƒ°U ≈a ≈≤Ñj ’ H+ ø«LhQó«¡dG ¿ƒjCG ∫É°üØfGh AÉªdG ≈a ø«LhQó«¡dG ójQƒ∏c RÉZ ¿ÉHhP óæY
: á«dÉàdG ádOÉ©ªdÉH Éªc H3O+ Ωƒ«fhQó«¡dG ¿ƒjCG Ékfƒµe AÉªdG A…õéH §ÑJôj
+
HCl(g) + H2O(l) H3O (aq) + Cl (aq)
!
s8B C RI
/ -/ B 6. 71+ C80
] !$ 7l 9+ 9 >I
: $J%[ 7B'B/(
&x $ 59 CH3COOH vKVx KW k1J >% $8. O K 8
= H2O -1 NH4OH v$
‫ ﻫﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻰ ﻣﺤﺎﻟﻴﻠﻬﺎ أو ﻣﺼﻬﻮراﺗﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻰ ﻟﻌﺪم وﺟﻮد‬: Non Electrolytes ‫اﻟﻼإﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺘﺎت‬
‫أﻳﻮﻧﺎت ﺣﺮة‬
=%8i & !%. C , C80 9N ! n E5
78AB $MM= 6BU

$B'B/(I $B'B/K 9
: Dissolving Process ‫ذاﺑﺔ‬A‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ا‬

6%1 >% EML ] s8B: 1+ , EMN $8. E5 C1c
-1 !+ )3
M1
F! ,C8BE !$+Q $ O C F]+ -1 )3
< !5 , C8BE C . FY H8B
=+Qi 1 - . 1!+ )Q: fI )31 4831 45
%5. P7$ 6. 4:8 P*< 3
8M( 895 C 9+ Sl =5 !NI 4E+ 1 5J J -1 s8B
,)31 $8. )3:
9E+ M(
EML -1 s8B 6q -1 $8. 451 &%15 NaCl
C /7+ Cl− 89 $8. Na+ 8M( $8. &($ M:1+ 8M( 895 +QO 1 .E

F; > Y+ G 0.01 − 1 nm C+ 9MN. j
s8B . $8. C &1 6 8 , 9E
=A* C Q -c C 18 , AI AE5
$:
/ /
* 1 6 8 K3+ , &1 >M
EML -1 s8B S FE

EML s8B >(
-1 C >N Sl .
=6+3 U8 9 F++
، ‫ ﻫﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻔﻜﻚ اﻟﻤﺬاب إﻟﻰ أﻳﻮﻧﺎت ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ وأﻳﻮﻧﺎت ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ أو إﻟﻰ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‬: ‫اﻹذاﺑﺔ‬
.‫وﻳﺤﺎط ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺬﻳﺐ‬

; 36
<
: GA' $&A 1
9M M8B+ E( M1 F;7 $+Q MMB
FMV1 C [c8 &%1 >EW 7 4831 9J

$+3x $+3
9M S+ MMB

W
E $ $+Q 6. >+L1
v g / 100g
9M 12 g H$5 0°C 9M 7 9

j* k7+ 6. CJ , 100 g HEI 52°C
>% '7l A$+Q 9 9M 0
6 8
=9 9M _
9+ >L8 z k7E NaCl
GA' $&A $H $PI% VhW 9/
: O SEY 9 a7E
/ &1 '(
C 18
!* )31 C #. 15 lO 4831 A >EL8 #3 &1 : wM 'm
=7 9J 9M
=7 9J 9M )31 C 15 (N. 4831 A #8 #3 &1 : wM
C 18 SEY J O AI 7+ +31 M1 C 8B >EL8 #3 &1 : wM D
s8B >(
=ME p
QO AO )31 C 8B1 lO SEY1 &1 CV+ A &(
E( M1 C RI 9+ Sl . 8E SEY1 &1 C B E( M1
=9+ > " 9E 23 B M1 S1:
@J , &1 3 +31
: ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬
F C 18 >+ , M 15 Q 6
< A
$ 6q K3 ; UV &1 6. @J
& 9E V
K3 , &1 B5
|8 1 4831 C 7 15 >M )31 15
6
'V 9E V$ v 4831 C E5. H x E5 )31 15 6 8 B5
E >% >1 B5
C E7 V fI p =4831 1 E+ N )31 15
= <1 – 89<1 – 8s1
78AB $MM= 6BU

$JBX 7*U'2 7d 9 'z2

; 36
<
: Molarity (M) ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﻳﺔ‬

89<1 [M(1+ &1 B5
C E7 C 18
‫ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺬاﺑﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬: ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﻳﺔ‬
vMx . v mol L x J+ 9L

vmolx <1 M

= vMx 89<1
vLx &1 F:J
:e
+31 5 6. H1 QO -1 C12H22O11 4(L W &1 #9<1 B5 4J
v C = 12 , H = 1 , O = 16 x 0.5 L A1:J & 85.5 g
:9
342 g mol = 12 12 + 22 1 + 11 16 = 4(L 1
85.5 g :+ M1 5
0.25 mol = = = < M
342 g/mol 1
0.25 mol
0.5 mol / L = = vMx #9<1 B5
0.5 L
: Molality (m) ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺬاب ﻓﻰ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﺟﺮام واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺬﻳﺐ‬: ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﻴﺔ‬
N*7 C 4
v mol / kgx J+ 9L

vmolx )31 < M
= vmolkgx m <1
vkgx 4831 5
:e
a1
/ -1 C 800 g 8MI 59 20 g +Qq+ c &1 <1 B5 4J
vNa = 23 , H = 1 , O = 16x 60+
:9
40 g mol = 23 + 16 + 1 = NaOH 1
0.5 20
0.625 molkg = = vmx <1 B5 0.5 mol = = NaOH < M
0.8 40

; 36
<
: (Collective Properties) ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬

rV C 1: A+ 8M ] EI M +QO AI C L 4831 r 'V
=1: 9M 6R 9M #9VE FRc ! !c7+ S M+1
: Vapour Pressure ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺒﺨﺎرى‬

‫ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺬى ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺒﺨﺎر ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﺗﺰان دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ‬: ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺒﺨﺎرى‬
.‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ داﺧﻞ إﻧﺎء ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة وﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻴﻦ‬
MG 1 , > 9J 9M #9VE FRc 178

> #9VE FRc MMB8 VE &7 MMB8 9 9M
#9VE FRc [E(8 J _
9< 9 9M 1W QO
ML$ 1
, 6R .E8 > 6q #: FRc 8`
=7EM 6R ML$ 23 6R
A$] 9M T+M
&* C >W -L$ &<W< C 18
=A 7EM 6R 9M S
ac/B $' = 'XB $' VEW 9/ 17 > + l71 [M s8B 6
L 4831
4831 s8B C+ )Q: #N ! 4R 4:8 J #L > 3!+ I VE
s8B [E(
[M s8B C c̀7+ 6 , &1 #9VE FRc >L8 )3 lO . ,!c7+
4831 s8B C+ )Q: #N 6. 15 =VE l71 4831 [MW J C >L8 1 )3
1 M #9VE FRc 178 =!c7+ 4831 s8B C+ H$5 1 E5. [E(
)31
=AI . AE5
n )31
- G
'8MB 'm 6H @B8 @AX F5z 'U - Q8H @AX F5z V0?W 9/

; 36
<
: ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎن‬
.‫ ﻫﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﺴﺎوى ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺒﺨﺎرى ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮى‬: ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎن اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
-1 C 100°C L -1 R8

S
-1 [1 lO 6i K35 n [1
v1 atmx #: FRc
6 ;L -1 C &1 6] 9M C
)!
-1 s8B >L
[1 1
vatmx #9VE FRc
-1 Z8 #9VE FRc >L > [MW C

vwx & 9M S

+ , E5. NI O -1
B5
>N.
vx &
8M ] )3 #. S KQ 9 8 6R
B5
. t1 >%1
>+L1 FMV1 4831 Pc8
6] 9M t2 1+ vwx &1 6] 9M
°C 9 9M 100°C t1 t2 & &%1 >EW 7 , vx &1
W
E $ C 0.2 M &1 U8 #3 R n$ A+ U8 NaCl 7M [ C 0.2 M
0.2 M & VW QO C &1 $8 < M n$ D8 1! >5 6 KNO3
=:
$8 < M M8G 4E+ E5. 9+ 6R 9M S

Na2CO3 8MI $+5
.‫ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺴﺎوى ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬: ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎن اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ‬
: ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ‬
U8 1 &1 1:
9M
` 0
/ |8 4831 O 8M ] )3 lO

=6R 9M
)31 C+ )Q: 4E+ L AJ C 4831 1:
9M kV
4831 O )3 lO 7
-1 6q 8: fM O [1 lO 7 K3 ; EI M O 4831 &
S18 #3 4831
=UM C >L8 9 f<B$ S18 1 , !+ 1:8 C fM M1
178 < 4831 E3 )31 1 M S 1: ML$ gV$< # 4W8
D
&1 6q , - 1000 g O G5 v180 gx J & lO 7 =1! >5 7EI
,- 1000 g O 8M( 895 C v58.5 gx J & lO C – 1.86°C 1:8
/ 6. O KQ #B78 – 3.72°C 1:8 D
&1 6q
C C D8 NaCl C /J <
=1: 9M gV$< c O KQ #M|8 ,$8

e¥«d°d∑≤√ ZM¥dOMπ≤√ ‰Ë l°UD±
óYGƒ≤dGh ¢VÉªMC’G : ≈fÉãdG π°üØdG
Acids and Bases
rKFÇ"Çu
‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ واﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ؟‬

>EW 7 , 6$i J C E5
/ -/ B L g1J >%1
!"#$%&' (
'; 1 17I k7+ V8 #3 >V &%1 =G 3 :9' =
/49 -*C'
C %5 g1J >
6z a18N
/ AY5 F
c1J &
W
4"+ 2Q N' =
KW*E 8M :1 1W >% 1 ( -*C' =G
=== 9 89M+ 6*+7 *C:' J1 . =

4"+
1
&B1 VW< C 87 ! K35 L
0*/ &1 =
8M ( ;1 6+( >% 1 ( $*+7
= EI ,4 1 : Y) =
/"G 0*/ &1
/'e P) C 1 , =
u
)! . |'P u
I M u
N GP ! aq!
GP )!

1$*= 9>
=59 $8. 8MI $8. a$

/ K 8 A$q -1 8M( 59 6+Q K35
+
Water
NaOH(s) Na (aq) + OH (aq)
. D 8 "UA# V00W 9/
. KQ J< C &. 65 , V U1$. ! -1 L g1J K

1
=\9. #8 F7 Y SW 6L
+
K8E k1J H2SO4(aq) H (aq) + HSO4(aq)
+
W
E 59 KOH(aq) K (aq) + OH (aq)
: {
L g1J 7EI
A8;$ \9. C. Ωw
H+ ‫ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺎء وﺗﻌﻄﻰ أﻳﻮ ًﻧﺎ أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ أﻳﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ‬: ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺾ‬
OH ‫ ﻫﻰ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺎء وﺗﻌﻄﻰ أﻳﻮ ًﻧﺎ أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ أﻳﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬: ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة‬
H+ E1 C9! $8. B5

M8G >17
g1J 6. J*$ 8; 23 &* C
15 C9! $8 9(15 C9! \9. k1J #8 6. 4M8 3 =1 >1
59! $8. B5
M8G >17
L 6q #. J$ C =g1J K
<M7 C [c8
15 OH− 59! 1: #
6. +< \9. N 6q + , 1 >1
L k1 &M7
U8
\9. 8;$
,L K
<M7 C [c8
: M71+ 15 , - $8. 45 C8
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

1$*= 9>
HA + B A + BH
u
GP $-D' GP yD' u
VN2' W VN2' 9-B"W
-1 E78 + -1 O $/

+ [18 A$ c1J
/ HCl E78 -1 HCl k1J +QO
H3O+ $9! 68. 1+ L N Cl− 89 68. [E(8 6
E 3 4 8 A$ N
=T k1J
u
GP $-D' GP yD' u
: M71 C KQ [c8 N v 9MY x $ 9E+ [18 '87 3 6. 15

NH3(g) + H2O(l) OH (aq) + NH 4(aq)
GP u
$-D' GP yD' u
=k1J O &

6
E 3 L 4
N O &8 a$
+
/ k1 [18 7
.‫ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻧـًﺎ‬: ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ‬
.‫ ﻫﻰ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻧـًﺎ‬: ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻘﺔ‬
: Lewis Theory ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﻳﺲ‬
/
: {
L k1 C >5 '87 <1" %5. 8;$ Ωw n8 C
$ E F7 Sl
=$ i C %5. . ZG >EL
M1 : k1
=$ i C %5. . ZG [1
M1 : L
68. 1+ n8 k1J vH+x E78 vF−x 89 68. S vH+x C9! 68. M
7
: > Y C KQ [c8 n8 N vF−x
+
H (aq) + F (aq)
HF(aq)

1$*= 9>
: ( "-!2 #A t%2

O 1
{V
v6J − E$x #c >I. ! g1J : Organic acids 8c g1J.
k1J − KW k1J − K9 k1J : >% 7l g1J. , -c. C
=K5 k1J − K8 k1J − K5*
8B< I !E5
>8 g1J K
: Mineral acids $7 g1J.
k1J : >% #c >I. C H ] 9W C H8E 9 >% E/ ]
k1J − HClO4 K895E k1J − H3PO4 K89W k1J − HCl K8959!
H2SO4 K8E k1J − HNO3 K8 k1J − H2CO3 K$+
r'/ u
V0hW 9/ rBUI u
V0;W 9/ r8'B" u
V0+W 9/
$8f5 } D 2FB! D N D
: u $8- Z'%2 B u )-8'I 9JB8 B &A) 7Ad % t%2
O 4
: v Monobasic acids 8L 8MJ. x 6
E 8MJ.
= /J $/
+ -1 A$+Q ! -B: M78
CH3COOH KW k1J HCl K8959! k1J
HCOOH K9 k1J HNO3 K8 k1J
: v Dibasic acids 8L x 6

E
=C . /J $/
+ -1 A$+Q ! -B: M78
COOH H2SO4 K8E k1J
K5 k1J
COOH K5 k1J H2CO3 K$+ k1J

1$*= 9>
: v Tribasic acids 8L * x 6

E *
=$
+ U* . C . /J $/
+ -1 A$+Q ! -B: M78
CH2 COOH H3PO4 K89W k1J
K8 k1J HO C COOH
CH2 COOH
78AB $MM= 6BU
<
~ $3 / |X
: ‫ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬: ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
ً
: 8 15 nW k7+ T L '(
C 18
:8 U D )//J2 $&A t%2
O 0
>% , g1J 15 8N O E7
, C80
N : Strong Bases 8N N
Ba(OH)2 89E 59 , NaOH 8M( 59 , KOH W
E 59
59 >% 7l O E7

, C80
] N : Weak Bases 7l N
NH4OH $
NaOH
NH 4OH
$J%z G- 'U $&A ')/ AB 92 $8- G- V0>W 9/
: n8*F )U'B t%2

O 1
: >% N E7
3 - [ M7
k1 S >
M1 k7+
MgO – FeO >% : Metal Oxides B W5.

FeO(s) + HCl(aq) FeCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

1$*= 9>
NaOH – Ca(OH)2 >% : Metal Hydroxides B 59

Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) CaSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
: Metal Carbonates ( or Bicarbonates ) B $+ + . $+5

K2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2KCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
KHCO3(s) + HCl(aq) KCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
)3
M1 !$. !87
C 18 Alkalis 8N 1
-1 )3
L
6. : &L 18 K3 ; L C -B 8L 6. #. OH − 59! 68. M7
-1
=8N L >5 n N 8L >5
‫اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ا?ﺣﻤﺎض واﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬

/
VW C 18 @J , <M7 . 8` N . c1J
` 65 QO &1 _$ P7 fI
= pH 9! FN \L . v '" x M
: Indicators ( ‫دﻟﺔ ) اﻟﻜﻮاﺷﻒ‬2‫ ا‬: ‫أو ًﻟﺎ‬

6 P* KQ 4E , &1 _$ R+ !$ R8 7l N . g1J. C 9E
1 - . &1 _$ P7 '" V
, C801 ] > 6 C C801 >
: V1 UW !$ M k7E %. [l8 &: , L k1 C+ 871
%B F D @- F D z F D 9
L
+ I. 1J. L
+ >%
c. f9G. I. f9G &1 +
6 F8 #M9 1J. 6 F8 C%
:+ f9G. 1J. n1Y ME

%B @- z F D ) a/ u% $e V+W &
WOzÇdÅWuKF
áZód ÉeCG , ΩƒjOƒ°üdG äÉfƒHôµ«H ∫ƒ∏ëe ΩGóîà°SÉH É¡LÓY øµªjh ô«KCÉàdG á«°†ªM πëædGh πªædG áZód ôÑà©J
.πîdG ΩGóîà°SÉH É¡LÓY øµªjh ájƒ∏b ≈¡a ôëÑdG πjóæbh QƒHódG

1$*= 9>
: pH ‫ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻨﻰ‬: ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬

ً
K3 V8 N =14 O 0 C N90+ >1 8L . l1 9M C E7 )W.
=N9 F8" . 1N9 G!
: 1! >5 B5
pH 1N 17
OH− H+ $8. #
1 >1 S1
= 7 C >N. pH 1N 6
c1J &1 6 8 OH− < H+ B5
65 QO
= 7 C E5. pH 1N 6
#N &1 6 8 OH− > H+ B5
65 QO
= 7 = pH 1N 6
&M7 &1 6 8 OH− = H+ B5
65 QO
-
H+ OH
H +
pH = 7 OH - pH > 7 pH < 7
OH - H +
pH $ P H+ N8 *U'2 $PI% V0CW 9/
MI kE g+ E78 CJ c1 M1 C FI1M ( 61 ( >V E78
8N M ;1 BEV
#N k1J '7l k1J &M7 7l N 8N N
!&A) P' ,- V0EW 9/
Salts ‫ا?ﻣﻼح‬
: ‫ﻣﻼح‬2‫ﻃﺮق ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ا‬
EQ
15 , l9 YL % +
,
J 1!1 E51 _$. J. j* E7
: fM #Jq+ 17

` j* c
C 18 C , AN EW . E -
1 UY C9! TE
B : $JJX <
= w 7*J 9J2
;" 48L
7N+ >7Y8 #3 C9! (8 V1 g1J > A >
=-1 aEQ
/ [1 LE8 AO 7Y

1$*= 9>
'V
- C9 + k1 [ k1J + vFY$x B
dil.
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)-
[1 LE8 -1 VE &1 CV+ D

[1 >( C 18
S B >
+7I J M L8M 23 V
: <
= w 7*J U 9J2
C9! C B UY$ L . > 9M 4E+ -W "E k1
- + k1 [ k1J + B 5.
Δ
CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
+L B 59 J L8M 23 [(

: u w *J "UA# 9J2
=8L C E7
, -1 6+3
- + k1 [ #N + k1J

Δ
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
78AB $MM= 6BU
G- u G'8%
*
V
Neutralization &M7 *+ 8L S g1J *
P7

k1J . #N VW+ B5 &!: #N . k1J B5
8L 1 > &M7
s k1 15 6
&M7 U8 , 4W v >M x '"5 M B5 7
=#L 1 a1
H+ ] K$+ k1J j*. : <

= q% w *J 7'/ 7'U 9J2
6 8 A >8 AJ*. C 2MM8 6. A
/ E %5. k1J # C 18 vcV A$] 9Mx
=c 9E > 3 V8 6+ 5. $ G] (8 - 8: k1 [
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)-

1$*= 9>
: Nomenclature of Salts ‫ﻣﻼح‬2‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ا‬

L 41 68 S vX− 6$x k1 4 68 UE
9 [1 6 8
/ &L C7ML C 6 8 [1 1 FW< 6q K3 vMXx [1 D vM+ 6
x
*%
k1 4 68 &8 & SML1 === 3 W
+ $ . 8MI 895
41 68 &8 $% SML1 1+ =[1 c1 TY A TM8 #3 v6$x
vHNO3x K8 k1J M
7 =[1 #L TY A TM8 #3 v6
x L
vKNO3x W
+ $ 18 D
[1 6q vKOHx W
E 59 S
KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
[l8 &: =6

6$ C >5 |
D
[1 1 R( 'N

=! cJ g1J !RI j* k7E %.
z yM
u _I u% $e u
VNW
PbvNO3x2 II rI9 $ – KNO3 W

+ $
vNO3x− $ HNO3 K8
FevNO3x3 III 8J $
MgCl2 ] 895 – NaCl 8MI 895 K8959!

Cl− 895
AlCl3 . 895 HCl
vCH3COOx2Cu II \$ W. – CH3COOK W

+ W. v*x W. vKVx KW
vCH3COOx3Fe III 8J W. (CH3COO)− CH3COOH
CuSO4 \$ 8E5 – Na2SO4 8MI 8E5 vSO4x2− 8E5

H2SO4 K8E
AlvHSO4x3 8E + – NaHSO4 8MI 8E + vHSO4x−8E +
CaCO3 5 $+5 – Na2CO3 8MI $+5 vCO3x2− $+5 K$+

MgvHCO3x2 ] $+ + – NaHCO3 8MI $+ + vHCO x− $+ + H2CO3
3
)
I u% <
= $e V;W &

1$*= 9>
: 8 ;J* C 18 T+ &: C
9Q M7 KQ S8 K$+ k1J K8E k1J >% j* C 6$ ! g1J k7+
= H3PO4 K89W k1J >% j*. * ! g1J. p k1 -B &E C9!
15 lq+ . v Bi a+ x lq+ 18 6. O A c1 TY C9 #8 #3 [1

= 9 8E5 . HSO4 8E + >% 9
H+ 9I ! C 18
H2SO4
H3PO4
_I= G%B <
V1?W 9/
%5. ! B J 4

c1 TY+ FE
1 B |
III . II N9 &

=|
C
c1 TY 4 8 CH3COOK+ W
E W. >% 8c7 g1J j*. J
=C1 O #L 9 O B
Salt Solutions ‫ﻣﻼح‬C‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟ‬

6 8 v pH < 7 x c1J
` 6 8 !1 , !I j*d 1 >1 'V

6 8 v pH > 7 x #N 6 8 ! , NH4Cl & >% 7l L 8` N k1
#8 v pH = 7 x &M7 ! , Na2CO3 & >% 8N L / 7l k1
=CH3COONH4 NaCl & >% L L k1 C >5

: ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣ ُﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺎب اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬
ّ ُ
‫اﻫﺪاف‬
: N AP T
O QM 8S 6 H# $8) D
=89 1 M71 P78
=9 I1 * M9M * P78
=F1 FW ; C+ B18
− TR1 − j1x V1 1;$ _$. C+ 69L8

=v&B71
=89 8 & 6$L P78
NM FW1 \L 9 9M 6. D8
=; s8B: 5
=A
s8B 5J ; NI C+ N*7 [l8
v#9 #1x E%$i P78
=#9<1
9 F+
N*7 TEM8
=#9 R
LM1 . (11 9 48
=; C
=#9 S1: n 6$N TL8
ŦŦŧs7Ŧ
: ‫ﻓﺼﻮل اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬
@A' @B 0
@A' @B D '5B A 1
( ?@ : ‫اﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ‬
™HGôdG ÜÉÑdG - ÖdÉ£dG ÜÉàc 68

87+ N 17$ @J , 6$ E+ ` ! NM C 89 NM
!V$ 15 , -3R fJ C :
9 V1 MY$ C
1 &B1 V
@J ,
9 C %5
( C E5 M 17
15 ,': !M s
-17 F 6$ E+ !1 , 89 NM
89 R W9+ -1 F _ C _
U
8B 1 R EJ(1
=89 -1 + _ 3 1W M1
F1 k7+ J 23 &W 3
,89 -1 + (1 WW
R 9I k7+ P7W 15
)J 5 , #9 #1
k7E+ #9 #1 R
#9 71 VW , fM
EJ(1 89 R \N
=8B 1 R
u:ŰŦüŦŠsmjmhŦ
‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴ ُﺔ‬
ّ ُ
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬ Thermochemistry
Thermochemistry $8A' . /
System q!
Surrounding F F
Isolated System *% q!
Openend System _BJ q!
Closed System y5 q!
Specific Heat $! GA'
Heat Content @A' @B
Heat of Solution NH GA'
Heat of dilution aJXB GA'
Heat of formation 8/B GA'
Heat of combustion 'B

o GA'

Hess s Law v# NP
Bond Energy $M' $PI
69 ™HGôdG ÜÉÑdG - ÖdÉ£dG ÜÉàc e¥«d°d∑≤√ ZM¥dOMπ≤√ ‰Ë l°UD±

iQGô◊G iƒàëŸG : ∫hC’G π°üØdG
Heat Content
rKFÇ"Çu
:‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ا?ﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‬
,NM R
!EJ(
8B 1 R S1 !"#$%&' (
SG S7: 6Q . =
5 SM$ < @J , S1: ` 1! NM

4"+
Q;1 #:;% N' =
6M c . Q H$5 -W V1 MY$+ L .
IF. f P"8 f :4K
F7 =. >M 8 fJ C :
NM O *" F1 N:;' =
8 F 18 !L$ 5 NM W9+ F!8 #3
G
89 8 _ C _+ -17 F N , 89
G
B
=
1 * EJ(1 89 R W9M A F8 2C4 -< 2C4 =
-G"
V
v89 -1 x FW A TM8 8B R

5 6Q
)
cd: =
= Thermochemistry
R.0
: ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻘﺎء اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ &' -G

0 N% A, =
2R.L
5G 2< S7:
c 89 1 NM !1 , NM 9I M7
6Q
9I O NM '(
&* C C , 5 +!
IUG U:GK (`;g =
,9( N+ C !
3+ L 9I >5 6. 9(
6. K 18 V UM:
C NM &
@J , NM 9I S1 C+ N* 8 C -G S
P(< =
=NM -L+ 6$N {$ O $ML8 3 , #. O 9I UG 8
C:
‫ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻰ أى ﺗﺤﻮل ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻰ أو ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻰ ﻻ ﺗﻔﻨﻰ وﻻ‬: ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻘﺎء اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫ ﺑﻞ ﺗﺘﺤﻮل ﻣﻦ ﺻﻮرة إﻟﻰ أﺧﺮى‬، ‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺪم‬
?NM+ 1 > N* C

A&3<A<
1 * 4]. 6. @J , NM R+ +( 6

1 * F;7
, A+ F8 #3 FW > FW C+ NM &ME
U8 , NI {1
. NI ! TM8 6. O
= F1 FW+ P78 A+ F8 #3 FW ;+ > FW 18 @J
‫ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻮن اﻟﺬى ﻳﺤﺪث ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻰ أو اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻰ أو ﻫﻮ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻤﺤﺪد ﻣﻦ‬: ( System ) ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
. ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺬى ﺗﻮﺟﻪ إﻟﻴﻪ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‬
. ‫ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺬى ﻳﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎم وﻳﺘﺒﺎدل ﻣﻌﻪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮارة أو ﺷﻐﻞ‬: ( Surrounding ) ‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‬
. \0 6
; MJ D
*1 C ; E78 1 * J
=>+ F -" #. 6 8 F1 FW 1+ , > A+ U8 #3 9E< )E$. . f9
: Types of systems ‫ﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬2‫أﻧﻮاع ا‬
; C+ M1. NM C #. &L$+ [18 < #3 v Isolated System x &B71 ;
=F1 FW
C+ NM M1 C >5 &ME+ [18 #3 ; v Openend System x j1 ;
= F1 FW ;
F1 FW ; C+ FL NM &ME+ [18 #3 v Closed System x TR1 ;
= >R" . 9J 9I
F1 FW
;
NM
$ q= Y V1W 9/ F F q! $PI% V0W 9/
: First law of Thermodynamic ‫ول ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﺎ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‬2‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ا‬

V 9"q+ C , F1 FW NI > 1 R+ +/ ( 6 8 ; NI R
#.
=/ + 9L
/ NM >;
J
∆Esystem = − ∆Esurrounding
‫ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻷى ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻌﺰول ﺗﻈﻞ‬: ( First law of Thermodynamic ) ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻷول ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﺎ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‬
.‫ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻣﻦ ﺻﻮرة إﻟﻰ أﺧﺮى‬، ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬

A&3<A<
: Heat and Temperature ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

M(L1 1 , C7l1 C+ 9 9M f z Sl C 9 &L$ 'N8
?A
s8B 5J ; 9J 9M C+ N*7 ? 9 9+
‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺪل ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬، ‫ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺎدة‬: ( Temperature ) ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
.‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﺴﺨﻮﻧﺔ أو اﻟﺒﺮودة‬
6 8 , J M1

! ; GB< 5 1M M1 9Q s8B
#M. s8B: 5J FW MG 15 3 =k7E !c7+ S 1 s8B: C 1: C ;
=9 9M M8B KQ
/ Heat 9 E7

&L$ J NI !$. !O ;8 6. C 18 === NM & ". C * "
=1!
9J 9M Ce V C1
e C+
5 NM C E7
, s8B: 5J W FW MMG 89J NI ; 45 15
=[I n 7 , ; 9J 9M _
9< #M|8 1 ; s8B: Kinetic energy
= A
s8B 5J ; NI C+ 8MI N*7 6. #.
: ‫وﺣﺪات ﻗﻴﺎس ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
: calorie ‫اﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬
.(15°C : 16°C) 1°C L -1 C 1 g 9J 9M S G* 9 15 A$0+ P78
: Joule ‫اﻟﺠﻮل‬
1 °C 9L1+ -1 C 1 g 9J 9M S G* 9 15 A$0+ P78
4.18
1 cal = 4.18 J
WOzÇdÅWuKF
å«M , AGò¨dG øe É¡«∏Y ∫ƒ°üëdG ºàj ≈àdG IQGôëdG á«ªc ÜÉ°ùM óæY Calorie iQGôëdG ô©°ùdG IóMh Ωóîà°ùJ
á«ÑàµªdG ∫ÉªYC’G ≈a ¬«°†≤J Ωƒj ≈Øa , ∂WÉ°ûf iƒà°ùe ≈∏Y ájQGôëdG äGô©°ù∏d ∂cÓ¡à°SG iƒà°ùe óªà©j
.¥ÉÑ°ùdG AÉ¡fE’ Éjv QGôM Gôk ©°S 1800 ¿ƒKGQÉªdG AGóY ∂∏¡à°ùj Éªæ«H ,(Calorie) Éjv QGôM Gôk ©°S 800 ∂∏¡à°ùJ
1 Kcal = 1000 cal
: Specific Heat ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻫﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺟﺮام واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة درﺟﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬: ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬

A&3<A<
_$ P*+ 9 'V

= J/g°C 9 \N V1 J
!
9J 9M S

J 9 C E5 15 O Z
E5 $ 9J ! M1 , M1
/
M1 n 7+ , #. NM 23 L
J *8I / N fR
15 8I KQ fR8
= RI $ 9J !
vGRx -1 v>Wx -1 8 \ 6+ G

$! GA'
2.01 4.18 0.444 0.385 0.711 0.9
J/g°C
u% $! GA' V0W &

: ‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
: 6$L VW T8I C ; C (11 . LM1 9 15 )J C 18
qp = m. c. ΔT
f ΔT , 9 c , m , H+ FRl WL1 9 15 C E7
qp 6O @J
=! 9 T2 1+ , +< 9 T1 @J , vΔT = T2 − T1x N*7 C 4
9 9M
: ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻌﺮ اﻟﺤﺮارى‬
/
L S18 @J , &B71 ; 9J 9M R \N C 18 <B7 / ;$ 71 8
C 7 15 VW C 18 K35 , F1 FW S M1 . NM C 9N #. )5 .
A
9J _
9 4E+ KQ , -1 4R 6
, #9 &ME !7 F8 M1
)J T8I C 9 9M R )J F8 , NM C E5 15 L )5+ A [18 1
=ΔT +< ! 9 9M C+ f
9J \N V8 vBomb Calorimeterx EL 7 18 71 C _$ 8
!NJ M1 M1 C 7 15 VW+ > #:8 @J , M1 k7+ fJ
-+ 18 4( C &B7 - l 6
, H+ # FRl H
C:5 C
=-1 C 7 1 + fJ< ] U
, +!5 KW VW+ M1 &7"O F8 , fJ<
: ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﻌﺮ اﻟﺤﺮارى‬

=- 6 8 E/ ] >W A+ Sl8 4L M.
&B7 -$O C #9 71 6 8

A&3<A<
, NM 8 $ i NI >%1

: GAH D $*BX $3 / $PM
=NM # 6 Sl NI 5 NI (
1 F+ -B: 1 NM
: .l*F D $*BX $3 / $PM
=$8. F+9 . 1
F+9 H$5 -W A
9Q C+ F+
9E &9$ )3 #L+ M1 s8B C+ )3: #N P7
: 7n8*F F' @P
#L 23 17
, 9! F+ >% s8B: C+ #. #N
15 , Sl NI C
= !EMN # s8B: 7EI
: 6. [c8 TEW 1
F+ NI , 93 NM 8 $ i NI C D
, NM C 9N
/ 6BV
M1
M1 NM K
_1: TM8 , ! $ 1 s8B: C+ )Q: NI , 1
=#9<1 E%$i . M1 #9 #1+ M1 C &
.‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻧﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة‬: (‫ ( ) اﻹﻧﺜﺎﻟﺒﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﻻرى‬H ) ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﺤﺮارى ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة‬
6. 7EM C A$q , ! F+ _$. . M . 93 _$ M1 s8B P*< ;$ /
NM . #9 #1 \N 1
` C 11 ] C , V1 M1 #9 #1 'V8
V1 R - . #9 #1 UM R AWN 18 C , 7 M $BV1
=M1 .M

‫ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﺤﺮارى ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ وﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى‬: (ΔH) ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﺤﺮارى‬
.‫اﻟﺤﺮارى ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ‬
: 6. #.
*1 #9 #1 – D
#9 #1 = #9 #1 R
ΔH = Hproducts – Hreactants
: ΔH° ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﺤﺮارى اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻰ‬

: J WN Po H
V1 * ΔH FN $9L F8 6. -17 T

= 1 atm #: FRc &M78 FRl
= 25°C R 9J 9M
= 1 M &1 B5

=I = (7 #9 #1 6. -17 E
Δqp
ΔH˚ = 6q <1 M n , 9 15 Δqp H$5 QO
n

A&3<A<
: C$ O 1 * EJ(1 89 R FL
C 18
: Exthothermic Reaction ‫ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻄﺎردة ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة‬: ‫أو ًﻻ‬

=A
9J 9M S
F1 FW O > D
$ J05 9J ! TM8 *
G] C 1 mol >8 @J , -1 C8 C:5 G] S C9! G] >
!%. C
TM8 vH2Ox -1 C 1 mol 6 vO2x C:5 G] C 1 mol S vH2x C9!
2
: M71+ 15 , 9 C 285.8 kJ/mol
H2(g) + 1 O2(g) H2O(l) + 285.8 kJ/mol
2
: 8 O >I$ L+ M71 C
9M _
9 ; 9J 9M {L$ O #M|8 1 , F1 FW O ; C 9 >L

=F1 FW 9J
, 1 M1 89 81 _1: C >N. :
M1 89 81 _1:
/ A D8 PW > 6q NM -L+ 6$L / LEI
=D
9J {L k87 9 C 9N
=EW 9"q+ vΔH°x #9 #1 R C E7 F8
78AB $MM= 6BU

GA' GAM 7IJB
: Endothermic Reaction ‫ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻤﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة‬: ً‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬

=A
9J 9M gV$ O #M|8 1 F1 FW C 9J r( ! F8 *
]1 5. O vMgCO3x ]1 $+5 K
>
9 I1 * %. C
117.3 r( O vMgCO3x C 1 mol >5 Z8 @J , vCO2x 6+ 5. $ vMgOx
: M71+ 15 , vCO2x C 1 mol vMgOx C 1 mol M78 K NM C kJ/mol
MgCO3(s) + 117.3 kJ/mol MgO(s) + CO2(g)
:8 O >I$ L+ M71 C
=NI F1 FW L8 89J NI ; 4 , ; O F1 FW C 9 >L

, 1 M1 89 81 _1: C . :
M1 89 81 _1:
/ {18 PW > 6q NM -L+ 6$L L/ EI
=*1 9J {L k87 9 C 9N
=E 9"q+ vΔH°x #9 #1 R C E7 F8

A&3<A<
vHx #9 #1
vHx #9 #1

MgO(s) + CO2(g) H2(g) + ½O2(g)
vD
$x v*x
ΔH° = 117.3 kJ/mol
MgCO3(s) ΔH° = 285.8 kJ/mol

H2O(l)
v*x
vD
$x
> 2:
> 2:

GA' | 9J2 FMX V;W 9/ GA' AI 9J2 FMX V+W 9/
: N*7 C vΔH°x 1!+ f D
*1 #9 #1 C+ N*7 [l
C 18
ΔH° = Hp – Hr
78AB $MM= 6BU
GA' $ 7IJB
: ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﺤﺮارى وﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ‬

6BV
@J , D
8 F+9 C8 1 M1 M1 F+ 5 U8
=15 Sl NI 1 M+
=M+ 5 F8 J F1 FW C NM C 9L r( F8 M+ 5 - .
F+9 5
‫ﻃـﺎﻗـﺔ‬
9 r
-B ( 9Q
= vF1 FW 9J 9M MMBx F1 FW O NI TM

M+ C8
- .
F+9 C8
‫ﻃـﺎﻗـﺔ‬
9 M9I
( 9Q -B
.‫ ﻫﻰ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ أو اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة‬: ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ‬
VW -17 T

K3 ; 8B AJ . 451 _ 7E
/ J M+ NI 'V

: F+ k7E NM FW [l8 vx &: , M+ NI C <+ / M+ NI FW

A&3<A<
kJ\mol $M' $PI FB $M' kJ\mol $M' $PI FB $M'
432 H H 346 C C
358 C O 610 C C
803 C O 835 C C
467 O H 413 C H
498 O O 389 N H
VF-D _z8W F' u% $PM FB V1W &
TM
*1 F+9 G* NM C E5. D
F+9 C8
NI f*M$ J
=EW ∆H° 6
, 9 M/ 9I > 6 8 , C17 C+ f 8 NI
F+ C8
AN*M$ F8 1 , *1 F+9
E5. NI r( F8
=E ∆H° 6
9 Ì > 6 8 , D

:e
=9 Ì . M/ 9I > 65 QO M J , > 9J 4J
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
: 8 15 kJmol J+ 9L F+ NI 60+ / 1
(C O) 803 , (O H) 467 , (C H) 413 , (O O) 498
:9
413 kJ / mol 498 kJ / mol 803 kJ / mol 467 kJ / mol
O
H O O
H H
H C H + O C O +
H O O H H
O
[4 (C H)] + [2 (O O)] = *1 F+9 G* NM
2648 kJ = [4 413] + [2 498]= *1 F+9 G* NM
[2 (C O)] + [2 2 (O H)] = D
F+ C8
C :
NM
3474 kJ = [2 803] + [2 2 467]= D
F+ C8
C :
NM
(∆H) = (+ 2648) + (− 3474) = − 826 kJ/mol
= EW v∆Hx 9"O 6 ; 9 M/ 9I > 6 8 K3+

A&3<A<
: Thermochemical Equation ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‬

?!I" , 89 M71+ M(L1 DW F , M71 J<
H2(g) + 1 O2(g) H2O(g) + 242 kJ/mol
2
‫ ﻫﻰ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ رﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﺮارى اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ وﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻰ‬: ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻛﺄﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت أو اﻟﻨﻮاﺗﺞ‬
: 8 $8A' $3 / $% D U'BM8

< M >%1
$G1 89 1 M71 *71 , $G 6
6. 4:8
9 5 *71 23 +5 C 18 K3 ; s8B: M >%1
< , D
*1
: &%1+ 15 , I M/ . 9c+ n
H2(g) + 1 O2(g) H2O(l) + 285.8 kJ/mol

2
G k7+ K3 V8 , A :
> M1 8B 5Q 4:8
R+ R8 #9 #1 6 KQ 4E M78 s , l , g , aq :>% 23 &
: KQ [l8 &%1 , #9 R 1N |8 1 M1 8B
H2(g) + 1 O2(g) H2O(l) ∆H° = − 285.8 kJ/mol

2
H2(g) + 1 O2(g) H2O(g) ∆H° = − 242 kJ/mol
2
#. , 8B R . 1 > v∆H°x #9 #1 R 9"O 1N [l

9"i 1+ , 9 r > 6. 7
E1 9"i , EW . E 9"O Q 6
6.
: % 15 , 9 M9I > 6. 7
E
H2O(s) H2O(l) ∆H° = + 6 kJ/mol

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ∆H° = − 890 kJ/mol
R 1N 17 n$ #:
6. 4:8 C7 #M >71+ M71 I 1N . )l
: 8 15 , #9 #1
2H2O(s) 2H2O(l) ∆H° = 2 6 kJ/mol = 12 kJ/mol
#9 #1 R 9"O R
F8 23 , 89 M71 W 2:
n C 18
: &%1+ 15 ΔH
H2O(l) H2O(S) ∆H° = 6 kJ/mol

iQGô◊G iƒàëŸG ≈a Ò¨àdG Qƒ°U : ≈fÉãdG π°üØdG
Forms of Changes in Heat Content
rKFÇ"Çu
, 1!1 9 C #9 #1 R )J E78

_$. fJ< 4J(1 #9 #1 R P7
!"#$%&' (
C _$ #. 7 51 F1(
8 V1 MN
'"<
9 -G E,G =
15 P7 -Ii &9 8 15 , ! F* MN 6Q
UG U:G 8 A, =
9 F8 1 , V1 M1 fJ< EJ(1 9
U:G 2<7: 6Q"
#1 R 9I 'V
, T8 1 fM 4$. UG
=a15
` . a8B
` UM R _ a7E
/ #9 UG hL" i N:; P'G =
$8A'
$PI ( P D $*BX $3 / $PM B2 VhW 9/
‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

R
'V 6+3 8B R %. C
89 R >( C -Y+ \9$ PW M1 8B
: ! > EJ(1

A&3<A< 3
6&B
: Standard heat of Solution ‫ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺬوﺑﺎن اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ ﻫﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻠﻘﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ إذاﺑﺔ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺬاب ﻓﻰ‬: ∆Hs° ‫ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺬوﺑﺎن اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﻗﺪر ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺬﻳﺐ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺸﺒﻊ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
6+3 18 , &1 9J 9M kV

, -1 vNH4NO3x $ $ +QO
: M71+ A E78 9 r 6+3+ 23
+
ΔH °s = + 25.7 kJ / mole
H2O
NH4NO3(s) NH4(aq) + NO3(aq)
6+3 18 , &1 9J 9M S

-1 vNaOHx 8M( 59 +QO
: M71+ A E78 9 M9I 6+3+ 23
+
ΔH °s = − 51 kJ / mole
H2O
NaOH(s) Na (aq) + OH (aq)
vHx #9 #1
vHx #9 #1
NaOH(s) + Water NH4+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

Energy (KJ)
ΔHs° =
ΔHs° = 51 kJ + − +25.7 kJ/mol
Na (aq)
+ OH (aq)
NH4NO3(s) + Water
6+3 2:
6+3 2:

"UA# Nd VCW 9/ = 7'B Nd V>W 9/
GA' AI 8 GA' |
78AB $MM= 6BU

NH GA'
: MV 6+3 9J

C 18
C+ )Q: #N 4R NI O Z
9 I 1 : Q8H 7n8*& 9D
= ΔH 1 B+ ! B8 4831 s8B
/ 9 I 1 : 6H 7n8*& 9D
)Q: #N 4R NI O Z
c8.
= ΔH 2 B+ ! B8 )31 1 C+
s8B:+ 4831 1 UE
9 NI f*M$i :$ , 9 M9I 1 : $dK $
=-1 4831 65 QO i NI ! TM8 = ΔH 3 B+ ! B8 )31

A&3<A< 3
6&B
$dK $ VEW 9/
: 17 23 ( ΔH s 6+3 9J 1N 'N

=9 r 6+3 6 8 ΔH 1 + ΔH 2 > ΔH 3 H$5 QO
=9 M9I 6+3 6 8 ΔH 1 + ΔH 2 < ΔH 3 H$5 QO
=9 M9I 9 r 6+Q [l8 FMV1
( 1 ( 1

vHx #9 #1
vHx #9 #1
)3
&1
483 )3
&1 483
GA' AI Nd FMX V00W 9/ GA' | Nd FMX V0?W 9/
WOzÇdÅWuKF
Éª¡æ«H π°üØj ø«à≤ÑW ≈∏Y ¢SÉ«cC’G √òg iƒàëJ å«M , IOQÉH äGOÉªµc πª©J IõgÉL ¢SÉ«cCG ΩGóîà°SG ºàj
¥õªà«a É¡«∏Y §¨°†dG ºàj É¡«dEG áLÉëdG óæYh , AÉe iôNC’Gh Ωƒ«fƒeC’G äGôàf ÉªgGóMEG ≈a ¿ƒµj ≥«bQ AÉ°ûZ
b~8bEb
K KFb+H3F¡D*xK F,4*xpD*f/42}s-.EHÉg1°b+£-2bDq~zJDw+H~8bD*$b~{D*
AÉªdGh Ωƒ«°ùdÉµdG ójQƒ∏c ≈∏Y ¢SÉ«cC’G √òg iƒàëJ å«M , áæNÉ°S äGOÉªc ¢SÉ«cCG ∂dòc ôaƒàj Éªc , IQGôë∏d
.IQGôë∏d GOk QÉW ¿ÉHhòdG ¿ƒµj ádÉëdG √òg ≈ah
q = m . c . ∆T : N*7 VW+ 6+3 9J )J C 18
P; -1 %5 6 ; F: <+ v m x &1 5 C E7 C 18 V1 >1
=[( J #
8M7

‫‪A&3<A< 3
6&B‬‬
‫‪4.18 J / g°C -1 9 ac8.‬‬

‫‪/ 8 &1 9 9E C 18‬‬
‫‪D
&1 v 1 mol x +31 M1 15 6. #. v 1 mol / L x 1 2B5
&1 65 QO‬‬
‫‪=89<1 6+3 9J 1
23 (11 . LM1 9 15 6q v 1 L x A1:J‬‬
‫ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺬوﺑﺎن اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﻫﻰ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﺮارى اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ذوﺑﺎن ﻣﻮل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺬاب ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪: Standard heat of dilution‬‬

‫‪&J F , 4831 15 P*+ 6+3 9J P* 6l8 C83 C C%1 \9M‬‬
‫‪#9 #1 R 'V 0
O >I‬‬
‫‪NaOH(s) + 5H2O(l) + heat‬‬ ‫‪NaOH(aq) + 37.8 kJ/mol‬‬
‫‪NaOH(s) + 200H2O(l) + heat‬‬ ‫‪NaOH(aq) + 42.3 kJ/mol‬‬
‫ ‪v'V
x 4831 C #. 15 lO , !c7+ C )31 $8. )9L
B51 &1‬‬
‫
‪M8B+ , (1 NI $8 M7+O NI 1
NI O Z8 3 !c7+ C $8 E‬‬
‫‪#1 R , 9 C 15 TM
A
s8B C E5. M7+ $8 FE

4831 s8B M‬‬
‫‪: !$. WL 'V 9J '87
C 18 C17 C
( #9‬‬
‫ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ : ΔH °dil‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻠﻘﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻮل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺬاب ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ أﻋﻠﻰ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ آﺧﺮ أﻗﻞ ﺑﺸﺮط أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪: >% 1 R k7E EJ(1 89 R 8 1 &W‬‬
‫ﺣﺮارة اﻻﺣﺘﺮاق اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪: Standard heat of combustion‬‬
‫<‪N/ J E51 I7 fJ C D8 , C:5 S M1 S8W M
1 fJ‬‬
‫
‪9+ LM1 9 P7
, -l . 9J 9I 6
NM C E5 15 f*M$O /‬‬
‫<‪=v∆Hcx fJ‬‬
‫
‪: 8 15 WL fJ< 9J P7‬‬
‫ﺣﺮارة اﻻﺣﺘﺮاق اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ : ΔH °c‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺣﺘﺮاق ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﺣﺘﺮاﻗـًﺎ ﺗﺎ ًﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻰ وﻓﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪C F x G

E G] fJ
J !V$ fJ< *
%. C‬‬
‫‪F8 9 C E5 15 Z$i #: -! C:5. S vC4H10 6
E C3H8 6+E‬‬
‫‪N/ J 6+E G] fJ >%1
M71 , VW< C ] 7M !I !VW‬‬
‫)‪C3H8(g) + 5O2(g‬‬ ‫
‪3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) + 2323.7 kJ/mol : C:5 G] C a‬‬
‫‪/‬‬
‫‪83‬‬ ‫‪™HGôdG ÜÉÑdG - ÖdÉ£dG ÜÉàc‬‬ ‫‪e¥«d°d∑≤√ ZM¥dOMπ≤√ ‰Ë l°UD±‬‬

A&3<A< 3
6&B
vHx #9 #1

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)
ΔH °c =
2323.7 kJ/mol 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
D

> 2:

N' fm 'B

FMX V01W 9/
fJ F >M C6H12O6 G5: fJ c8. / 1!1 fJ< *
C
: M71+ 15 , 8 !1+ L G* NM+ C Mi C:5 C
6
C H O + 6O
12 6(s) 2(g)
6CO + 6H O , ΔH ° = − 2808 kJ/mol
2(g) 2 (g) c
: Standard heat of formation ‫ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

C 18 , v∆Hfx C8 9+ 18 2I C 451 C8 4J(1 #9 R
: 8 15 WL C8 9J '87
‫ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻠﻘﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ‬: ΔH °f ‫ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮه اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺮط أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
: ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ وﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت‬

6. )9: D$ &* C -17 J< N , A #9 #1 451 C8
9J
O >1
< R 9J 9M 9LW
/
/ E %5. 6
EW C8
9J K1
E51
, E C8
9J K1
E51 n 7+ , RI
/ 6 8 ! #9 #1 6 K

* F;7 =R 9J 9M I O L &*$< O >1
@J
=
/ E %5 E51 C8
2:

: ‫( ﻓﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﺤﺮارى‬Hf°) ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
9M FRc C WL P; ( 8 6
I7 S1: WL C8 9J
= 1 atm # FRl 25°C 9J 9M (7 6 8 #. 9
: N*7 C A+J C 18 #9 #1 R 6. @J
*1 #9 #1 − D
#9 #1 = v∆Hx
: N*7 C C8 9J VW+ E51 #9 #1 R )J C 18 K35
=*1 C8
9 #E: _1:1 − D
C8
9 #E: _1:1 = v∆Hx

A&3<A< 3
6&B
:e
9V+ v−393.5x kJmol 6+ 5. $ v−74.6x kJmol 6%1 C8
9J H$5 QO
: M71 [l1 > #9 #1 R 4J v−241.8x kJmol -1
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
:9
*1 C8
9 #E: _1:1 − D
C8
9 #E: _1:1 = v ΔH f x
(CH4 + 2O2) − (CO2 + 2H2O) =
802.5 kJ/mol = [(−74.6) + (2 0)] − [(−393.5) + (2 −241.8)] =
Hess's Law (‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻫﺲ )اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺠﺒﺮى اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة‬

7 KQ , > 9J ) "E ] fI VW O 6J C %5 -17 0:8
: ! )EW.
=#. M1+ :
. 1 M1 U*
=.( C8
>% >8I HN O Z
8" -FE+ U
* k7+
=E8:
L8M+ > 9J \N IV M
=9 9M FRc C 8M7 P; > 9J \N +7I M
= n 6$L+ P78 -17 VW * 23 >%1 #9 R \N gR
‫ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺳﻮاء ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﻮة واﺣﺪة أو‬: ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻫﺲ‬
.‫ﻋﺪة ﺧﻄﻮات‬
ΔH = ΔH1 + ΔH2 + ΔH3 + ... : 8 15 ! E7 C 18 n 6$L l8 R(
* v∆H°x #9 #1 R )J $ O O 6$L 3 1. S

C 18 =! >5 9J \N C 18 #. *
VW+ KQ , "E L8M+ !WN C 18 <
:C C%1 &* C n 6$N ! [l

ŦŦŧs7Ŧum
s
}Ŧũsüib`HŦ
EJ(1 89 R W9M A F8 , 89 8 _ C _ : $8A' . /
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; R
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=# O 9I C
=M1 C J & $BV1 NM _1: : G @A' @B
9N )31 C J & +QO (11 . LM1 9 15 : $- NH GA'

=WL P; H
SEY & &( 4831 C C7
'V
)31 C & J > (11 . LM1 9 15 : $- aJXB GA'

=WL AJ 6 8 6. UY+ >N. B5
O . B5
C &1
/
/aNJ M1 C J & fJ LM1 9 15 : $- 'B
o GA'

=WL P; H
C:5 C
C M1 C J & C8
(11 . LM1 9 15 : $- 8/B GA'

=WL !J M1 23 6
6. UY+ I
J M > F
-W WL P; H+ 9L > 9J : v# NP
=M .
ŦŦŧs7ijmckb=
ƂŰŦFŦƂ8YŦme8Ŧ ‫ﻃﺎرد ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة‬
‫ﺻﻮره‬ ‫أﻧﻮاﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎص ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة‬
‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺬوﺑﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺘﺮاق‬

: ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣ ُﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺎب اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬
ّ ُ
‫اﻫﺪاف‬
: N AP T
O QM 8S 6 H# $8) D
=93 $ P78
= M1 8 #L CE8
=# E% $
E O $
M E$ C+ F+8
=%. 53
;+ M(L1 P78
=# F+ NI P78
=p9 _$. p9 ! P78
UY ; V89 > 538

=7"i
= 7". + . 1 C+ B18
=1 8 * C+ 69L8
=# Z$ 9MY$ C+ 69L8
*1 17 \W jY8
=8
=_7" 9c 9 z P78
=_7" 1 VW< P78

s=Ŧŧs7Ŧ
: ‫ﻓﺼﻮل اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬
$= 7 "F GAH G 0
$8! 7IJB %o UM! 1
$ 20C : ‫اﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ‬
¢ùeÉîdG ÜÉÑdG - ÖdÉ£dG ÜÉàc 88

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M 'V8 6. C 18
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‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬ Nuclear Chemistry
Isotopes '3q
Nuclear Force $8! G-
Stable Nucleus G'-B" G
Quark AU
Radioactivity % UM
Half-life a! '
Nuclear Reaction @ 9J2
Nuclear Fission @ AMM
Nuclear Fusion @ ^
Nuclear Reactor @ 9J
Elementary Particles $ 7 "&
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á«dhC’G äÉª«°ù÷Gh IQòdG IGƒf : ∫hC’G π°üØdG
Atomic Nucleus and Elementary Particles
rKFÇ"Çu
Atom Components ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺬرة‬
!"#$%&' (
6+ 9Q

: 2 -H 2;: =
-: W9
C9! 9Q
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$
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U: S
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/(,G
6 O
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2;:( 2;: *C
C9! 9Q #
6+ 9Q #

-:
J NI #
NM C8
1
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$PM 78B" D 7'B/K )

A2 G GAH N/B2 V0W 9/ -H
$*+, l: mn:; =
!O #B78 93 23 , 9Q C 6
M1 6. 71 C
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,93 WW $ 1 C 7'B/K 6. 50
N 65
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8D&D
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93 $ 6. M99Q9 HE . ww =v0.1nmx J 93 MN yE8 1+ v10-6:10-5 nm x
6 i 5 C E5. A5 6
E "72'" 1
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1 #
M7 1 #

6. K8M" F7 'Y5 c8. / w 1800 +
=6
E 5 E/ 8L
#
6
5 "7'2" 1
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: ‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ واﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺬرى‬

: 8$ 15 U* VW+ ( #. 9Q $ 'I -17 [MI
vNx $
M
vZx #93 M7
vAx M
:1 23 [l8 , &:
$PI% *' M
$
M + $
E M A M
$ i M = $
E M Z #93 M7
N=A−Z N $
M
$8! 7 / V0W &
:6. J*8
= $5$¡ FW+ P7
>M $
$
E
=M71 93 J &J $ i M #8 vZx $
E M
: Nucleus Symbol ‫رﻣﺰ اﻟﻨﻮاة‬

:
z L8M+ !I C 18 (7 3 9Q $ 6q vXx 1 2B9 (
/ l QO
V7'2! + 72' = $B/ W A
V72' = @AH %W Z

X
A
Z
X N :
z5 B 4 8 6J k7+

>;
8D&D
:e
= $/
$ 14 O li+ $/
+ 13 #
!$. H1 QO 9Q 1 B 45
:9
27
13
Al 9Q $ B9 6 8 Al ( B9
: Isotopes ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ‬
‫( ﻷن أﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬A) ‫( وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺪدﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﻰ‬Z) ‫ ﻫﻰ ذرات ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺪدﻫﺎ اﻟﺬرى‬: ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ‬
.‫اﻟﺬرات ﺗﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻧﺎت وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮوﻧﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻟﻨﻮاة‬
A+Y
! K3+ , &J !E

$ i M T
; 9Q 6. 78 3
=1 !
*
78AB $MM= 6BU

$8! '3q!
M1 I7 F+. J ,;$ ! #9 &: I F;71 , %5 ; %
1 3 2 1
6
+ C 6
1 H ; 9Q = 1 H , 1 H , 1 H ;$ * A C9! 7EM
2
6
$ 6
+ C 9E 6
8 FW 1 H ; 9Q $ TM8 , J 6 O AJ 98
=6
$ 2 6
+ C 9E 8 $ 1+
6
+
6
$
1 2 3
H 6
E H 6
8 H 8
1 1 1
vC9! 9Q $x v8
8 9Q $x v8 9Q $x
&A) '3q 7Ad $8 V1W 9/

18 17 16
= 8 O , 8 O , 8 O ;$ * A 8 ,C:5 ( K35
=! >5 M E$ ; E 893 > 71+ I7 893 > C7
C 18
:e
1 C8;$ s 7EM 8 A$0+ 1
/ , \ (7 893 4J
65 63
=v30.91% 2M E$x Cu v69.09% 2M E$x Cu
63 65
[ Cu =62.9298 amu , Cu = 64.9278 amu]

>;
8D&D
. LN %+ $
vNx $
M
9LW< BJ $:x
4
x vC18
8 4$:
v
vZx $
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VF-D _z8IW G'-B" G 9e 2 ' H# $M- 9U , 7e F] V+W 9/
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6
$
E M #8 $
M ! 6 8 L1 V I7 9Q 8$.
#9 &: >L I7 L$ 15 :89
` E 23 8B

, 1 : 1 N : Z E
208
= 82
Pb rI 9Q $ J 1 : 1.53 J O >(
6. O
E/ ] Belt of stability 9LW< BJ C 8 4$: , !7N 6 8 (7 $
23 4
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M 6 8 ,L ] $ 6

+ F 18 4W 6 O U7E$ 6
+ O B $
J. &8 9LW
=v ` x B+ A B8 ,
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E M 6 8 9LW< BJ C C18 4$: !7N 6 8 (7 $
U7E$ 6
$ O B $
E J. &+ 9LW 23 4
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+ 6
+ − 6
E &7
K3+ , v`x A B8 "68G+" 18 4 6 O
=9LW< BJ C )L
4
6. C 18 9LW< BJ . !7l 6 8 E5
/ #93 M 6 8 (7 $
=v_x B+ ! B8 . LNM ! TI. TNM > " v6
$ 2 + 6
+ 2x U7E$+ 9LW
78AB $MM= 6BU

$8= 7c $A

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8D&D
Quark ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻜﻮارك‬

TI. . 1 C S1:
C 9E $
E 6. v6 > 9x F7 HE . 1964
" C E78 Q B+ A B8 FN+ B18 p95 >5 _$. W M yE8 , " 595 FW !
v + 2 e . − 1 e x FL 30
6 i " O +
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A/
VQ = − 1 e W VQ = + 2 e W
3 3
(d) Down W p95 (u) Up # p95
(s) Strange 48] p95 (c) Charm vS8+x JW p95
(b) Bottom N p95 (t) Top 1N p95
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮن‬
S vux # p95 2 UE
9 C 6
E 458
vdx W p95 1

d
–1e !$0+ Qp 6
E E1 +! Y

3
=A $ 1 *% 59 " _1:
u u
+2e +2e Qp = 2 + 2 – 1 =+1
3 3 3 3 3
(u) (u) (d)
N2' QU'2 V;W 9/

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8D&D
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮون‬
vdx W p95 2 S vux # p95 1 UE
9 C 6
458
=A $ 1 *% 59 " _1: !$0+ Qn 6

M71 +! Y

Qn = 2 + (– 1 ) + (– 1 ) = 0
3 3 3
(u) (d) (d)
u
+2e
3
d d
_1e _1e
3 3
N'2! QU'2 VhW 9/

hMK¥G*kÍ<diG*K¦<d7(´*dG*: ≈fÉãdG π°üØdG
Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions
C
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O M. ! PY C rKFÇ"Çu
; 23 'Y5 =7"i UY o 'Y5 , !E5
93
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TI. C &. 65 , w£ >. >8 + # F7
Ceg o -p !/4 =
w KQ #95 FW< 3 ; 23 0 4% 2CeO N' =
9" W9 :9' !/4 =
!
/ C%JE 1 65 7"i UY o 'Y5
h
$9L 7Y1 M1 C LM1 7"i 7EI 7 O
: 2C4 W9 =
:1 6L8I KQ SE
!I U: <;M 2C4 N' =
U: m*;M
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3C4 3 " &7M !/4 =
IR1 &:1 C >5 0+ 7"i P$ \N U:
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=+! &:1

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M1 C TM
V 7"O * p 6. )9: HM #eq
: 7EM 7" UY Q

C$
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TNM C 9E :_ . 7"O
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TNM @7E
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vZx #93 M7 vAx M C >5 6B
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Nuclear Transmution (‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻨﻮوى )اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮى‬

C )N< SM
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13
Al + 1 H ¤ 14 Si ¦ 12
Mg + 2 He
26 2 28 * 24 4
12
Mg + 1 H ¤ 13 Al ¦ 11
Na + 2 He
6 1 3 4
3
Li + 0 n 1
H + 2 He

;.$ $ 2EF ?
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‫اﻟﻨﻮوى‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮوى‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮوى‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫أﻟﻔﺎ‬
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Physics , Serway and Faughan , Holt , Rinehart and Wiston , New York , 2004

Neuclear and Particle Physics , Bryan Milner Cambridge University Bress 2001
: x'BK wP

http://en.www.Wikipedia.org/wiki/

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/index.html#top

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid

http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/439/449969/Media_Portfolio/ch14.html

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Chemistry

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/chemistry/

http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/HomeExpts/HOMEEXPTS.HTML

http://www.jesuitnola.org/upload/clark/labs.htm#The Molar Relationship of Mass and
Gas Volume
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