Analysis of Simulation Parameter of WCDMA For Root Raised Cosine Filter
Analysis of Simulation Parameter of WCDMA For Root Raised Cosine Filter
Analysis of Simulation Parameter of WCDMA For Root Raised Cosine Filter
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medium carries coded signals that need likelihood sequence estimator (MLSE)
not be synchronized. This system can be [10].
classified as a time hopping spread
During the 1990s wideband CDMA
spectrum multiple access system [7].
techniques with a bandwidth of 5 MHz or
Claude Shannon and Robert Pierce
more have been studied intensively
introduced the basic ideas of CDMA in
throughout the world, and several trial
1949 by describing the interference
systems have been built and tested [4].
averaging effect and the graceful
These include FRAMES Multiple Access
degradation of CDMA [8]. In 1950, De
(FRAMES FMA2) in Europe, Core-A in
Rosa-Rogoff proposed a direct sequence
Japan, the European/Japanese
spread spectrum system and introduced
harmonized WCDMA scheme, cdma2000
the processing gain equation and noise
in the United States, and the
multiplexing idea [7]. In 1956, Price and
Telecommunication Technology
Green filed for the anti multi path “RAKE”
Association I and II (TTA I and TTA II)
patent [7]. Signals arriving over different
schemes in Korea. Introduction of third-
propagation paths can be resolved by a
generation wireless communication
wideband spread spectrum signal and
systems using wideband CDMA is
combined by the RAKE receiver. The near-
expected around the year 2000.
far problem (i.e., a high interference
overwhelming a weaker spread spectrum Based on the above description, the CDMA
signal) was first mentioned in 1961 by era is divided in three periods: the pioneer
Magnuski [7]. CDMA era, the narrowband CDMA era, and
the wideband CDMA era, as shown in
For cellular application spread spectrum
Table 1.
was suggested by Cooper and Nettleton in
1978 [9]. During the 1980s Qualcomm 1. 2 CDMA2000:
investigated DS-CDMA techniques, which
finally led to the commercialization of Within standardization committee TIA
cellular spread TR45.5, the subcommittee TR45.5.4 was
responsible for the selection of the basic
spectrum communications in the form of cdma2000 concept. Like for all the other
the narrowband CDMA IS-95 standard in wideband CDMA schemes, the goal has
July 1993. Commercial operation of IS-95 been to provide data rates that meet the
systems started in 1996. Multi user IMT-2000 performance requirements of
detection (MUD) has been subject to at least 144 Kb/s in a vehicular
extensive research since 1986 when environment, 384 Kb/s in a pedestrian
Verdu formulated optimum multi user environment, and 2048 Kb/s in an indoor
detection for the additive white Gaussian office environment. The main focus of
noise (AWGN) channel, maximum
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standardization has been providing 144 station the base station that would
Kb/s and 384 Kb/s with approximately 5- radiate the smallest amount of downlink
MHz bandwidth. The main parameters of power. Second, for packet operation, the
cdma2000 are listed in Table 5. control processes can also be
substantially simplified if the
supplemental channel is not in soft
handover. However, maintaining the
fundamental channel in soft handover
provides the ability to reliably signal the
preferred base station to transmit the
supplemental channel when channel
conditions change [52].
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cdma2000, and TTA I resembles WCDMA. Differences Between TTA II and
For a more details of these schemes, refer CDMA2000: The differences between
to [3031]. TTA II and WCDMA include:
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and 32 cell pilot codes). A cluster pilot can propagation loss, and vice-versa. The
be transmitted by the center cell of a transmit power of the mobile station is
cluster or by each cell. The former determined from the equation: mean
technique is suited for a hierarchical cell output power (dBm) = mean input
system. power (dBm) + offset power +
parameters (2) The offset power for the
To reduce the intracell interference, the
800-MHz band mobiles (band class 0) is
TTA II wideband CDMA scheme time
73 and for the 1900-MHz band mobiles
synchronizes all users in the uplink with
(band class 1) 76 [18]. The parameters
an accuracy of 1/8 chip. This is done by
are used to adjust the open-loop power
measuring the timing in the base station
control for different cell sizes and
and signaling the timing adjustment
different cell effective radiated powers
commands with a rate of 2 Kb/s to the
(ERP) and receiver sensitivities [23].
mobile station.
These parameters are initially
However, multipath results in intracell
transmitted on the synchronization
interference, and the gain from the
channel. The open loop power control
orthogonal uplink depends on the
principle is described in Fig. 21. Since the
channel profile. In addition, the signaling
distance (d1) of mobile station 1 to the
traffic reduces the downlink capacity for
base station (BTS) is shorter than the
each user by 2 Kb/s.
distance of mobile station 2 (d2) to the
BTS, the signal received by the mobile
station 1 has a smaller propagation loss.
Assume that the mean input power of the
mobile station 1 is 70 dBm (100 pW)4
Open Loop Power Control: The open
and the mean input power of the mobile
loop power control has two main
station 2 is 90 dBm (1 pW). For band
functions: it adjusts the initial access
class 0 mobiles with no correction
channel transmission power of the mobile
parameters, the mobile station
station and compensates large abrupt
transmission power to achieve equal
variations in the pathloss attenuation.
received powers at the base station can
The mobile station determines an
be calculated from (2.2) to be 17 dBm (50
estimate of the pathloss between the base
mW) and 7 dBm (200 mW),
station and mobile station by measuring
respectively.
the received signal strength at the mobile
using an automatic gain control (AGC) Closed Loop Power Control: Since the
circuitry, which gives a rough estimate of IS-95 uplink and downlink have a
the propagation loss for each user. The frequency separation of 20 MHz, their
smaller the received power, the larger the fading processes are not strongly
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correlated. Even though the average and can be 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 dB. The
power is approximately the same, the dynamic range for the closed loop power
short term power is different, and control is ±24 dB. The composite dynamic
therefore, the open loop power control range for open and closed loop power
cannot compensate for the uplink fading. control is ±32 dB for mobile stations
To account for the independence of the operating in band class 0, and ±40 dB for
Rayleigh fading in the uplink and mobile stations operating in band class 1
downlink, the base station also controls [18].
the mobile station transmission power.
The typical standard deviation of the
Fig. 22 illustrates the closed loop power
power control error due to the closed
control. The base station measures the
loop is on the order of 1.1 to 1.5 dB [12].
received SIR5 over a 1.25-ms period,
The SIR required to produce a certain bit
equivalent to six modulation symbols,
error rate varies according to radio
compares that to the target SIR, and
environment and depends on the amount
decides whether the mobile station
and type of multipath.
transmission power needs to be increased
or decreased. The power control bits are Therefore, IS-95 employs an outer loop
transmitted on the downlink fundamental that adjusts the target SIR. The base
code channel every 1.25 ms (i.e., with a station measures the signal quality (bit
transmission rate of 800 Hz) by error rate), and based on that determines
puncturing the data symbols. The the target SIR. However, this outer loop
placement of a power control bit is will increase the power control error,
randomized within the 1.25-ms power resulting in a total standard deviation of
control group. The transmission occurs in 1.5 to 2.5 dB [12].
the second power control group following
the corresponding uplink traffic channel Pulse Shaping in WCDMA
power control group in which the SIR was
Code-division multiple access is one of
estimated.
several methods of multiplexing wireless
Since the power control commands are users. In CDMA, users are multiplexed by
transmitted uncoded, their error ratio is distinct codes rather than by orthogonal
fairly high, on the order of 5 percent. frequency bands, as in frequency-division
However, since the loop is of delta multiple access. The enhancement in
modulation type (i.e., power is adjusted performance obtained from a direct
continuously up or down) this is not sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signal
critical. The mobile station extracts the through the processing gain and the
power control bits commands and adjusts coding gain can be used to enable many
its transmission power accordingly. The DSSS signals to occupy the same channel
adjustment step is a system parameter bandwidth, provided that each signal has
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its own pseudorandom (signature) PN Sequence Generator: The PN
sequence. Thus enable several users to Sequence is produced by pseudo random
transmit there information over the same noise generator that is simply a binary
channel bandwidth. This is the main linear feedback shift register consisting of
concept of a CDMA communication XOR gates and a shift register.This PN
system. The signal detection is Sequence has the ability to create an
accomplished at the receiver side by identical sequence for both transmitter
knowing the code sequence or signature and receiver and yet retaining the
of the desired user. desirable properties of a noise like
randomness bit sequence. In Direct
Since the bandwidth of the code signal is
Sequence Spread Spectrum System,to
chosen to be much larger than the
generate a chip rate of 3.84Mbps for
bandwidth of the information-bearing
5Mhz bandwidth in WCDMA system PN
signal, the encoding process enlarges or
Sequence Generator has been used.PN
spreads the spectrum of the signal.
Sequence generator block uses a shift
Therefore, it is also known as spread
register to generate sequences and all the
spectrum modulation. The resulting
parameters are shown in fig. 4 below.
signal is also called a spread-spectrum
signal, and CDMA is often denoted as XOR Logical Operator: For single input
spread-spectrum multiple access. The operators are applied across input vector.
processing gain factor is defined as the For multiple inputs operators are applied
ratio of the transmitted bandwidth to across inputs.
information bandwidth and is given by:
Data Type Conversion Block: It converts
(1) Bernoulli Binary Generator. input to data type and scaling of output.
Bernoulli Binary Generator is used to This conversion has two possible goals.
generate information signal appropriate One goal is to have real world values of
with the standard for WCDMA from input and output be equal. Other goal is to
simulink library. Bernoulli Binary have stored integer values of input and
Generator block as shown in figure output be equal. Overflows and
generates random binary numbers using Quantization errors can prevent goal
Bernoulli Distribution. The Bernoulli from being fully achieved.
distribution has mean value 1-p and
Differential Encoder: It differentially
variance p(1-p).The probability of a zero
encodes the input data. The output of this
parameter specifies p and can be any real
block is a logical difference between
number between zero and one. fig. 3
present input to this block and previous
shows the block source parameters of
output of this block. The input can be a
Bernoulli Binary Generator.
scalar, vector or frame based matrix.
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Modulator baseband: It modulates the
input signal using the offset quadrature
phase shift keying method. The input can
be either bits or integers. For sample
based integer input, input must be a
scalar. For frame based integer input,
input must be a column vector. In case of
sample based input, output sample time
filters the input signal. The group
equals symbol period divided by 2. There
are different variants such as QPSK, delay is specified as the number of
orthogonal QPSK (OQPSK). symbol periods between start of
filter response and its peak. This
delay also determines the length of
filter impulse response which is
1+2*N*Group Delay. Various
parameters of Square Root Raised
Cosine Transmit Filter are shown
in fig. 5 below.
(4) Discrete Time Eye Diagram
Fig 2.4: Parameters of PN Sequence Scope: It displays the multiple
Generator traces of modulated signal to
(1) BFFT Scope: This spectrum reveal the modulation
scope computes and displays the characteristics such as pulse
periodogram of each input signal. shaping as well as channel
Non frame based inputs to this distortions of signal.
block should use buffering option. (5) dB Gain :Here we apply the
(2) Upsampling Block: It amplitude gain specified in dB.
Here 5dB and 10 dB gain have
upsamples the integer sampling
been taken in present study for
rate by a factor of 8. subsequent analysis.
(3) Square Root Raised Cosine (6) Gaussian Noise generator: It
Transmit Filter: It upsamples and generates the Gaussian distributed
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noise with given mean and
variance values.
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block and previous input of this block.
The input can be a scalar, vector or
frame based matrix.
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communication link proposed in
this section is shown in Figure 1. The
performance in terms of the Bit Error
Rate can be examined for different
values of Group Delay D of the pulse
shaping filter against a sinusoidal
interference. A simulink model based
on the Matlab 7.3 version will
provide the output. The information
signal in wideband CDMA system is
generated by Bernoulli Binary
Generator and the PN sequence is
used for spreading the signal at 5 Fig. 2.1: Block diagram for
MHz bandwidth. The signal is passed WCDMA System
from different parameters block as
shown in figure 1 and at the end BER
is calculated by comparing the
transmitted data and received data.
On the basis of above block diagram,
a simulation model has been
developed by using Matlab Simulink
Library as shown in figure 2.
Proces ing Magazine, Vol 16, No.2,14-51, [14] A S Kang , Er Vishal Sharma “Digital
March,1999. Processing And Analysis Of Pulse Shaping
Filter For Wireless Communication”, 2nd
[6] C. Richard Johnson and William A. National Conference (Co–Sponsored by
Sethares, Telecommunications IEEE, Chandigarh Sub Section) On
Breakdown. Wireless and Optical Communication
[7] John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi, WOC-2008 at PEC Chandigarh INDIA,
Communications Systems Engineering. Dec18-19,2008, pp110-113.
[8] Simon Haykin, “Communications [15] A S Kang, Vishal Sharma “Pulse Shaping
Systems” , Tata McGraw Hill. Filters in Wireless Communication-A
[9] B.P. Lathi, Modern Digital and analog Critical Review” Proceedings of National
Communications Systems, John Wiley & conference on Optical and Wireless
Communication (NCOW-2008, Co-
Sons. ponsered by Institution of Engineers),
INDIA, DAVIET, Punjab, INDIA, November
[10] John G. Proakis, Digital Communications.
27-28, 2008.
McGraw Hill.
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[16] A S Kang, Vishal Sharma, “Spectral
Analysis Of Filters In Cellular Wireless
Communication Systems”, International
Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics,
Informatics , ICSCI-2009, January 7-
10,2009,Hyderabad, pp-48-55
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