Kamran Mohy-ud-din # 41064

What Is a T-Test?
A t-test is a type of inferential statistic used to determine if there is a significant difference between
the means of two groups, which may be related in certain features. It is mostly used when the data
sets, like the data set recorded as the outcome from flipping a coin 100 times, would follow a
normal distribution and may have unknown variances. A t-test is used as a hypothesis testing tool,
which allows testing of an assumption applicable to a population.
T-Test Assumptions

1. The first assumption made regarding t-tests concerns the scale of measurement. The
assumption for a t-test is that the scale of measurement applied to the data collected follows
a continuous or ordinal scale, such as the scores for an IQ test.
2. The second assumption made is that of a simple random sample, that the data is collected
from a representative, randomly selected portion of the total population.
3. The third assumption is the data, when plotted, results in a normal distribution, bell-shaped
distribution curve.
4. The fourth assumption is a reasonably large sample size is used. Larger sample size means
the distribution of results should approach a normal bell-shaped curve.
5. The final assumption is the homogeneity of variance. Homogeneous, or equal, variance
exists when the standard deviations of samples are approximately equal.

Independent t-test

The independent t-test, also called the two sample t-test, independent-samples t-test or student's t-
test, is an inferential statistical test that determines whether there is a statistically significant
difference between the means in two unrelated groups.

Null and alternative hypotheses for the independent t-test

The null hypothesis for the independent t-test is that the population means from the two unrelated
groups are equal:

H0: u1 = u2

In most cases, we are looking to see if we can show that we can reject the null hypothesis and
accept the alternative hypothesis, which is that the population means are not equal:

HA: u1 ≠ u2

To do this, we need to set a significance level (also called alpha) that allows us to either reject or
accept the alternative hypothesis. Most commonly, this value is set at 0.05.
What do you need to run an independent t-test?

In order to run an independent t-test, you need the following:

o One independent, categorical variable that has two levels/groups.

o One continuous dependent variable.

One-Sample T-Test

The one-sample t-test is used to determine whether a sample comes from a population with a
specific mean. This population mean is not always known, but is sometimes hypothesized. For
example, you want to show that a new teaching method for pupils struggling to learn English
grammar can improve their grammar skills to the national average.
Assumptions

 dependent variable should be measured at the interval or ratio level (i.e., continuous).
 The data are independent (i.e., not correlated/related), which means that there is no
relationship between the observations.
 There should be no significant outliers.
 Your dependent variable should be approximately normally distributed.

Hypothesis

H0) assumes that the difference between the true mean (μ) and the comparison value (m0) is equal
to zero.
(H1) assumes that the difference between the true mean (μ) and the comparison value (m0) is not
equal to zero.

paired sample t test

The dependent t-test (called the paired-samples t-test in SPSS Statistics) compares the means
between two related groups on the same continuous, dependent variable.
Asumptions
 The dependent variable must be continuous (interval/ratio).
 The observations are independent of one another.
 The dependent variable should be approximately normally distributed.
 The dependent variable should not contain any outliers.
Hypothesis
 The null hypothesis (H0) assumes that the true mean difference (μd) is equal to zero.
 The two-tailed alternative hypothesis (H1) assumes that μd is not equal to zero.

Chi Square (χ2)

A chi square (χ2) statistic is a test that measures how expectations compare to actual observed data
(or model results). The data used in calculating a chi square statistic must be random, raw, mutually
exclusive, drawn from independent variables, and drawn from a large enough sample. For
example, the results of tossing a coin 100 times meet these criteria.

 A chi square (χ2) statistic is a test that measures how expectations compare to actual
observed data.
 There are two main kinds of chi square tests: the test of independence for data and tests of
goodness of fit for a model.
 These tests can be used to determine if a certain null hypothesis can be rejected in
hypothesis testing.

Types of chi square

There are two main kinds of chi square tests: the test of independence, which asks a question of
relationship, such as, "Is there a relationship between gender and SAT scores?"; and the goodness-
of-fit test, which asks something like "If a coin is tossed 100 times, will it come up heads 50 times
and tails 50 times?"

For these tests, degrees of freedom are utilized to determine if a certain null hypothesis can be
rejected based on the total number of variables and samples within the experiment.

Assumptions

 Two variables should be measured at an ordinal or nominal level (i.e., categorical data)
 Your two variable should consist of two or more categorical, independent groups.
Null hypothesis: Assumes that there is no association between the two variables.
Alternative hypothesis: Assumes that there is an association between the two variables.

ANOVA
The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to determine whether there are any
statistically significant differences between the means of two or more independent (unrelated)
groups

Assumptions

 Your dependent variable should be measured at the interval or ratio level (i.e., they are
continuous)
 Your independent variable should consist of two or more categorical, independent groups.
 You should have independence of observations, which means that there is no relationship
between the observations in each group or between the groups themselves.
 There should be no significant outliers.
 Your dependent variable should be approximately normally distributed for each category
of the independent variable.

Hypotheses

The one-way ANOVA compares the means between the groups you are interested in and
determines whether any of those means are statistically significantly different from each other.
Specifically, it tests the null hypothesis:

where µ = group mean and k = number of groups. If, however, the one-way ANOVA returns a
statistically significant result, we accept the alternative hypothesis (HA), which is that there are at
least two group means that are statistically significantly different from each other.

Two-way ANOVA

The two-way ANOVA compares the mean differences between groups that have been split on two
independent variables (called factors). The primary purpose of a two-way ANOVA is to
understand if there is an interaction between the two independent variables on the dependent
variable. For example, you could use a two-way ANOVA to understand whether there is an
interaction between gender and educational level on test anxiety amongst university students,
where gender (males/females) and education level (undergraduate/postgraduate) are your
independent variables, and test anxiety is your dependent variable. Alternately, you may want to
determine whether there is an interaction between physical activity level and gender on blood
cholesterol concentration in children, where physical activity (low/moderate/high) and gender
(male/female) are your independent variables, and cholesterol
concentration is your dependent variable.