Reteachi ng

and Practi ce
Workbook

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Scott Foresmon.Addison Wesley
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ÐilIITroTN Glenview, lllinois . Boston Massachusetts . Chandler, Arizona . Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
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Workbook

Gontents
Topic 1 Numeration .. . Reteaching and Practice
1-'1 through 1-7
Topic 2 Variables, Expressions, and Properties .. . Reteaching and Practice
2-1 through 2-8
Topic 3 Operations with Decimals . . . Reteaching and Practice
3-1 through 3-10
Topic 4 Solving Equations .. . Reteaching and Practice
4-1 through 4-5
Topic 5 Number and Fraction Concepts Reteaching and Practice
5-1 through 5-7
Topic 6 Decimals, Fractions, and Mixed Numbers Reteaching and Practice
6-'1 through 6-5
Topic 7 Adding and Subtracting Fractions
and Mixed Numbers Reteaching and Practice
7-1 throughT-7
Topic 8 Multiplying Fractions and Mixed Numbers Reteaching and Practice
B-1 through 8-5
Topic 9 Dividing Fractions and Mixed Numbers Reteaching and Practice
9-'1 through 9-7
Topic 10 lntegers Reteaching and Practice
10-1 through 10-10
Topic 11 Properties of Two-Dimensional Figures . . Reteaching and Practice
11-'1 through 11-9
Topic 12 Ratios, Rates, and Proportions. . . . Reteaching and Practice
12-1 through 12-6
Topic 13 Solving Proportions Reteaching and Practice
'13-1 through 13-6

Topic 14 Understanding Percent Reteaching and Practice

14-1 through 14-7
Topic l5 Equations and Graphs ... . Reteaching and Practice
15-1 through 15-7
Topic 16 Measurement Reteaching and Practice
16-1 through 16-6
Topic 17 Perimeter and Area Reteaching and Practice
17-1 through 17-6
Topic 18 Volume and Surface Area Reteaching and Practice
'18-1 through 18-5

Topic 19 Data and Graphs Reteaching and Practice

'19-1 through 19-10
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Place Value
A parsec is a unit of measurement equal to 30,860,000,000,000
kilometers. Each digit in the number 30,860,000,000,000 has a place
value. The 3 in the number is in the ten-trillions place, and the value is
30,000,000,000,000. A comma separates the number into periods.
Trillions Billions Millions Thousands Ones

øs

3 0 I 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The number 30,860,000,000,000 can be written in different ways.

Standard form: 30,860,000,000,000
Word form: Thirty trillion, eight hundred sixty billion
Expanded form: 30,000,000,000,000 + 800,000,000,000 + 60,000,000'000

Strategy Practice For 1-3, write each number in the place-value chart
above. Then write the place and the value of the underlined digit.

l. 1,234,567,890

2. 568,103,528,492

3. 12,400,221,000,445

4. Write 4,200,060,000 in word form. Use the place-value chart for help.

5. Write fifteen trillion, four hundred thousand in standard form.

6. Lake Argyle normally holds about two hundred billion, four hundred
million cubic feet of water. Write this number in expanded form. @
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Place Value
For 14, write the place and the value of the underlined digit.

1. 205,300,005,001

2. 680,525,9'17,143

3. 102,105,000,071,

4. 40,400,040,000,444

5. write the number 100,050,000,982 in expanded form using only addition

6. What is 23,000,400,000,158 in word form?

A Twenty-three million, four hundred thousand, one hundred fifty-eight
B Twenty-three billion, four hundred million, one hundred fifty-eight
c Twenty-three trillion, four hundred million, one hundred fifty-eight
D Two trillion, three billion, four million, one hundred fifty-eight

7. Algebra A megabyte holds about 1,000,000 characters of data.

A gigabyte holds about 1,000 times as much data as a megabyte
About how many characters of data does the gigabyte hold?
A One trillion
B One billion
C One miillion
Ð One thousand

8. Writing to Explain How are the labels in each period alike? How are they different?

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Compar¡ng and Ordering
Whole Numbers
Three whales weigh 112,290 pounds, 112,238 pounds, and 1 12,336
pounds. You can use a place-value chart to order the weights from
greatest to least.
Write the numbers in the place-value chart.
Trillions Billions Millions Thousands Ones

ø+

Start with the greatest place. Find the first place where the digits
are different. That is the hundreds place. Since 3 is greater Than 2
112,336 is the greatest weight. Compare the tens place for the other
two weights. The weights in order are: '112,336;112,290;112,238.

Use < or > to compare.

1. 7,210 7,201 2. 18,336 23,214 3. 46,177 46,195

4. 326,251 316,622 5. 982,315 '1,200,551 6. 6,832,525 8,832,114

For 7 and 8, order the numbers from least to greatest.

7. 36,352; 42,177 ; 36,890

8. 472,315,000; 47 1,278,0OO; 477,515,000

9. Number Sense lf you compare a 4-digit whole number and a

5-digit whole number, which number is greater?

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Gompar¡ng and Ordering
Whole lNumbers
Use < or > to crorTlpârê
1.9,035 9,062 2. 362,296 360,055 3. 7,261,005 7,266,500

For 4 and 5, or<jer the numbers from least to greatest.

4. 75,321;72,369;72,752; 57 ,575

5. 6,07 4,232; 6,234,921 ; 6,243,219

For 6 and 7, orcJer from greatest to least.

6. 300 thousand; 300 billion; 3 trillion; 30 million

7 . 4,81 0,41 4; 4,7 67,89 4; 4,562,626 ; 4, 909, 000

L Writing to Explain Tell how you would decide if 9,899,989 is greater than or less
than 9,898,998.

9. Number Sense lf you plot these numbers on a number line, which one will be in the
middle? 1 05,394; 150,494; 1 1 5,054

10. Geometry'Which of these figures has the greatest perimeter?

A A square with sides 109 meters long
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B A hexaç¡on with sides 65 meters long

.9 C A rectangle with length 24 meters and width 46 nreters

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Exponents and Place Value
base 5aê------.-.- exponent

The number 5 is the base. The base is the factor that is being multiplied.

The number 4 is the exponent. The exponent tells how many times the base is used as
a factor.
5a:5x5x5x5:625
The base (5) is used as a factor the expo nent number of times

To write a product in exponential form To evaluate an exponential number:

4x4x4x4x4x4x4 Write the base as a factor the number of
First write the base: 4 times shown by the exponent.
Count the number of times the base is 63=6xGx6=216
used as a factor. This is the exponent. 47
To write the expanded form of a number using exponents:

Write the number in exPanded form.

52,965 - (5 x 1O,O0O) + (2x1,000) + (9 x 100) + (6 x 10) + (5 x 1)

Write the place values as powers of 10.

52,965-(5xt +(2xtO3)+ x 102) + (6 x 101) + (s x too)

number raised to the first Power uals that number. 81 =g

Write each power as a product and evaluate the expression'

1. 94 2. 45

Write each product in exponential form.

3.3x3x3x3x3 4, 7 x7 x 7 x 7 x7 x 7 x 7 x7
Write the number in expanded form using exponents
5. 74,271 : + I
¡ + +

6. Number Sense Explain the difference between 46 and 6a

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Exponents and Place Value
Write each expression in exponentíal form.

1.5x5x5x5x5x5 2.2x2x2x2x2x2x2
3.3x3x3 4.9
Write each number in expanded form using exponents

5. 53,806
6. 527,519
Evaluate.

7. 62 g. 53 9. 36 10. 28

ll. ReasoninglZach invested $50 and was able to triple his money in two years. Kayla
also began with $SO ¡n investments, and was able to cube her money in two yeais.
Who had rrìore money after two years? Explain.

12. Writing to Explain ln 1968, the estimated population of the world was 3,S5g ,028,982
people. When this number is written in expanded form using exponents, one power
of 10 would not be represented. Which power of 10? Why?

13. Number Sense Which is NOT equal to 1?

A 100

841
C 1 x 100
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Decimal Place Value
A decimal is a number that uses a decimal point. Each digit in a
decimal number has a place and value. You can use a place-value chart
to determine a digit's place and value. The decimal point is read "and".

The 8 is in the thousandths place. lts value is 8 thousandths, or 0'008.

The standard form of the number is 5.2684. The word form is five and
two thousand, six hundred eighty-four ten thousandths.

The expanded form is + 0.2 + 0.06 + + 0.0004

Write the place and value of the underlined digit'

1. 2.195
2. 6.2394

3. 34.3262

Write the number given in the form indicated'

4. 2.346 in short-word form

5. 13 and 223 thousandths in standard form

6. 281.1025 in word form

7. Number Sense Write a decimal that has 3 in the

tenths place and 1 in the ten thousandths place.

B. Writing to Explain Explain how you know that 17 thousandths has more than two @
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Decimal Place Value
Write the place and value of the underlined digit.

1. 56.389

2. 9.64372

Write the number given in the form indicated

3. 8.7204 in expanded form

4. 43 and 962 ten thousandths in standard form

What is the whole number portion of the decimal?

5. 5.024 6. 418.0972

What is the decimal portion of the decimal?

7. 176.261 8. 91 .0219
The slowest growing tree is a white cedar in canada. lt grew about
0'0658 centimeters per year in 155 years. Use this information to answer g and 10.

9. To what decimal place value is the yearly growth measured?

10. How would you write this nurnber in word form?

11. Number Sense Write a decimal that has 6 in the

hundredths place and the ten thousandths place.

12. Writing to Explain How would you write a

decimal that is less than S ten thousandths?

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A '16 and 1
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thousandths B 16 and 1 1 ten thousandths
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t hundredths D 16 and 1 1 tenths
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Multiplying and Dividing bY
10, 100n and 1,000
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You can use place value and patterns to multiply and divide by 10, 100, and 1 ,000.

Multiplying by 10, 100, and 1,000

Move the decimal point the same number of places to the right as there are zeros. Annex
zeros if you need to.

1.12x10=11.2 The decimal point moves 1pl ace to the right.

0.2x100=20 The decimal point moves 2places to the right.
0.006x1,000=6 The decimal point moves 3pl aces to the right.

Dividing by 10n 100, and 1,000

Move the decimal point the same number of places to the left as there are zeros' Annex
zeros if you need to.

0.2 + 10 = 0.02 The decimal point moves 1 place to the left.

1 .08 ;
100 = 0.0108 The decimal point moves 2 places to the left.
170 + ,000 =
1 0.17 The decimal point moves 3 places to the left.
EM

Find each product or quotient.

2, '1.51 x 100:
1. 0.31 x 10:
3. 4.061 x 1,000 : 4. 2.6 + 10:

5. 142.1 + '100: 6. 50.5 + -1,000 :

7. 0.01 x 100 : B. 90.69 + 10 :

9. 321.2 + 1,000 : 10. 4.59 x 10 :

11. 0.62 x 1,000 : 12. 0.8 + '100 :

13. Number Sense Without dividing, will the quotient be greater than
or less than the dividend when you divide 0.34 by 10? Explain.

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Multiplying and Dividing by
10, 100, and I ,000
Find each product or quotient.

1. 0.006 x 10 : 2. 0.64 + 10 :
3. 123.3 + 100 : 4. 8.7 x 100 :
5. 0.145 x 1,000 : 6. 542.3 + 1,000 :
7. 0.91 x 10Cr : 8. 0.1 + 10:
9. 100 + i ,00ì0 : 10, 2 + 100:
11. 0.302 x 1,000 : 12. 1 .397 x 100:
13. 0.038 + 10 : 14. 0.0115 x 10 :
15. Reasoning What number do you need to multiply by 100 to get the same result as
16.2 + 10? Explain.

16. Number Sense An alligator hatchling grew To72.5 inches after six years. Thís length
is 10 times its hatchling length. lf you want to know its hatchling length, should you
multiply or divide 72.5 by 10? Exptain.

17. What is the quotient of 12.12 + 100?

A 0.1212
B 1.212
c 121.2
Ð 1,212

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18. Writing to Explain Casey said that 0.03 x 1,000 is 3. Explain why Casey's answer is
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Gompar¡ng and Ordering
Decimals
Compare decimals 6.241 The digit in the hundredths
by place value. 6.285 place shows which is greater.
6.285 > 6.241

Order decimals on a number line.

Order 3.572,3.746, and 3.719 from least to greatest
3.572 3.719 3]46
3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8

Order decimals by place value.

Order 5.337 , 6.278,5.185, and 5.3'19 from least to greatest
Order by ones: 5.337 5'185 5.319 6.278

Order by tenths. 5.185 5.337 5.3'19 6.278

Order by hundredths. 5"185 5.319 5.337 6.278

5.1 85 < 5.319 < 5.337 < 6.278

Use >, (, or : to compare each pair of numbers'

1. O.57 o.75 2. 2.382 2.283

3. 4.8693 4.896s 4. 3.6720 3.0672

Order from least to greatest.

5. 1.943 1.869 1.895

6. 6.584 6.579 6.568

7.4.704 4.74 4.074

8. 3.5603 3.5063 3.0563

9. Writing to Explain Explain how you know which number is greater 2-094 or 2.904
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Compar¡ng and Ordering
Decimals
Use >, (, or = to compare each pair of numbers.

1. 656.07 656.23 2. 73.42 72.56

3. 0.01 0.10 4. 7.999 7.998

Order from least to greatest.

5. 639.087, 639.078, 639.089

6. 0.0909, 0.0ggg, 0.0ggg

7. Geometryrr/r/hich circle has the greatest diameter? {The diameter is the line through
the center of a circle.)

4.';25 in 4.246in 4.308 in.

A B C

8. writing to Hxplain How would you find a number between 3.2 and g.26?

9. Which decinnal is greater than 8.33 but less than 3.34?

A 2.3349
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Problem Solving: Make an
Organized List
Jose, Sumi, and Tina need to stand in a straight line in the school
cafeteria. ln how many different ways can they stand in the line?
Read and Understand
Step 1: What do you know? Step 2: What are you trying to find?

Jose, Sumi, and Tina need to be How many different ways can the
in a straight line. three friends stand in the line?

Plan and Solve

Step 3: Make an organized list to find the different ways Jose, Sumi, and Tina can stand in the line.

Jose First Sumi First Tina First

Jose, Sumi, Tina Sumi, Jose, Tina Tina, Jose, Sumi

Jose, Tina, Sumi Sumi, Tina, Jose Tina, Sumi, Jose

Answer: Jose, Sumi, and Tina can stand in the line in 6 different ways.

Solve by making an organized list. The lists have been started for you
Finish the lists
1. Brandon is using the digits 2, 3, 6, and 9 for his locker. How many
different combinations can he make using the four digits?
2 3 6 I
2369 3269 6239 9236

2396 3296 6293 9263

2 93 3692 6392 9326

263 3629 6329 9362

2936 3962 6923 s623

2963 3926 6932 9632

2. How many different pairs of markers can be formed if you have one yellow, one red,
one green , one blue, and one purple marker?
Yellow Red Green Blue Purple
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Problem Solving: Make an
Organized List
solve by making an organized list. The lists have been started for you.
Complete the lists and answer the questions.

1. A balloon gìame at the county fair gives i ,000 points, s00 points, and
250 points for each balloon that you pop. lf stewart buys 2 darts and
pops 2 balloons, how many possible points can he score?

1,000 500 250 Total

2,000
1,500
1,250

2. How many different 3-letter arrangements can you make with the
letters, L, G, and F?

L G F
LGF

LFG

3. ln a chess tournament, Miguel, Flebecca, Kyle, Ana, and Josh will

play each other once. How many games will they play?

M R K A J
MR

MK
MA

MJ

4. Tanya has to wear a cap and r-shirt for her job at the amusement
park. She can wear a red, blue, or yellow cap and a red or green
shirt. How many different cap and shirt pairs can Tanya wear?
A5 86 C9 D10
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5. Writing to Hxplain How could you find the number of different arrangements of
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6 letters in a computer password?
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Using Variables to Write
Expressions
A variable represents a quantity that can change. To use a variable to
write an algebraic expression for a situation, you need to decide which
operation is appropriate for the situation. To help you, some words and
phrases are listed below.

Algebraic
Word phrase Variable Operation Expression
ten more than a number b b b+10
Addition
the sum of 8 and a number c c 8*c
five less than a number d d d-5
Subtraction
'15 decreased by a number e e 15 - e
the product of 8 and a number f f 8f
Multiplication
19 times a number g g 199
the quotient of a number h divided by 2 h h+2
Division
a number i divided into 50 I 50+i

Write each algebraic expression.

1. a numberi divided by 5

ldentify the operation. Write the expression.

2. the s¡.rm of 2 and a number k 3. 6 times a number m

4. a number n divided into 9 5. 4 less than a number p

6. q fewer limes than '10 7. r tickets at $7 each

g. A field goal scores 3 points. Write an algebraic expression to

represent the number of points the Raiders will score from field goals.

ldentify the operation Write the expression.

9. Writing to Explain Write an algebraic expression to represent the

situation below. Explain how the expression relates to the situation

Some children share 5 apples equally among themselves. @

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Using \¡/ariables to Write
Express¡ons
Write each algebraic expression

l, 6 more than a number c 2. twice a number b

3. 25less than a number d 4. the product of 7 and a number e

5. 50 divided by a number f 6. the sum of a number g and 2

7. I more stri¡res than a number h

8. 12 fewer hats than four times a number I

9. Alexander has $10. He buysa snack. Which expression shows

how much money Alexander has left?
A s + 10
B 10-s
C 10s
D s+10
10. A diner has booths and counter seating. Each booth can seat
4 people. Another 15 people can sit at the counter. Which
expression shows how many customers can be seated in the diner?
A 15b-41
B 15b+4
C 4b-18)
D 4b+15
11. Reasonableness Linnia bought some flats of flowers. Each flat holds g flowers.
Linnia has planted 10 flowers. ls 9x + 10 a reasonable way to represent the number
of flowers that Linnia has left to plant? Explain your answer.

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Properties of Operations
Commutative Properties Associative Properties
You can add or multiply numbers in any order You can group numbers differently. lt will not
and the sum or product will be the same. affect the sum or product.

Examples: Examples:
10+5+3:5+3+10:18 2 + (7 + 6) : (2 + 7) * 6
: 15
7x5:5x7:35 (4x5)x8:4x(5xB):160
ldentity Properties
You can add zero to a number or multiply it
by 1 and not change the value of the number.

Examples: 17 + O: 17 45 x 1 : 45

Find each missing number. Tell what property or properties are shown.

1.9X5:5x

2. X89:89

3.(3+4) +19:3+( + 19)

4. 128 + :128

5. *18:18+12

6. Reasoning What is the product of any number, x, multiplied by 1? Explain how you
know.

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Properties of Operat¡ons
Find each missing number. Tell what property or properties are shown

1. (32 + +2+7:32+(14+2)+7

2.8+6+12: +12+6

3. (8x )x7:8x (ex7)

4. +0:34

5. 12x3:3 x

6, 1x 288

7. Reasoning Write a number sentence that shows why the

associative property does not work with subtraction.

8. Whichpropertyisshown in(23 x 5) x 13x7:23x (5 x 13)xT?

A Commutative Property of Multiplication B ldentity Property of Multiplication
C Associative Property of Multiplication D Associative Property of Addition

9. Writing to lExplain Explain why you do not have to do any

computing to solve 15 x 0 x (13 + 7).

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2-3
Order of Operations
Order of operations is a set of rules that mathematicians use when
computing numbers. Here is how order of operations is used to solve
the following problem:7 + (5 x 4 ) x 3.
Order of Operations
First, compute all numbers 7 + (5 x 4) x 3
inside parentheses. 7+ 20 x3
Next, evaluate terms with exponents. lf there 7 +20x3
are no exponents, go to the next step.
Then, multiply and divide the 7+60
numbers from left to right.
Finally, add and subtract the 67
numbers from left to right.

How to use parentheses to make

each sentence true: 6+2x9:72
Using order of operations,
6+2xg:24,not72.
Place parentheses around 6 + 2 x9:72
(6+2)
so that this operation is done first 8x9:72

Evaluate each expression

1.8+7x5: 2.18-3x2:
3.3x7+3 x5: 4.40+(2x4¡:
5.6x3-6x2: 6.9+23:
7. 7 + 12 x 3 - 2: 8.4x(5+5)+20+6:
9.42 -(3x5¡ : 10. (3X2)+32:
11. Reasoni ng Which operation should be performed /asf in this
problem: 32 +7x4?Why?

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Order of Operations
Evaluate each erxpression

1.3+4x7 2.88-6x6 3.8x2+7x3

4.(5+9) +3x8 5.(6+32¡ +5 6. 92 - V x 5) + 3

7.48+2+6 8. 26 + (5 + 8) + 1 9. 18 + 3 x (6 + 2)

10. Reasoning¡ What operation would you perform /asf

in this probrlem: (2 x 3) + (7 x 2)?

Use parentheses to make each number sentence true.

11. 10 + 5x42 + 23 :20 -6 x O + 15 :
12.124 34

13.1o2-10+3:93 14.7+5X3+3:12
15. Mr. Miller's sixth-grade class went on a field trip to hear the
symphony perform. Their seats were grouped in the following
ways: 2 groups of 3 seats; 3 groups of 4 seats, 4 groups of
2 seats, and 1 seat (for Mr. Miller). Write a number sentence to
calculate hrow mânv students went on the field trip.

16. Evaluate the expression (42 - 4) + 6 + 2.

A 4 89 C12 D 15
17. Writing to Explain Suppose you had to evaluate 92 + 5 x 4.
Tell the order in which you would compute these numbers.

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2-4
The Distributive Property
You can use the distributive property to multiply mentally
Example A. Evaluate 7 x 53. 7x53

Break 53 apart into 50 + 3. 7x(50+3)

Then distribute the 7 to each part. (7x50) +(7x3)
Multiply. 350 + 21

Add the products. 371

Example B. Evaluate 5(42) - 5(2).Remember 5(42) means 5 x 42

Use the distributive property in reverse.

Join 42 and 2 using the minus sign 5(42-2)

Subtract. 5x40
Multiply the difference by 5. 200

Find each missing number.

1.8x(30+2):(8x )+(8x2) 2.(6x -(6x7):6x(37-7)
3. 8(28) : I (20) + 8 (_J 4. 3(22) + 3(4) -3( ) + 3(6)

Use the distributive property and mental math to evaluate.

5. 6(24) 6. 4(13) - 4(3)
7. 7(24 + 6) 8, 2(72)
e. e(12) + e(3) 10. 5(24 - 3)

11. Number Sense What are two other ways to write 9(46)?

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2-4
The Distributive Property
Find each missing number,

1.8x(30+:2) :(8x + (8 x 2) 2. 8(94) : 8( ) + 8(4)

3. 5(45 + 5) -- 5(__) 4. e(42) - e(4) : e(30) + e(__)

Use the distributive property and mental math to evaluate.

5. 3(58 - 8) 6. 7(31 + 1e)

7. e(72) 8. 4(26) - 4(16)

e. 8(41) + 8(5) 10. 5(22 - 5)

11. Writing to Explain Describe the mental math steps you would use to'find7(42)

12. Number Sense Use mental math to evaluate the expression 6(31) + 6(4) - 6(15).

13. Geometry Write an expression for the area of this rectangle.

Evaluate your expression to find the area. 20 cm 4cm
Bcm

14. Algebra \Â/hich expression is equal to 12m + 12n?

A 12mn
B 12m+n
C 12m - 12n
D 12(m +-n)

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2-5
Mental Math
Use the properlies of operations and mental strategies to compute.

Gommutative Property: The order in which numbers are added or multiplied does not
affect the sum or product.
Associative Property: The way in which numbers are grouped to be added or
multiplied does not affect the sum or product.
Break apart the numbers: Look for multiples of 10 or 100.
Add the tens, add the ones, then add the Multiply numbers having a product of
sums together. i 0 or 100 first. Then multiply the other
number.
47+83
(40+7)+(80+3) 20x6x5
(40+80)+(7+3) (20x5) x6
'120 + 10 '100 x 6
130 600

Use compensation.
Add to make a round number, then subtract that number from the sum
537 + 295 Be sure to add and
(2e5
subtract the same
537+300:83 number
æ7 -(Ð: 832

Compute mentally.

1. 64 + 86: 2.6x 40x5:

3. 2x I x 50: 4. 65 -22:
5. 94 + 53: 6"7+34*16:
7. 125 + 14 +75: 8.4x9x25:
9. 579 -295: 10. 380 + 20 + 105:

11.7x25x4: 12. 801 - 187 :

13. Strategy Practice Explain the steps you can use to find
7x2x50mentally. @
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2-5
Mental Math
Compute mentially,

1. 8 x '15 x 5i0: 2- - 519:

634

3 78+89: 4.37+66+24:
5. 4,922 - 3Ct1 : 6.7x20x4:
7.34+45+84: 8.8x8x50:
9. Reasoninç¡ Explain the steps you can use to
find 2 x 3€i x 50 mentally.

An apartment complex needs to purchase Appliance Frice

several new appliances. They have made Refrigerator/f reezer $938
a price list showing the cost of a few of
Washing machine $465
these appliancers. Compute mentally.
Dryer $386
10. Find the cost of a washing
machine and a dryer.

11. How much more does a retrigerator/

freezer cost than a dryer?

12. Find the total cost for 3 refrigerator/freezers

13. Compute nrentally: 450 - 280.

A 120 B 140 c 170 D 190

14. Writing to Explain Explain in your own words why 204 x 6 : (6 x 200) + (6 x 4).

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2-6
Evaluating Express¡ons
To evaluate an expression, follow these steps:
1. Substitute or replace the variable with the value given in the problem
2. Perform the operation or operations.
3. lf there is more than one operation, use the order of operations.
Evaluate 4 + 2n for 3.
Replace n with 3. 4 + 2(3)
Multiply first. 4+6
Then add. 10
The value of the expression is 10.
Evaluateg'- 3(3) + g+ 2;g:4.
Replace g with 4. 42-3@)+4:2
Evaluate terms with exponents. 16 - 3(3) + 4 + 2
Then multiply and divide. 16-9+2
Then subtract and add. I
The value of the expression is 9

Apply the substitutions and evaluate.

1. 12n; n :3 2. 2t - 4;t:6 3. r+48+r;r:8

For F7, evaluate each expression for 3, 6, and 8.

4.7x 5.6x+4
6. 14-lx-2 7. x+2x
8. Katie rented a bicycle at the beach for $3 an hour plus a $S tee.
Write an expression that shows how much it will cost Katie to rent
the bicycle. Then solve the expression for 4 hours.

9. Writing to Explain Timothy is solving the problem 50 + 1OEx +4

What order of operations should he follow?

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2-6
Evaluat¡i ng Expressions
Apply the substillutions and evaluate.

1.7x- 4;x:Q 2. 3d + (5 - 4;d:4 3. B+2g-g+2;g:6

For 7-1O, evaluate each expression far 2,6, and 8.

4.5x , , 5. x+12
6.96+x 7. f - x
8. Evaluate the expression for the values of h.

h 6 18 24 42 54

(h-6)+h+6
9. The table sl^rows how much Tia charges Number of Pets Fer Day Per Hour
for pet sitting. Write an expression to
One dog $zo $z
show how nruch Tia will earn for sitting
Twc dogs $zs $g
two dogs for a day and two cats per
hour. Then s;olve for sitting two dogs for One or two cats $ls $o

the day and one cat for 6 hours.

10. Writing to Eixplain Tia wrote 20 + 7x to find how much she

earned for one pet sitting job and 15x for another job. Explaill the
difference between the expressions.

11. Evaluate the expression 6 + 8f for f : 4

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2-7
Using Ëxpress¡ons to
Describe Patterns
You can write an expression to describe the pattern in an input/output table
Look at the first input and output values in the table. ¡NPUT OUTPUT
Ask Yourself: What do I need to do to the input 11 to Eet the 11 5
output 5? 12 6
'13 7
You might need to add, subtract, multiply, divide, or perform
more than one operation.
'15 *
20 *
ln this table, you can subtract 6 from 1i to get 5.
Check the input and output values or 12 and '13.
T

12- 6:6
13-6:7
The pattern is true for all of the values in the table. So, the pattern is subtract 6.
You can write the expression x - 6 to describe the pattern.
Substitute input values for the variable x to get the output values.
Find the output values for 15 and 20.

The inpuVoutput table shows how much Jake pays for toys. Use the
input/output table lor'14.
1. If Jake buys '12 toys, what is the cost? INPUT OUTPUT
6 1 8
2. lf Jake pays $45, how many toys did he buy?
7 21

3. Write an expression to describe the output 8 24

pattern if the input is the variable t.
I 27

4. What inputs and outputs should be added to

the table for 2O toys?

5. Writlng to Explain Jessie says that the expression 2x INPUT 2 3 4 5

describes the inpuVoutput table. Explain why Jessie's OUTPUT 4 5 6 7
expression is correct or incorrect.

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2-7
Using Express¡ons to
Describe Patterns
Use this table lor 14.
Total Gups in Boxes 18 36 54 66 72 B4
Total Number of Boxes 3 6 I tr tr tr

1. How many l¡oxes are needed for 66, 72, and 84 cups?

2, How many cups will be in 20 boxes?

3. Write an algebraic expression that explains the relationship between

the input (total cups in boxes) and output values (total number of
boxes) if the variable c is the input.

4. Writing to Hxplain Jason thinks he needs 25 boxes to pack 144

cups. ls Jason correct? Explain.

5. Make a Table Lily is using seashells to make

necklaces. tiach necklace has 7 shells. Make an
input/outpulltable that shows the number of shells
used for 10, 15, 20, and 25 necklaces. Write an
algebraic expression that explains the relationship
between the input and output values.

Use this table for 6 and 7.

Large White Butterfly Winq Beats

Number of seconds 1 2 3 4 5
Number of beats 12 24 36 48 60

6. Gritical Thinking What algebraic expression shows the number of

wing beats for a chosen number of seconds?
A 60+x Bx+12 C12+x Dl2:¡.
7. How many times will a large white butterfly beat its wings in 12 seconds?

A 144 8120 C84 D72 @

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2-g
Problem Solving: Make a
Table
You can make a table using the information given in a problem. A table
organizes the information and helps you solve the problem.
Angie has $30 to spend at a carnival. Tickets for rides cost $1.25 each.
Write an expression to show how much Angie has left after buying
x tickets at the carnival. Make a table to show how much Angie has left
: :
after buying x 3 tickets, x I tickets, and x 15 tickets.:
Write an Expression Make a Table
x : number of tickets Use x as a label for one column.
Spending Price of Number of
Use 30 - 1 .25x for the other column.

Money Tickets Tickets Enter the values for x:3, 8, and 15.
JJ J
Solve the expression for each x-value and
30 1.25 XX enter into the table.
The expression 30 - 1 .25x represents
x 30 - 1.25x
the situation.
3 26.25
8 20
15 11.25

So, Angie has $26.25 left after she buys 3 tickets, $ZO lett after she
buys 8 tickets, and $11.25 left after she buys $15 tickets.

1. Arturo works at a horse ranch. He makes $50 each week for

cleaning out stalls and $1 2 for each horse that he grooms.
Write an expression that describes Afturo's weekly earnings after
grooming x horses.

x
2. Using your answer for Exercise 1, complete the table
5
to find how much Arturo earns in a week if he grooms
5 horses, t horses, and 12 horses. I
12

3. Gina sells bracelets at afair for $6 each. Complete

the table to show how much she earns for x : 12
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2-8
Problem Solving: Make a
Table
1. Selena earns $g.ZS per hour working at her job. lt costs $3.S0 to
ride the bus to and from work. Write an expression that describes
how much Selena has each day afterx hours of work and paying
her bus fare.

2. Complete the table to find how much Selena earns x

each day if she works 3 hours, 5 hours, or I hours.
3

3. A health food store sells protein powder online. A 10-lb cafton of

protein powder costs $Zl.ZS.lt costs $¿.gS to ship the powder
whether you buy 1 or more cantons. Write an expression to show
the cost including shipping of x cartons of protein powder.

4. Complete the table to find how much it costs to

have 2,5, and 9 cartons of protein powder shipped x
2

5. Gritical Thinking Lee earns 3 points for every dollar he spends at

the pet storer. Which value completes this table?

x 3x
27 ?

A9 824 c30 D81

6. Writing to Explain A wildlife park charges $18 for each admission
ticket x. Explain the labels you would use to make a table to find @

the cost of 4 tickets, 9 tickets, and '12 tickets. d

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3-l
Estimat¡ng Sums and
Differences
Estimate: 7.382 + 4.97 Estimate: 12.57 - 6.806
1. Round each number to the 1. Round each nurnber to the
nearest whole number. nearest whole number.
12.57 - 6.806
7.383 + 4.97
++
7 +5 :is used to
*+
-7
13
show that this is
2. Add to estimate: an estimate. 2. Subtract to estimate.
7 -t 5=12 13-7=6
7.382 + 4.97 2 12.57-6.806=6
You can also round the numbers to any decimal place
Estimate the sum. Round to the nearest tenth.
3.947 + 11.286
**
3.9 + 1'1.3 : 15.2, so 3.947 + 11.286 = 15.2

Round each number to the nearest whole number to estimate the answer.

1. 4.38 + 9.179 2.62.873 - 12.7 3. 52.83 + 97.288

4.131.049 - 82.604
-
5.79.14 + 32.546 6.48.468 + 63.029
7.112.658 - 8'1.903 8.586.735 - 204.63
-
9. 107.139 + 90.621
Round each number to the nearest tenth to estimate the answer.

10. 17.058 - 8.623 11.38.831 4 + 15.62 12.26.429 - 6.703

13. 238.562 - 104.387 14.400.628 + 291.037 15.76.451 - 68.399
-
16. Geometry The area of the Davis's living room is 18.087
- square
yards, and their bedroom has an area of 15.78 square yards'
Round to the nearest tenth and estimate the amount of carpet they
need to buy.

17. Explain lt
Angela has a $s-bill, two $1O-bills, and a
$2O-bill. She wants to buy a DVD for $1 7.89, a pin for $5.12,
and shoes for $12.99. Estimate the sum to the nearest dollar,
Tell which bills she should hand to the cashier. @
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3-l
Estima't¡ng Surns and
Differences
Fill in the blanks to complete the estimate.
1. 4.36 - 2.971 : 2. 9.384 * 7.713: 3. 8.81 + 2.78:
3:_ 9+_:_ B.g+_:_
Round each number to the nearest whole number to estimate the
answer.
4. 15.63 - 8.497 5. 3.504 + 7.118 _ 6. 13.09 - 10.902 _
-
7. 14.52 + 1X.118 8. 9.573 - 4.817 g. 22.174 + 18.561
10. 37.624 - 14.826 11. 15.938 + 7.627-_ 12. 19.394 - 6.943 _-
-
Round each number to the nearest tenth to estimate the answer.
13. 7.349 + 8.192 - 5.418 _
14. 14.087 15. 8.991 + 3.475 _
-
16.25.183 - 13.984- 17. 11.004 + 5.391 _ 18. 31.038 - 12.861 _
2.14 in.
19. Geometry Estimate the perimeter of 1.7 tn.
-\
the figure to the nearest whole number.
5.3 in.
20. Four runners ran the relay. Bill ran his lap in 22.738
seconds, Tory ran in 21.874 seconds, Grace ran in 20.92
seconds, and Jessica ran in 19.047 seconds. Estirnate 10.676 in
the team's total time to the nearest tenth of a second.

On Sale Today
21. LuWanda bought a jar of mustard, a half-gallon of ice Musta¡:d ....
$l.SA
cream, and two boxes of popcorn. She gave the clerk a ...$S.ZI
lcecream
$20 bill. Estimate how many dollars she received in change. Fopcorn....$e.lg
A$¿ B$e c $11 D $14

22. Writlng to Explain The digit 5 is usually rounded up, but it can
also be rounded down. How would you round the numbers in the
:
equation 9.5 + 4.7 + 3.2 + 7.5 x to the nearest v¡hole number
without getting an overestimate or an underestimate?
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3-2
Add¡ng and Subtracting
Find 1.093 + 41.6.
Estimate: Round 1 .093 to 1 and 41.6 to 42.
1 * 42:43
Write the numbers, lining up the decimal 1.093
points. Annex zeros so all numbers have the +41.600 <- Annex 2 zeros.
same number of decimal places. 42.693
Add the numbers. Regroup if necessary. 42.693 is close to 43, so the answer is
Write the decimal point in your answer. reasonable.
Find 18.5 - 7.82.
Estimate: Round 7.82to 8.
18.5 8:'10.5
- 7 410
Write the numbers, lining up the decimal 19.øø <- Annex azero.
points. Annex zeros so all numbers have the - 7.82
same number of decimal places. 10.68

Subtract. Regroup if necessary. 10.68 is close to '10.5, so the answer is

Write the decimal point in your answer. reasonable.

Find each sum or difference

1. 45.6 + 26.3 2. 14.25 - 5.14 3. 17.2 + 6.08

4. 24.84 - 22.7 5. 13.64 - 8.3 6. 0.214 + 15.9

7. 3.652 - 1.41 8. 18.06 + 9.798 9. 8.006 - 6.38

10. Reasonableness Jaime wrote 4.4 - 0.33 : 1.1. ls his answer reasonable?
Why or why not?

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3-2
Adding and Subtracting
Find each sum or difference
1. 10.21 - 4.t6 2. 0.03 + 1.85

3. 5.011 + 1.23 4. 22.9 - 0.61

5. 9.834 - 1.?_6 6. 24 + 7.45

7. Complete the sequence of numbers. 4.25,5,5.75,

8. Number Sense How does the cost for 1 tube of

glue compare to the cost for 1 roll of tape? Craft Supplies
Poster board $1.29lsheet
Markers $4.5O/pact<
9. What is the difference in cost between 2 packs
of markers and 4 sheets of poster board? Tape $1.99/roll

Glue $2.39/tube
10. ln a long jump competition, Khaila jumped 3.9 Construction paper $3.79lpack
meters. Alicia jumped 3.08 meters. How much
farther did Khaila jump?
A 0.01 meters
B 0.82 meters
C 0.98 meters
D 1.01 meters
11. Writing to lExplain Trey wrote 9.009 - 0.01 : 9.008. ls his answer correct?
Why or why not?

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3-3
Estimat¡ng Products and
Quotients
You can use rounding or compatible numbers to estimate products and
quotients.
Rounding:
Round each factor to the nearest whole number and multiply.
4.287+4
x2.804- >X 3
12 so, 4.287 x 2.804 - 12

Compatible Numbers:
Find compatible numbers and divide.
+
*+
16.173
15 +
2.45

3 : 5so 16.'173 + 2.45- 5

Use rounding to estimate each answer.

1. g.7g x 8.16 2. 35.518 + 9.272 3. 7.349 x 5.62

4. 4.178 x 12.513 5. 8.498 x 5.602 6. 24.534 + 7.96

7. 41.01 + 4.88 8. 15.812 x 9.47 9. 2.81 x '17.638

Use compatible numbers to estimate each answer

10. 55.93 + 8.34 11. 61 .438 + 8.72 12. 122.899 + 5.36

13. 16.954 + 3.5 14. 17.158 x 8.99 15. 38.753 + 8.461

16. 73.72{ + 16.1 17. 79.48 + 8.512 18. 43.518 + 8.043

19. Writing to Explain Elena used rounding to estimate 7.864 x 3.29 : 24

Peter used rounding to estimate 7.864 x 3.29 - 32. Which student is
correct? What mistake was made?
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3-3
Estimall¡ng Products and
Quotients
Estimate each answer using rounding.
1. 3.48 x g.6tz3 2. 5.702 x 4.26 3. 9.734 x 6.8

4. 8.37 x 2.501 5. 7.936 x 2.491 6. 5.092 x 3.774

7. 12.123 x 4.802 8. 6.98 x 8.502 9. 1.948 x 3.728

Estimate each answer using compatible numbers.
10. 19.18 + 3.12 11. 14.9 + 8.432 12. 31.047 + 4.492

13. 16.07 + 4.989 14. 46.614 + 9.01 15; 61.503 + 8.041

16. 73.196 + 1
'1
.513 17. 123.82 + 25.937 18. 86.431 + 6.722

19. Number Sense An airliner is 9,34 feet wide. The

airline wants to install 5 seats in each row. The seats
are each 1.,46 feet wide. Rounded to the nearest
tenth, about how much space would be left for the aisle?

20. Geometry Estimate the @

13.713 ft
f.-
area of the rectangle. crl
F.-

21. Writing to Explain The library has a bookshelf 4G.725 inches

wide for their new encyclopedia. When the encyclopedia arrived,
the librarianr found that each of the 24 volumes was ',l.65 inches
wide. Estimate if the 24 books will fit on the shelf. How does your
rounding aflect the answer?

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22. Algebra Dominick wants to buy 2 CDs for $14.95 each, 3 DVDs
d
! for $19.99 each, and a video game for $36.7g. Which equation
i
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3-4
Multiplying Decimals
Use the same strategy to multiply a decimal by a whole number or to
multiply a decimal by a decimal.

Multiply O.72 x 23. 0.72 2 decimal

lgnore the decimal points. Multiply as x23 places
you would with two whole numbers. 216
144
Count the number of decimal places 1 656
in both factors. Use that number of
decimal places to write the answer. 16.56

Multiply 0.45 x 0.8.

0.45 2*1:3
lgnore the decimal points. Multiply as x 0.8 decimal
you would with two whole numbers. 360 places
Count the number of decimal places
in both factors. Use that number of
0.360
decimal places to write the answer.

Place the decímal point in each product.

1. 1.2 x 3.6 : 432 2. 5.5 x 3.77 : 20735 3. 4.4 x 2.333 : 102652

Find the product.

4.7x0.5 5. 12 x 0.08 6. 24 x 0.17

7. 0.4 x O.17 8. 1.9 x 0.46 9. 3.42 x 5.'15_

10. Writing to Explain lf you multiply two decimals less than 1, can
you predict whether the product will be less than or greater than
either of the factors? Explain.

11. Number Sense Two factors are multiplied and their product is @
d

34.44. One factor is a whole number. How many decimal places c

.9

are in the other faclor? !U-

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3-4
Multiplying Decimals
Place the decimal point in each product.

1.3x6.892:20676 2. 0.3 x 4.57 :1371

Find each product.
3. 14.3 x 2.1 x 8.9: 4. 0.45 x 0.01 :
5. 67.1 x 0.3 x 0.4 : 6. 582.1 x 4.2:
7. Reasoning Show how to find the product of 16.2 >< 4 using addition

8. Which activity is 6 times faster Fastest Sporting Speeds

than the fastest rowing speed? 110
100.9
100
90 85.38

9.
BO
WW
The fastest speed a table tennis
å60
70
WW
ball has been hit is 21.12 times
faster than the speed for the E50 WW
40 36.4
fastest swimmer. What is the
30
speed for the table tennis ball?
20 14.23
10 5
0

10. How fast w,culd 1.5 times the -""$"Ì"tT'"".".xþþ"þ-rr$P

fastest rowing speed be?
Human Activity

11. Which is the product of 241 .82 x 3.8?

A 91.8916 B 918.916
C 9,189.16 D 91,891.6
12. Writing to Explain Explain why multiplying 37.4 x 0.01 gives a
product that is less than 37.4.

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3-5
Dividing Whole Numbers
Find 362 + 5

Step l: To decide where Step 2: Divide the Step 3: Divide the Step 4: Check by
to place the first digit in tens. Use multiplication ones. Use multiplication multiplying and then
the quotient, compare facts and compatible facts and compatible adding.
the first digit of the numbers. numbers.
dividend with the divisor. ThinkSx?:35. Think5 x ?:10. 5 x 72: 360
360 + 2:362
3 < 5, so the first digit in Write 7 in the tens place Write 2 in the ones place
the quotieàt will not go of the quotient. of the quotient.
in the hundreds place. Multiply.5xT:35 Multiply.Sx2:10
7 7 2R2
Now, compare the
s)56z 5)3-67
first two digits of the
dividend with the divisot:
-35 -35J
'1
12
36 > 5, so the first digit Subtract. 36 - 35 : 1
-1 0
2
in the quotient will go in Compare. 1 < 5
the tens place. Bring down the ones.
Subtract. 12 - 10:2
Compare,2 < 5
There are no more digits
to bring down, so 2 is
the remainder.

ln 1 through 6 find each quotient. Check your answers.

1. 8)663 2. 7D4e 3. 5tr65

4. 8w48 5. 2f4e9 6. 6F06

7. Number Sense How can you tell before you divide 425 by 9 that the first digit @
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Dividing Whole Numbers
ln 1 through 8, find each quotient. Check your answers.

1. z)5ao 2. s)56s 3. s)7ra 4, 4)5gg

s. sEn 6. o)ss4 r. gÞlp 8. 8w

The Paez family lives in Louisville, Kentucky, and has decided to take a
road trip for their summer vacation.
9. How many miles will the Paezfamily drive
each day if they decide to take 5 days to
drive 865 miles to Dallas?

10. The Paez family decides they want to drive

996 miles to Boston in 6 days. l-low many
miles will they drive each day?

11. Reasonablleness lf a staff of 9 people had to clean

a hoter with
198 rooms, how many rooms would each person have to clean if
each person cleans the same number of rooms?
429 825 C23 D22
12. Explain how to check the quotient from a division problem

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3-6
Dividing by a Whole Number
Find 196 + 32.

Step 1 SteP 2 SteP 3

Put the decimal point in the Add a zero after the decimal Repeat Step 2 until there is
dividend. Divide. Put the point in the dividend. Bring no remainder.
decimal in the quotient right down the zero. Divide
above the decimal in the Subtract. 6.125
32) 196.000
dividend. Subtract.

6 32
6.'1
196.0
--î ül I

32 196 -1e2 I i2+l

-192 40 80t
4 -32 s4+
8 160
-160
0

Remember, you can use estimation to see if your answer is reasonable: 180 + 30 = 6. You
can checkyour answer using multiplication: 32 x 6.125 196 :

Find the quotient.

1 2 2, 3. 3. $s.
I 20.7 7 r 22.61 lzfídt4Ao
-18 -21 -36
2 I

4, 11 tr3s 5. 30ä s6 6. BW12

7. Writing to Explain Destiny said that 0.6 + 2 : O.3.ls she correct?

Explain why or why not.
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Dividing by a Whole Number
Find the quotient

1. $42.78 + 3 2. 85.5 + 6 3. 3.4 + 10

4.9+900 5. 59.6 + I 6. 188.4 + 60

7.$l .24+4 8.231 : 42 9.11.2 + 25

10. Yolanda bought I tickets to a concert for $214. what was the cost
of each ticket?

11. AlgebraTcrny bought a72-ounce box of dog biscuits

How many pounds of dog biscuits did he buy?
:
(Remember: '1 pound 16 ounces.)

A 4 pouncls
B 4.5 pounds
C 90 pounrds
D 4,320 pounds
12, Number Sense Vicky uses 42 beads for each necklace she
makes. She bought a bag of 500 beads. How many necklaces can
she make?

13. Writing to Explain ln what place is the first digit of the quotient for
12.88 + 4? Tell how you know.

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3-7
Dividing Decimals
When you divide by a decimal, you need to rewrite the dividend and the
divisor so that you are dividing by a whole number.

Find 2.49 + 0.8. 240+80=3

Step 1: Estimate. Use compatible numbers. 0.8 x 10: B
Step 2: Make the divisor a whole number' o.8T2A8 2.48 x 10 :24.8
Multiply the divisor AND the dividend by UU
the same power of 10. I
v
Place the decimal in the quotient. 3.1
Step 3: Divide as you would with whole BT24ß +8 D4ß-
24
numbers. Remember that sometimes you
8
may need to annex zeros to complete your
division.
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Step 4: Compare the quotient with your Since 3.1 is close to 3, the answer checks.
estimate.

Find each quotient

1. 0.2)i 5 Estimate:

Multiply dividend and divisor by what power of 10?

Place the decimal point in the quotient.

Divide. How many zeros do you need to annex?

Compare the quotient to your estimate'

ls the answer reasonable?

2. 0.6F36 3. 0.4F5 4. 0.75ms

5. Draw a Picture Fernando used tenths grids

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to draw this picture showing 1.6 + O'4 4'
'1.3 -: 0.6.
Draw a picture to show
Write the quotient. @
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3-7
Dividing Decimals
Find each quoltient

1. 8.4 + 0.3 : 2. 66.15 + 0.63 :

3. 10.5 + 1.5 : 4. 86+ Ð.4

5. 72.8 + 1.4 : 6. 14.36 + 0.4:

7. 2.87 + 0.0t1 : 8. 78.32 + 0.22 :
9. Reasoning why would multiplying both the dividend and the
divisor by 10 sometimes make a problem easier to solve?

For each item, find Item 1960 Cost 2OO2 Cost

how many times greater Movie admission $0.75 $8.50
the 2002 cost is than
Regular popcorn $o.zs $3.25
the 1960 cost. Round
Regular drink $0.35 $2.75
your answer to the
nearest hundrerjth.
10. movie admission 1 1" regular popcorn 12. regular drink

13. Which itern has increased the greatest amount

of times from its original cost?

14, Divide. Round to the nearest hundredth . 250.6 + 1.6

A 156

B 156.6

c 156.61

D 156.63

15. Writing to lExplain Lynn and Randi got different

Lynn Randi
quotients when they divided 3.60 by O.12.
@
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5
1 2)3.6¡"- 12 360
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3-8
Evaluatlng Express¡ons
Brackets and parentheses are both used to show groupings.
Brackets are used to avoid double parentheses: [( instead of ((.

Evaluate expressions according to the order of operations.

1. Evaluate inside parentheses, then 2.32+ [(9 x 0.4) + (3 x 0.8)] x 1.2

evaluate inside brackets. 2.32+[3.6+2.47x1.2
2.32+6x1.2
2. Evaluate exponents. 2.32+6x1.2
5.29+6x1.2
3. Multiply and divide from left to 5.29+6x1.2
right. 5.29 + 7.2

4. Add and subtract from left to 5.29 + 7.2

right. 12.49

Evaluate each expression.

1. (7.8 + 2) x 12 2. 5.6 + (3 x 9.6 - 4.8)

3. l(4.2 x 3.4) - e.281 4. [4 x (9.6 + 3)] + 8.4

5.5x(6x2.3)+0.91 6. 24 + l(3.2 x 0.8) + 1.441

7. 5.6 + [(3.1 x 4) - 7.3] + 52 8. 42 - I +l(O.zax7) + (0.66 x 2)l

9. Reasoning ls it possible to have an expression that uses brackets

without using any parentheses? Give your reasons.

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for this expression;12.3 x [(2 x 1.7) + 6] - 23?

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Evaluating Express¡ons
1.62 -(3.1 x5+2.3) 2. t(8-3.7) x6j +1.5 g.92 - tØ.2x3.4)-9.281

4,9.22 -[(126 -2') xo.6] 5. [(0.3 x 8) + (1.S x S¡1 + O2

6. 40 + [9.6 - (8 x 0.2)] 7.33+4.2x8-:0.2

8. 8.8 + [(0.4 x 7) + (3.1 x 2)] 9. T' - X6' - 22.4) + (B + o.s)l + 3.8

10.9+lØ.2 -3.3)+(6.4+0.8)l xg 11.4j -32+(8x2.s)-15+ (2.1 x4)

12. 13 + 26 - [(2.8 x 5) + 7] 13. 16 + 23 - [(5 + 2) x1.9] - 13 + 6.8

14. Jessica bought a new computer for 9800. She put $lZO down
and got a student discount of $50. Her mother gave her
|of the
balance for her birlhday. which of these expressions could be
used to find the amount Jessica still owes on the computer?
A 800-120+50+2 C800-(120-5@-2
B [800-(120-50)+21 DlB00-(120+50)] +2
15. Number Sense A printing error in a math book removed the
brackets and parentheses frorn the original expression of
(7 x 3.4) l(2.8 x 5) (4.3 x Z)l + +2. Give the order of
- -
operations a student solving this problem would have used to
evaluate the expression with the printing error, and find the value of
the incorrect expression and the correct expression.

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3-9
Solutions for Equations and
lnequalities
Which of the values is a solution to the equation?
1.5+p:3.5 p:1,2,3,4
You can draw a model to show that 1.5 + p equals 3.5

'3.5
1

1.5 p

Try each value of p.

'1.5+ 1:2.5 Notasolution
1.5 + 2: 3.5 Solution
1.5 + 3 : 4.5 Notasolution
1.5 + 4 : 5.5 Not a solution

Which numbers, when substituted for p, are solutions to

5.6+p=8.7 P:3,4,5
5.6 + 3 > 8.7 Not a solution
5.6+ 4>8.7 Solution
5,6 + 5>8.7 Solution

Tell which values of the variable are solutions to the equation or

inequality. You can draw a model to help you.
1.c+4:8 c:1,2,3,4 2.9-g>6 g : 3,4,5,6

3. 15>r-7.1 r:10,15,20 4. k -7 <3.5 k:12.1,10,9,7.2

5. Sahil bought a book of 25 ride tickets Carnival Rides

at the carnival. So far he has used
Ride Number of Tickets
20 of them. The table shows numbers
of tickets for some carnival rides. lf f Whiplash 6
equals the number of tickets per ride, Sunset Cruise 2
which numbers, when substituted for Up'N Down 3
f are solutions for 20 + t < 25? Fireball 5
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Solutions for Equations and
lnequalities
Tell which value(s) of the variable are solutions to the equation
or inequality.
1.P-13:6 P:17,18,19,20 2.3.4+c>6 C:1-1,2.2,3.3,4.4

3. 0.2=g + 4 9:0.1,0.2,0.5, 1.3 4. 6>12- d d:0,2,3,5

5. r- 0>4.9 r:3.4,4.6,7.7,9 6. 45 - 19.6: b b:25.4;64.6,70
7.5+q>7.2 q:0,3,5 8. 18.2+c<18.2 c:0,3,6, I
9. 7.6 t a:9.7 a:0.7,1.1, 1.9,2.1 10. x - 5<74 x: 95, 92,90,75

11. 3.4 - y < 1.4 y : 3.3, 2.6, 1, O 12. n + 10> 41.2 n : 22,29,30,31.1

13. 9.6 - y < tl.3 y: 3.3, 3.6,4.4,5.5 14. 0.6 *a : 1.3 a : 0.5, 06, 0.7, 0.8

15. $7.26 - b - $g.Ot b: $6.25,$6.24,$5.25, $¿.ZS

16. Carole has spent $l¿.0S of a $20.00 gift card on a new T-shir1.
Can she purchase $+.SS worth of merchandise with the balance
:
on the card? fi x $4.ss, use $14.6s + x < $20.00 to decide.

17. Algebra Which number when substituted for y is a solution to the

following inequality?
y+0.5>5
A 4.9 B 3.6 C 2.2 D 0.5
18. Writing to Explain Andre is running in a 5-kilometer race. He
just passed the 3.2-kilometer mark and thinks that he has only
@ 0.8 kilometer more to run. Use the equation 3.2 + d : 5 to explain
ct
E whether or not Andre is correct.
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3-lo
Problem Solving:
Multiple-Step Problems
Multiple-step problems often contain hidden questions. Sometimes you cannot answer
the problem until you have answered these hidden questions.
James and Raul designed and printed T-shirts for school spirit week. James had
35 T-shirts printed and Raul had 3 times that number printed. lt costs $3.2S each to print
the T-shirts. How much did it cost altogether for James and Raul to print the T-shirts?
Hidden question: How many T-shirts did Raul have printed?
:
35 Fshirt x 3 105 Ïshirts
Solve the problem:
35 + 105:140
140 x $3.25: $455
Answer: lt cost $455 to print the T-shirts.

1. The school store offers a discount for purchases made during

lunchtime. The usual price of pencils is $O.ZS. The discount price
is $0.15. How much can you save by buying 5 pencils during
lunchtime?

2. Janine practiced piano for 1.25 hours each day Monday through
Friday. Her sister Emily practiced twice as long as Janine on
Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday. Who practiced more hours
during the week?

3. During a week-long dry spell, the water level in a pond decreased

by 4 in. per day, except for two days when it decreased by half that
amount. How much did the water level decrease in the pond in one
week?

4. Critical Thinking What hidden questions did you have to ar'Ìswer

to solve the above problem?
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Problem Solving:
Multiple-Step Pnoblems
1. At a school concert, the orchestra plays 8 songs that are 4.25 min long and 3 songs
that are twice as long as each of the others. How long is the concert?

2. A shoe store sold 53 pairs of shoes on Monday and 35 pairs on Tuesday. On

Wednesday, the store sold as many pairs of shoes as they sold on Monday and
Tuesday combined. They sold half as many on Thursday as Wednesday. How many
pairs of shoes did the shoe store sell Monday through Thursday?

3. Write a Problem Use a real-life situation to create a problem in which there is a

hidden question. Then identify the hidden question and the answer.

4. Critical Thünking Jackson is writing a report on California

missions. He spent 2 hours researching missions on the lnternet
and three times as long writing the report. What is the hidden
question if you want to find how many total hours Jackson spent
on the report?
A How many hours did he spend researching and writing the report?
B How many hours did he spend researching the report?
C How much longer did it take to write the report than research it?
D How many hours did he spend writing the report?

5. Writing to Explain Explain how you can find the hidden questions in problem 2

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4-l
Properties of Equal¡ty
To keep an equation balanced, you must do the same thing to each side.

Balanced Equation Unbalanced Equation

ao
oo 1:1 oa oo 1:1 ao
Add 2 Add 2 Add 2 Add 4
+ * + +

3:3 3+5

The scale is balanced because both sides have The equation is not balanced. 3 does not equal
the same value. We added the same amount to 5. We did not add the same amount to both
each side of the equation. sides of the equation.

Use the Properties of Equality to balance equations.

Add the same number to each side. 3c : 12,so3c+5: 12+5
Subtract the same number from each side. 3c : 12,so3c-3: 12-3
Multiply each side by the same number. 3c : 12,so3cx2-- 12x2
Divide each side by the same number. 3c : 12, so 3c + 4: 12+4

Evaluate the equations.

1. lf 16+ 5:21,does16+5 -4:21 -4? Whyorwhynot?

2. lf 3p : 27, does 3p x 2 : 27 x 3? Why or why not?

3. lf 4s - 6: 18, does (4s - 6) + 2: 18 + 2? Why or why not?

4. Reasoning A pan balance :

shows x * 2 10. lf you add 5 units to @

one side, can you balance the scale by adding x units to the other d
5
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side? Explain. .9
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Properties of Equal¡ty
1. lf 16 + 4 : 2o,does 16 + 4 - 4 - 20 - 4?Whyorwhynot?

2. I'f 2d+4:S,does2d+4+6=5+ 4?Why orwhynot?

3. lf 12 - 8 : A,does (12 - 8) + 2 : 4 x 2? Explain

4. lf 7t : 70, does 12 x 7t : 12 x 70? Explain

5. Critical Thinking Emil and Jade have equal amounts of play

money in two piles. Emil has $1 and a quarter in his pile. Jade
has 5 quarters in her pile. lf Emil gives Jade $1 and Jade gives
Emil 4 quafters, will the two piles still be equal in value? Explain

6. Which equation shows the Multiplication Property of Equality if

ni 4:11?
A (n+4)x2:11 B (n+4)x2:11 +2
C (n+4)x2:11 x4 D (n+4)x2:11 x2
7. Writing to Explain Bobbie wrote y + 6 : 15. Then she wrote
(y + 6) : 3 : 15. Explain why the second equation is not balanced
and how to balance it.

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4-2
Solving Addition and
Subtraction Equations
You can use inverse relationships and the properties of equality to get the variable alone
to solve an equation. Remember that you need to do the same thing to both sides of the
equation to keep the equation equal.

Solve the equation 5 + c : 15. Solve the equation x - 20 : 16.

To get c alone, undo adding 5 by To get x alone, undo subtracting 20 by
subtracting 5 from both sides. adding 20 to both sides.
5*c:15 x - 20:16
5+c-5-15-5 x-20+2O:16+20
c: 10 x: 36
Check your solution by substituting 10 Check your solution by substituting 36
for c in the equation. for x in the equation.
5+ c:15 x-20:16
5 + 10:15 36 - 20:: 16
15 : 15 lt checks. 16 16 lt checks.

Explain how to get the variable alone in each equation.

I * 13:25
x 2. n - 30: 10
x+13-13:25-13 n- 30 * 30:'10 + ?

Solve each equation and check your answer. Show your work.

3. g - 100: 150 4. y+ 56:63

g -'100 + :150+
g

5. The Olympic triathlon is 51.5 km. A contestant has completed

two of the three legs of the race and has traveled 4'1.5 km. Solve
41.5 + d : 51.5 to find the distance of the third leg.
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Solving Addition and
Subtraction Equations
Explain how to get the variable alone in each equation.

1 n + 10:100 2. x-75:49
n + 10 - 0 :
'f
100 - 10 x-75+ :49+

Solve each equation and check your answer.

3.9-8:25 4.25-ry:42 5. r + 82:97

6.30:m-18 7. 150:e+42 8.a-51:12

9. Jo loaned Al $15. : -
She had $l S lett. Solve the equation 15 s '15

to find hour much money Jo had before she made the loan.
A$o
B $rs
c $30

D $00

10. Critical Thinking ft n + 10 : 40, then what is the value of the

expression n - 25?
A5
825
c30
D50
11. Writing to Explain Explain how to solve the equation
@
35 + P :92. Then solve.
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4-3
Problem Solving: Draw a
Picture and Write an Equation
Tico spent $Sz.Sl at the computer store. Now he has $29.80 left. How
much did Tico have before he went to the computer store?

What do you know? Tico has $29.86 now.

He spent $37.51
What do you need to find out? How much Tico had before.
1. Assign a variable. b = how much Tico had before
2. Draw a picture. b
$2e.86 $sz.sl
3. Write and solve an equation $29.86+$37.51 =b
$62.32 = b
4. Answer the question Tico had $67.37 before he went to the store.

Draw a picture and write an equation to solve each problem

1. Gina's book has 349 fewer pages than Terri's. lf Gina's book has 597 pages, how
many pages does Terri's book have?

2. Peter played a video game. Before dinner, he had collected 24,729 gold coins. At the
end of the game he had collected 97 ,3O4 gold coins. How many coins did he collect
after dinner?

3. SaveMart can store 840 cases of canned food in the big warehouse. This is 394
cases more than the number that can be displayed on the shelves. How many cases
can be displayed? o
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Problem Solving: Draw a
Picture and Write an Equation
Draw a picture and write an equation to solve each problem

1. Mike has already driven 176 laps. The race is 250 laps long. How many more laps
does he have to drive to finish the race?

2. Antonio found 133 golf balls in the water. He picked up a total of 527 lost golf balls.
How many golf balls did he find in the weeds and bushes?

3. A lumber company plants 840 trees. lf the company cuts down 560 trees, how many
more trees did it plant than it cut down?

4. Writing to Explain What operation would you use to solve this problem? Why?

Erik wants to buy a new stereo for $3S9. He has $Zgg saved already.
How much more will he have to save to buy the stereo?

5. Reasonableness Write an estimate that will show if 77 is a reasonable solution to

:
the equatic¡n 14 -t m 91 .

6. Juan brought 87 pounds of recyclables to the recycling center. Fle brought 54

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s
¿ the number of pounds of plastic Juan recycled?
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4-4
Solving Multiplication and
Division Equations
To solve an equation, make the two sides of the equation equal with
the variable alone on one side. You can use inverse operations and
properties of equality.
Remember: Inverse operations "undo" each other. Properties of
Equality say that you can multiply or divide both sides of an equation
by the same number and the two sides of the equation remain equal.
Use division to "undo" multiplication. Use multiplication to "undo" division
With numbers: With numbers:
3 X 6 = 18 24+2=12
3 X 6 + 6 ='18 + 6 24+2x2=12x2
a_a
\r-\) 24=24
ln algebra: ln algebra:
mx9=54 p+8=7
mx9+9=54+9 p+8x8=7x8
lft=6 P=56

For I through 3, name the inverse operation you will use to get the variable alone on one
side of the equation. ln 2 and 3, also fill in the blanks.
1.5p:59 2. n:16:4 3. 15:rX3
5p;5:50+5 n+16x16:4x_ i5+_--rx3+_

For 4 through 6 solve the equation.

4. w + 5:8 5. 2Oy 1 00 6. 3 : s + 10

7. Writing to Explain Jason solved the equation r + 14 : 19. He got 266

ls his answer correct? Explain how you know.

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4-4
SolvinE Multiplication and
Division Equations
For I through 3, explain how to get the variable alone in each equation.
1. r x7 :42 2. 6:12
m+ 3. 44:2k
rX7+7:42+7 m+6X :12X

For 4 through 9, solve the equation. Check your answer.

4.9n:72 5.yx5:60 6. v + 13:2

7.w-7:15 8. 216:36p 9.17:t+3

10. Writing to Explain Tell how you would get the variable m alone on
one side of the equation 15m : 45.

11. Write a Problem Write a problem that can be solved with the
equationr-6:14.

12. Number Sense Which equation can you use to

solve this problem?

There are 12 muffins in a package. Will bought 84 muffins.

How many packages did he buy?
A 12xP:94
B 84x12:p
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4-5
Froblem Solving: Draw a
Picture and Write an Equation
Zoo keepers divided some land into 4 sections for the monkeys at the
zoo. Each section has 23 monkeys. How many monkeys are at the zoo?

Read and Unde¡'stand

Choose a variable for the unknown. The Let m : the total number of monkeys
unknown is the total number of monkeys
at the zoo.

Draw a picture to show that the total m

number of monkeys is divided into 4 equal
23 23 23 23
sections of 23 monkeys.
Plan and Solve m+4 : 23 <- Use division
Write an equation using the variable and
the picture.

Solve the equation. 4:23

m+
m+4x4:23x4
m :92
There are 92 monkeys at the zoo

Write an equation for 1. Solve each problem.

'1. Juan has 6 times as many basketball cards as Nick. lf Juan has
192 basketball cards, how many does Nick have?

192
X X x X X

2. Several sixth grade classes are going on a field trip to a

planetarium. The teachers divided the classes into 19 groups.
There are 7 students in each Eroup. How many students are going
to the planetarium? Use the equation c + 19 : 7.

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3. Each bus for a field trip can carry 27 students. lf 216 students d

are going on the field trip, how many buses are needed? Use the c
.9

equation 27n :216. o

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4-5
Problem Solving: Draw a
Picture and Write an Equation
Draw a picture and write an equation to solve each problem.

1. Mr. Conover bought 6 boxes of pastels for his art class. He paid
$¿.SO for each box. What was the total cost of the boxes?

2. A company charters boats for whale watching. The company

chartered ll3 boats. There were a total of 325 passengers on the
boats. What was the average number of passengers per boat?

3. A store selts 5-gallon bottles of water for $8. The store made $ZAg
on Monday selling the water. How many bottles were sold?

4. A sign at a recycling center states that 118 pounds of recycled

newspapers saves one tree. How many pounds of newspapers will
save 3 trees?

5. Algebra Students mailed invitations to a play To 414 parents.

Each student mailed 18 invitations. lf s equals the number of
students who mailed invitations, which equation best shows the
number of invitations that were mailed?
A s * 18:414 C 18 + s:414
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5-l
Factors, Multiples,
and Divis¡b¡l¡ty
You can use these divisibility rules to determine if a number is divisible by another
number.

A whole number is divisible Exam les

2 if the ones it is 0, 2, 4,6, or I 2 96 300
3 if the sum of the digits of the number 144 1+4+4:9
is divisible 3 9-3:3
4 if the last two digits of the number 124 Last two digits are 24.
are divisible 4. 24 - 4:6
5 if the ones itis0or5 205; 300; 1,005;270
6 if the number is divisible by both 2 and 3 522 Divisible by 2 because ones digit is 2
Divisible by 3 because 5 + 2 + 2 9:
9=3:3
9 if the sum of the digits of the number 3,123 3 +1+2 +3 I
is divisible 9. 9+9:1
10 if the ones digit is 0. 20; 40; 15O;2,57O

Tell whether each number is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,9, or 10.

1.25 2. 32 3. 124

Tell whether the first number is a multiple of the second.

4. 45;2 5. 155;5

6. 24O:6 7. 320;10
8. Number Sense Name 3 factors of 40

There are 100 members in the U.S. Senate. There are 435 members in the
U.S. House of Representatives.
9. ls the total number of U.S. senators divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,9, or 10?

10. Could the members of the U.S. House of Representatives be evenly divided into
committees with 3 members on each? 5 members on each? 8 members on each? @
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FactoÍ$, IVlultiples,
and Divisib¡l¡ty
Tell whether each number is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,9, or 10.
1.27 2. 86

3. 348 4. 954

Tell whether each number is a multiple of the second.

5. 78;2 6. 535;3
7 " Number Srense Name 3 nurnbers that are factors of both 15 and 30

The sixth graders at Washington Middle School researched the history of their city.
The students then gave a presentation to the other students at the school.

8. lf there were 64 sixth graders, list all of the ways they could have been divided
equally into groups of 10 or fewer students.

9. Only 60 sixth graders were present. Of the 60, 14 were needed to run the light and
sound equipment during the presentation. How could the remaining students be
divided into equal groups of 6 or fewer students to read the presentation?

10. The 60 students were transported in vans to the high school to share their
presentation. lf the vans carry a maximum of 7 students each, what was the
minimum number of vans required to carry the students to the high school?

11. Which of the following numbers is divisible by both I and 4?

A 24,815 B 18,324 c 9,140 t) 9,126

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s Use examples in your answer.
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5-2
Prime Factorization
A prime number has exactly two factors, 1 and itself.
Example: 17 is prime. lts factors are 1 and 17.
A composite number has more than two factors.
Example: 10 is composite. lts factors are 1 , 2, 5, and 10.
One way to find the prime factors of a composite number is to divide by prime numbers
84 + 2 = 42 84 is even. Divide by 2.
42 + 2 = 21 Divide by 2 until the quotient is odd.
21+3=7 3isaprimefactorof 21,divideby3.
7+7= 1 7 is prime. You have found the prime factors.

Write the prime factors from least to greatest: 84 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 7.

Then write the factors in exponential form: 22 x 3 x 7.

For 1 through 12, if a number is prime, write prime. lf the number is composite, write the
prime factorization.
1.28 2. 36

3. 29 4. 70

5. 55 6. 81

7. 84 8. 99

9. 75 10. 43

11. 45 12. 64

13. Writing to Explain Explain how you can check to see if your prime factorization is
correct.

14. Strategy Practice How can you tell that 342 is divisible by 3?

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Prime Factonzation
For 1 through 10 if the number is prime, write prime. lf the number is composite, write the
prime factorization.
1.24 2. 43

3. 51 4. 66

5. 61 6. 96
7. 144 8. 243

9. 270 10. 124

11. Writing to Explain Find the first ten prime numbers. Tell how you do it

12. Reasoning How many even prime numbers are there?

AO
B1
c2
D3
13. Critical Thinking Which answer completes the sentence below?
The number I is
A prime.
B composite.
C neither prime nor composite
D both prime and composite.

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5-3
Greatest Common Factor
The greatest number that divides into two numbers is the greatest common factor (GCF)
of the two numbers. Here are two ways to find the GCF of 12 and 40.
List the Factors Use Prime Factorization
Step 1: List the factors of each number. Step 1: Write the prime factorization of
each number.
12: 1,2,3,4,6,12
40: 1, 2, 4,5, 8, 10, 20, 40
12:2x2x3
Step 2: Circle the factors that are
4O:2x2x2x5
common to both numbers. Step 2= Circle the prime factors that the
numbers have in common.
12: l,@ g,@ 6,12
12 3
4o i,ø@ 5, B, 1 o, 20, 40
Step 3: Choose the greatest factor that is
40 2x5
common to both numbers. Both 2 and 4 Step 3: Multiply the common factors.
are common factors, but 4 is greater. 2x2=4 The GCF is 4.
The GCF is 4.

Find the GCF for each set of numbers

1. 10,70 2. 4,20 3.18,24

4. '18, 63 5. 36,42 6.14,28

7. Number Sense Name two numbers that have a greatest common factor of 8

8. Geometry Al's garden is 18 feet long and 30 feet wide. He wants to put fence
posts the same distance apart along both the length and width of the fence. What is
the greatest distance apart he can put the fence posts?

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5-3
Greatest Gommon Factor
Find the GCF for each set of numbers.
1. 12,48 2. 20,24 3. 21,84

4.24,100 5. 18,130 6. 200,245

7, Number Sense Name three pairs of numbers

that have 5 as their greatest comnlon factor.
Use each number only once in your answer.

8. The bake-sale committee divided each type of item Bake Sale

evenly onto plates, so that every plate contained Donations
only one type of item and every plate had exactly the
same number of items with no leftovers. What is the Muffins 96
Bread sticks 48
maximum number of items that could have been
Rolls 84
placed on each plate?

9. Using this system, how many plates of rolls could the

bake-sale committee make?

10. Using this system, how many plates of muffins could

the bake-sale committee make?

11. Which of the following pairs of numbers is correctly listed with its
greatest common factor?

A 20,24; GCF: 4
B 50,100; GCF:25
C 4,6; GCF:24
D 15,20; GCF: 1 0

12. Writing to Explain Explain one method of finding the greatest

common factor of 48 and 84.

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5-4
Understanding Fractions
Fractions are used to show part of a set. Fractions are used to show part of 1 whole.

- r,,..,,..,.,,.,,,.,,,.,,1,,.,,,,."..,,,,,,,.,,J..,,,,,.,.,...,,,.,,,1 t-
t'
1

The length between 0 and 1 is divided

into 4 equal sections. The fraction for the
shaded section can be written as:
The fraction of the shapes that are stars
can be written as:
Number of shaded sections 3
Number of stars 3 Total number of sections 4
Total number of shapes 7

Write the fraction that represents the shaded portion

1 2,
@o @
@ @
@
Number of shaded parts _ 4 Number of shaded circles tr-ftì

ffi
ú.11ì$ Total number of circles

3. 4
Centimeters
0 1 1

Draw models of fractions.

5. Draw a set and shade fr 6. Draw a whole and shade f

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U nderstanding Fractions
Write the fraction that represents the shaded poftion
t. 2.

ffi ffiffi
3 4.
Centimeters

ffi ffi ffi 1

Draw models of fractions

5. Draw a set to represent $ 6. Draw a number line to represent fr.

7. Write a Problem Write a fraction problem that can be solved using this model

8. Writing to Explain Sharon drew thris drawing to show f. ts ner drawing

correct? Explain why or why not.

9. Estimation Which is the best estimate of how full the cup is?
A f rutt
B I tutt
c J tutt
D
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5-5
Equivalent Fractions
Use multiplication to find Equivalent fractions name
an equivalent fraction: the same amount.
3'¿4:12
7"4 n 1
2
3-12 l- 1 ;
728
I

6 h

1-3
Use division to find an equivalent 26
fraction.
10 2_ 10+2 _5 Remember, you can multiply
12:2 12+2 -6 or divide fractions by 1:
10_5
126 ft: t zr: I

Use multiplication to find an equivalent fraction.

'

1 3
I 2. t3 3.+
3
4,+ 5. 5I 6, 10

7.+ L 7
'16 e.#
Use division to find an equivalent fraction.
15
r0. å 11- # 12. 60

13.å8 14.ffi 15. 13

16-Æ 17. ffi 18. #

Find two equivalent fractions for each given fraction

't0
1e, 1 20. 3I 21. 12

22-# 23. 12 24. 7

12

25-ffi 26. 5
6
,7
É.. l-g

28. Number Sense Why do you have to multiply or divide both the numerator and
denominator of a fraction to find an equivalent fraction?
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Equivalent Fractions
Find two fractions equivalent to each fraction.

r.9b z. tf; 3. 45
60

+.$ s.f 6. 16
ø
a36
t' 60 e.ffi 2
9. 3

10. Number Sense Are the fractions f, f, and f equivafent? Explain.

11. The United States currently has 50 states.

What fraction of the states had become a Number of States in the
part of the United States by 1795? Write United States
your answer as two equivalent fractions. Year frlu¡r'lber of States
1795 15
1 848 30

12. ln what year was the total number of states 1 900 45

in the United States f tfre number it was 1915 48
in 1960? 1 960 50

13. The United States currently has 50 states.

Write two fractions that describe the
number of states that had become part of
the United States in 1915?

14. Which of the following pairs of fractions are equivalent?

A +,t
B 8,8
c å,å
D 3,#
15. Writing to Explain ln what situation can you use only multiplication to find
equivalent fractions to a given fraction? Give an example.
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5-ó
Fractions in Simplest Form
A fraction is in simplest fonm if the
numerator and denominator have
Remember: no common factors except 1.

Divide the numerator and denominator 42 2- 42+2-21

482 48+2 24
by the same number.
21 3_ 21 +3 _7
Divide until you cannot divide evenly. 243 24-3 -8
Find the GCF (greatest common factor) Factors o'f 42:
Divide both the numerator and 1,2,3,6, 7, 1 4 , 21, 42
denominator by the GCE Factors of 48:
1,2,3, 4, 6,8,12,16,24, 48
The GCF is 6.
42 . 6 - 42+6 -7
48 6 48+6 8

Use division to write each fraction in simplest form

r.S 2.fr s.$

20
4. 35 s.fi 0.ffi
7 36 a.ffi o
v¡ 9'l
06 156

10. å 11. 21
105
12.#
Find the GCF of the numerator and denominator.

13. å 14. 33 15-#

16-æ 17- # 18. 38

Use the GCF to write each fraction in simplest form.

1e. :å 20' +u
21-&
22-# æ.# 24-E
25. Reasoning Under what circumstances would the GCF be equal to the numerator of
a fraction before simplifYing? @
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Fractions in Simplest Form
Write each fraction in simplest form.
r.ft 2.ffi s.fi
q.*.tc E16
.t. 4g 0.ffi
260
,. 96 a.4tc o32
'5O

10. å tt. 4
5b 12. 3+

13. Number sense How can you check to see if a fraction is written
in simplest form?

14. writing to Explain what is the GCF and how is it used to find the
simplest form of a fraction?

Find the GCF of the numerator and denominator of the fraction

15' 2% 16. 93 17. #

Use the GCF to write each fraction in simplest form

18. 12
tb 19. 12
20. 30
20 36

21. 35 28 42
56 22. 63 23. v2

24. What is the simplest form of the fraction ..,*3J_?

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5-7
Problem Solving:
Make and Test Goniectures
A conjecture is a generalization that
you think is true.
Remember

Make a conjecture The sum of two prime numbers is never a prime

number.
Find and test several examples Prime numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11,13, 17,19,23,29
3+5:8 5t7:12 2*3:5
Do the examples show your The sum may be prime.
conjecture is reasonable or not The conjecture is not reasonable
reasonable?

Test these conjectures. Give three examples. Explain whether the conjectures are
reasonable or not reasonable.
1. All multiples of 5 are even numbers.

2. All odd numbers are prime numbers.

3. The difference of two even numbers is always an even number.

4. Write a conjecture about the sum of two negative integers. Then test your conjecture

5. Critical Thinking After testing, why is a conjecture considered reasonable, but not
proven?
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5-7
Problem Solving: Make and
Test Conjectures
Test these conjectures. Give three examples. Explain if the
conjecture is reasonable or not reasonable.
L lf a number is divisible by 4, it is always an even number,

2. The product of two whole nurnbers is always greater than 1.

3. lf a number has a 9 in the ones place, it is always divisibre by 3.

4. The least common denominator of two fractions is arways greater

than the denominators of the fractions.

5. write a conjecture about the product of two odd numbers. Then

test your conjecture.

6. write a conjecture about the sum of two fractions. Then test your
conjecture.

7. Reasoning How is testing a conjecture like finding a statement

true or false? How is it different?

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6- I
FraettCIms amd Ð)ivision
You can think of fractions as division: The numerator is the same as the
dividend and the denominator is the same as the divisor.

Write f; as a division expression" Wnite 3 + I as a fractio¡r.

Think: Think: 3 wholes divided into 8 equal par-ts.
IofSwholes.
Each parl is equal to $.

wT- TFr
'lrrlr
0 5 23 4 5 s-q12
I
3
B

Sl'¡o¡'tout: The numerator is 5, so the dividend is 5 Shortcut The dividend is 3, so the numerator is 3
The denominator is B, so the divisor is 8. The divisor is 8, so the denominator is B.

So 5
ö
à I So3+8:8.

Write a division expression for each fraction.

'1
4 ,1

I 0 1

4 4

3
2,? Ð
a), Z
Õ
4- 10

A 210
5.? tt. =+
t3
,. 13

Write each division expression as a fraction

&.4+5 9. 2+3 10, 2+9

'l'!. 1 + 6 12" g + 10 13. 11 + 12

'!4. Wnlting to Explain Explain how to write seventeen divided by

twenty as a division expression and as a fraction.

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Fractions and Division
Write a division expression for each fraction

4 2
1 't0 2. 1
6 3. 7
q 5
4. 5. 6. 3
8 7- 17

7,6 L 18
25
o 99
100

Write each division expression as a fraction

10.7:12 11. 2+ 5 12. B+11

13. 1+8 ',4. 7+ 1O 15.6+13
16.5+9 17. 11 + 21 18. '13 + 100

19. Zane was telling his mother that he learned about rational numbers
in school. Which is the definition of a rational number?
A Any number that can be shown as the quotient of two integers
B Any number that can be shown as the product of two integers
C Any number that can be written as an integer
D Any integer that can be written as a decimal

20. Tanisha used the division expression 2 + 5 to equaily divide two

same-size pizzas among five people. which fraction represents
each person's share of the pizza?
AE
B?
c+
D?
21. Writing to Explain Can the division expression -4 + 15 be shown
as a fraction? lf yes, write the fraction. Explain why or why not.

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6-2
Fractions and Decimals
A fraction and a decimal can both be used to represent the same value

Write 0.35 as a fraction. Writet""adecimal.

Write the decimal as a fraction Method 1: Write an equivalent fraction with a denominator of
with a denominator of 10, 100, 10, 100, 1000, or another power of ten. Then write the decimal
1 000, or another power of ten.
3 - 3x4 - 12 -n1t
25-25x4 100-""-
0.35 = 35 hundredths = ål
Then write the fraction in Method 2: Divide the o.12
simplest form. numerator by the 2s E¡o
35 - 35+5 - 7 denominator.
-25
100-100+5-2O
-50
So 0.35 = 4. So fr-- o.tz -50
0

Write a decimal and a fraction in simplest form for each shaded portion

1 2.

Write each decimal as a fraction in simplest form

3. 0.5 4. 0.8 5. 0.36

6. 0.25 7. 0.125 8. 0.070

Convert each fraction to a decimal

o93
v¡ 1oo 10. + 11.#
12, H 13. fr 14'-r*
15. Geometry Draw eight congruent figures. Shade some of the @
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figures to make a color pattern. Write a decimal and a fraction in i
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simplest form to represent the shaded part of the set. 6
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6-2
Fractions and Decimals
write a decimal and a fraction in simplest form for each shaded portion

I 2.

Write each decimal as a fraction inr simplest form

3.0.15 4. 0.31 5. O.82

6. 0.27 7. 0.375 8. 0.920

Convert each fraction to a decimal

o56 I
v¡ 1oo 10. # 1'!. 25

I
12. 50 13. # 14" É
15. Draw a Picture Show ffi on the hundredths
grid. ïhen write the fraction as a decimal.

16. About fr of the students in the after school program

have a cell phone. Which decimal is equivalent to
fr?
A 0.2
B 0.25
c o-4
D 0.5

17. Writing to Explain Solve the problem. Then explain how you
found the answen ln Tori's favorite class, ffi of the students ane
girls. Write a decimal that repnesents the ñumber of boys in the
class.

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ó-3
lmproper Fractions and
Mixed Numbers
A mixed number combines a whole number with a fraction. lt is gneater
than one.
An improper fraction has a numerator that is larger than its
denominator.

How to Write an lmproper Fraction How to Write a Mixed Number

as a Mixed Number as an lmproper Fraction
12
Write as a mixed number. Muliiply the denominator
5
Divide the numerator by the denominator.
The quotient is the 2
by the whole number.
iå
whole number in
5x 3:15
5f12
the mixed number. Then add the numerator. 15 + 2: 17
2 -10 Write this number for the nrt"t¿1e¡.-+ 7
2 2 1
5 Use the original denominator. + 5
The remainder is the numerator.
The denominator stays the same.
^255
<-
v- :
17
-

12 2
2
5 5

1. Draw a picture to show 4fr

Write each improper fraction as a whole number or mixed number in

simplest form.

2.ffi 3. 18
4.+
Write each mixed number as an improper fraction.

5. 4+ 6. 1Ê8 7 Eá

8. Reasoning Write 6 as an improper fraction with a

denominator of 10.

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lmproper Fractions and
Mixed Numbers
1. Draw a picture to show |. 2. Draw a picture to show 3f.

Write each improper fractíon as a whole number or mixed number in

simplest form.

s.f 4.+ s.ff

Write each mixed number as an improper fraction.

ø. +1c 7. 1så 8. o$

9. Reasoning Write 8 as an improper fraction with a

denominator of 4.

Which letter on the number line corresponds to each number?

F AC B D E
4 5 6

10.5?c 11.410 1 2, 23
5

13. Which number does the picture show?

ffiW
12
A I
B 2+
c 2+
20
D 8

14. Writing to Explain Can you express $ as a mixed number? Why or

why not?

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6-4
Decimal Forms of Fractions
And Mixed Numbers
How to Convert Fractions to Decimals How to Convert Decimals to Fractions
Write$asadecimal. Write 0.65 as a fraction.
Divide the numerator by the denominator. 0.65 : 65 hundredtt'''t : f&
Annex zeros if necessary.
Write ffi in simplest form.
0.555 65 65+5 :13
9 5.000 100- '100+5 20
-45 So, 0.65 :$
50
-45 Write 3.375 as a mixed number.
50 3.375: 3 + 0.375
-45
5 0.375 :375 thousandths : 375
I,o-OO
375
-375+125-3
1F00-1¡66*-7$-B
The decimal 0.555 is a repeating decimal
Place a bar over the repeating digit.
s+$:sf;
: 0.5. So,3.375 : 33.
So,3

Write each fraction or mixed number as a decimal.

1.å t) 20
z' i¡õ 3.å
4. 2tr 5. 5å 6. 1á

Write each decimal as a fraction or a mixed number in simplest form

7. O.4 8. 0.625 9. 0.45

'lo. 3.2 11. 2.18 12. 4.68

13. Number Sense The Lady Bug trail in Sequoia National Forest is 5.1 miles long. How
does it compare to a trail that is 5f miles long?

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6-4
Decimal Forms of Fractions
and Mixed Numbers
Write each fraction or mixed number as a decimal.
.rr' 33
2.Ê 9. 1o
1oo

4- r$ 5. +$ 6. 6å
Write each decimal as a fraction or a n¡ixed number in simplest form

7. 0.08 8. 0.24 9. 0.325

10. 4.75 11. 1 .06 x2.5.15

13. The label on a cosmetic bottle says 0.04 oz. What is the
fraction equivalent for this amount?
14. The scale at a deli counter shows 2.54\b. What is the mixed
number equivalent for the number shown?
15. Reasoning What is a situation in which you would use fractíons
to express a number less than one? What is a situation in which
decimals seem to work better?

16. Which decimal is equivalenlto 4t?

A 4.4
B 4.45
c 4.5
D 4.8

17. Writing to Explain How do you know where to place the bar when
a decimal is a repeating decimal?

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ó-5
Problem Solving: Draw
a Picture
Sometimes you need to draw a picture to solve a problem.
Jasmine is making a charm bracelet. She wants to put a charm every
0.5 inch on the bracelet. The bracelet is 6 inches long. Use a ruler and
the number line below to mark and label the place for each charm.

2
inches

Read and Understand bracelet = 6 inches

charm - every 0.5 inches
You know the length of the bracelet and
number line = labels at O, 2, and 6
where to place each charm. You know the
length of the number line. Measure the number line to divide it into
equal units of 0.5.
You need to mark and label each 0.5 unit
on the number line.
0 2
Plan and Solve
Divide the line from 0 to 2 into fourths to
show 0.5, 1, and 1.5.
Use each unit of 0.5 to mark and labelthe 0 2 6

rest of the number line.

inches

Draw a picture to solve the problems.

1. A neighborhood has speed bumps every 0.25 miles along the main
road. Use your ruler and the number line to mark and label the
place of each speed bump.

0 0.5 1.5

miles

2. A path between neighborhoods is 0.7 miles long. Mark and label

the end of the path on the number line below.
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6-5
Problem Solving: Draw
a Picture
1. A community swimming pool places buoys every 1 .5 feet across
the pool to mark off swimming areas. Use your ruler and the
number line to show where each buoy is placed.

0 b 1B

feet

2. A trail is marked every 0.6 mile. Use the number line below to show
the start of the trail if the trail is 5.4 miles long.

1.8 End of trail

miles

3. A conveyer belt at a factory moves parts from station to statíon.

The stations are 0.75 feet apart. Draw and label a number linre that
shows stops aT0.75,2.25, and 4.5 feet.

4. Kayla drew the number line to show the distance between Fontana
and Rialto. lf Fontana is 0, what is the label at Rialto?

Fontana 1.2 2 Rialto

miles

A 4.2
B 4.4
c 4.8
D 5.2

5. Writing to Explain Maggie is planting bushes every 1.5 feet

along the side of a fence. The fence is 22.5 feet long. Explain how
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Maggie can draw a picture to show where each bush is planted.
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7- I
Adding and Subtracting:
Like Denominators
How to find sums or differences of fractions with like denominators:

rino fr + ft. The fractions have like denominators,

so you can just add the numerators.
2,6_B Write the sum over the common
14- 14- 14
denominator.
I :4
147 Simplify if possible.

rina| - l. The denominators are the same, so

you can subtract the numerators.
Þ_?:9
777 f cannot be simplified, so
9"_?:?
777

Find each sum or difference. Simplify your answer.

t, 1+9: 2.9-9:
3-+-+: 3+8 -
L 12 12

t. ft+lJ: 8. Æ-*:
9. Number Sense Give an example of two fractions whose sunn
can be simplified to ].

10. 4 quarter has a diameter of ]f, in. A dime has a diameter of

iå ¡n., and a nickel has a dianãeter of ]f, in. lf you put each coin side
by side, what is the combined width of the three coins?

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7-l
Adding and Subtracting:
Like Denominators
Find each sum or difference. Use a number line. Simplify your answers.

<tr87 - 3 o 3-y4
Ê'5t
6- 5-

01 2 3 4 5 6 7 ^1 2 3 4 1
1 2 ó 1 4
2
8888888 '5 5 s 5 5 5 5 Â

Find each sum or difference. Simplify your answers

a 6-11 .r.î09-4 10 5. 8 5
".7'7 ^ 15 15

o. fr*å*å t1'2'5
bbb e. fr***Ã
Evaluate 9 through 11 for *: 3

e. $+x
12. Use the table to answer the questions.
Seafood for Soup
a.What is the total amount of seafood in the soup?
Ã
God ã0 tb

Scallops 2 tb
8

b. How much more shrimp than cod is in the soup? 7 tb

Shrimp Õ

13. Critical Tl'rinking Max has 12 pairs of socks. Of them,

6 pairs are blue, 3 pairs are brown, and 2 pairs are white. l\rnax
wants to know what fraction of the socks are blue or brown.
How can he find the numerator?
A Add6+3+2.
B Add6+3.
C Subtract 11 from 12.
D Subtract 9 from 12.
@ 14. Writing to Explain Explain how you can add two fractions with
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denominators of 10 and end up with a sum whose denominator is 5.
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7-2
Least Gommon Multiple
There are different ways to find the least common multiple (LCM) of two
numbers. Here are two ways of finding the LCM of 4 and 5:
List Multiples Use Prime Factors
Step 1: List multiples of each number. Step 1: List the prime factors of
each number.
4: 4,8, 12, 16,20,24,28,32,36, 40, 44, 48...
5:5, 10, 15, 20,25,30,35, 40,45,50... 4;2 x2
5:5
Step 2: Check the multiples the numbers have in common
Step 2: Circle the greatest number
4: 4, 8, 12,16,@ 24,29,32, 36,@ 44, 49... of times each different
5: 5, 10, 15,@ 25,30,35,@ 45, 50... factor appears.
Step 3: Determine which of the common multiples is the a:@
least.
5:@
20 and 40 are both common multiples, but 20 is
Step 3: Find the product of the
the least.
factors you circled.
The LCM of 4 and 5 is 20.
2x2x5:20
The LCM of 4 and 5 is 20.

Find the LCM of each set of numbers.

1.6,7 2.4,5 3. 10,15

4. 2,5, 10 5,6,21 6. 8,10
7. 12,20 8. 5,10,25 o 7

10. Number Sense lf you know the LCM of 4 and 5, how could you
find the LCM of 40 and 50?

11. Writing to Explain Peter says the least common multiple of 4,6, and 12 is 24
Do you agree or disagree? Explain.

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7-2
Least Gommon Multiple
Find the LCM of each set of numbers

1. 15,20 2. 4 ,50 3.8,12

4. 14,42 5. 21,30 6. 3,7,10
7 6,7,8 8. 16,20 9. 12,X6

10. At what times of the day between 10:00 n.u.

Science Museum
and 5:00 p.H¡. do the chemistry presentation and the
recycling presentation start at the same time?
-Show Schedule -
Chemistry -
Every 30 minutes
Electricity -
Every 20 minutes
Recycling -
Every 40 minutes
Fossils Every 45 minutes
-
11. The museum does shows in schools every Monday The first showing for all shows
is at '10:00 n.H¡.
and shows in public libraries every fifth day (on both
weekdays and weekends). lf the museum did both a
school show and a library show on Monday, how many
days will it be until it does both shows on the same day again?

12. Which of the following pairs of numbers is correctly listed with its
LCM?
A 5, 15; LCM: 30
B 20,30; LCM: 60
C 24, 36; LCM: '12
D 7,9; LCM:21
13. Writing to Explain What method would you use to find the LCM
of a group of four numbers? Explain and give an example.

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7-3
Adding and Subtracting:
Unlike Denominators
lf you are adding or subtracting fractions and the denominators are not
the same, the first thing to do is find a common denominator. The best
common denominator to use is the least common multiple of the two
denominators.

Step 1: 21 .3 1
Use the LCM to find
a common
Find 6'.2 l-rnd a- 5.
The LCM of 2 and 6 is 6. The LCD of 3 and 4 is 12
denominator.
The least common
denominator (LCD) is 6.

Step 2: 2_ 2 3_ I
Write equivalent
fractions.
66 412
+- 1 :
'2 +-,3
'6 _1 _ _4
312
Step 3: 2_ 2 3_ I
Add or subtract.
Simplify if possible
66 412
13 _1 : _4
'2 '6 312
q 5
6 12

Find each sum or difference. Simplify your answer

t. 1*E: rt '11 1
'" 72 -3- -
e 4 r4- L"6 5- I4:
r'r 15 I 5 -

s- ä* +: a'3* å-3%:
7. Number Sense The least common denominator for the sum
3' 5 is 24. Name another common denominator that you
8- 12
cou td use.
-
8. A recipe calls for ] cup of milk and { cup of water. What is the total @

amount of liquid in the recipe? d

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7-3
Adding and Subtracting:
Unlike Denomir¡ators
Find each sum or difference. Simplify your answer,

I 5'4- e 5 t2-
6-72- "''12 r5-
4. &+8: r 6 1-
vr 16 4- 6. f -+:
8.3-å: o 7-L11
v¡B'24 -5:6
10. Number Sense ls { or ]f closer to 1? How did you decide?

Emma has a small garden. Emma's garden is I beans, $ peas, and

I corn. The rest is planted wíth flowers.
11. What fraction of Emma's garden is planted with vegetables?

12. Are there more flowers or peas in Emma's garden?

13. To solve the subtraction sentence ]{ 3: ?, which cornmon

denominator is the best choice?
A 10
815
c20
D50
14. Writing to Explain To find the sum of $ and $, Mario rewrites the
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fractions as å and S. His answer is ffi . ls Mario right? lf not, show
sd his error and correct it.
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7-4
Hstimat¡mg Su¡ms and
ffidfferençes 0f Mixed Numbers
ìilriïiììli.i|ì:rì:I,ii.ìlil

You can use rounding to estimate sums and differences of fractions

and rnixed numbers.
!-{ow to round f¡'actions:
lf the fractional part is greater than or equal to ], round up to the next
whole number.
Example: Round 3| to the nearest whole number.
I is greater than ], so 3| rounds up to 4.
lf the fractional part is less than ], drop the fraction and use the whole
number you already have.
Exarnple: Round 6J to the nearest whole number.

J is tess than l, so drop J and round down to 6.

l-fiow to esti¡nate sunns and differences of fractions and mixed
nurnbe¡'s:
Round both numbers to the nearest whole number. Then add or subtract
Exarnple: Estimate +$ + lft.
4$ rounds down to 4.
7fr rounds up to 8.

4+8:12
So,4{ + 7å is about 12.
lilitiìlriri¡iÍìi¡,iìi.ÌÍ'iLììa.r;.ì iíl¡ll,1.rlìllii-Íl¡r¡.lfi'ìilii

Round to the nearest whole number.

1. 8+ 2. 148 3,42+

4. 6100la 5. 2et 6. 8Eå

7" 1%% 8. æ#
Estimate each sum or difference.

s. tl+ a[ 10. ß3 - 2+ @
d

x't" ztr + 5L, + 101 _ 12. 11t - 4+

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7-4
Estimating Sums and
Differences of Mixed Numbers
Round to the nearest whole number

I q4
"9 z. s? s. 2t 4. 11# _
Estimate each sum or difference

s. z\+ s9o 6. 58-1å

7 eå*53- B. r-a|+zl
Rodrigo and Mel are competing in a
track meet. The table at the right
shows the results of their events. Participant Event Results/Distance
9. Rodrigo claims his best jump Long jump r. o$ tt z. sf; tt
was about 1 ft longer than Mel's
Rodrigo
best jump. ls he correct? Softballthrow az! tt

Long jump t. +Ln z. +|n

Mel
Softballthrow tt$ tt

10. Use the table above. lf the school

record for the softball throw is
78 ft, about how much farther must Rodrigo throw the ball to
match the record?
A 15 ft B 16ft c 18 ft Ð 20ft
11. Writing to Explain Consider the sum of 3 * å Round each
fraction and estimate the sum. Add the two fractions using a
common denominator and then round the result. Which estinnate is
closest to the actual answer?

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7-5
Adding Mixed Numbers
You can add to find the total weight of these two packages of cheese.

rfrn zz.tø

Write the fractions so they both have Write the improper fraction as a mixed
the same denominator. Add the whole number. Add the whole numbers. Write
numbers. Add the fractions. the fraction in simplest form.

1?:
c
rft
+216: +2+
o11
,TO s+tfr at
'10

The total weight of the cheese is fr pounds.

Find each sum. Simplify your answer.

I sl 5+o 2. 7t: 7ñ
+ s1o I
a1
t)
+6å: +6zo

s. 8å + 14fi: 4. 6tr + eå:

5. 38 + 12t: 6. 14 + tz]:
7. On Monday, 3fr inches of snow fell during the day. Another 5] inches of snow fell
that night. What was the total snowfall?

8. Writing to Explain Explain how to rewrite S{ + t a} so the fractions have the same
denominator. Find the sum

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r-5
Adding Mixed Numbers
Find each sum. Simplify your answer,

t. s+ sfi: 2. +!5 I efr

s. r3*1å: 4.63*å:
s.2l+4: 6. zå * tfi:
t.É*sf+z: 8. e+sä*å:
9. Number Sense Give an example of two mixed numbers whose
sum is a whole number.

10. An ostriclr egg is 0f in. long. A California condor's

egg is +fr in. long,änd an albatross egg is sfr in.
long. lf the three eggs are placed end to end, what
is the total length in inches?

11. Shanda can travel 10 mi on her electric scooter before she has
to recharge the batteries. lf it is af; mi to the library and sfr mi to
her friend's house, can she rnake both trips before she needs to
recharge the batteries?

12. Which is the fractional portion of the solution to 5$ + Z$t

A#
B3
Lt
^6 s=

Då'
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f 3. Writing to Explain Explain the steps to adding mixed numbers.
d
s What must you do first?
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7-6
Subtracting Mixed Numbers
To subtract mixed numbers, the fractional parts must have the same
denominator. Use one of these methods:
Ste 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
Fino a] - sf Use the LCD to write Rename 8fr to show Subtract and simplify if
equivalent fractions. more fifteenths so you possible.
Estimate:
can subtract. 220-ç12-o8t1s
8å:8å '15 "1s -
8-6:2 o5
e4 - l^12 "1s
"5 "15
=5 -, 15
'1s 1s
z2O
l- t5

Find3|-tf; Write each mixed Use the LCD to Subtract and sim if
number as an improper rewrite the improper possible.
Estimate:
fraction. fractions with the 28_ 13 : Use this
4-2:2 same denominator. 88 method
s+: t tc _ when the
<5 _ 13
7 -28
z-T ã- mixed
'8 I 17
13 '8 numbers
8
are small.

Find each difference. Simplify if possible

1. 5å - 2t:
4.4?-2- 5.4+-+-- 2#: _
6. 59 -
e,2!-19:
c tc

12. 12å - 5å:

ß. 12 - 2É: 14. 3É - 1å: _ ls. 12å - 53:
16. Number Sense How do you know if you need to rename the first
number in a subtraction problem involving mixed numbers?

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7-6
Subtracting Mixed Numbers
Find each difference. Simplify if possible

t.z2-11
5C
: 2. 14
'0-0- -
8

s. - 1å:
s3 4, 12 - 43:
5.6iå-4- 6. 3#- 21:
7. e-rE: 8. 15å - 8å:
e. 68 - 1â: 10. 2+ - 1å:
11. ln which of the exercises above do you have to rename the first
mixed number to show more fractional parts before subtracting?

The table at the right shows the lengths of Carpentry Nlails

various carpentry nails. Length
Size (inches)
12. How much longer is a 30d nail than a 5d nail? 5d 1
J
4

9d z]
12d sf
13. How much longer is a 12d nail than a 9d nail? 30d +|

14. To subtract 4f; trom 10], which of the following must the mixed
number '10j first be renamed as?
A9?
Beå
ca3
D 10å
15. Writing to Explain Jack says that once you have a common
denominator you are ready to subtract two mixed numbers. What
other step nnight be necessary before you can subtract? Give an
@
example.
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7-7
Problem Solving:
Make a Täble
Mario. plans to walk mile today. Tomorrow he will walk ] mile more,
f
then ] mile more every day after that. How long will it take before Mario
walks 3 miles in one day?
Make a table showing each day and the distance he walks every day.

Day 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distance (mi)
a
¿,
t! 1
4 2 14 z] st

Start with the first noo ] mile for

3+t3
day's distance. day

Mario will walk at least 3 miles on Day 6.

Make tables to solve. Write each answer in a complete sentence.

1. The phone company charges 100 to connect a call for one minute
and 80 per minute after that. How long could you talk on the phone
for $1?

2. A plumber charges $30 for a house call and $2O per +hour of
work. How much will the plumber charge br alhourð of work at
Mrs. DiMarco's house?

3. Geometry The angles of a triangle have a sum of '180". The angles

of a rectangle have a sum of 360". The angles of a pentagon have
a sum of 540'. Continue this pattern to find the sum of the angles
of an octagon.

4. Writing to Explain Write a problem based on the information in

the table. Extend the table if necessary.
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Day 1 2 3 4 5 E
i
Pages Read 23 58 93 128 t ,9

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7-7
Problem Solving:
Make a Table
Make tables to solve. Write each answer in a complete sentence

1. A train has 3 engines, 52 boxcars, and 1 caboose. At every stop, it

picks up 8 more boxcars. How many total cars (engines, cars, and
cabooses) will the train have after 5 stops?

2. Eileen likes to keep scrapbooks. She already has 4 scrapbooks

filled with 40 pages each. lf she fills 5 pages every month, how
many months will it take her to fill up 2 more 4O-page scrapbooks?

3. Phil's Garage charges $50 for towing and $40 per hour to fix a car.
Cliff's Cars charges $60 for towing and $38 per hour to fix a car.
After how many hours of working on a car will the cost of towing
and fixing a car be the same at the two repair shops?

4. Dominic got a new video garne. The first time he played the Eame
he scored 80 points. After that, each time he played he increased
his score by 60 points. How many times will he have to play before
he scores 500 points?

5. A scientist is studying certain germs. She places 3 germs in a

special solution that will help the germs grow. The number of germs
I
doubles every hour. How many germs willthere be after hours?
A 24 8384 C768 D786
6. Writing to Explain Ed saved $50 one week. For the next 6 weeks, he
saved $25 more than he saved the week before. How much did he save
in all? One student solved this problem using the expression $50 +
6($25) : $200. What error was made? What is the correct answer?

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I -l
Multiplying a Fraction
and a Whole Number
Find 1z ,I . Find f of 15, or $xrs.
lZ x to is the same as dividing 15+5:3,so å * l5:3
12 by 4. Si nce $ is 3 times f,
12: 4:3 3
5
X'15:3 X (å t tu) : . X3: e

tZxt:Z 3 X 15:9
5

Find each product

1. á x 2o: 2. ?of 14: 3. 24 x å:

4. tof 15: s. 4oo x $: 6. frof80:
7. Reasoning Can you use division and mental math to find I of 2a?
Why or why not?

The chart shows the average high temperatures for different months in Phoenix, Arizona.

Phoenix Weather
Month Average High
February 70'F
May 93"F
July 1 05"F

8. What is f ttre average temperature in July?

9. What is ] the average temperature in February? @

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10. What is $ the average temperature in May? Þ

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8-l
Multiplying a Fraction
and a Whole Number
Find each product

I f;xro: e.3*30: s.42 *3:

+. f,ot 72 : s" eoo x å: 6 ffi of 100 :_
7. Reasoning Without multiplying, tell which is greater, f; of 81 or 1$ of 81. Explain

Drivi Distances
Departure City Destination City Distance
Pittsfield, Massachusetts Providence, Rhode lsland 132 mi
Reno, Nevada Wendover, Utah 400 mi

8. Mike drove J of the distance between

Pittsfield, Massachusetts, and Providence,
Rhode lsland. How far did he drive?

9. Bimal drove f of the distance between

Reno, Nevada, and Wendover, Utah.
How far did he drive?

10, Estimation How many more miles does Bimal

have to drive to get to Wendover, Utah?

11. There are 25 students in Mr. Fitch's sixth-grade class. lf $ of the

students are girls, how many girls are in Mr. Fitch's class?

A 5 girls B 10 girls C 15 girts D 20 girts

12. writing to Explain Explain how you would find the product of 36 and $.

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8-2
Estimat¡ng Products
When you are working with fractions and mixed numbers, you can estimate using
rounding, compatible numbers., or compatible benchmark fractions.

fi
Estimate x Z1 using a whole number Estimate å t
t2 using a compatible
that is compatible with the denominator. benchmark fraction.

'; 21 x12
$x Change 21 to the nearest 'J
to Roundfitoacompatible
3
\Y v, whole number that is benchmark fraction. Since 10 IS
.1, a|z
compatible with 10. close to ] and 4 is a factor of
Sx20:6
1

4
x12:3 twelve, uðe ].

Sxzt= o Think: 2O + 10 : 2 tõ
.t x12=3 12+4:3'
Think:
3X2:6. 1x3:3.

Estimate each product by using compatible numbers or benchmark fractions.

r. Ixto: 2. Ixto: 3. f;x23:

4. 31 xfr: 5.+x18: 6. åxeo:
7 43 ,?: 8. 35 *#: I 1 6 X 4.
o

Estimate each product by rounding each factor to the nearest whole number,
10. 6å x 5å ) Round 6f Round 5$ Multiply:

1r. 10$ x 4E : 12. 2Éx 3å= ß. 4+ x 2#:

14. Reasonableness Carlottaestimatedthat ]xZO isabout? t l4:6' lsherestimate
reasonable? Why or whY not?

15. Critical Thinking Why are the estimates of ft x 18 shown below different? ls one
estimate better than the other?

å*le=åx20:12 å'1e=Lx18:9.

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8-2
Estimat¡ng Products
Estimate each product.
1.48"å: 2.3x2! s. $xså:
4. 2t x +f,: 5. alxzf: o. {xz$:
7. sB * 3: B. txtt: I $xs1 :
to. t{ x s$: 11. Ex 8: ,Å2.
11 x!:
13. 8 x o$: t+. t| * 23: 15. tux 13 :
16. show three ways to estimat* 3 x sf. loentify each method you use.

17. Explain It Mr. Simpson lives 11S miles from his office. He estimates that he
commutes 11 x 2 x 5, or 110 miles each week. ls his estimate an overestimate or an
u nderesti r"¡'late? Explai n.

18. Which benchmark fraction could you use to estimate the product of 38 x
$Z_
19' Geometry Which is the best estimate for the area of a square with sides equal to 3$
inches?

A 3sqin.
B 6sqin.
C 9sqin. ej IN
D 16 sq in.
20. Joyce and Marianne have money jars. Joyce has 54 dímes in her jar. Marianne
as many dimes as Joyce. Estímate the number of dimes that Marianne has in her jari
has $
A 60 dimes
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8-3
Multiplying Fractions
Find fr x fr. Use the
Draw a picture. denominators to
Shade the squares. determine the
There are2O squares in all. number of
6 squares have overlapping shading. squares: 5 tall and
3.r2- 6 4 wide.
4n s-n'
Simplify: å: å
Multiply the numerators and the Simplify first. Divide a numerator and a
denominators. Simplify if possible. denominator by their GCF. Then multiply
3u2_(3x2) 3,,2- -Q+2) 3
4n5-14ts) 4ns-@=4^--E-
_6 -3., 1
-ñ -Zns
_3 3
-1õ 10

Draw a picture to solve

3-3-
1. åtá= 2. 4^0- 3. Ix{=

Write an equation for each Picture

4. 5

Find each product. Simplify if possible

6. f xft= 7. Ix {u= 8. I x |=
e. f;x$= 10. 9 *#= 11.8xf=
I
12. Number Sense Can you simplify before multiplying l+ x tZ Explain. d
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Multiplying Fractions
Write an equation for each picture.

1 2,

Find each product. Simplify if possible

s' l, t iå: +. lx
5
7_
B
s.?*ê:
6. J
4
X 1 6 z.t*#: 8. f;x 42:
9. #:3 r xT2:
10. å 11. 1ns xft:
12.#x1oo: i0.3"á: 14.+riå:
Pamela spent f, of an hour doing homework. she solved math problems
f-or of that tinie and read her science book for of that time. what
I $
fraction of one hour did Pamela spend:
15. solving math problems? iG. reading her science book?

17. o'f the students in Mr. Moore's room,

fr tive within a mire of school.
of those students, I tive withln half a ñile of school. what fraction
of all students in Mr. Moore's class live within half a mile of school?

At
B+
cå
D+
18. W_riting to Explain Without multiplying, tell which is greater:
f; x at or $ x 81. Exptain.

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8-4
Multiplying Mixed Numbers
How to find the product of two mixed numbers: Find Sl x +|
Step I
Estimate the product bY rounding. Round e$ to 4 and +|to 5:
4x5:20
Step 2
Write each mixed number as an improper 3å:+andal:$
fraction.
Look for common factors and simplify. szrx+|:\xg:+"1
Step 3
Multiply the numerators and denominators.
11.,3-33
-Tn2- 2

Write the product as a mixed number. T: rcL

16] is close Io 20, so the answer is reasonable.

Find each product. Simplify if possible.

't. z] x z[ z. z[xzl 3.6x31
4. tlx sl 5. 4+x 16 6. t$x z|
Evaluate each expression for K:2t
7. 12K 8. 1:¡K e. 2âK

10. Reasonableness What is a reasonable estimate for llx ZfrZ

Explain.

11. The cups of mushrooms in a recipe is 2] times the cups of onions

The cups of onions is 1]. Solve c : 1L zLto find c, the cups of
mushrooms.
"

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8-4
Multiplying Mixed Numbers
Find each product. Simplify if possible.

r. slx tfr z.t[xzt s.txtt

+. z[x t[ s.slxra o. t[x z[
7. tlx zl a. ro x r$ s. zfxs$
Evaluate each expression for S : 1*.

ro. zþ rr. sþ 12. sþ

Use the table to answer the questions.

13. lf Berkeley neceives t] times its average January

rainfall, how much rain will it receive? Average Rainfall in
Berkeley, California
Janruary 3fr in.
14. How much rain will Berkeley receive if it is 2] times April tf in
the October average?
October t] in.

15. Which month has about twice the rainfall as April?

16. Jessie stacked photographs of 6 zoo animals on top of each

other to create a display. Each photo is 1a\ in. high. How high is
the display?

A 84lin.
B 85! in
c 86f in
D 87 in.

17. writing to Explain Explain how you wourd 'find 2 x 2$ using the
Distributive Property.

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8-s
Probñern SoEvtng:
trwfu¡ åtñ pñe^Step Froble¡ms

Some word problems have hidden questions that must be answered before you can
solve the problem.
A paved trail is I miles long. Rita runs $ of the length of the trail and walks the rest of the
way. How many miles of the trail does Rita walk?

What do you k¡low? Rita runs $ of an 8-mile trail.

What a!'e you asked to find? How many miles of the trail that Rita
walks.
!"{ow oan you find the distance that Rita Subtract the distance Rita ran from the
walks? length of the trail.
What ls tlTe hidden question? The hidden How many miles did Rita run?
question will help you find data you need to Toanswer,findf;xS:3.
solve the problern.

Use the data to solve: 8 - 3: 5, so Rita walked 5 of the 8 miles'

Write and answer the hidden question(s) in each problem. Then solve the problem'
'!. April surfed for { of the 6 hours she was at the beach. She spent the rest of the time
building a sand castle. How many hours did she spend building the castle?

l-iidden question:-
Solution:

I Bill put gasoline in 2 of his 5-gallon cans and 4 of his 2-gallon cans. He filled all the
cans to the exact capacity. How many gallons of gasoline did he buy?

Hidden question 1

Hidden question 2

Solution

g" lt costs [*e Stor $ZO to buy a shirt. The store sells the shirt for Z] times its cost. What
is the profit for 100 of these shirts? Hint: Profit equals sales minus cost.

Hidden question 1
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8-5
Problem Solving:
Multiple-Step Problems
Write and answer the hidden question(s) in each problem. Then solve the problem

1 Tiwa spent t] frours setting up her computer. lt took her 3 times as long to install the
software. How long did it take Tíwa to set up the computer and install software?

Hidden q uestionls):

Solution:

2. Lon bought 40 ounces of sliced ham. He used of the ham to make sandwiches for
f
his friends and f of the ham in an omelet. How inany ounces of ham were left?

Hidden quest

Solution:

3. Lionel cut off f of a 48-inch piece of rope. Marsha cut off of a36-inch piece of
\
rope. They compared their cut pieces. Whose piece is lonþer? How much longer?

Hidden question(s):--.--
Solution

4. Melanie bought 3 CDs. The country music CD cost $1S. Tne rock music CD cost
as much as the country music CD. The platinum edition CD cost twice as much aö$
the rock CD. What was the cost of the three CDs?

Hidden question(s):

Solution:

5. Writing to Explain Choose one of the problems above. Explain how you determined
the hidden question and why it was necessary to answer that question in order to
solve the problem.

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9- I
Understanding Division of
Fractions
Divide a fraction by a whole number.
Find [ + 4. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 !
8 8 B I 8 I 8 8
Use à model to show {.
Divide each eighth into 4 equal parts.
Each section shows
@+T +.
:
1 t-1
8 --92'

Divide a fraction by a fraction

Find + ].
f
Use a nurhber line. Use reoeated subtraction.
Count the number of ]s in f. Subtra'ct ] from f until the difference
is 0.
3 _1:2
444
2_1_1
0 z J
444
4 4 4 1 1-n \)
4 4-
Count the number of times you
There are three fs subtracted to find the quotient.
3 1-o 3 1-a
4:4-u 4' 4-e

Solve each division sentence. Use a model if you wish.

1 3*å: 2.L*4:_
Find each quotient. Simplify if possible
3.3+l': 4.å: t: 5. f -3:
\)
6. 16 1
16
7.5*t: 8. ]+6:

e.8+å: 7
10. 72 1
11. 6 1_
12

12. Draw a Picture The square dancing club meets for 3 hours. Every f; hour, the
dancers change partners. How many different partners will each dancer have in one
meeting? Draw a picture to show your solution.

a
d
13. Writing to Explain Explain why the quotient of two fractions is E
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always greater than either fraction. -
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9-T
Understanding Division of
Fractions
Solve each division sentence using the models provided

1.3:å= 2. t+6: e ã5
V.
þb
. ;-1-

I -------- 1
tll
ltt
0 1 2 3 v 123 45
0
þbb 66
Find each quotient. Simplify if possible
4.8+t: 5. |+4: 6.5+]:
'1 a-
a.'8 7 1-
I 8. #: #: I -12 u-
10.6+$ rl. 7 *t: 12. Elb + l:lf)
13. Draw a Picture Olivia has a piece of ribbon ] yard long. lf she cuts it
into 6 equal pieces, what will be the length oT each piece, in yards?

14. Geometry A reg ular polygon has a perimeter of 12 units. lf each

side measures f unit, how many sides does the polygon have?

15. Which division expression is 2 .t 4 5 6 7 I I

shown by this model? rrrttttt
0 9
10
9 .1
' 10 B 1*-l c 10I
A '10 1 D 10 + $
16. writing to Explain when you divide a whole number by a fraction
less than 1, will the quotient be greater than or less than the whole
number? Explain, and give an example.

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9-2
Dividing a Whole Number by
a Fraction
To divide a whole number by a fraction, you can multiply the whole
number by the reciprocal of the fraction. The reciprocal of a number
has the numerator and the denominator reversed. The product of a
number and its reciprocal is 1.
Number x Reciprocal - Product
3 Xå: 1

1
I X?: '1

2
ã
\/3-
'J ^2 1

Find 14 * 1.

Step I Step 2 Step 3

Rewrite the division as Divide out common factors lf your answer is an

multiplication using the if possible. Then multiply. improper fraction, change it
reciprocal of the divisor. to a mixed number.
7
\/ 7, 49 24i-
The reciprocal of 1i"l {q 49 -T
-1-
^4-T
2
1a+|=14r1

Find the reciprocal of each fraction or whole number

1
5
7
2. 11 3.å
Find each quotient. Simplify if possible

4.12+f 5. 2*tr 6. 16 + ft
7. 2a + rt 8. 18 + $ e.25+{$
10.36+3 11. 42: É
e. ao+{

13. Karolyn makes rolls for a friend's dinner party. She uses 3 lb of
butter. Each stick of butter weighs ] tO. How many sticks of butter
does Karolyn need to make her rolls?
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9-2
DividinE a Whole Number by
a Fraction
Find the reciprocal of each fraction or whole number.

1
5
0 2,8 s.{
Find each quotient. Simplify if possible.
4.8*3: 5.4+f,: 6. 18 + $
1_
7. 12+ 2- 8.42:l: I 10+f;:
3_
1O. 20 + 4- 11,22 -3: 12.7:â:
13.9-å: 14. 15 + {: 15.6:å:
16. writing to Explain will the quotient of s + $ ne greater thar¡ or less
than 5? Explain.

17. Reasoning How many times will you need to fill a å

measuring cup to measure 4 cups of flour? "rp

18. Geometry The distance around a circular flower bed is 36 feet.

Jasper wants to put stakes every I inches (f, of a foot) around the
bed. How many stakes does he need?

19. Algebra Which expression is equal to g x t?

A 2+ 39
B 3+ 92
C 9+ 2.1

D 9+ 32

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g-3
Dividing Fractions
To divide by a fraction, you can multiply by its reciprocal. The reciprocal
of a number has the numerator and the denominator reversed.
Find 4.
c
3
1õ

Step I Step 2 Step 3

Rewrite the division as Divide out common factors lf your answer is an

multiplication using the if possible. Then multiply. improper fraction, change it
reciprocal of the divisor. to a rnixed number.
2
ir þ g g: a2
The reciprocal of å f. þ X 3 3 .1
¿g
1
4 3 _4..10g
5-10-5^

Find each quotient. Simplify if possible

1 1_1., õ 4 8-
1
2 4 2" -- 7-
1
neciprolat ot ] Reciprocal of fi
s.å *å 4. 2.2 Ê.5.7
*,'g=10
53
a18 e.3*å
6. f +s '' 3 0'
o 5.1 2
"'g 10.8+å tt. f+f;
rz.$+{ 13.å+8 t+.}+}
15. Aaron has { gallon of bottled water. How many $-O"tton servings
can he pour?

16. Draw a Picture Show how Rebecca can divide f of a cake into
9 pieces. What fraction of the whole cake will each piece be?

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g-3
Dividing Fractions
Find each quotient. Simplify if possible

1 .5_ a 7 7-
1
36 2. 8* L: "'B '12-
4. Ã 6 3- 6.å*å:
$+5: "'7 4-
21 3- 14.2-
"2 10 8. â: #: O
v¡ 15 ' 5
10.å*3: 11.8+4: 9 .3-
nD 10 5

13. writing to Explain Serena said that by looking for common factors
and simplifying the expression, she found that
agree with Serena? Why or why not?
$ * 3 : 1S. Do you

5
&4 X
.8
I 25
16 1
I
16
4

14. Afi-y"rO piece of fencing

is made of boards that are $ Vard wide
How many boards make up the fence?

15. Nathan has { tO of hummus. How many fr-tO servings does he

have?

16. Algebra Which equation can you use to find the number of ]-inch
pieces that can be cut from a piece of metal of an inch lonj?
$

A E*1:n
B 1*8:n
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9-4
Estimat¡ng Quotients
When you are working with fractions and mixed numbers, you can
estimate using rounding and compatible numbers.

Estimate zSl + A]. Estimate St[ + +$.

n1 311btt+ 49

ll
Round each mixed Change 31| and
number to the 4fr to the nearest

I
24 +
ï
8:3
nearest whole
number.
Divide. 30+ 5:6
compatible whole
numbers.
Think 31[ and a$
are close to 30
23fr - 8?: g 31[ + aE: a and 5.

Estimate each quotient.

1. '11t * aI 2. te{ + 3fr 3. a1! + t!

a. 35[ + 5f s. 6t$ + a$ 6. t2zn + 7$

7. 861+ 1of; 8. 26ft + zf; e. 11f + 3f

10. 7å * 2# 11. 47+ * 7+ t2. 60$ + 5$

13. Gritical Thinking Which of these two estimates is closer to the actual quotient?
How do you know?
Lisa's estimate: 55! + 61- S+ + 6 9 :
-
HaYden's estimate: 55] + 6å SO + 7 :8

14. Patrick uses wire to make wreaths. He has 31] feet of wire left on
a spool. Estimate how many 3f; Rieces can he-cut from the longer
piece of wire.

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9-4
Estimat¡ng Quotients
Estimate each product.
t. stt' s$: z. zs|-* 6I: e. +ot . 6l:
4. 1zJ+ sl: s. +sl' sfr: 6. Bå + 2$:
t. aft:7?: e. ss$ . tf,: 9. tol+ +$:
to. ttt . 18: 11. 15fr + 3É: _ tz. zo|. sf;:
rc. za\ ' z$: r+. +o$ + rf;: rs. seJ + lef;:_
16. Number Sense Tran wants to cut strips of paper that are Zlin. wide.
His sheet of paper is 11] in. wide. He estimates that 11| + ätr -- A,
so he can cut 6 strips from each sheet of paper. Is his estirnate an
overestimate or an underestimate? Explain.

17. Writing to Explain Eliza uses 2{ feet of yarn in each gift basket
she makes. Explain how to estimate how many baskets Eliza can
make if she has22 feet of yarn.

18. Geometry The area of this rectangle is 257trsq in. What is the
best estimate of side length w?
A 66,000 in. rolin.
zstf,sqin.
B 50 in.
C 25 in. w

D Sin.
19. Gritical Thlnking What estimation method did you use to find the length of side rø in
Problem 18?

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9-5
Dividing Mixed Numbers
You can follow these steps to find S$ + t{ and 21 + Zt

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

First estimate. Find the reciprocal of Look for common
Then write each number the divisor. Rewrite factors. Simplify,
as an improper fraction. as a multiplication then multiply.
problem.

rinos]*.rå 16.4_ 6
X
3
33 3 4
Estimate$+'l :$. 16 .. 3
x z :t:+
4 1

g ^4 1.6
_1 .a ,4
c5 3
1

j J
4 is close to 5,
16 4 so the answer is
3 3 reasonable.

Find 21 - 2L. 21 .7_ 21 ..'73

3 13
Estimate 21 + 2: 101
2 21 ,.3 3
T^7 ?21..3
1'-Z
9
1
^
"
zt+zt 1

JJ
.l
9 is close to 10:.
2'
21 .7 so the answer is
13 reasonable.

Find each quotient. Simplify if possible.

1. 2â * 3+: 2. 1J+ af :
3, 2+ + 2+: 4.5++3:
5. 10 + 3å: 6. 7+ + 2+:
7 Writing to Explain Paper needs to be cut for voting ballots.
Each piece of paper is 10] in. long. Each ballot should be
tf in. long. How many baÍlots can be cut from one piece of paper?

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9-5
Dividing Mixed Numbers
Find each quotient. Simplify if possible.

1. t| + zt: z. 4+ s]: 3.2 4 1

s|
4. 3L + 2f,: 5.3å+2: 6. 1
1
2
zl
7.8+2J:
10. Reasoning ls it possible to divide 15 by a mixed number and get a
quotient that is greater than 15? Explain.

Room Gallons of Paint

Kítchen z$

Bedroom 23

Living room +l

Max is painting the inside of an apartment complex. The table shows

how many gallons of paint are needed to paint each type of room.
11. How many kitchens can Max paint with 20 gal?

12, How many living rooms can Max paint with 26 gal?

13. How many bedrooms can Max paint with 60 gal?

14, Find a| * 21.
A1
B2
c3
D4
15. Writing to Explain Explain how you would find a| * 2+.

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g-6
Solving Equations
Here is how to solve addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
equations with fractions.

Addition Subtraction
3 1 ^1
Solve n + -o
5"' Solve x- 2 ã:b5.
o
n+ 9:q 1 ^1
x-2 ã:be
5-
33
n+ 3c- - --o_- *-zt
5 -v 5
+z å:uå. zI
n:a?c x:o] +2
9
3

L
Bó
":
Multiplication Division
sove
$r
: tt. Solve a
1 ^1
4:ó2'
9v: t? 1 ^1
8'3 a
4:ó2
(å) å': å (å) ax 4 ^1
7:ó2
1

.._x,.8
Y- "" +( +l: Ll!)
s^E 7
a:
1
g

,:t:r?
Solve each equation and check your answer.
1. z+2+:3+ Z. :2 On

3.x-1:4? 4.y*L:Zt
S. 3 * n:10 6.22n+5:x
7. Algebra The rainfall total for this month is a$ in. Yesterday it
rained ZLin. Use the equation n + 2S: 4f i'o calculate how
much rainfall was received before yesterday.

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9-6
Solving Equations
Solve each equation and check your answer.

1. y + 1+:23

2. w-2:g+.
3. z+1:+I
4.+:þ
5 al 2ø
o

6 ztr:p-3
7 2\:x+!
8. Number Sense ls the solution of m + fr : O greater than or less
than the solution of m + gZ Explaiñ.
I:

9. The bakery used 42$ c of flour. There were 10{ c left in

the flour bin. Use the equation x 42à: 10{ to find
-
out how firany cups of flour the bakery had to start with

10. Alex had a ball of string. He cut the string into 26 equal
pieces. Each piece measured 3] in. Use the equation
m + 26: 3å to find the length ót tfre ball of string.

11. Solve 12y : 2| .

A 1+ 81å c+ 3
D 16

12. Writing to Explain Write the steps you would use to solve the
equation z + 3!: 68. Solve.

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9-7
Problem Solving:
Look for a Pattern
Sometimes you can solve a problem by identifying a pattern
Here are two types of patterns.

Patterns in sets of numbers Ask yourself:

1513119.25.9 Are the numbers increasing?
4, 4, 41 41 41 4,4 Are they decreasing?
Do they change by the same amount each time?
Do you add, subtract, multiply, or divide to find
the next number?
Patterns in groups of figures Ask yourself:
aao
How is the first figure modified to make the
ao aaa second figure?
o aa aao
How is the second figure modified to make the
third?

Remember: Once you have identified a possible number pattern,

check at least two other consecutive numbers to make sure that the
pattern is true for all of the numbers.

Find the missing numbers. Describe the pattern

1
fr, r, l\, l| ,22

2.89,78,67, ,12,1
a1471O25
ù' 5r5r5r5r-'-,-,-'5
4. Draw the next figure in the pattern below

n
5. Number Sense The table below shows the number of cells in a
culture. How many cells will there be at 4:30?

Time 1:00 1:30 2:OO 2:30 3:00

Number of Gells 1 2 4 8 16

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9-7
Problem Solving:
Look for a Pattern
Find the missing numbers. Describe the pattern.
tl' 1 611 16 41
Brgr 8r Br-,-,-, I

2.+,+ 1 ,32,64
-r
3. '1.1,1.1,2.2,6.6,
4. r+f, rzf,,ll, _, _, _, _,2+,+
5. 27,9, 3, 1, |,

6. 3,5,9, 15, ,75

7. Number Sense ln the figure, the sum of each row 1
forms a pattern. What is the sum of the seventh row? 2 2
3 33
4444
55555
8. Which figure completes this pattern?
a
a aa
o aa coa
o
aa
A aaaa

a
aao
B aoaa
a
ao
aaa
c aaaa
a
oa
oao
D aa a aa

9. Writing to Explain How can you find the answer to 7 without

finding the sum of the numbers in a row?

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U rrderstandi n g I ntegers

-10 -5 5 10

Negatlve integers Zero is neither Positive integers

are the opposite of positive nor are also called
positive integers. negative. The counting numbers.
opposite of 0 is 0

The absolt¡te value of an integer is the distance from that integer to

zero on the number line. Distance is always a positive measure, so the
absolute value of any integer is positive

7 units 7 units

7 0 7

The distance from 0 to 7 is 7 units, so lZl : 7.

The distance from 0 to -7 is 7 units, so l-Z¡ : 7.

DHE AC J G B
0 5

Use the number line above. Write the integer for each point. Then write
its opposite and absolute value.
1.A 2.8
3.C 4.D
5.8 6.F
7. G 8.H
9.J
'10. Nurnber Sense John borrowed $6 from Adam.
The next week John borrowed $15 more from Adam.
Write an integer that represents John's total debt to Adam
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negative nine? !
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Understanding lntegers
EBA C D

-5 0 5

Use the number line. Write the integer for each point. Then give its
opposite and absolute value.

1.4 2"8 3.0

4.D 5"E
6. On the number line, graph the points -8, 3, -4,2, and -'1

-10 -5 0 5 10

The table gives the highest and lowest

temperatures for some states in the United Record Temperatures
States. Use integers to describe the two (in degrees, relative to zero)
temperatures for each state. State Highest Lowest
Alabama 112 above 27 below
7. Delaware
Delaware 110 above 17 below
8. California California 134 above 45 below

9. Colorado Colorado 118 above 61 below

10. Alabama

11. Which is an integer?

A -0.5
B-5
c 5.5

D5á
12. Writing to Explain ln your own words, tell what is meant by
"the absolute value of an integer."
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Compar¡ng and Ordering
lntegers
When comparing two integers on a number line, the integer that is
farther to the right is greater. The integer that is farther to the left is less

-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3-2-101 2345678910

Compare -6 and -10. Compare -1 and 2 Order -4,0, and -7 from
least to greatest.
Because -6 is fadher to Because 2 is farther to
the right than -10, it is the right than - 1 , it is Because -7 is the farthest
greater. So, -6 > -10. greater.So,2>-1. to the left, it is the least. 0
is farther to the right than
-4, so -4 is the next least.
So, the numbers in order
from least to greatest are
-7, -4, and 0.

Use >, (, of : to compare

1. -5 3 2. 15 -4 3.0 27

4. 52 l-521 5. -9 l-el 6. -6 -7
7. 13 12 8. -17 -15 9. -8 -8
Order the numbers from least to greatest.

10. 9, -1, -4,2 11. 1,1-2]l, -8,6 12. 15, -7, - 12, 0, l5l

13. Manuel dug holes to plant an oak tree, a rosebush, Plant Hole
Iantana, and prairie grass. The table shows the (inches)
depths of the holes. You can think of ground level Lantana
as 0, so the holes closest to ground level are not as
-8
deep as the holes farthest from ground level. Which
Prairie -6
Grass
plant hole is closest to ground level? Which is @
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farthest? Compare the depths of their holes. ¿
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Rosebush -15 1
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14. Reasoning Write 3 integers less than -27 À
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Gomparing and Ordering
lntegers
Use <, ), of = to compare.
1.6 -8 2. -12 -11 3.2 Ot-, I

4. 12 -11 5. 11 1 6. 1-3 lo 4

Order from least to greatest.

7. -6,4,7,O, -g
8. -1, -5,5,7, -g
g. -7, _8,
-2,6,1 -ll l,-ll , -g,4,s

10. Reasoning Can any negative integer be greater than a positive integer? Explain

Kyle kept track of the number of points he scored

each time he played a video game. Sometimes the Kyle's Scores
score is less than zero. PNay 1: Gained 5 points
11. Order the negative plays from least to greatest. Ptray 2 Lost 15 points
Play 3: Gained 32 points
Pnay 4: Gained 10 points
Play 5: Lost 12 points
12. Order the positive plays from greatest to least Play 6: l-ost 8 points

13. Which integer is greatest?

A1 B-10 c9 D3
14. Writing to Ëxplain Explain how to find the greatest integer plotted on a number line
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Rationa¡ Numbers on a
Number Line
When comparing and ordering rational numbers on a number line, it
helps to change all of the numbers to fractions and mixed numbers or
to decimals.
How do you compare rational numbers? How do you order rational numbers?
Compare -1.93 and -fl. Order 0.3, -3 and f; from least to
greatest.
Convert -3 to a decimal so that both
numbers are in the same form. Convert 0.3 to a fraction so that all of the
-9--g+5:-.l.8
5-'" numbers are in the same form.
Place the numbers on a number line. 0.3:å
-1.8 -1.33 Place the numbers on a number line.
- r-t r_r r r r I I I I I I I I I l-
l-l l-l I I I I I I I I I I I I t' Ã
9.q
-2-1012 b 108

-1.33 is to the right of -1.8. -2 -l 0 2

So, -1.33 > -9/5.

is to the right of -3 and f; is to the right
fiof 0.3.
So, the numbers in order from least to
greatest are -f;, 0.3,3.

Write < or > in the circle

-z.aa'!
5
-9 -o.sg
5-
1.4 t|I
,t r I t- r r r r I t^t -l I I I | | ì^l l-i-l L I I l-
tltt-
-5 -2 0 J

1. -9c -0.33 2. 1É 1.4 3. -2.66 11

5

4. -2+ o -2.8 5. -'1.1 O-,t 6. 1 .15 1'1

8

Write the numbers in order from least to greatest.

7. O.15, -â, -0.1 8. _r*,_2.s, _23 o 1.6, f, 1å

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and -0.45 in. below average in July. Which month is closest to the
!
average? U
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Rational Numbers on a
Numbêr Line
Write < or > in the circle.

-2.8s _12 r1 -4 '1

s -rã 1
1.88
11 I
-ll^rr-rlrr-rlrl^rltrrI I
r rr flr-rr^l
r-rl--r-r-f---r-r-
-3 2 -1 0 1 2 3

I 1 1
3
12
5
2. 11
I 1.88 3. -2.83 -rJ
4- -r'L O -0.19 5. 1.6 4
L)
6. _16 -Ð.1
Write the numbers in order from least to greatest.

7. 0.66, _1
3t
5
72
g. -+, -1 .35, - 16 s. $, fr, o.es

Use the table for 10 and 11.

10. A scientist is testing lake water at different depths. Day Feet Below the
Order the samples of lake water from greatest depth Lake Surface
to least depth. Monday 1 3

Tuesday - o.4
Wednesday -1.55
11. Number Sense At what depth could the scientist Thursday I
16
take a new sample that would be shallower than the
shallowest sample?

12. Which rational number is least?

A 0.66
B -45
c _q
7

D -0 6
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5
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you agree? Explain.
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Adding lntegers
You can USe a number line or rules to add integers. On a number line,
start at 0. Move right to add a positive number. Move left to add a
negative number.
Add two integers with different signs.
Find 3 + (-4).
Start at 0. Move 3 units to the right. Find the absolute value for each addend.
Then move 4 units to the left. l-41 :4andl3l :3
Subtract the smaller absolute value from
{-
thegreater:4-3:1
rlrltll.-#
rlrlr! Give the difference the same siEn as the
-5 -4 -3 -2 012345 addend with the greater absolute value.
3+(-4) --1 Because +4 has the greater absolute
value (4 > 3), this difference receives a
negative sign.
3+ -4 --'1
Add two integers with the same sign.
Find -1 + (-2).
Start at 0. Move 1 unit to the left. Then Find the absolute value for each addend.
move 2 more units to the left. l-11:1andl-21:2
{-- Add the absolute values. 1 + 2 : 3
{-
rlrll-
a---T----T----r---r T I rltl Give the sum the same sign as the
-5 -4 -3 -2 1 0 2345 addends.

-1 + (-2) -- -3 -1 +(-2) :-3

Find each sum. Use the number line or rules'

-15-14-19-12-11-10-9 -8 -7-6-5-4 -3-2 -1 o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 910 11 12 13 14 15

l. Find -5 + 7.
Move l"ft _spaces. Move right _spaces So,-5*7:
2.8+4: 3. 3+(-5)= 4. -7 + (-B) =

5. -4 + (-4) :- 6. -5 + 3: 7.7+(-3):
: 10. 2 + (-3): _
@

8. 10+(-1) 9.
-8*6: d
c
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11. 11 * 3: 12. -9 + 6: 13. -2 + 12: o

!U=
o

14. Algebra The rule is Add -5. The input is 10. What is the output? c
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Add¡ng lntegers
1. Draw a number line to find 3 + (-4)

Find each sum. use a number line or the rules for adding integers

2. 4 + (-tz) : 3. -12 + (-14) :

4. 10 + (-1) : 5. 2+( 1)

6. -50 + (-1) : 7. 8+(-4):

8. -9+7: o
-3 + (-6) :
Algebra Use the rule to complete each table.
10. Rule: Add -6 11. Rule: Add 2
lnput Output lnput Output
5 -7
3 -4
-1 0

12. Which is the sum of -6 + (-9) + (-9)?

A -24
B -12
c-6
D24
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6
-4 + 4 + S.
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Subtracting lntegers
You can use this rule to subtract integers.
Rule: To subtract an integer, add its opposite.
Examples:

Find:8 - (-3) Find: -6 -7 Find: -3 - (-9)

The opposite of -3 is 3. The opposite of 7 is -7 The opposite of -9 is 9
Add: I * 3: 1'1 Add: -6 + (-7): -13 Add:-3+9:6
So,8 - (-3) : 11 So, -6 -7: -13 So, -3 - (-9) : 6

Find each difference.

1. 5 - (-1) 2. -10-3
The opposite of -1 is '1
The opposite of 3 is

Add:5 + Add: -10 + -

3. -7 - (-2)-: - 4. -9-4 -: -

5. 6 - (-10) 6. -1 - (-3)

7. Writing to Explain Without computing, how do you know that the

answer to7 - (-15) is Positive?

8. Draw a Picture ln one football game the Wildcats gained 5 yards

on one play, lost 8 yards on the next play, and gained 6 yards the
next play. ln all, how many yards did they gain or lose?

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Subtracting lntegers
For 1 through 3 use the number line below to find each difference

-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I I 10

1.5-10 2, -4-4 3. 6 - (-3)

For 4 through 9, use a number line or the rules for adding integers to
find each difference.
4. -6 - (-1) 5. _12 - 10 6. 25 - (-5)

7.14-22 8. 7 - l-61 e. l-21 * l2l

For 10 through 12, evaluate each expression for m - -5.

1o. 52 - m 11. m - (-1s) 12. 18 - l-31 - m

13. Writing to Explain Explain when you use the word ,,minus', and
when you use the word "negative." Give an example.

14. Number Sense Ben's first score on a video game was 12. His
second score was -15. which expression can he use to find how
many more points he got in the first game?
A -12+15
B 12-15
c 12+-15
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Multiplying lntegers
To multiply integers, remember these rules:

. The product of two positive integers is positive. 4x5:2O

. The product of two negative integers is positive @x @: ro
o The product of one positive integer and one X @
negative integer is negative. 4x @
A simple multiplication sentence will have two negative terms or no negative
terms. lf you see one negative term, look to find the other negative term.

Multiply.
1.6X3= 2. 5x(-6) :
3. -4x0= 4. 12 x (-5):
5. -4 x (+9¡ : 6" 22x4:
7. (-1X-37) : 8. (-7)(-7):
e. (2x4x-3) : 10. (-8X-7) :

11. (-3X-5X-3) : 12. (5X-s)(2):

Evaluate each exPression for d : -3

13. -4d : 14.dx(-6) :
15.-10d-3- 16.e+(-2d) :
17.5d +38: 18. (2dX- 4)(-2) :
i9. Number Sense ls the product of four negative integers positive or negative?
Explain.

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Multiplying lntegers
Find each product.
1. (-8X-2) : 2.7x( 1 0)

3.5x3: 4. (-ex-6):
5. (-6X-3): 6.3x( 1 8)

7.-9x-41 : 8. (-6X-21) :
Number sense use order of operations to evaluate each expression.

9. (-3)+5+4-9x3:_ 10. (-6)_4xB+11 x2=

Algebra Evaluate each expression when r : B.

11. -12r - 120: 12. Tr + -S :

13. (-af(-30) - (-8) : M. (-2r)(8) + (-25) :
15. From 1950 to 1970, some glaciers thinned
by an average of 1.7 ft per year. What was the
change in glacier thickness during this period?

16. From 1995 to 2000, the glaciers thinned by

6 ft per year. What was the change in glacier
thickness during this period?

17. Which is the product of (-4)(-12)?

A -48
B -36
c36
D48
18. Writing to Explain Explain how to evaluate Sp + (-6)when p : -4.

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Dividing lntegers
Rules for dividing integers:
o The quotient of two integers with the same sign is positive.
. The quotient of two integers with different signs is negative

s¿ * (-o) -so * (-3)

54+6:9 36 + 3: 12

Because the signs of the two integers in Because the signs of the two integers in
the original problem are different, the sign the original problem are the same, the sign
of the quotient is negative. of the quotient is Positive.

So,54*(-6) --9. So, -36 * (-3) :12.

Find each quotient.

i. -ta * (-3) 2. -28+4 s. -so * (-5)

4. -24+6 5.30+6 6. 48 + (-8)

use order of operations to evaluate each expression for n

: -4'
7. -4O+n 8. n+4 9.76+n
1O.8n+2 11. 14+(n+2) 12. -3n : (-3)

13. Nathan and Haley went scuba diving. lt took 3 minutes to dive 18 +
meters. What *aê the average descent rate of their dive? Find - 18
3

14. Reasoning Without computing the answer, how do you know if the
quotient -232 -: 1'1 is negative or positive?

15.Algebrawritethenexttwointegersinthepattern-48,-24,-12,-,-

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Dividing lntegers
Find each quotient.
1. 80 * (-B) 2. -75 * (-5) 3. -49+7

4. -45 + (-9) 5. 0 + (-1a) 6. -81 + (-3)

use order of operations to evaluate each expression for c : -8.

7. -96+c 8. c+4 9. -144 + c

10, 13-(c+2) 11. (3c+4)*S 12, c+(-4) +6

13. Reasoning ls 120 + -6 x -3 positive or negative? Explain.

14. Algebra A roller coaster dropped 224 feet in 2 seconds. What was the rate of
change in height per second? Find -224 + 2.

15. What is the quotient of -162 + (-9)?

A -18
B -16
c 16
D 18
16. Writing to Explain Jill says that the rules for multiplying and dividing integers are
alike. Do you agree? Explain.

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Absolute Value
'trfiffi

The absolute value of a number is its distance from 0 on a number line.

You can use a number line to help you compare and order the absolute
values of numbers.
Order the values from /easf to greatest:l-41,l-11' l3l.
Plot each number on the number line, and then look at each point's
distance from 0.

-5 -4 -3 2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Since -1 is the point closest to 0, l-11 is the least value'

Since 3 is the next closest point to 0, l3l is the next greater value.
Since -4 is the point farthest from 0, l-al is the greatest value'

The order of the values from least to greatest is l- 1 l' l3l' l-41.

For I through 6, use < or > to compare. You can use the number
line to help you.

-14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 o246 I 10 12 14

1. l3l Qt-+t 2. t-5t o lol 3. l1l l-21

4. l13l Q t-rzt 5. l-1ol o l-el o. lol O l-141

For 7 through 12, order the values from /east to greatest. You can
use the number line to helP You.
7.1-41,1-21, l11l 8. l-el, l0l, I-21 e. l4l, l-51' I-71

10. l-11, l-81, l2l 11. l-141, lol, l-61 12. l8l, l-111, l-61

iO. Writing to Explain How do you know that l8l and l-81 are the same distance
from 0? Do they have the same absolute value? Explain'

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14. Number Sense Name two numbers that are not located the same distance from 0' 6
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!=
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What are their absolute values? ç
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Absolute Value
For 1 through 6, use < or ) to compare.
i. l-221Q t-rzt z. l4sl O l-461 3. tlst O l-21
4, ¡+a¡ Q ¡-so¡ 5. t-ss.sl e tsst 6. 121ål O ¡_ztll
For 7 through n2, order the values 'Írom greafesf to /easf.

7. l-61, l-41, 1111, l0l 8. l-20]|,1161, l_21, l37l e. l41l,l^421,1_631, 111l

r0. l4l, l-31, l-181, l-3.181 11. l0l,l-271,l_321, 161 12. I_LI,l_3,1_+1, l0l

13. Which pair of numbers are located the same distance

from 0 on the number line?

A Sand -4 B 0and1 C -3and3 D -2 and -4

14. A stock's price gained 3% in April 15. Max starts on the 20th floor of a
and 5%o in May, and then lost 4% in building and takes the elevator
June and 1 o/o in July. During which 4 floors down. Then he takes the
month did the stock's price change elevator up 3 floors, and then down
the most? another 5 floors. Write the absolute
value of the greatest change in
floors that Max made.

16. Writing to Explain The table shows

the daily change in high temperature Day Temperature G[range
for several days. Explain how you Monday +3'F
can order the days from least to
greatest amount of temperature Tuesday -4"F
change. Wednesday -1'F
Thursday +2"F

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Graphing Points on a
Gsordlnate Plane
Parls of a coordinate Plane: Quadrant ll Quadrant I

,y
x-axis: a horizontal number line
y-axis: a verticai number line
origin: the place where the two number lines meet
quadrants: the four sections created by the two
1
number lines x
A point in a coordinate plane is represented by i-4-: t 0
1'
)

an ordered pair. (4, -3) ô

11
x-coordinate
\

Y-coordinate /l
(4, 3)

To locate point (4, -3), start at the origin.

Move to 4 on the x-axis. Then move to -3 on the y-axis Quadrant lll Quadrant lV

Graph and label these points on the coordinate plane. A 5

v C

1. (4, 1) 2. (-3,3)
B
3. (2, o) 4. (4, -2) 1
F X
5. (-2,4) 6. (-3, -4) ) -4 ) _' 0 ¿ I

1-
E o D
Write the ordered pair for each point'
õ
v" A 8. B A

9.D 10, E

'î 1. Geometry lf you join points BCDE in order, what

shape is the figure?

12, Reasoning ln what quadrant will a point with a

negative x-coordinate and a positive y-coordinate
(negative number, positive number) be located?

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Graphing Points on a
Coordinate Plane
Write the ordered pair for each point
'y
1. F 2. G
F K
3.H 4. I

5.J G x
6.K Ì- t _, 0 2
-1-
For 7 through g, graph the ordered pairs. Connect the o
points in order and describe the figure you drew. H J

7. (1,0), (5,0), (5, 4), (1,4)

I
À

8. (0, o), (2,-4), (-2, -4) g. (-4, -2), (-2, -2), (-2,5), (-4, 5)

10. writing to Explain A point is rocated in euadrant lv. what do you

know about the signs of the coordinates for the point? Explain.

11. Gritical rhinking Draw three lines that are parallel to

the x-axis. Read the ordered pairs for points on each
,y
4
line. What generalization can you make about the
ordered pairs for lines parallel to the x-axis?

x
-4 0 1 )¡.
I

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D

12. Geometry Which set of ordered pairs can be

connected in order to form a right triangle?
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A (-1, 3), (-1, - 1), (2, -1)
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B (-4,0), (0, 1), (1, -2)
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c (2,2), (2, -2), (-2, -2), (-2,2)
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D (0, 5), (-3, 3), (3, -3)
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Problem Solving: Use
Reasoning
After he bought a meal for $7.72 and a new DVD for $22.95,
Eric had $l g.A¿ in his pocket. How much money did he start with?
You can solve the problem by using reasoning.

?? at $22.9s for $7.lzfor $13.84

The amounts were start DVD meal now
subtracted, so add
to work backward.
add add add work
backward

$lg.e¿ + $z.lz + $zz.gs: $44.51

Eric star.ted with $¿¿.Sl.

1. Elana spent 45 minutes at the library, half an hour at the grocery

store, 20 minutes visiting a friend, and arrived home at 4:10 p.tr¡.
What time did she leave home?

2. The football team gained 13 yards, lost 5 yards, gained I yards,

and gained another 11 yards to end on their 47-yard line. At what
yard line did they start?

3. Scott has $82.50 in his checking account after he wrote checks to

pay bills tor $gZ.g0, $52.00, $12.26, and $97.36. How much was in
his checking account before he paid his bills?

4. Vince helped the Pep Club make sandwiches to raise money.

He put two sandwiches in each of 30 bags and 5 sandwiches in
26 family bags, and he has 17 sandwiches left over. How many
sandwiches did they make to start with?

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added 12to get282. What number did he staft with?
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TO.TO
Problem Solving: Use
Reasoning
L The delivery person stopped on the 14th floor to talk to a friend.
Before stopping, he had just made a delivery 4 floors above.
Before that he made a delivery 6 floors below. Before that he had
made a delivery 9 floors above. Before that he had made a delivery
15 floors below. On what floor did he make his first delivery?

Elena plotted figure FGHJ on a coordinate plane. The corners v

of the figure are located at F(1, 3), G(1, 6), H(3, G) and J(3, 3). 6
Draw Elena's figure. 5
2. What are the lengths of sides FG and HJ? 4

1
3. What are the lengths of sides GH and JF?
0 456

4. What is the perimeter of the figure?

5. At the end of the day, Brooke had $138.25 in her checking

account. She had made a deposit of $115.07 and written checks
totaling $176.94. How much did she have in her checking account
at the beginning of the day?

,A -$ZO.A8 C$200.62
B $z0.aa D $430.76

6. Writing to Explain The football team gained 7 yards, gained

4 yards, lost 5 yards, gained 21 yards, lost 2 yards, and Eained
4 yards to their 43 yard line. Explain how you solved this problem
Then find the yard line where the team began.

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Basic Geometnic ldeas
A point is an exact location o
A line is a straight path of points that goes on
forever in two directions.
A ray is a part of a line. A ray has one endpoint
and goes on forever in one direction.
A line segment is a part of a line with two
endpoints.
Gongruent line segments are line segments
that have the same length.
The midpoint of a line segment is halfway
between the endpoints of a line segment.
A plane is a flat surface that extends forever in
all directions.

lntersecting lines meet at Parallel lines never meet. Perpendicular lines form a
exactly one point. They are always the same 90" angle.
distance apart.

Use the diagram at the right. Name the following.

D L

1. Three line segments

P
0
T R

S
2. Two parallel lines
U
V
G
N
H
3. Two lines that intersect PS

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Basic Geometric ldeas
Use the diagram at the right. Name the following o

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1. Two perpendicular lines

2. Two rays

3. Two parallel lines

4. Four line segments

5. Two lines that intersect

Draw a diagrarn to illustrate each situation

6. XY with midpoint Æ 7 . JK perpendic ular to LM

8. Reasoning How many points are shared by two

perpendicular lines? By two parallel lines?

9. Which best describes the diagram?

A Perpendicular lines A

B Parallel lines X

C Skew lines
D. lntersecting lines B

10. Writing to Explain ln your own words, describe a plane

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Measur¡ng and Drawing
Angles
How to measure an angle: How to draw an angle:
Step 1 Place the protractor's center on the angle's Draw an angle of 52".
vedex.
Stepl Drawaray.
Step 2 Place the 0' mark on one side of the angle
Step 2 Place the protractor's center on the
L endpoint. Line up the ray with the 0o mark.

Step 3 Using the scale with the 0" mark, place a

point at 52'.

Step 4 Draw the other ray.

A
N
Step 3 Use the scale beginning with the 0" mark to
read the measurement where the other side of the
angle crosses the protractor.

mtLMN:60" :52' C
n/ABC

Classify each angle as acute, right, obtuse, or straight. Then measure the angle

1 2.

Draw an angle with each measure

3. 45' 4. 120"

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1l -2
Measur¡ng and Drawing
Angles
Classify each angle as acute, right, obtuse, or straight. Then measure
the angle.

I 2 3.

Draw an angle for each measure.

4. 90' 5. 50' 6. 112"

Estimation Without a protracton try to sketch an angle with the given

measure. Then use a protractor to check your estimate.

7. 120" 8. 100' g. 10"

10. Which is a measure of an acute angle?

A 40" B g0" c 120" D 180"
11. Writing to Expiain Explain the steps you use to measure an angle using a protractor.
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I l-3
Angle Pairs
Vertical angles are pairs of congruent Complementary angles are two angles
angles created when two lines intersect. that together can form a right angle.
The sum of their measures is g0'.
150'
30'
150"

70"

Adjacent angles are two angles that have Supplementary angles are two angles
a common ray between them. that together can form a straight angle.
The sum of their measures is 180'.

\ 125"

For 1 through 3, find x.

I 2. 3.
xo
25 xo
110" 135"
xo

90'- 25" : 180'-

For 4 and 5, find the measure of an angle For 6 and 7, find the measure of an angle
that is complementary to an angle with that is supplementary to an angle with
each measure. each measure.
4. '15' " 5. 80" 6. 5' 7. 100"

8. Critical Thinking Which pair of angles are NOT adjacent?

A wandx
B xandy w x
C w andy z v
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Angle Pairs
For I through 3, find x

1 2. 3.
21" XO xo

122" 108'

xo

For 4 and 5, find the measure of a¡r angle For 6 and 7, find ihe measure of an angle
that is complementary to an angle with that is supplementary to an angle with
each measure. each measure.

4.43" 5. 72' 6. 54" 7, 119'

Use the diagram for I through 10. C

D
8. Name two pairs of supplementary angles. A

E
9. Name two angles adjacentta DAE. B

10. Writing to Explain How could you draw an angle complementary

lo z-DAE without using a protnactor? Tell why your method works.

11. Critical Thinking Which statement is NOT true for a pair of

intersecting lines?
A They form two pairs of congruent angles.
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D They form two pairs of vertical angles.
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Triangles I l-4

Triangles can be classified by their angles or their sides

Classified by angles

Acute triangle Right triangle Obtuse triangle

Allthree angles are One angle is a right One angle is an
acute angles. angle. obtuse angle.

Classified by sides

Equilateraltriangle lsosceles triangle Scalene triangle

are
All sides At least two sides No sides are
congruent. are congruent. congruent.

How to find ang¡e measures in a triangle:

Find the measure of angle x.
xo
Remember, when you add up all three
angle measures, the sum must be 180'.
x -t 110 + 40: 180 1 10" 40'
x * 150: 180
x: 30
Find the missing angle measure. Then classify the triangle by its angles and by its sides.
I 2.
xo

5.1 cm 50 in 50 in.
3.4 cm

42"
3.8 cm 50 in

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Triangles
Find the missing angle measure. Then classify the triangle by its angles
and by its sides.

1 2.

Draw the described triangle.

3. An obtuse scalene triangle 4. A triangle with a 2-inch side between

two 50'angles

5. Reasoning Can a scalene triangle have two congruent angles?

Why or why not?

6. A right triangle has a 28' angle. What are the measures of the other
angles?
A 28' and 62"
B 28'and 90'
C 62'and 90'
D 62"and 118'

7. Writing to Explain Are all equilateral triangles acute triangles? Explain. @

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Quadr ¡I aterals
Glassifying quadrilaterals

Trapezoid Parallelogram Rhombus Rectangle Square

A quadrilateral A quadrilateral A parallelogram A parallelogram A rectangle
with only one with both pairs of with allsides with four right with allsides
pair of parallel opposite sides congruent angles congruent; A
sides parallel; Opposite square is also
sides and opposite a rhombus.
angles are congruent,

Finding the missing measure of a quadrilateral:

The measures of three angles of a quadrilateral are 115", 68o,
and 45'. Find the measure of the fourth angle.
Remembeç the sum of all four angles must be 360".
115+68+45*x:360
228+x:360
x:132
The measure of the fourlh angle is 132'

Classify each polygon in as many ways as possible

1. 2.

The measures of three angles of a quadrilateral are given. Find the

measure of the fourth angle. @
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I l-5
Quadrilaterals
Classify each polygon in as many ways as possible.

1 2. 3

The measures of three angles of a quadrilateral are given. Find the

measure of the fourth angle and classify each quadrilateral according to
its angles.

4. 125",55',125' 5. 1100,1000,800 6. 900,70", 1500

7. Draw a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides.

One side is 1.5 in. The other side is 0.5 in. The
bottom right and top right angles are 90o. The bottom
left angle is 40'. Label the sides and angles.

8. A rhombus has one 65o angle and a 5 cm side. ls this enough

information to find the remaining angles and side lengths? Explain

9. Which pair of angles would be side-by-side in a parallelogram?

A 40",40 8 400,1400 C 60.,110. D 65.,105.

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10. Writing to Explain What characteristics help you classify a
d
s quadrilateral as a parallelogram and not a rectangle? Explainr.
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I l-ó
Gircles
Radius
Line segment Arc
that connects Part of a circle
the center to a connecting two
point on the points of the circle
circle
L Diameter
Centralangle Line segment through
Angle whose the center of the
veftex is the circle that connects
center; LLOM M two points on the circle
Chord
is a central Line segment
angle. Sector that connects
Region between two points on
two radii and an arc the circle

ldentify the figure or portion of the figure that is drawn in each circle

1 2.

3 4-

5. 6. \\
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ldentify the figure shown in bold.

I 2

3. 4-

5. What part of the circle is line segment FG?

6. How many degrees are in a circle?

A g0'
B 120"
c 180'
D 360"

7. Writing to Explain Explain t[re relationship between the radius

and the diameter of a circle.

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Il-7
Transfonnnations and
Gongruence
Congruent figures have the same size and shape. ln congruent shapes,
corresponding angles and corresponding sides are congruent. You
can use this relationship to find the measures of different angles and
different sides. The symbol for congruence is =.
B R
The figures at the right are congruent. ,)
55' cm
LABC = ZQRS, so ¿QRS : 55o
LBCD - LRST, so ¿RSf : 125o 10 cm C 10 cm
2
125"
BC=RS,soÊS:9cm 4cm 2

CD= Sf,soSf :4cm

A 8cm D O 8cm T
A transformation moves a figure to a new position without changing its
size or shape.
A translation A reflection gives A rotation moves a
A glide reflection is
a
moves a fiEure in a figure its mirror figure about a point. a translation followed
straight direction. image over a line. by a reflection.

These fíEures are congruent. Find the angle and side measures
B E
1. H 6in. J M N2.
3in 3in 4cm 4
2.5 cm 2.5 cm

L 6in. K P o
A Scm CF D
MP MN: FD nLFED :
Tell whether the figures in each pair are related by a translation,
a reflection, a glide reflection, or a rotation.
.t. 4.

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triangles in ltenn 2. c
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I l-7
Transformations and
Gongruence
1. These parallelograms are congruent.
Find CD, GH, and m tD. F 1
In
B C
CD GH
E
D
m z-D $ ft H 2ft

Tell whether the figures in each pair are related by a translation, a

refection, a glide reflection, or a rotation. lf the relationship is a rotation,
describe it.

2. 3. 4-

5. Use the grid. Draw a semi-circle to the left of the y-axis. v

Then show the semi-circle reflected across the y-axis.

6. Cole drew two congruent polygons.

Which is true about a// congruent figures?
A Corresponding angles are congruent.
B Corresponding angles are complementary
C Corresponding angles are supplementary.
D There are no corresponding angles.
7. Writing to Explain Draw a figure. Use different transformations of
your figure to make a pattern. Show three repetitions. Then explain
which transformations are used in your pattern.

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Symmetry
A figure has reflection symmetry if it can be reflected onto itself. The
line of reflection is called the Iine of symmetry. Some figures have
more than one line of symmetry.

I
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One line of
Four lines Two lines of
symmetry symmetry sYmmetry
A figure has rotational symmetry when it rotates onto itself in less than
one full turn.

90" (] turn) 120" (l turn) 180" (] turn)

rotational symmetry rotational symmetry rotationalsymmetry

Tell if each figure has reflection symmetry, rotational symmetry or both

lf it has reflection symmetry how many lines of symmetry are there? lf
it has rotational symmetry, what is the smallest turn that will rotate the
figure onto itself?

1 2.

3. 4.

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I l-g
Symmetry
Tell if each figure has reflection symmetry rotational symmetry, or both.
lf it has reflection symmetry, how many lines of symmetry are there? lf
it has rotational symmetry what is the smallest turn that will notate the
figure onto itself?

1 2. 3.

4. Reasoning Describe the symmetry of an equilateral triangle.

5. 808 is an example of a number with reflection symmetry.

Write another number that has reflection symmetry.

6. Which does the figure have?

A Rotational symmetry
B Reflection symmetry
C Neither
D Both

7. Writing to Explain Draw a figure with reflection symmetry,

and draw the line of symmetry.

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r r-9
Problem Solving: Make a
Table and Look for a Pattern
How could you explain the pattern shown by the blocks? How many
blocks will there be in the 1Oth element of the pattern?
Make a table to show the number of blocks in each element.

Element 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I I 10
number
Number 1 3 5 7
of blocks
The pattern: Each element has 2 more blocks than the element before it.
Write a mathematical expression you can use to find the number of
blocks in any element.
-
x(2) 1, where x is the element number
2 3 4 Evaluate for the '1Oth element:
Element 10(2) 1 :20
- 1 '19 - :
The '1Oth element will have 19 blocks.

1. What is the pattern in this table? Write this as an expression

Row a 1 2 3 4 5

Row b 4 7 10 1 3 16

2. The table shows the sum of the interior angles of several polygons.
What is the sum of the interior angles in a regular polygon with 14 sides?
Number of sides 3 4 5 b 7 B

Sum of angles 1 80" 360' 540"

3. A quarry charges $56.00 per ton of gravel. A discount of $3.00 is

given for buying 2 tons, $O.OO for buying 3 tons, and so on. What
would the discount be for buying 12 tons of gravel?

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4. The first square in a pattern is 1 cm on a side. Each square after
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that adds 1 cm to each side. What is the area of the 7th square? !
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I l-9
Problem Solving: Make a
Table and l-ook for a Pattern
1. Find the next three numbers in each row. Write a formula to find
any number in row B
A 2 4 6

B 2 I II 4

2. A company offers a2%o discount if you buy 1-5 of their products.

lf you buy 6-'10 of their products, you earn a3.5% discount.
Buying 11-15 products will earn you a 5% discount. lf the pattern
continues, what discount would be offered for buying 33 products?

3. Explain the pattern. Draw the next eleven shapes.

CNCACfTCAACTT TCAAACT [ [TCA

4. ln a contest, the first place team gets of the million-dollar prize

]
The second place team gets ] of the rõmaining money. Each
team after that gets ] of the rõmaining money. How much will
the sixth place team get?

5. An advertising sign lights up for 5 seconds then goes out for

2 seconds. For how many seconds will the sign be off in the first
minute after the sign is turned on?
A 46 seconds B 30 seconds C 16 seconds D 2 seconds
6. Writing to Explain Explain your thinking as you
find how many triangles would be in the 8th row
of the pattern

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Understanding Ratios
A ratio is a pair of numbers that compares two quantities.

t+
Count to find the ratio of squares to circles.

4to3
The ratio 4 to 3 can also be written as 4:3 or f.
The order of the numbers in a ratio is important.
4:3 is the ratio of squares to circles.
3:4 is the ratio of circles to squares.

Use the picture above for exercises 1 through 6. Write a ratio for each
comparison in three ways.

t+
1. The number of triangles to the total number of shapes

1to8
2. The number of squares to the number of triangles

3, The number of triangles to the number of squares

4. The number of triangles to the number of circles

5. The number of circles to the total number of

shapes

6. The total number of shapes to the number of

squares

7. There are 14 boys and 16 girls in Mr. Allen's class. What is the ratio of
girls to the total number of students in the class? Write the ratio 3 ways.

8. Writing to Explain At a cat and dog hospital, 9 of the patients

were cats, 17 were dogs. Use this fact to write two ratios.
Explain what each ratio means. @
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Understanding Ratios
A string quartet consists of 2 violins, 1 viola, and 1 cello. Write a ratio
for each comparison in three ways.

L violins to cellos
2. cellos to violas
3. violins to all instruments

4. Number Sense How are the ratios in Exercises 1 and 2 different

from the ratio in Exercise 3?

Midland orchards grows a large variety of apples. The orchard contains

12 rows of Granny Smith trees, 10 rows of Fuji trees, 15 rows of Gala
trees, 2 rows of Golden Delicious trees, and 2 rows of Jonathan trees.
Write each ratio in three ways.

5. rows of Granny Smith trees to rows of

Golden Delicious trees

6. rows of Fuji trees to the total number of

rows of trees

7. A grade school has 45 students who walk to school and 150

students who ride the bus. The other 50 students are driven to
school. Which shows the ratio of students who walk to school to
the total number of students in the school?
A 45:50 B 45:195 C 45:150 D 45:245
8. Writing to Explain Steve said it does not matter which term is first
and which term is second in a ratio, since ratios are different than
fractions. ls he correct? Explain why or why not.

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l2-2
Equal Ratios and Proportions
You can find equal ratios just like you find Two equal ratios form a proportion. The
equivalent fractions. units must be the same in both ratios.
Find ratios equal to å8. Do the ratios 24 fT:16 seconds and
36 ft:24 seconds form a propottion?
Multiply both terms by the same number.
30x2:60 First check the units.
40 x2 80
Both ratios compare feet to seconds, so
Divide both terms by the same number. To
the units are the same.
find the simplest form ratio, divide by the
greatest common factor (GCÐ of the two Then write each ratio in simplest form.
numbers. 24ft
'10
16 seconds 2 seconds
The GCF of 30 and 40 is 36ft 3ft
24 -
seconds 2 seconds
30 + 10 3
40 - 10- 4 Compare the simplest form ratios.
They are the same, so the ratios form a
proportion.

Write three ratios that are equal to the ratio given.

1.9 Ð
2.t 3. 6
18

4.8:10 5. 6:8 6. 10:12

7. 12 to 18 8. 16 to 18 9.5to25

Write the ratios in simplest form

10. ;€ 11. 21to 14 12. 15:25

Write : if the ratios form a proportion; if they do not form a proportion,

write *.
ts. ]f r
lt 14. 20:24 t 24:30 15. 16 to 20 t 28 to 35

16. Number Sense Dale says that the ratios 3:5 and 2:1O are equal. ls
he correct? Explain.

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Equal Ratios and Froportions
Write three ratios that are equal to the ratio given.

I I 2 z 3. I4
10 .J

4. 21 to 18 5. 5to4 6. 1to3
7. 14:16 8. 2:4 9. 2:5

:
Write if the ratios form a proportion; if they do not form a proportion,
write *.

10. 3:12t6:24 11. ìá tl 12. 4lo20l1to 4

Find the number that makes the ratios equivalent.
- -
13. 3 = 14. 15:18 = 5: 15.
Write the ratios in simplest form.
-/36 - -lo7=9to21
16. # 17. 21 to 36 18. 15:45
1e. # 20. 60 to 30 21. 10:40
22, Wriling to Explain Tell why you cannot multiply or divide by zero
to find equal ratios.

14 in 21in.
23. Geometry ls the ratio of length to width
for these two rectangles proportional? 7in
15 in
Tell how you know.

24. Algebra Which value for x would make the ratios equivalent?
3- x
8-æ
A x:4
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Understanding Rates and
Unit Rates
A rate is a ratio in which the two terms are ln a unit rate, the second number is 1

measured in different units.

Example: 6 bracelets for 1 girl
Example: 18 bracelets for 3 girls 6 bracelets
18 bracelets 'l girl

€€ trtr
3 girls

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Remember that the fraction bar shows division'

lf you know a rate, you can divide to find the unit rate'

Example: 17 goals in 5 games is written ut ffi'

The unit rate is 3.4 goals per game. (Per means "for each".)
s#l
Write the rate and the unit rate.

1. 25 flowers for 5 vases 2. 32 games in 8 weeks

3. l44pencils in 12 Packages 4, 252 students in 9 classes

5. $13.2O for 6 Pounds 6. 34 minutes for 8 Pages

7. Number Sense ll acar travels 350 miles in 7 hours, what is its

rate per hour?

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nearest dollar, what is the cost per tree? c
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l2-3
Understanding Rates and
Unit Rates
Write the rate and the unit rate.

1. 42 bricks laid in 2 hours 2. 15 points scored in 4 quarters

3. 225 chairs in 15 rows 4. 24 trees pruned in S days

5. 480 miles in 12 hours 6. $6.50 for 10 pounds

7. 72 plants in g square feet 8. 357 miles on i 4 gallons

9. Estimation over s days, 8,208 people visited an ámusement park.

About how many people visited the park per day?

10. writing to Explain Exprain how you could convert a rate of 1g,000
miles per hour to miles per second.

11. critical rhinking Matt makes s bookcases in g days. what is his

unit rate?

12. A space shuttle orbits Earth 1 time in g0 minutes. How many times
does it orbit Earth in 6 hours?

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t2-4
Gompar¡ng Rates
Use unit rates to compare two rates that have the same units of
measurement.
Daniel painted 9 planks in 6 minutes. Meredith painted 22 planks in
11 minutes. Who painted at a faster rale?
Write each rate as a unit rate
Daniel's Rate: +# : 9 planks -: 6 _ 1.5 planks

6min+6
Meredith's Rate: ?f# : 22 planks + 11
2 planks
1 min
1'1 minutes + 11

Since 2 is greater than 1.5, Meredith is the faster painter. The faster
rate is 22 planks in 1'1 min.

Find each unit rate and determine which rate is greater'

1. 51 hits on Jon's website in 3 h or 96 hits on Shana's website in 6 h

2. 330 mi on 15 gal or 240 mi on 10 gal

3. 90 breaths in 6 min or 1 12 breaths in I min

Find each unit price and determine which is a better buy.

4. 20 gallons of gas for $66.00 or 25 gallons of gas for $gl.2S

5. Writing to Explain Earl and Mia danced in a charity fundraiser.

Earl raised $ZlS when he danced for 5 hours. Mia raised $gZ0
when she danced for 8 hours. Which dancer earned more for each @
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Gompar¡nE Rates
Find each unit rate and determine which rate is greater.

1. 25O mi per 10 gal or 460 mi per 2O gal

2. 1,000 words in 20 min or 2,475 words in 45 min

3. 6 in. of rain in 4 h or 8 in. of rain in S h

Find each unit price and determine which is a better buy

4. 1 lb of apples for $2.15 or 3 lb of apples for $5.76

5. 8 bungee cords for $10.00 or 20 bungee cords for $22.00

6. 5 oz of insect repellant for $6.g5 or 14 oz of insect repellant for

$19.60

7. Fritz earns $75.60 for each z-h shift that he works. which shift
pays a higher hourly wage than the wage Fritz earns?
A $60.30 for a 6-h shift
B $80.00 for an 8-h shift
C $36.30 for a 3-h shift
D $¿0.¿O for a 4-h shift
L Writing to Explain Shaunda said that buying 4 towels for $17 was
a better buy than buying 2 towels for $g. She found her answer by
doubling the terms in the ratio 9, and comparing the first terms in
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l2-5
Distance, Rate, and Time
:
The formula d r x f uses symbols to relate the quantities for distance
(d), average rate of speed (r), and time (f).
Example 1

How long will it take a car moving at 50 mph to travel 7O mi?

Substitute what you know into the formula d r x t : 70mi :50mphxf
70mi S0mphxt
Solve the equation. 50 mph 50 mph
1.4h: t
It will take 1.4 h to travel 70 mi at 50 mph

Example 2
A car travels 325 mi in 5 h. What is its rate of speed?
Substitutewhatyou knowintotheformula d=rXt. 325 mi : rX 5 h
equation. :
Sorve the ë#
65mPh:r
=*
The rate of speed of a car that travels 325 mi in 5 h is 65 mph.

1. An airplane flies at 250 mph. How far will it travel in 5 h at that

rate of speed?
Substitute the information Solve the equation. Write the answer with
you know into the formula the correct units'
d:rxt:
d

Find the missing variable

2. Distance : 60 km time:4h rate :
3. :
Distance 24 cm time : 12 sec rate :

4. Distance : 56 yd time : rate : 8 yd/min

time : rate :
.160
5. Distance : 25 d m/d

A storm is '15 mi from Lodi. lf the storm travels at

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Distance, Rate, and Time
Find the missing variable.

1. :
Distance 15 mí time : 2h rate :
2. Distance : 56 km time:4h rate :

3. Distance : T2 yd ti me rate
12yd
mrn

4. Distance :27 cm t¡ me
-3cm
rate sec

5. Di stan ce time:2d rate _ 5,000 m

d

6. Distance time : 6 wk rate 80ft

wk

7. The California Speedway hosts automobile

races. Which rate of speed is higher: a car
completing a 500-mi race in about 3* h or
acar completing a 300-mi race in abäut 2Lh?

8. A traÍn traveled 250 mi in 2 h.lf it traveled at

the same rate of speed, how long would it
take the train to travel 600 mi?

9. The space shuttle travels 4,grs mi in 15 min as it orbits the ear1h.

Estimate its average rate of speed during that time to the nearest
hundred.
A About 400 mi per min
B About 300 mi per min
C About 60,000 mi per min
D About 70,000 mi per min

10. writing to Explain Kevin drove his scooter 62 km in 2 h. Explain

how to find how far he drives if he drives at the sarne rate for 3 h.

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l2-6
Froblem Solving:
HDraw a Picture
Veronica is celebrating her birthday by having a skating party'As part
of a birthday special, Veronica paid for 10 tickets and 2 guests received
free admission. What fraction of the people at Veronica's party were not
charged for admission?
Read and Understand
What do you know? There were 10 paid admissions and 2lree admissions.
What are you trying to find? The fraction of people attending Veronica's
party that were admitted at no charge.
Flan and Solve
'10 paid
what strategy will you use? Draw a picture to show the
admissions and the 2 free admissions.
count the boxes. There were 12 people admitted. Since 2 of the 12 people
were admitted at no charge, the fraction is fr, or I in simplest form'

Paid admission

Free admission

Look Back and Gheck

ls your answer reasor¡able? Yes. The picture shows 2 out of 12 boxes,
which is S, or f,.

Draw or use a picture to solve each problem'

one afternoon, the ratio of black shirts sold to white shirts sold at The
Clothes l-lorse was 2:1. Complete the picture to show the ratio'

Black shirts sold

White shirts sold

1. How many boxes are shaded in all?

2. What fraction of the shirts sold were black?

3. The Clothes Horse sold 12 shirts that afternoon' How many black
shirts were sold? Htrur: vou cAN ADD To rHE PlcruRE UNTIL
THERE nnr 12 sHADED BoxES To REPRESENT THE PRoBLEM' @
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Problem Solving:
Draw a Picture
Draw a picture to solve each problem
For I through 3, Pamela walks 1 mile and runs 4 miles during her daily workout
1. what is the ratio of miles walked to miles ran during each of
Pamela's workouts?

2. what is the ratio of miles walked to total miles in each of

Pamela's workouts?

3. Pamela ran 20 miles last week. How many days did she workout?

4. There are 5 pens with blue ink, 3 pens with red ink,
and 2 pens with purple ink in each package.
What fraction of the pens has blue ink?
A5
B8
c8
DL
5. There are 18 baseballs and basketballs in one gym storage locker.
There are 3 baseballs for every 6 basketballs in ihe lockei. How
many basketballs are in the locker?

6. writing to Explain Rasheed takes photographs with a digital

camera. He estimates that for each photograph he prints, he has
5 photographs that he never prints. How many photographs has
Rasheed taken if he makes 4 prints? Explain how drawing a picture
can help you solve the problem. Then solve.

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r3-l
Using Ratio Tables
A ratio table showing equal ratios can be used to solve a proportion.
Ross uses 11 skeins of yarn to make 4 scarves. How many ScarVeS can
he make from 66 skeins of yarn?
4scarves xscarves
Write a proportion. Use x for the 11 -
skeins 66 skeins
number of scarves.

Make a ratio table. Multiply or divide to find Number

4 B 2 16 20 24
equal ratios. Find ratios equivalent to byfi of scarves
1

multiplying both terms of the ratio by the Number

same number untilyou find 66 skeins. 11 22 33 44 55 66
of skeins
4 scarves 24 scarves
11 -
skeins 66 skeins

So, Ross can make 24 scawes from 66 skeins of yarn

Answer the question and complete each ratio table

$zs $200 12 batteries

1 2. 9 flash 3 flashlights
1,000 min
mln

Number of Number of
200 100 50 25
dollars batteries
Number of Number of
1,000
minutes flashlights

3. 9ft 4 4 carts
th 16 horses 64 horses

Number of Number of

Number of Number of

5. Laine was practicing her free throws. She shot nine times and
made five baskets. At this rate, how many times will she need to
shoot to make 35 baskets?

6. Hiram said that he can use the same ratio table to solve the d
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two proportions below. Do you agree or disagree with Hiram? o

Scows-ccows ?Pigs:1ol='e :
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Using Ratio Tables
Complete the ratio table. Add columns if needed.
.I 3 hoos hops Number of hops
" ¿:
5 jumps 15 jumps
Number of jumps

$oo 40
2. zTêõKS
weeks

12 cans
3 TTottl-es-
-
bottles

4. How many cups of loam are needed

to make 66 c of potting soil?
Fotting Soilfor Ferns
(Makes 22 c)
5. How many cups of humus are needed 6 c sand
to make 11 c of potting soil? 6 c loam
9 c peat moss
6. Sondra uses 78 c of loam to make potting 3 c humus
1 c dried cow manure
soil. How many cups of humus did she use ?

7, lt takes Renaldo I h to make 7 carvings. At this rate, how many

hours will it take him to make 63 carvings?
A 7Éh
B th
c 56h
D 72h
8. Writing to Explain Find three sets of values for x and y to make
xmi : 4mi a proportion. Explain
f#n - sr"=-i+äñ
how you found the values.

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t3-2
Using Unit Rates
A unit rate is a special ratio that compares one quantity to one unit of
another quantity. You can use unit rates to solve proportions.
Geraldo earns $l OO for 4 hours of work. lf he works 7 hours at the
same rate of pay, how much will he earn?

Write a proportion. Use d for dollars earned. qff : +fl

Find the unit rate. Divide the first term by Think: Find an equal ratio
the second term. with '1 as the second term.
$lOO + 4: $25 100
4+4
-4 25
1

The unit rate is ff.

Multiply by the unit rate. ff x 7h : $175 Think: Find an equal ratio.
25x7 175
1x7 --
so, $ff : $1 75
7h Geraldo
will earn $175 when he works 7 hours

Use unit rates to solve each proportion. Estimate to check reasonableness.

3og .r
t' mi I
120 lmi I in.
3. zñF.
1
15 kg ssl ---sgãl
Unit Rate: Unit Rate: Unit Rate:

Multiply: Multiply: Multiply:

200 stamos stamps

$zq
4. 3wF -$[--_]
- -rcwf 5 7
64 oz
E paõks
o' --2.*s- 9 rows

7. Wes used 49 quarts of oil when he changed the oil in 7 cars.

Complete and solve the proportion to find how many quarts of oil
he would use to change the oil in 20 cars, assuming that all cars
need the same quantitY of oil.
49 quads
7 cars

g. Writing to Explain A café served 180 pickles with 60 sandwiches.

lf the ratio of sandwiches to pickles is always constant, explain
how you can use unit rates and proportions to find how many I
pickles are needed to serve 32 sandwiches. d
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Using Unit Rates
Use unit rates to solve each proportion. Estimate to check for
reasonableness.

afI _ 20ft Ft 36oz boz

o' e
s' c players _ 27 players
1
6h 4h 61il - 46 Jõteams - -gtearns

4. dc 60c
5. î2em 63m 16 adults f adults
20 tsp T2lsp cm 9cm v=
^ zcflroren - Scniloren
$s 8. tåËìt:
3olãî*: Bffi g"
$200 :
7
m- 3r3'
rr
Teals
oays k meals
365¡ays
10. lt takes Deshawn 30 min to paint g0 feet of fence. lf he paints at
the same rate, how many feet of fence can he paint in 45 min?

11. lnez types 280 words in 7 minutes. lf she types at the same rate,
how many words will she type in t hour?
20 pens _ 30 pens .._:.- -.
12. Algebra Explain how you can tell that ZpaCkãges - 3pãCkãses uslng
mental math?

13. Darryl was looking at the speeds of different airplanes. when he

wrote a proportion to compare the speeds, he forgot to write one
term. lf th g^prqportion is correct, which is the term he forgot?
45 mi 135 mi
12min

A 4mt C 36mi
B 4min D 36 min
14. writing to Explain Jeanette estimates that she mairs 2 letters
for every 50 e-mails that she sends. she has mailed g retters this
week. To find how many e-mails she has sent, Jeanette wrote the
proportion #ffi :
f,ffi;¿. Tetl how she can use unit nates to
solve the proportion. Tell how many e-mails she received.

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Applylng Ratios
You can use a diagram to solve problems about ratios.
A zoo has 3 zebras for every 2 giraffes. How many giraffes does
the zoo have if it has 12 zebras? Draw a diagram to solve
the problem.
Draw rectangles to model the ratio 3 zebras to 2 giraffes.
Divide the number o'f zebras into 3 equal parts to find how
many animals each part represents.12 + 3 4 :
zebras l2zebras
4 4 4

4 4
giraffes ? giraffes

Then multiply the number of parts for the giraffes times

4 animals per part to find the number of giraffes.
4x2:8
The zoo has 8 giraffes.

Draw a diagram to help you solve each problem.

1. One exhibit at the zoo has 7 birds 2. There are 5 children for every
for every 2 mammals. lf there are 3 adults who visit the zoo. lf there
10 mammals in the exhibit, how are 30 children at the zoo, how
many birds are there? many adults are there?

3. The monkeys get fed 6 buckets 4. lt takes I minutes for the train to
of vegetables for every 2 buckets fill 3 cars with people from the zoo.
of cereal. How many buckets of How long does it take the train to fill
'18 cars of people from the zoo?
vegetables do the monkeys get fed if
they get 8 buckets of cereal?

5. Writing to Explain Arlen buys 2 small cups of food for the animals for 5 tokens. Explain
how to use a diagram to find how many cups of food Arlen could buy for 20 tokens.

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Apply¡ng Ratios
ln I through 8, draw a diagram to solve the problem.

1. Sam puts 3 tulips and 4lilacs in each 2. Seven students ride the bus to school
vase. How many lilacs does Sam use for every 2 students who walk. lf
if he puts 36 tulips into vases? there are 105 students who ride the
bus, how many students walk?

3. A golf store is having a special, giving 4. Sarah's family has an apple orchard
away 10 free golf tees for every box The family sells I baskets of apples
of 3 golf balls a customer buys. lf for every 3 jars of applesauce. How
a customer buys 24 golf balls, how many baskets of apples do they sell
many golf tees does she get? if they sell 120 jars of applesauce?

5. Martin enjoys hiking on rural trails 6. The coach mixes 15 scoops of

near his home in Michigan. He can powder with 2 gallons of water to
hike 6 miles in 2 hours. At this rate, make a sporls drink for his team.
how long would it take Martin to hike How many scoops of powder
24 miles? does the coach need to mix with
10 gallons of water?

7. A 4-pound bag of potatoes costs 8. Ali packs 54 cans into 3 boxes to

$3.16. At that rate, how much would ship. How many boxes of the same
32 pounds of potatoes cost? síze willAli need to ship 324 cans?

9. Algebra Which value of p makes the ratios equal?

5p
7-56
A8 813 c40 D64
10. Writing to Explain There are 4 girts to every 3 boys on the school's track team.
Explain how to use a diagram to find how many members are on the track team if
there are 16 girls on the team.
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l3-4
Problem Solving:
Writing to Explain
ln a chess club, 1 out of every 4 members is in sixth grade. There are
24 members in the chess club. How many members are in the sixth
grade? Explain your solution.
Gerry's explanation:
6 members are in the sixth grade.
Use reasoning: I multiplied 4 members by 6 to get 24 members,
so I multiplied 1 by 6 to get 6 members in the sixth grade.
Then I checked to see if the ratios were proportional.
1 sixth grader _ 6 sixth graders
4 members 24 members
Since the ratios are proportional, the answer is correct.
. Use words, numbers, symbols, pictures, diagrams, or tables. lf
the problem includes pictures, diagrams, or tables that provide
information or give details, refer to these.
. Describe the steps and operations you used. Show your work.

Explain your solution. Show your work

1. Ms. Chin's class recorded the weather conditions for 14 days.

The weather was cloudy 3 days out of every 7 days. Ms. Jensen's
class recorded the weather for the next 10 days. The weather was
cloudy 4 days out of every 5 days. Which class recorded more
cloudy days?

2, Lynette earns $5 by delivering newspapers. She saves $3 and she

spends the rest. lf she saved $27 one month, how much did she spend? @
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Problem Solving:
Writing to Explain
Explain your solution. Show your work.

1. A fundraiser is being held to raise money for a new school

playground. Of every $20 raised, $16 will be spent on playground
equipment. lf the goal of the fundraiser is $320.00 for playground
equipment, how much total money will it need to raise?

2. Stephan is planning a hiking trip at Kings Canyon National Park.

He plans to hike 14 miles every 2 days. lf he hikes 42 miles, how
many days will he hike?

3. A rental store at the beach has 56 umbrellas and 24 surfboards.

Which ratio describes the relationship of surfboards to umbrellas?
A 56:24 B 7:3 G 3:8 D 3:7
4. Writing to Explain Kara can run 3 miles in 25.5 minutes. At this rate,
how long would it take her to run 2 miles? Diana's answer: lf I subtract
1 mile from 3 miles, I get 2 miles, so if I subtract 1 minute from
25.5 minutes, I get 24.5 minutes. Kara takes 24.5 minutes to run
2 miles.ls Diana's answer correct? Explain.

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t 3-5
Ratios and Graphs
You can make or complete a table of equal ratios and graph
the values on a coordinate grid.
Complete the table to show equal ratios for f.
3 6 I 1 2
4
To complete the table, find fractions that are equal to f; that have
numerators of 6, 9, and 12.
v - -T - f -'¡- - î -" -'- _ r " ^r* -{
3x2_6 3x3_ I 3x4_12 ititlrll
18 _i-r _L- f *--i-* l--t--L- i
4x2- I 4V3 - 72 4x4- 16 i
I
t tJ' r

16 - -:- --- --- -{ ^ í -', - -,,

I I I { l rl I
The missing values in the table are the denominators of
ì

14
the equal fractions. The values are: 8, 12, and 16. 12
10 - ì- -Ê -- I - /r- -.¡ ^ -j- - f - i
Graph the equal ratios on a coordinate grid. Õ
I ì ,rt t r r I
- :,- -'; - l!--ì- - + - -l- - i " -l
r

Use an appropriate scale for the x and 6 ,I

--'-r't,-a al
,"
i I i I ì

i l r i l l'
y axes. 4
l
- ) 1t- -l :il'l--'- - j. --- -L*-(
'a-/r!rjrrl
- -i-' l' ^j^" _ - - - -¡ --
Plot the points for each ratio, x to y. 2
tìillltJl
Draw a dashed line from (0, 0) through the 0
2 4 6 I '10 12 14 x
points extending through the final point.

Complete the table to show equal ratios. Graph the set of equal
ratios on a coordinate grid.

1. 2.
2 4 6 B 10 1 2 3 4 5
3 2

3. 4.
3 6 I 12 '15 2 6 1 2 18 24
5 7

5. 6.
4 12 16 48 60 6 '1
I 24 36 48
12 I
7 I @

sd
5 15 25 35 45 1 5 I i0 15 i
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B 7 -
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l3-5
Ratios and Graphs
For I through 6, complete the table to show equal ratios.

1. 2.
4 4 2 I 12 16
3 6 I 12 15 6

3. 4.
10 20 30 40 70 3
7 2 4 8 12 24

5. 6.
6 12 4 24 36 48
11 22 44 88 110 3

For 7 and 8, complete the table to show equal ratios, and

graph the pairs of values on the coordinate grid.
v_
45 l _ ^ r - ì t -t- - I - -r- - T - -r" - r
7 Irl¡rllìi
40 - r--l-.-ts-+-+--í--ts- J
tJttlit j I

5 10 15 25 40 35 _ J-llttlttl-r_ _L _l -i__ ^-L _ i.- ì

lt1ìrtt
ì-
1

4 30 -l^-r-^i-i*i--r--i-- ì
l¡rlr!ì
ì
I
25 _-t--'__a-T_f--t-^r" t-
r¡lfl)r I

20 -ì--t--Ê-+-4--j--ts- f- J
lttttìl
8. tc - J- -l- _L _i
I ltìlil
_ f __l- _t,._ t-_
I
I

*I I t- 1^ :

5 10 I

I
I ltti
l¡il
à ^-r--r-1-l--r--r-
f
2 4 6 10 14 0
I llilti
x
5 1015202530354045

9. Writing to Explain How are the graphs of the ratios in

Exercises 7 and I alike, and how are they different?

10. A birdwatcher counted 7 robins for every 4 8 12 1 6 20 24

4 sparrows. Complete the table to show
how many robins she counted if she 7
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.9 On a separate piece of graph paper, graph
d

!U¡ the values on a coordinate grid.

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Maps and Scale Drawings
On the drawing, the scale tells us that 1 cm : 2 ft
For every 1 cm on the drawing, there are
2 ftin the kitchen.
What is the real length of the room?
Step 1: Set up a proportion.
Write the scale as the first ratio.
Use the information about the (tc len
kitchen for the second ratio.

Show the scale data

on top and the real
1cm 8cm data below.
2ft x

Step 2: Use cross multiplication

to solve the proportion.
1cm 8cm Scale:1 cm :2ft
zft - --7-
1x:2 x 8
x:16
The real room is 16 feet long

Use the scale drawing to answer I through 3.

1. What is the actual length of the
living room?
Liv ng ìoc n

2. What are the dimensions of the

dining room?
, it¡l AN

3. What are the dimensions of

the kitchen?
Scale: 1 cm : 2.5 ft

4. Reasoning A room measures 12ftby 15 ft. Find the scale that

would allow the room to be shown as large as possible on a piece @
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Maps and Scale Drawings
Scale: 1 in. : 20 ft
I

0.5
in. 4.7 in.
0.5
in.

Center line

l\)
.g ?¡
tc¿
c\l Þ'

4.7 in.
Open space 0.5
tn
J

1. What is the actual length and width of a college

basketball court?

2. How far should open space extend from each

síde of the court?

3. What is the actual measurement from the end of

the court to the center line?

4, Reasoning What is the scale on a map that shows

two cities that are 400 mi apaft as 2.5 in. apart?

5. :
lf the scale of a drawing is 1 in. 2.5 ft, which is the actual size of
an object that is 2 in. long in the drawing?
A 1in. B5in. C2.5ft Dsft
6. Writing to Explain Explain how you would choose a scale to use
for a map. What things would you need to consider?

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Understanding Percent
A percent is a ratio that compares a paft to a whole
The second term in the ratio is always 100.
The whole is 100%.
The grid has 60 of 100 squares shaded.
ffi: ooø
So, 60% of the grid is shaded.
When the second term of a ratio is not 100, you can write an equivalent
ratio with a denominator of 100 or use a proportion to find the percent
shown by the part.
The line segment I I
represents 100%. 0 A 100
What percent is
shown by Point A?
+: +$ : |O%ó or10x:: å'
ro1
100 å-#:40%ootå:ñ-
x: 10 5x:2OO
So, 1 jYo of the circle is shaded
x: 40
5o,40%o of the line segment is shaded.

Write the percent of each figure that is shaded.

I 2. 3.
-t+ffi
4.
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5.w6. [r:'lls;,:¡¡l:ir¡,p*,1
l¡Ì:!ìirtiÍSi;::l¡lüärÏ I

0 9.
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100 0 19 100

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7. Number Sense Jana divided a sheet of paper into
5 equal sections and colored 2 of the sections red.
What percent of the paper did she color?

8. Writing to Explain Shade each model to show 100%. Explain how

you knew how many parts to shade.
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l4-l
Understanding Pencent
Write the percent of each figure that is shaded.
I 2.

3 4.

5. Number Sense What percent of line segment AB A B

is equal to 5O%o of line segment CD?
C D

6. The line segment below shows 1OA%. Show 25%o,50%o, andTSVo

of the segment.

X Y

7. Which of the following figures is 60% shaded?

A B c D

8. Writing to Explain You are thirsty, so a friend has offered to give

you 5Oo/o of his water. What information must you have ir¡ order to
find out how much water your friend will give you?

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l4-2
Fractions, Decimals, and
Fercents
Fractions, decimals, and percents all name parts of a whole.
Percent means per hundred, so 15%o means 15 pafts per hundred.
The grid to the right has 72 out of 100 squares shaded. The shaded part
can be represented with a fraction,
percent,
# (æ in simplest form), by a decimal,
O.72, and by a T2%.

Write 36% as a fraction in simplest form Write f as a decimal and as a percent.

and as a decirnal.
You can use a proportion or divide to
36%o: ffi:
O.SO help you.

Simplify the fraction: Use a proportion: Use division

3_ 0.75
36 36+4 9 n
100- '100+4- 25 4- 100 4F-00
So, 36% : *:0.36. 4n 300 28
20
n :75 20
Write 0.47 as a fraction in simplest form 0
and as a percent.
0.47 : ffi: +luo So J-
4-
75
100 -- 0.75 75%

Write each number in two other ways. Write fractions in simplest form.
1
2 rr
¿' 71
100 1oo

3 9
10
4. 17%

5. 48% 6. 60%

v. 0.o4 8. O-22 t_

9. Writing to Explain Jamal said that he could write a percent as

a decimal by moving the decimal point two places to the left and
deleting the percent sign. ls he correct? How do you know?

10. Number Sense Two stores sell their goods at

GOODS 2 GO BUYAND BYE
the manufacturers' suggested retail prices, so 30% o'ff
their prices are the same. Which store has the *oo original prices!
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greatest markdown from their original prices? i
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t4-2
Fractions, Decimals, and
Percents
Describe the shaded portion of each as a fraction, decimal, and
percent.
1. 2.

Write each in two other ways.

3. 64% 4. 0.09 5. 12
50
6. 37%

7 4
250 8. 0.023

The table at the right shows the number of states in the Year States
United States at different times in history. There are currently 1792 1 5
50 states in the United States. Use the information to answer 1817 20
the questions. 1 836 25
B4B 30
9. ln what year were there 0.5 as many states as today? 1

'1863 35
'n889 40
1 896 45
10. What percent of the current number of states had joined ',{ oÃo 50
the United States by the year 1863?

11. ln what year were there about fr as many states as in 1896?

12. Which of the following is equivalenlto 98%o?

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100
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r 4-3
Percents Greater Than 100
and Less Than 1
All percents can be written as fractions in simplest form and as decimals. Percents
greater than 1O\Yo represent amounts greater than one whole and can be written as
improper fractions and as decimals greater than '1. Percents less than 1% represent
amounts less than .*
of the whole.
Write 275% as a fraction in simplest form and as a decimal.
Since percent is parts per hundred, write the
percent as a fraction with a denominator of 100. ffi
Simplify the fraction. ffi: ffi: tí : Ztr

To write the number as a decimal, divide the numerator

by the denominator.
5o,275%o :
21: 2.75 275 + 100 :2.75
Write [ø as a fraction in simplest form and as a decimal.
Write the fraction in the percent as a decimal. LuUo :0.2%
o.2
Write the percent as a fraction with a denominator of 100. î00
Write the numerator as a whole number. 0.2 0.2x10 2
100- 100 x 10- 1,000
2 - )+2 :
Simplify the fraction. 1;000-ilfiid--5oo 1

Divide the fraction to write the number as a decimal u* :0.002

So, {% : u* : 0.002.

Write each percent as a fraction and as a decimal. Write fractions in simplest form.

1. 137% 2, 115%

3. 222% 4. 500%

5. 182% 6. 450%

7. 0.4% : x10
X
; Simplify: ; Decimal:

0.75 _ x 100
Simplify: ; Decimal:
8. ]u" lõõ- - X

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spent 1.3 times the amount that Alfonso spent. ls Caryn correct? Explain
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r 4-3
Percents Greater Than 100
and Less Than 1
Write a fraction in simplest form, a decimal, and a percent to name
each shaded part.
1. 2

write each percent as a fraction and as a decimal. write fractions in

simplest form.

3, 188% 4. 145o/o

5. 261% 6. 350%

7.275% 8. 420%
9. 400% r0. !Y"
c

11. 0.7% 1 2. 13 %

13. The land area of Yosemite National Park is 307g km2. This is about
189% of the land area of Sequoia National Park. Write 1Bg% as a
fraction in simplest form and as a decimal.
A ffi, o.ss (rounded) C i€8, 1B.e
B ffi, t.ao D 3#, 16.2s
14. writing to Explain Nathan wanted to save $¿oo for a new bicycle
He saved 11O% of his goal amount. Write i1O% as a fraction in
simplest form and as a decimal. Has he saved enough money to
buy the bicycle? Explain how you know.

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l4-4
Estimat¡ng Percent
Estimate 8o/o of 300,000. Estimate 27Vo of 297.
Round the percent. Round both numbers.
8%o :10%o 27%o -
30%o 297 :3OO
Think of the equivalent decimal Think of an equivalent decimal
10Vo = 0.1 30% : 0.3
Multiply. Multiply.
0.'1 x300,000:30,000 0.3x300=90
To multiply by 0.1, move the decimal point one place to the left.
0.'1 x 50 : 5 0.1 x 47OO: 470 0.1 x 3,659 : 365.9

To multiply by a multiple of 0.1, such as 0.3, break apart the number,

0.3:0.1 x3
Multiply one step at a time.
0.1 x300:30 30x3:90
Round each percent, then write the equivalent decimal

1. 41% 2. 88% 3. 76%

4. 22% 5. 37% 6. 59%

Break apart each decimal so the numbers are easier to multiply.

7. 0.4 8. 0.9 9. 0.6

Estimate each percent.

10. 9% of 20 11. 21% of31 12. 31%o of37

13. 38Vo of49 14. 49Vo of 101 15. ü% of 19

16. 59% of 304 17. 70% o'n 471 18. 84% of 149

19. Number Sense What is another way to estimate 51%o of 42?

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20. Reasoning lf 10% of a number is 100, what is 15% of that number? Explain how
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l4-4
Estimat¡ng Percent
Estimate.
1, 35% of 102 2. 42% of 307 3. 79o/o of 13
4. 84% of 897 5. 13%ó of 97 6. 28% of 95

7. 610/o of 211 8. 19% of 489 9. 48% of 641

10. 21%o of 411 11. 77o/o of 164 12. 51o/o of 894

13. 39% of 306 14. 62% of 522 15. 48% of341

16. Number Sense Which would you need to estimate to
find an answer, 45%o o'f 20O or 46%o of 97?

17. The school store sold 48 items on Monday. Of those

items, 60% were pens. About how many pens were
sold on Monday?

18. The school cafeteria workers cooked 52 lb of pasta on

Thursday. Of that, 90% was sold on Thursday, and 10%o
was stored in the refrigerator. About how much pasta
was stored in the refrigerator?

19. On a rainy day,76%o of the students in the school brougl'lt

umbrellas. There are 600 students in the school. About
how many students brought umbrellas?

20. Which of the following is the best estimate for 680/o of 251?
A 150
B 175
c 204
D 210
21. Writing to Explain Explain how you would estimate Tg% of BBg

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l4-5
Finding the Percent of a
Number
FindTTo/o of 240.

First estimate. Use a proportion.

77%o :75%o : J
4 Write the percent as a fraction
JxZ4O:180 77%: #,
Use a decimal.
Write the proportion and solve
Change the percent to a decimal x -77
77%o : O.77 zZ0- l¡0
100x : 18,480
Multiply.
x 240 :184.8 100:
100x 18,480
0.77 100

The answer 184.8 is close to the estimate 180. x:184.8

Find the percent of each number.

1. 25% of 24 2. 50% of 72 3. 72% of 88

4. 18%o of97 5. 66% of 843 6. 46% of 3BB

7. 89% of 111 8. 0.7% of 392 9.110%of640

10. Geometry Ava's aquarium is 10 in. tall, 15 in. long, and I in. wide'
The aquarium is 95% filled with water. How many cubic inches of
water are in the aquarium?

11. DeWayne used his music club membership card to gel 15Yo off the
cost of a CD. lf the regular price of the CD was $'15.95, how much
did DeWayne pay?

12. Marla bought a dress priced at $89.99. She used a2O%ò off
coupon. How much did she pay for the dress?

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c
125% of 500. Why is the solution greater than the original number?
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t 4-5
Finding the Percent of a
Numben
Find the percent of each number.
1. 42% of 800 2. 5.6% of 425 3.85% of15
4. sstN of 678 5. 12%o oT 65 6. 58% of 324

7. 98% of 422 8, 32% of 813.5 9. 78% of 219

10. 13o/o of 1O4 11. 24o/o of 529 12. 4.5% of 82
13. 640/o of 912 14. 128% of256 15. 63% of 1,368
16. About 42o/o of the flag of the United States is red
On a flag that is g feet tall and 15 feet wide, how
many square feet are red?

17. Estimation Estimate of 32, then find

680/o
the actual answer. Which is greater?

For 18 and 19, round your answer to the nearest whole number.

18. An adult has 206 bones. Of those, approximahely 2.9%o are found
in the inner ear. About how many bones in the human body are
found in the inner ear?

19. Approximately 12.6% of the bones are vertebrae in the human

back. About how many bones in the human body are vertebrae?

20. 45 is 12%o of which number?

A 540 B 450 C 375 D 5.4
21. Writing to Explain Without calculating, tell which is greater, SZvo
of 3,400 or g8%o of 1,500. Explain.

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t4-6
Apply¡ng Percents:
Finding the Whole
You can draw a number line model to help you solve this
problem:
Darlene spent 10%o of her allowance and saved the rest.
The amount she spent was 50 cents. How much is
Darlene's allowance?
'10% is the percent.
ln the problem, 50 cents is the part and
You need to find Darlene's allowance, a.

o 10% 100%

050 a

The model shows 1Oo/o as the percent, 50 cents as the part, and a,
the whole you are trying to find.
A proportion can also help you find the whole.
10 _ 50 Think: 10 times what number equals 50?
loo - u- :
Since 10 x 5 50, then
a:500 multiply 100 x 5 to get 500.
500 cents : $5.00
Darlene's allowance is $S.OO

For 1 through 3, draw a number line model to help you solve the
problem.

1. Li rode her bike 25%o of the way to school. She rode 5 blocks. How
many blocks does Li live from school?

2. Bob brought 4O%o of the collected canned goods to the food pantry. lf
Bob brought 160 cans to the pantry how many cans were collected?

@ 3. Sid memorized 60% of his lines for the class play. He memorized
s
È
60 lines. How many lines long was Sid's part in the play?
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l4-6
Apply¡nE Percents:
Finding the Whole
ln I through 4, use the number lines and write a proportion to sotve

1. 1O%o of what number is 30? 2. 150% of what number is 75?

o 10% 100% 0 1OO% 15Oo/o

030 n 0 n 75

3. 70% of what number is 280? 4. 56% of what number is 84?

0 70% lOoo/o 0 56% 100%

0 280 n 0 84 n

For 5 through 8, find each whole.

5. 60% of what number is 12? 6. 100% of what number is 61?

7. 40% of what number is 5? 8. 14Yo of what nrumber is 7?

9. Only 5o/o of the total attendees for a concert have arrived.

If 105 people have arrived, how many attendees are expected?

A 2,100 B 2,025 c 1,950 D 1,800

10. Writing to Explain You want to solve 11% of what number

is 22. Explain how you can do this using a proportion

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t4-7
Problem Solving:
Reasonableness
After solving a problem, look back and check that your answer is
reasonable and that you answered the correct question.
Terrell bought a skateboard on sale for 20%o off the original price. He
also had a coupon for 1O%o off. The original price was $80. How much
did Terrell pay for the skateboard before tax?
Answer: Terrell paid $24 for the skateboard.
ls my answer reasonable? Ask yourself:
Since the discount is about 30% off, Terrell Did I use the correct operation(s)to
will pay about TOYI of the original cost of solve the problem?
the skateboard.
70%o of $80 is $56. ls all of my work correct?

The answer is not reasonable because the ls the actual answer close to my
price of the skateboard should be about estimate?
7O%o of the original price, or $56.

Did I answer the correct question? Ask yourself:

Yes. The question asks for the sale price of What am I asked to find?
the skateboard.

Look back and check. Tell if the answer given is reasonable.

Explain why or why not.
1. Marita bought some toys for her cat at the pet store. The pet store is
having a storewide discount of 15%o on all pet toys. How much will
Marita pay for the toys if the total price before the discount is $42?
Answer: The discount price is $35.70.

2. Frankie paid a total of $S3.SO for some fish for his aquarium. The
price includes a coupon for 7o/o off. What was the cost of the fish?
Answer: The fish cost $50.00.

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l4-7
Problem Solving:
Reasonableness
Look back and check. Tell if the answer given is reasonable
Explain why or why not.

1. A shipment of 200 games is 20% video games,S0o/o board games,

and 30Yo puzzles. How many board games are chess if 25% of the
board games are chess?
Answer: The number of chess games /s 50.

2. A DVD player costs $199. How much will it cost if it is 1 5%o off?
Answer: The cost of the DVD player will be 6169.15.

3. Write a Problem An ad in the newspaper is offering2S% off

ski lift tickets at Big Bear. The original tickets cost $60. Write a
problem using the information from the ad. Then give an answer
for someone to look back and check for reasonableness.

4. students at warm springs Middle school are going on a fierd trip

to Orange County. lf 60% of the 120 students signed up for the
field trip are girls, and 25Yo of the girls are in sixth grade, how
many sixth grade girls are going on the field trip?
A 18 825 C43 D1o2
5. writing to Explain Bailey paid $42 for a backpack that was 40%
. off the original price. ls $56 a reasonable price for the original cost
of the backpack? Explain.

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l5-l
Equations with More Than
One Operation
Some equations require more than one operation to solve. When you solve
an equation with more than one step, undo the operations in this order:
. First undo addition or subtraction.
. Then undo multiplication or division

Solve 5x - 10 : 95.
Step 1: Undo subtraction. Add 10 to both sides. 5x-10:95
5x-10+10=95+10
5x: 105
Step 2: Undo multiplication. Divide both sides by 5 5x 105
55 -
x :21
Step 3: Check by substitution 5x-10:95
5(21)-10:95
105 - 10:95
95:95r'
:
Solve 19 fr + 6
step 1: Undo addition. Subtract 6 from both sides' 10:ä+6
10_6:å+6_6
Step 2: Undo division. Multiply both sides by 5. A-n
'5
4x5: 5xn
5
20: n
Step 3: Check by substitution 16:f;+6
to :f +o
10:4 +6
10:10y'

Solve each equation and check your solution

1. 8b f 16:64 2. 2y - 4:24
e. ft +5 : 1o 4. ++2:17
s, l* 1J:2i 6. 5b - 8:17
7.t-17:14 8. 3d + 17 :24.5
o

9. Number Sense Would you expect the solution of 4x + 12 : 36 to be

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l5-l
Equat¡ons w¡th More Than
One Operation
1. 12a + 24:48 2.42-8:32
3. - 10:2
ä +. t*6:42
5. 5b * 15:30 6. 7n + 14:21
7- ì+ 3:5 a. {- 4: 18
9. 17 + 3y:36 10.+-17:4
11. #-t 12 : 21 12. 8z - 13:7
For 13 and 14, write and solve an equation.
13. Yoshi's age is twice Bart's age plus 3. yoshi is
13 years old. How old is BarI?

14. Caleb and Winona both travel by car to their friend's

home. The distance Winona traveled was 124 miles
less than twice the distance Caleb traveled. lf Winona
traveled 628 miles, how far did Caleb travel?

15. Critical Thinking Explain the mistake in this solution

and find the correct solution.
6x + 15:69
6x:84
x:14

16. Number Sense Which is the value of n when 4n + 16 = 64?

A n:4 B n:B C n:12 D n:16
17. writing to Explain Explain how to solve the equation 6x - 3: 3g.

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l5-2
Patterns and Equations
fi$wtrfËm$,

Write a rule and an equation for the pattern in the table.

x ,1
4 7 8 o

v 3 12 21 24 27

Think How can I get to the value of y if I start at the value of x?

Think 3is1x3 12is4x3
State a theory: lt seems that 3 x x is equal to y'
Testtheotherpairs: 7 x3 : 21 y' I x 3 : 24y' I x3: 27 y'
Write a rule: The value of y is the value of x times 3.
Write an equation: Y X 3, or Y 3x :x :
klx!æ$ffi s,Rf âmst$ti1,âffi?.,wrffi ffi $

Write a rule and an equation for the pattern in each table.

I x 3 6 11 13 15
2. x 2 5 6 B I
v 5 I 13 15 17 v 6 15 1 8 24 27

3 4. x I 10 12
x 4 12 20 36 40 5 7

0 v 0 2 4 5 7
v 1 3 5 9 1

5. Write a Problem Complete the table to show a pattern. Then write

a rule and an equation for the pattern.

x
v

6. Writing to Explain Explain how you would find the pattern in this
table, and how you would write a rule and an equation for the pattern.
x 4 5 7 10 12
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t 5-2
Patterns and Equations
Write a rule and an equation to fit the pattern in each table in I through 6.
1 x 0 1 2 3 4 2. x 12 18 21 24 36
v 5 6 7 I 9 v -
A
6 7 B 12

3. x 4.
11 14 1 B 21 25 x 0 1 2 4 6
v 3 b 10 1 3 17 v 0 4 I 16 24

5. 6.
x 3 9 13 22 27 x 0 '1
2 3 4
v 10 1 b 20 29 34 v 0 3 6 9 12

7. The Gadget Factory sells winkydiddles in different quantities, as

shown by the table. How much would ten winkydiddles cost?
Number of Winkydiddles 7 12 26 31
Cost $24.50 $42.00 $91.00 $108.50

8. Which equation best describes the pattern in the table?

x 4 o 12 1 b 19
v 2 4.5 6 8 9.5

A Y:2x B Y:x-1 c y:l D Y:x-l 1

9. writing to Explain All the values of x in a table are greater than

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the corresponding values of y. ff x is a positive integer, what
E
i operation(s) and circumstance(s) could explain this pattern?
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l5-3
More Patterns and Equations
The entry fee to a carnival is $3. Each ride ticket is $2. The cost of
going to the carnival equals the entry fee plus two times the number of
tickets purchased, c 3 * 2t. :
You can substitute numbers into the equation to make a table showing
the cost compared to the number of tickets purchased.
c--3+2t Tickets 3+2t Gost
t c
0 3 + 2(0) $e
2 3 + 2(2) $z
4 3+ 2(4) $ll
6 3+ 2(6) $15

iÌffì¡íif $!ìi*ðì.ï,(qa,i!.Í-.{i'åÏ,fr fiiiüüsÍ

ln 1 through 4, use the equation to complete each table.

1. y:3x + 7 2. Y:4x - 4

x 0 1 2 3 x 2 4 6 8

v v

3. y: 2x +7 4. v \x +5
x 1 3 5 7 x 0 4 I 12

v v

5. Reasoning For the equation y 1x : - 25' will the value of y

increase or decrease as x increases?

6. Algebra Write an equation in words and in symbols to represent

this situation:
Grace has $100. She is buying charms for her bracelet that cost $5
each. Write an equation showing the relationship between the number
of charms (c) she buys and the amount of money she has left (/).

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7. Number Sense How many charms can Grace buy before she runs .e

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l5-3
More Patterns and Equations
ln 1 through 4, use the equation given to complete each table.

1. y:U+4 2. y:4x-B
x 0 1 2 3 x 5 b 7 8
v v

3- y:1oo - 4x 4.y:$x+1
x 2 4 6 I x 0 3 6 I
v v
5. writing to Explain complete the tabre and write an equation for
the pattern. Tell how you do it.

Pattern Numbeq p 1 2 3 4
Number of Blocks, ö 3

6. Algebra How many blocks are needed to make the 10b figure in
the pattern above?

A 11 820 c21 D22

7. Reasoning Justin used 35 blocks to make a figure for the pattern
above. What was the pattern number for the figure?

8. write a Problem write a probrem that can be represented by this

equation and table.
Y:20x+5 x 1 2 3 4
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v 25 45 65 85

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l5-4
Graphing Equations
For I and 2, make a T-table. Then graph each equation.
1. y:x-3 2. y:2x

3. Reasoning ls the point (5, 6) on the graph for the

equationY:2x+5?
4. Which point is on the graph for the equation y : x+ 14?
A (2,17)
B (5,20)
c (10,24)
D (7,23)

5. Writing to Explain Explain how making a T-table helps you graph an equation

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I5-5
GraphinE Hquatñoms nru¡th IVIore
Than One Operatlon
Use the same steps to graph an equation with more than one operation
as you used to graph an equation with only one operation.
GraPhY:2x-4.
Step 1: Make a T-table. Use at least three number Y' r/
pairs in the table. 5-
4-

x v Ordered Pairs 3.
2-
2 0 -) (2,0) I'
3 2 -) (3,2)
i -2- 0 11 I
t X
-t'
4 4 --) (4,4)

Step 2: Graph each ordered pair on a coordinate 7

plane. Connect the Points.

1. Complete the T-table and graph the equation

Y:4x-8
x v Ordered Pairs
2
.J

Graph y : 6 - 2x at the riEht. Use it to 6'

v
answer 2 through 4.
4'
2. Al what point does the equation
y : 6 - 2x cross the y-axis? 2'

x
3. lf x : 2, what is the value of y? ) n 4

4. Writing to Explain Plot point (0, 4) on the grid.

ls (0, 4) a solution lo y : 6 - 2x? Explain.

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r 5-5
Graphing Equations w¡th
More Than One Operation
For 1 and 2, make a T-table and graph each equation.
1. y:3x - 5 2. y:2x + 2

x v x v

3. Which equation is shown by the graph?

A Y:2x-1
B Y:x-1
c Y:2x+1
D Y:x+1

4. Writing to Explain :
Carrie says that one solution to y 3x 5 is-
(4,7).Describe two ways to check if her statement is true. Use at
least one way to check her answer.

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U nderstanding I nequalities
An equation shows when expressions are equal. Equations use
equal signs (:).An inequality is a statement that uses the
greater-than symbol (>), the less-than symbol (<), the greater-
than-or-equal-to symbol (=), or the less-than-or-equal-to symbol (=).
Variables can be used with inequalities. A variable in an inequality
stands for all numbers that make the inequality true.
For example, in the inequality x < 3, the x stands for all numbers less
than 3. Sox can be 0, 1, or 2.
The inequality 13 < y + 5 can have solutionsy : 8, 9, and 10, since
8+ 5:13,9 + 5:14, and 10 + 5:15.
To graph x < 3, first draw an open circle on the number line above 3.
Shade a line from the open circle to the left through the arrow. This
represents all numbers that are less than 3.

012 34567BI
X
10

To graph x is greater than or equal to 5, first draw a closed circle

on the number line at 5. Then shade a line from the closed circle
to the right through the arrow.
-t l^lllllL
llr
012 345 6 7 BI 10
X

1. ls0asolution of x>2?
2. ls5asolution of y=10?

3. Name 3 solutions for z > 5.

4, Name 3 solutions for x > 4.

5. Graph the inequality x < 7 on the number line below
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ttt
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r 5-ó
Understanding I nequalities
Give 3 values that solve the inequality for Exercises I through 16.

1.x>0 2'y>5 3. z=10 4. z<3

5. x> 4 6. x<4 7- x>170 Lx>1

9.x<9 10.x<6 '|'1.y>2 12. y > 100

13.2<8 14. x> 77 15. u > 10.9 16. u < 13.99

17. Draw the inequalityx < 7 on a number line.

18. Draw the inequality x > 7 on a number line

19. Which is NOT a solution to x > 18?

A 18 B 18.000001 c 19 D30
20. Writing to Explain ls 0 a solution to x ) 0? Why or why not?

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l5-7
Problem Solving: Act lt Out
and Use Reasoning
You can use counters, tables, ordered pairs, and graphs to act out a
problem and show your reasoning.
Jenna is creating a display of photographs at her school for shark-
awareness week. She has 24 photographs that she can display on
4 walls and 4 bulletin boards. She wants to put the same number of
photographs on each wall and the same number of photographs on
each bulletin board. How many different ways can Jenna display the
photographs on the walls and bulletin boards?

Make a Table Use counters to find the possible ways.

Use walls and bulletin boards as
the labels in the table. Walls 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Bulletin Boards 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Write Ordered Pairs
(walls, bulletin boards) (0, 6), (1, 5), (2,4), (3, 3), (4,2), (5, 1), (6, 0)

Make a Graph Shark Display

You can use the table or ordered
6
pairs to graph the different ways
5
Bul leti n
Boards 4
3
2
1

0 123456
Walls

So, Jenna can display the shark photographs in 7 different ways on the
walls and bulletin boards.

1. Cory is arranging 12 baseball caps on 2 shelves. BaseballGaps

He wants at least 2 caps on each shelf and the t_
1 0
number of caps on each shelf to be even. How
many possible ways can he arrange the caps on 2
I
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shelves? Show your answer as ordered pairs. Shelf 2
4
2

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2. Graph the solution for the above problem Shelf 1

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Problem SolvinE: Act lt Out
and Use Reasoning
1. A ranch owner has 18 bales of hay to distribute in 3 cow pastures
and 3 horse pastures. He wants each cow pasture to have the
same number of bales of hay and each horse pasture to have the
same number of bales of hay. He wants at least 1 bale of hay in
each pasture. How many different ways can hay be distributed
among the pastures? Make a table to show your reasoning.

2. A nursery has ''l0 tree seedlings to give out at

2 workshops. lt wants to give out a minimum
of 2 seedlings at each workshop. How many
different ways can the nursery give out
seedlings? Show your answer as ordered
pairs.

3. Graph the solution to the tree seedling

problem above.

4. A reading club at a bookstore gives a cerlificate for one free book

after the reader earns 150 points. Each book a person reads is
worth 3 points. Sonja has 96 points. What is the least number of
books she needs to read to get the certificate?
A 18
823
c23
D54
5. Writing to Explain Explain how you know you found all of the
possible ways to distribute the bales of hay in Problem 1.
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Gonvert¡ng Customary
Measures
Units of Length Units of Capacity
1 foot (ft) :12in. '1
cup(c) : B fluid ounces (fl oz)
1 yard (yd) :3 ft 1 pint(pt) :2 c
36 in.
.1
quart (qt) :2 pT
1 mile (mi) :5,280 ft 1 gallon (gal) :4 qt
:'1,760 yd
Units of Weight
16 ounces (oz) : 1 po u nd (tb)
2,000 pounds - 1 ton tr)
How to change from one unit of measurement to another:
To change from larger units to To change from smaller units to larger ones,
smaller units, you have to multiply you have to divide.
120 yd : ft 25611oz: c
1yd:3 1c:8fl oz
120 x 3:360 256+B:32
'120 yd : 360 ft 256f\oz:32 c

Complete.

1. 36 in. : ft 2.4qt: c

3.5Ib: oz 4.39ft: yd

5. 1.5 mi : ft 6. 3.5 gal : qt

7.2T : tb 8. 16 pt -- qt

9.64 oz: tb 10.3yd: in.

11.4 9al : pt 12. 55 yd : ft

13. 6.5 tb : oz 14. 2Opt: gal

15. 4.5 qt : c 16. 205 yd : ft

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Convert¡ng Customary
Measures
Complete.

1 3.5ft: in. 2. 1 7 yd ft

3. 1 5 ga c 4.4mi: ft

5. 1 60 ft oz qt 6. 72 in. : ft

7.3m yd 8.12pt: qt

9.180ft: yd 10. 2 gal - fl oz

11. How many tons are in 35,000 lb?

12. Number Sense Brian pole vaulted over a bar that was 189 in.
high. How many more inches would he need to vault to go over
abar that was 16 ft high?

A paving company was hired to make a 4 mile section of the highway,

They need 700 tons of concrete to complete the job.

13. How many yards of highway do they need to repave?

14. How many pounds of concrete will they need to repave the highway?

f 5. Gary's cat weighs 11 lb. How many ounces is that?

A 132 B 144 C 164 D 176
16. Writing to Explain The average car manufactured in the tinited
States in 2001 could drive 24.5 mi on 1 gal of gas. Explain how to
find the number of yards the car can travel on 1 gal of gas.

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l6-2
Gonvert¡ng Metric Measures
Ghanging from one metric unit to another:
To change from a larger unit to a smaller To change from a smaller unit to a larger
unit, multiply by a power of ten. unit, divide by a power of ten.
3'8L:-mL 100 m : km
A liter is a larger unit than a milliliter. To The meter is a smaller unit than the
change from liters to milliliters, multiply. kilometer. To change from meters to
kilometers, divide.
'1 L: 1,000 mL
3.8 x 1,000:3,800
1,000 m: '1
km

3.8L:3,800mL 100+1000:0.1
100m:0.1 km

Name the most appropriate metric unit for each measurement.

1. mass of a cow 2. length of a carrot 3. capacity of a thimble

Complete.

4.459: mg 5. 3450 mL : L

6.4.5m: mm 7. 1.68 L : mL

8. 28 cm: mm 9. 7,658 g : kg

10. 600 cm : m 11. 5,000 mg : _ g

12. 5.1 km : m 13, 1.780 L : mL

14. 0.780 L : mL 15. 4,300 m : km

16. 9,000 cm : m 17. 8,000 mg : g

18. Reasoning lt is recommended that people have 1 g of calcium

each day. How many milligrams of calcium is that?

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Gonvert¡ng Metric Measure$
Name the most appropriate metric unit for each measurement.

1. mass of a paperclip

2. capacity of a water cooler

3. width of a sheet of paper

Complete.

4.2.7m: cm 5. 1.6 kg : g

6.9L: mL 7- 14m: mm

8. 1.6 cm : mm I 5,400 g : kg

10. 1,840 mL : L 11. 32 km : m

12. Number Sense The chemist needs 2,220 mL of potassium

chloride to complete an experiment. He has 2 L. Does he have
enough to complete the experiment? Explain.

13. A computer floppy disk has a mass of 2O g

How many would you need to have a total
mass of 1 kg?

14. A battery is 5 cm long. How many batteries

would you need to line up to get 3 m?

15. Which would you do to convert 25 cm to millimeters?

A Divide by 10 G Multiply by 10

B Divide by 100 D Multiply by 100

16. Writing to Explain A banana has a mass of 122 g. Explain how to

find the mass of the banana in milligrams.

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I ó-3
Units of Measure and
Precision
All measurements are approximations. The smaller unit of measure will
be more precise than the larger unit of measure.
. ounce is more precise than pint
. I inch is more precise than ] inch
. 0.001 kilogram is more precise than 0.0'1 kilogram
A pencil can be measured as 5 inches, 5] inches, 5$ inches, or Sfr inches.
Since fr is tne smallest unit of measure, Sfr is the most precise measurement.

Measure each line segment to the nearest I inch and to the nearest
centimeter,

1 2.

Measure each line segment to the nearest fr inch and to the nearest millimeter.

3. 4,

5. 6.

7. Geometry Ed measured a piece of siding for his garage at 12 feet,

4$ inches. Ed's father measured the same piece of siding at 12 feet, 4]
inches. Which overall measurement is more precise? Why?

8. Writing to Explain Abby measured the width of a doorway

at 1 yd. Celia measured the same doorway at 3 ft 7 in. Which
measurement is more precise? Explain.

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Units of Measure arìd
Precision
Measure each line to the nearest I inch and to the nearest centimeter.
1 2"

3. 4

Measure each line segment to the nearest fr inch and to the nearest millimeter
E
6.

7 L

9. The mast of a sailboat was measured aI 14.5 feet, 1 4.48'feet, and 14 feet 5fr inches.
Which is the most precise measurement? Why?

10. A Maui's Dolphin is measured at 9.4 meters. Name three units of rneasure that would
be more precise than the unit used to measure the dolphin.

11. The doctor prescribed some powdered medicine in 3-centigrann doses. The
pharmacist prepared the medicine by measuring each dose in nrilligrams. Which
measure is most precise? Why?

12. You can buy soup measured in cups, fluid ounces, pints, or quarts.
Which measure would Eive you the most precise measurement?
A cups B pints G fluid ounces Ð quarts

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13. Writing to Explain Which would be a more precise unit of n'ìeasure: 1 cm or 1 mm?
d
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l6-4
Relating Gustomary and
Metric Measures
You can convert between customary and metric measures using the
table below.
Customary and Metric Unit Equivalents
Length WeighVMass Gapacity
1 in. : 2.54 cm 1 oz- 28.35 g 1 L: 1.06 qt
1m:39.37in. 1 kg - 2.216 1 gal : 3.79 L
'1 mi - 1.61 km 1 metric ton (t) : 1j027

You multiply to convert a larger unit to a smaller unit. For example,

multiply when converting from inches to centimeters.
You divide to convert a smaller un¡t to a larger un¡t. For example, divide
when converting from kilograms to pounds.

4in.: cm 1741b: kg

An inch is larger than a centimeter. A pound is a smaller unit than a kilogram.

To convert from inches to centimeters, To convert from pounds to kilograms,
multiply. divide.
'1 in. : 2.54 cm 1 kg ^' 2.21b
4x2.54:10.16 174+2.2-79.09
4in.:'10.16 cm 174\b: 79.09 kg

Complete. Round to the nearest tenth

1.12gal- L 2. lb-
35 kg

3. 125 in. : m 4.70mi : km

5. 34 in. : cm 6. 20kg- tb

7.55o2- g 8. 18 L: qt

9. Reasoning Which is a faster speed limit, 65 mi per hour or 100 km per hour?

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Relating Gustomary and
Metric Measures
Complete. Round to the nearest tenth

1, 100 cm : tn. 2. 16.5 gal : L

3. 24.8 kg : tb 4. 375 yd : m

5. 11.5 ft : cm 6,24oz- g

7. Estimation Use 1 t - 1.1 T to estimate the

number of tons in 10 t.

8. Reasoning lf a recipe calls for 4 c of milk,

and you have 1 L of milk, would it be enough?

Convert each. Round to the nearest tenth

9. The number of feet in the 200 m race

10. The number of miles in the 5,000 m race

11. The number of miles in the 20 km race

12. The phrase 800 lb gorilla means you are facing a tough task.
How might you change this phrase to express it in metric terms?

13. Sarah has 2 L of milk. How many quarts of milk is this?

A 1.6 B 1.9 C 2.12 D 21.12

14. Writing to Explain Billy wants to ride the roller coaster. A sign
says he must be 138 cm tall. Explain how Billy can convert the
measurement to feet and inches.

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Time
You can add or subtract units of time to find the elapsed time for an
event, or to find the start or end of a period of elapsed time.
The movie stafted at7:20 p.¡¡. The theater showed 12 minutes of
previews for upcoming movies and then began the main feature. The
movie ended at 9:16 p.v. How long was the main feature?
Step 1: Add the time of the ads to the stad time to find when the main
feature started. Write the times in hours (h) and minutes (min).
Starttime: 7 h 20 min
Time of ads + 12 min
7 h 32 min The main feature began at7:32 p.¡tt
Step 2: Subtract the time the movie started from the time it ended.
End time: I h 16 min To subtract, Bh 76min
Starttime: -7h 32min regroup'l hour 7h 32min
as 60 minutes,
th44min
'1 hour 44 minutes long.
The movie was

Find each elapsed time

1. Start: 2:17 p.¡,ti. 2. Start: 9:15 n.vr. 3. Staft: 10:32 n.v.

End: 7:28 p.H¡. End: 11:08 n.n¡. End: 1:56 p.H¡.

Find each start or end time

4. Start: 4:13 p.H¡. 5. Staft: 3:44 p.t¡. 6. End: 12:03 n.v.
Elapsed: 3h12min Elapsed: 8h2min Elapsed: 5h52min

7. Kari ran some errands for her mother. She left the house at 9:38 n.vl. and returned at
11:14 n.v. How long did it take Kari to run the errands?

8. Gregg works the second shift at the factory. He reports to work aI2:45 p.u. and @
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leaves at '11:00 p.w. During his shift he takes two 2O-minute coffee breaks and one ç
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] trour lunch break. How long does Gregg spend actually working? a
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Time
Find each elapsed time.

1. Start: :26 n.H¡

1 2. Start: 2:08 p.n¡, 3. Start: 5:16 n.H¡
End: 4:31 n.v. End: 11:43 p.H¡ End: 8:00 n.u.

4. Start: 9:38 p.v 5. Start: 12:04 n.¡,tt 6. Start: 5:27 p.¡,tt.

End: 1:'16 n.v. End: '1:37 p.v. End: '12:00 p.n¡.

Find the start time or the end time using the given elapsed time.

7. Start: 4:58 p.H¡. 8. End: 6:31 n.v. 9. Start: 8:22 a.¡'tt.

Elapsed:2h37 min Elapsed: 3h40min Elapsed:6h5min

10. End: 9:00 p.tr¡. 11. Start: 11:42 a.¡,tt. 'å2. End: 12:22 e.¡,1.
Elapsed: 5h19min Elapsed:4h45min Elapsed: 7h51 min

13. ln 1990, Gary Stewart of California set a world record by

making 177,737 consecutive jumps on a pogo stick in 20 hours
20 minutes. lf he began at 10:30 A.M. on Tuesday, at what time did
he stop?

14. The play began at 7:30 e.v., and included two 2O-minute
intermissions. lf the play lasts 2 hours 35 minutes, at what
time did the play end?

A 9:45 p.H¡. B 9:55 p.v. C 10:25 p.H¡. D 10:45 p.n¡.

15. Writing to Explain Sara leaves home for work at 6:55 n"v. She gets home after work
at 5:10 p.¡¡. Explain what must be considered in finding how long she spends away
from home. Then solve the problem.

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t6-6
Problem Solving:
Use Reasoning
School Fair At the school faiç game winners could exchange Prize Trade
their prizes for other prizes. The table shows some of the 10 pencils : 1 notebook
possible exchanges. Michael wants to find how many 4notebooks:lbanner
notebooks he would need to trade for one mug. 4banners:1t-shirt
2mugs:1t-shirt
Read and Understand
What do you know? Prize winners can exchange prizes using the equivalencies
in the table.
What are you trying to find? The number of notebooks that can be traded for one mug.
Plan and Solve
What strategy will you use? Use reasoning.
You know that 2 mugs can be traded for 1 t-shirt. The table shows
that 4 banners can also be traded for'1 t-shid.
You know that 4 notebooks can be traded for 1 banner. You need
4 banners for 1 t-shirt. To get 4 banners you need 4 x 4, or 16
notebooks.
So, 16 notebooks can be traded for 1 t-shift, which can be traded for
2 mugs. Michael wants 1 mug. He cannot cut a t-shirt in half, but he
can divide the number of notebooks by 2:16 + 2: 8. Michael needs
8 notebooks to trade for 1 mug.
Look Back and Gheck
ls your answer reasonable? Yes, 2 mugs can be traded for 4 banners, so 1 mug can
be traded for 2 banners. Eight notebooks can also be
traded for 2 banners.

Use the data in the Example to solve the problems.

1. How many banners are needed to trade for I t-shirts?

2. How many pencils are needed to trade for a notebook and a banner?

3. How many banners are needed to trade for 6 mugs? Explain. @

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Problem Solving;
Use Reasoning
Robert made a number line game with three sizes of jumps: small, medium, and large

0 30 60 0 30 60

0 15 60

1, How many units are in each size of jump?

2. Kurt landed on 20 and wants to get to 60 in the fewest.fiurnps

possible without going past 60. Which combination of jumps
should he take?
A B smalljumps
B 3 medium jumps and2 smalljumps
C 2large jumps and 1 medium jump
D 1 large jump, 2 medium jumps, and 1 smalljump
3. Monique landed on 35. What are two ways she can get to 60 in
exactly three jumps.

4. How can you get from 0 to 60 in exactly seven jumps if you use at
least one jump of each size?

5. Writing to Explain Harvey has a 3-qt container and a 5-qt

container. How can he measure exactly 4 qt of water?

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Perimeter
Find the perimeter of the figure below.
4ft 4ft
15m 2fr. y 2ft
x 5ft
6m 20ft

Sometimes you are not given the lengths of

By using a formula: all the sides of a polygon.

There are two equal lengths and Side x is the same size as the side parallel
equal widths, so you can use the formula
:
to it. So, side x 5 ft.
P :2(. + 2w. You can figure out the length of side y by
looking at the side parallel to it. That side
P:2(6)+2(15) is 20 ft.
: 12 + 30 4fI+4'lt+yft:2OfL
:42 8ft+yfI:20'Ít
The perimeter is 42 m 8ft+ 12ft.:20ft
So, y : 12ft.
Now you can add up all the sides to find
the perimeter.
4+2+12+2+4+5+20+5:54
P -- 54ft

Find the perimeter of each figure.

1. rectangle, length 5.1 ft, width 7 .4 ft 2. regular octagon, sides 4.6 cm long

Find the length of each unknown side. Then find the perimeter'
3. 5m 4 2in
j2 in. 2 in 2in ln
x
10m
7m 3 in. 3in
4m
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Perimeter
Find the perimeter of each figure.
1. rectangle 2" regular pentagon 3. regular octagon
length 6 in., width '14 in. sides 3.3 cm long sides 8fin. tong

Estimate the perimeter of each figure. Then find the perimeter,

4, 11.97 m 5. 21.46 cm
J

8.21 m 16.03 cm 15.41 cm

18.9 cm

Find the length of each unknown side. Then find the perimeter,
6. 7 12ft
v

15 mm 14ft
18 mm
4mm
9ft
z
6ft
39 mm k

8. One side of a regular hexagon is 18 cm. Which is the penimeter?

A 108cm C T2cm
B 96cm D 36cm
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Area of Rectangles and
lrregular Figures
Find the area of a rectangle that is A path around a garden measures 8 ft by
I inches long and 3 inches wide. 7 ft. The garden measures 4 ft by 3 ft.
What is the area of the path?
Use Counting
Draw the rectangle on graph paper. Let Use Counting
each square represent 1 square inch. Draw the figure on graph paper. Let each
square represent 1 square foot.

3 inches

I tn )h 3 ft 7

I fr
Count the squares inside the rectangle
There are 24 squares, so the area is ifr
24 sq in.
Count the squares in the path only. There
Use a Formula are 44 squares, so the area is 44 sq ft.
Use the formula for area.To find area,
Use a Formula
multiply length times width. Find the area of the path and the garden
A: (. XW l: length,w: width together. Then subtract the area of the garden.
A:B x3 l:8,w:3 Path: Display:
A:2 4 A:LXw A:!.xw
The area of the rectangle is 24 sq in
A:8xT A:4x3
A:56sqft A:12sqft
56 - '12 : 44, so the area is 44 sq ft.

Find the area of each figure.

1
6mm 2 3. 9m
20m
21 m
14 mm 25yd 19m

12 yd

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Area of Rectangles and
lrregular Figures
Find the area of each figure
1 2.
4mi

15 in.
14 mi

1E in.

3 18m 4.
7cm
20 cm

25m 30 cm

5m
6cm
50m
38 cm

For 5 and 6, draw and label the figures described using graph paper.
Then calculate the area of each figure.
5. A rectangle that is '13 units by 9 units

6. Carlos is laminating a kitchen counter that has dimensions of 12 feet by 3

feet. The counter has a hole with dimensions of 3 feet by 2 feet cut in it for
a sink. What is the area of the kitchen counter that Carlos will ßaminate?

7. what is the area of a square that is 30 centimeters on one side?

A 6o cm2 B 120 cm2 C 3Oo cm2 D goo cm2
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Area of Parallelograms
and Triangles
Find the area of this parallelogram Find the area of this triangle.
r _ a ^ -_r- - T - *l_ - r - I - _-
r'- f " _r* ^ ) r-t--r--T--''- -a-_a-'f**t_-
it !ìitlttl I ìIì' I !tr
L*J L -)--t--!--t I __L-J.--l--
lt iìilfì! ¡ i I I

{l jl'lt¡r i I
--;^^r- -1 - -r- --- r- -r-
I I ì

---i t Ì!r I --t r 1-- t*

ll trrlltt
ì--.¡ -+--l--l-!-*+-ì--l
I

ç -t t--
i i
i- -¡ ì I I
I-

; h¡=;6 t9 '-\, - ) -
I tl I t ¡ I I

L
ì! rt
',-
_ _.1
I
' _ _l_
lr
_ t_ _) -¡- _l** t-
f I I I I I I

tJì1tr I ¡ !ì ¡ I l I

-Ì_--i'-f----r*a- t- ts -1 - f * _l*
r --l -r t-
ìlìi I I rì I

)_-
I ì t I
J I ¡ ì

-__L- J _t_ _t- _ I - -r- 'L t_

L _J L __l f

I
-1.__i-.-l--l
ì'll
ritl
I

I
t

-t-
i
ì
I

tr -t
rtl
lll
- -l- - T - -t*
i
I
f
h"
-f
IT-i-
l! I i¡tl i ! iI
L -- -1 * -( * -ì- - L - l- - J -

ìbì=8rh,--i I -l-- ^* - - i --,- -i-l I- -,-i -'

-l- -

I¡ - I- -,-ì - lbl=l1Oicrh
- -j- -Þ
iìi
tlt ì I ì

i - ì - -i- -T--r--i"-r I
-ì -i
I tl!titil¡tl

Use the formula A : bh. Use the formula A : +bh.

A:8X6 A:tx10x8
A: 48 sq in. A:5x8
The area of the parallelogram is 48 sq in. A:40cm2
The area of the triangle is 40 cm2

Find the area of each parallelogram or triangle.

1 2.

'100 ft 8m

tr-_ 15m
50 fr

3. Trianglet b :6fI, h: 9 ft

4. Parallelogram: b: 18 m, h : 13 m

5. Triangle b : 20in.,h : 9 in.

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Area of Parallelograms and
Triangles
Find the area of each parallelogram or triangle
I 2.

11ft 8 cm

_tr ¡
14 ft 12 cm

3. Triangle 4. Parallelogram 5. Triangle

b:30m b:18ín. b:20fL
h:15m h :2ft h:3yd

6. Writing to Explain The area of a triangle is 42 square inches. The triangle's

base is 6 inches. Find the heighrt of the triangle. Explain how you do it.

7. Number Sense A parallelogram has a base of 4 m and a height of

3 m. Find the area of the parallelogram in square centimeters"

8. Estimation which is the best estimate of the area of a triangle that

has a base of 23.62 cm and a height of 8.33 cm?

A 2oo cm2 B 160 cm2 C 1oo cm2 D 5o cm2

I' Reasoning The area of a figure is 36 cm2. Give 4 possible shapes of the figure
Where possible give 3 possible sets of dimensions for each possible shape.

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Gircumference
Find the circumference. Use 3.14 or Çtor n
Use the formula C : 2nr.
8m
C :2nr
C:2 x 3.14 x 8
C:6.28x8
C : 50.24 m

Find the diameter and the radius of a circle with

a circumference of 65.94 in.
Divide by n to find the diameter. C nd SO

65.94 +Tr:d fi:a.

65.94+3.14:21
d =21 in.
To find the radius, divide the diameter by 2.

21 + 2: 10.5
r = '10.5 in.

Find each circumference. Use Ç or 3.14 for n

1 2. 3.
9.5 m 14.4 ft 12.4 cm

Find the missing measurements for each circle. Round to the nearest hundredth.

4. C: 39.25 ft. 5. C : 63.3024 m 6. r :5'95 yd

d f= C_

7. Number Sense Which circle has the greater circumference: a circle

with a diameter of 13.2 in., or a circle with a radius of 6.9 in.? Explain
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Circumference
Fínd each circumference. Use 3.1 a or ! for n.

1 2.

12 cm

3. 4

18m 13 in

Find the missing measurement for each circle. Round to the nearest hundredth

5. C:60.288cm,d= 6. C : 11.304 {r1, t'=

7. Estimation CD's have a diameter of about 5 in. Estimate the
circumference of a CD.

8. Angela baked an apple pie that had a radius of 6 in. She wants to
cut the pie into eight equal slices. How wide will each piece of pie
be at the outer edge?

A 5.2 in. B 4.7 in. C 4.4 in. D 4.2 in

9. Writing to Explain Based on the diagram, is it correct to say that
the smaller circle has one half the circumference of the larger. Why?

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Area of a Circle
A circular bucket has a radius of 6 in. Find the area of the bottom of the
bucket. The formula for finding the area of a circle is A nf . :
One Way Another Way With a Calculator
Use
A:
3.'1

rrÊ
4 for n. Use
A: rf
Ç for n eress:@
6 @E
:3.1 4x62 _7'^.
-22r, 62
Display:
: 3.14 x 36 :Çx 36
: '1 '13.04 in2 :+x 36
1

792
7
: 113.14 inz

The bucket's area is about '113 in2.

Find the area of each circle to the nearest whole number.

Use 3.1 a or t for tr.
1 2. 3.

16 cm
18.4 m

4, r:9yd 5. d:2Om

6. r:14 cm 7. d : 2.4ft

8. r :22 cm 9. d:8.8m

10. d:32 cm 11. r: 5.3 m

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Area of a Circle
Find the area of each circle to the nearest whole number
Use 3.1 a or Ç for rl.
1 2. 3.

ra] in 23,7 cm

4. d:14in 5. r:11.25 cm 6. d:2mi

Brian's dad wants to put a circular pool in their backyard. He can

choose between pools with diameters of 15 ft,17 ft, or 22 ft. Round
to the nearest square foot.
7. How many more square feet would the 17 ft pool use
than the 15 ft pool?

8. How many more square feet would The 22 ft pool

use than the 17 ft pool?

9. On a water ride at the amusement park, a rotating valve sprays

water for 15 ft in all directions. What is the area of the circular
wet patch it creates?
A 30ft2
B 31.4 ftz
c 94.2 ft2
D 706.5 ft2

10. Writing to Explain Explain how to find the radius of a circle with
an area of 50.24 mi.
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Problem Solving:
Use Obiects
Pentomino Construction Company There are 12 different
pentominoes. Which two pentominoes can be used to make this
shape?
Read and Understand
What do you know? There are 12 different pentominoes.
Two pentominoes are used to construct this shape.
What are you trying to find? The two pentominoes used to make the shape.
Plan and Solve
What strategy will you use? Use objects, in this case pentominoes.
Study the shape and compare the corners and angles to the group of pentominoes
Choose two pentominoes to make the figure.

F LN PT U V WX YZ
Since the base is 5 units, try the I and the T pentominoes. lf your first
choice does not work, try other pentominoes.
Look Back and Check
ls your answer reasonable? Yes. The two pentominoes make the same shape.

Fit two pentominoes together to create each shape. Draw the

pentominoes used in each figure.

1 2.

3. Writing to Explain A figure is made from three pentominoes. What

is the areaof the figure in square units? How did you find your answer?

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Problem Solving:
Use Objects
Fit two pentominoes together to create each shape. Draw the
pentominoes used in each figure.

I 2.

3. What is the area in square units of each figure

you made in Problems 1 and 2?

4. Tessa used pentominoes to make this rectangle. The I pentomino

is shown. What is the area of the rectangle in square units?
A 5 square units C 20 square units
B 6 square units D 25 square units
5. Use nine pentominoes to make a figure that is three times the
size of the pentomino below. Two pentominoes have been
placed to get you started. Write the perimeter and the area
of both figures.
X

A P A P_
6. Writing to Explain Circle the pentominoes. Explain why any
figures are not pentominoes.

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So dF igures
Polyhedrons Properties of polyhedrons include
Prisms verlices, edges, and faces, and base(s).
Square Pyramid
K
Pyramids

H J
Not Polyhedrons
I
Vertices: HJ J, KJ
Edges: Hl, lJ, JL, LH, HK, lK, JK, LK
Faces: LHIK, LIJK, LJKL, and L,HLK
Cylinder Cone Sphere Base: aHIJL
Nets ldentify solid figures from a net: a pattern that folds into the solid.

Gube Cylinder

Classify the polyhedron. Name all vertices, edges, faces, and bases
1 B
A C

F H

ln 2 through 4, classify each figure.

2, 3. 4.

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Solid Figures
Classify the polyhedron. Name all vertices, edges, faces, and bases.
L
I J

ix M
H

Classify each figure

2. 3. 4-

5. Which solid figure looks like a round cake?_

6. Number Sense How many faces make up six number cubes?

7. Reasoning A factory buys the boxes it needs in the form of flat nets.
What advantages might the factory have in doing this?

8. What is the name of the polyhedron shown below?

A Rectangular prism
B Hexagonal prism
C Pentagonal prism
D Octagonal prism

9. writing to Explain Describe the similarities and differences of a

cylinder and a cone.
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Surface Area
You can use formulas to find the surface area of different solid figures
Rectangular Prism Triangular Prism
5in 5ft
3in
3fr 5ft
7 in.
4ft
S,4:2!,w+2[,h+2wh sA: 2(L* 4 x 3) + (3 x 5) + (4 x 5) +
: 2 (5 x 7) + 2 (5 x 3) + 2 (7 x 3) (5x5)
:70+30+42 :12+15+20+25
:142 :72
The surface area is 142 inz. The surface area is 72 fÊ.

Find the surface area of each figure.

1 2,
10rft
9in
6ft
ft
8ft )----
9 in.
9in

Find the surface area of each rectangular prism.

3. [, :5.5 cm, w : 4.5 cm, h : 3.5 cm

4. [. :'15 : I in., h : 3.8 in.

in., w

5. [, : 2yd,w : 6yd, h : 1.7 yd

6. Reasoning Write the dimensions of two different rectangular
prisms that have the same surface a(ea.

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Surface Area
Find the surface area of each figure
1 2. 3.

6.2 cm 5.8 m
./-
)----
\(\' 6.2 cm
7m
6.2 cm
10 in 2.2 m

Find the surface area of each rectangular prism.

4, [. :6.9 mm, w : 8.2 mm, h: 14 mm

5. [. :3.4 cm, w : 12.7 cm, h : 16.5 cm

6. 2 : 5.7 yd, w : 9yd, h : 12.9yd

7. Reasoning Margaret wants to cover a footrest in the shape of a

rectangular prism with cotton fabric. The footrest is 18 in. x 12 in. x
10 in. She has 1 yd'of fabric. Can she completely cover the footrest?

8. Which is the surface area of a rectangular prism with a length of

2.3 in., a width of 1 .1 in., and a height of 3 in.?
A 26.4gin2 B 25.46in2 C 24,5gin2 D 21.5 in2
9. Writing to Explain A square pyramid has 2 m sides on the base.
Each face is a triangle with a base of 2 m and a height of 1.5 m.
Explain how to find the surface area.

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Volume of Rectangular Prisms
Volume is the measure of space inside a solid figure. lt is measured in cubic units. You
canuseaformulatofindthevolumeofrectangularprisms: V:BxhwhereVstandsfor
volume, B stands for the area of the base, and h stands for the height.
To find the volume of the rectangular prism
at the right, first find the area of the base. 5in

B:l.xw 8in
:4x8 4in
: 32 So the base is 32 sq in.
Then use the volume formula to find the volume.
V:Bxh
:32x5
: 160 So the volume is 160 sq in.

Find the volume of each rectangular prism. Don't forget to label the units.
1 2.
2 in,
6cm
15 in.
cm
3cm 2in.
Area of Base (B : (. x w) Area of Base (B : [. x w):
Volume(V:Bxh): Volume(V:Bxh)'.

3. 4.
6fr 9m
)--
10ft m
5m
4ft
Area of Base (B : (. x w) Area of Base (B : (x w):

Volume(V:Bxh): Volume(V:Bxh):
5. Find the volume of Rectangular Prism 1.
How can you find the volume of Rectangular 4cm 8cm
I

Prism 2 without using the volume formula? I

8cm 2cm
2cm 4cm
@ Rectangular Prism 1 Rectangular Prism 2
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Volume of Rectangular Prisms
Find the volume of each rectangular prism
5in
I 2cm 2 3 4m

4cm 6in
9cm
3 in. 4m

Find the missing value for each rectangular prism.

4. Volume = 6 cu in. 5. Volume = 96 cu yd 6. Volurne = 125 cu ft
Length = 3 in. Length = Length = 5 ft
Width = 2 in. Width = 6 yd Width =
Height = Height = 8 yd Height = 5 ft

7. Number Sense Suppose a box has a volume of 'l cu yd.

What is its volume in cubic feet?

8. A rectangular prism has a base of 12 cmz, a length of 3 cm, a width

of 4 cm, and a height of 10 cm. Which is the volume of the prism?
A 36 cm3
B 48 cm3
C 120 cm3
D 1,440 cm3

9. Writing to Explain Find and compare the volumes of the two

rectangular prisms below. How does doubling the measure of each
dimension in a rectangular prism change the volume of the prism?

Length W¡dth Height Volume

Rectangular Prism 1 5ft 2ft 10ft

Rectangular Prism 2 10ft 4ft 20 ft

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Volume w¡th Fractional
Edge Lengths
When finding the volume of a rectangular prism with fractional edge
lengths, you have to find the number of cubes with fractional edge
lengths that can fill the prism. What is the volume of the rectangular
prism shown below at the right?
Consider a ]-inch cube. 8 half-inch cubes can fill a 1-inch cube.
Next, figure out how many ]-inch cubes will fill the prism.
1
1 n
The prism can be filled with 5 x 7 x 3 : 105 half-inch cubes.
2

- L-L-L-L -
Divide 105 by 8 because 8 half-inch cubes make up a tlll
-t-- t-- l- - 2
tn
1-inch cube. 105 + I : 13å
+- -

1
2 n
The volume of this rectangular prism is 13å in3. 2

For 1 through 4, find the volume of each rectangular prism.

1 1
1
n 2
2
z| i".
10 in. tn
3.ln.
4in =4

Fraction cubes have in. lengths. Fraction cubes have in. lengths.

V- - V_ -
3. 4.
1.5 m
3.7 cm

7.1m

.5 cm 7.1 m

2.2 cm

V_ V_

5. Writing to Explain How many ]-inch cubes could fit inside the
@
rectangular prism shown in Exercise 1? Explain how you know'
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Volume w¡th Fractional
Edge Lengths
Find the volume of each rectangular prism.

I 2. 3.
z| fr
sI rn.
1
4 ft 10 cm
2

in ,Lo
s! rn
1cm
3.7 cm

Find the missing value for each rectangular prism.

4. in3
Volume: 1113 5. Votume: a$ t3 6. Volurne: 758.16 mrn3
Base: 2n+in2 Length: Length: 13 mm
Height: Width: 4$ ft width:
Height: f ft Height: 7.2 mm
7. Number sense A rectangular prism can be filled with 210 harf-inch
cubes. How many finch cubes would it take to fill the same prism?

8. A rectangular prism has a base with an area of 31.5 cm2 and a

height of 4.7 cm. What is the volume of the prism?

A 36.2 cm3 G 148.05 cm3

B 72.4 cms D 296.1 cm3
9. Writing to Explain Find and compare the volumes of the two
rectangular prisms below. How does dividing each dimension
of the larger prism by 2 affect the volume of the smaller prism?

Length W¡dth Height Volume

5 in. +!in. 6in
2 21 tn 2\ in. 3in @
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Problem Solving:
Use Ob¡ects and Reasoning
Each cube has a volume of 1 cm3. 1cm
'1
The area of one face of the cube is cm2. 1cm
The surface area of the cube is the sum cm
of the area of each face of the cube. V:1X1X1 1 cm"
A(face) :'1 x1:1cm2
To find the surface area of a figure of cubes,
count only the faces that are exposed.
SA:6x1cm2:6cm2
V:2(1 x1x1) :2cms
SA : 10(1 cm2) : 10 cm2
The arrangement of cubes can affect
the surface area, but the same number of
cubes will always have the same volume. V:4cm3 V:4cms
SA : 18 cm2 SA : '16 cm2

1. Find the volume and surlace area of the figure

2. Make a figure of cubes that has a volume of

7 cms and a surface area of 26 cm2. Draw you r figure.

3. Reasoning Explain how you know how many cubes to use

to make the figure in problem 2.

4, Find the volume and surface area of the figure.

5, Geometry lf the cubes in problem 4 were increased to 3 cm on a

@ side, how would the volume and surJace area be affected?
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Problem Solving:
Use Obiects and Reasoning
Find the volume and surface area of each figure of centimeter cubes.

I 2.

3.
ffi 4.

5. 6,

7. Make a figure of cubes that has a

volume of 6 cm3 and a surface area
of 22 cm2. Draw your figure.

L Critical Thinking Without building a model, tell whether a long row of I cubes or
a cube made from 8 cubes would have a greater surface area. Explain.

9. Make a figure that has the same

volume as the diagram, but a greater
surface area. Draw your figure.

10. Writing to Explain Find the volume and sudace area of these figures. Then describe
the pattern(s) you see. Can you determine the volume of the next element
in the pattern? The surface area? Explain.

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Statistical Questions
To determine if a question you want to ask a group of people is
statistical, ask yourself if it has several different answers.
How many nickels are in a dollar? Not statistical
How many nickels are in your bank? Statistical
A dot plot shows one way to display data collected from a
statistical question.

Number of Nickels in Your Bank

a
a
a a
a o a a a a a
a a a a a a a

01234567
Number of Nickels
t

For I through 6, tell whether or not each question is statistical.

i. How many of the cards are baseball 2. When does summer break begin?
cards?

3. Who is the current President of the 4. Who are the debate team members'
United States? favorite presidents?

5. How long does it take sixth-grade 6. Where are your classmates' favorite
students to eat lunch? places to vacation?

7. Writing to Explain Explain why How many days did it rain in

September this year? is not a statistical question.

8. Dean asked his class, How many apples do you eat in a week?
He got the following responses: 7, 5, 5, 5, 7,3,2,1, 0, 0, 4,3,2,1,
O,7, 5, 6,7 , O, 2, 2, 1, 4. Make a dot plot to display the data' @
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Statistical Questions
For I through 4, tell whether or not each question is statistical.
1. What was the low temperature each 2. What color shirt am I wearing?
day last month?

3. What size shoes do the students in 4. How long does it take students in a
your class wear? class to nead a book?

For 5 through B, write a statistical question that could be used

to gather data on each topic.
5. Distances members of the track team 6. Numbers of letters in name of street
jogged last week you live on

7. Cost of a restaurant dinner 8. Numbers of cars of different colors in

a parking lot

9. The data shown are the responses to the question, How tall,
in centímefers, rb each bean ptant? Make a dot plot to display
the data.
8675868794
5286957677
10. What statistical question might Brittany have asked to get this data?
18 min,20 min,30 min, 16 min,45 min

A How long did you spend on homework last night?

B How long do the directions say to cook the pie?
C At what time does school end?
D How many minutes does it take Eric to get to school?
11. Writing to Explain Wyatt says that statistical questions must involve
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Looking at Data Sets
You can describe a data distribution, or Temperatures in September
how data values are arranged, by looking
at its overall shape, its center, and its least
and greatest values.
By looking at this dot Plot, You can a
a
describe the data distribution as being aaaa
aaaa
o
a
spread out to the right and not symmetric.
The data is grouped between 50 and 5'1, sgo 51o 52o 53o 54o 55o 56o 57o 58o 59o 60o
and there is a gap between 55 and 60. Temperature ("F)

The center of the data can be found by

looking for the middle number in the largest group of data.
A good estimate would be 50 or 51 because that is where
most of the temperatures are plotted'

Temperatures in December
Use the dot plot to the right to answer
the following questions.
1. What is the least temPerature?
greatest temPerature?

aaaa a
aaaa

2. Are there any gaPS in the data? 300 31" 320 330 34" 350 360 370 38" 390 40"
lf so, where? Temperature (oF)

3. What temperature would be considered an outlier?

4. ls the data symmetric or spread out to one side?

5. Writing to Explain Where do you think the center of the data is in

the dot plot? Explain how you found your answer'

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Looking at Data Sets
For I through 4, use the dot plot.
Maria took a school survey to find out how many hours per week
students watch television. Her results are in the dot plot below.

Hours Students Spent Watching TV per Week

aaa
aaaoa aaa
aaoaa aaa

345678I 10111213 14151617181920

Hours

I Where are there groupings of data?

2. ls the data symmetric or is it spread out to one side?

3. Give the least and greatest values in the data.

4- writing to Explain using the dot prot for the hours students
spend watching TV, where do you think the center of the data is?
Explain how you found your answer.

For 5 and 6, use the line plot. tlumber of Dogs Students Own
5. Which is the best representation of the center X
of this data set? X
X
X

A 2dogs B 3dogs
X
X
X X

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X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
d X X
E
.e
6. Which best describes this data set? X
X
X
X
x
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o X X X
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6
Io C Spread out to the right D Symmetric 234 5
o Number of Dogs

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Mean
ruìÈ",.!Ìfi$l' j?¡ptrf.*f¿\nlf r.$¡$fJÌS'{,-Xi

The mean is the sum of all the values in a set divided by the number of
items in the set. The mean is also called the average.
How to find the mean of a set of data:
Eduardo surveyed 7 of his Book
Friend Number of books read
friends to find out how many
Jean 2
books they read during the 3
Raul
month. The frequency table Sallv B
shows the data. What is the Jonathan 5
average number of books Halev 6
read by Eduardo's friends? Kristen 3
Owen 1

1. Add the number of books 2+3+ I + 5 + 6 + 3 + 1 :28

read by each friend.
2. Divide the sum of bY the
28Á
-:47
number of friends.
3. Use the average to answer Eduardo's friends read an average of
the question. 4 books during the month.

1. Find the mean of this set of data: 241, 563, 829,755

2. This frequency table shows the number of silver US Silver Medals
medals won by American athletes in Summer
Summer Olympics Games
Olympic Games between 1972 and 2000. What
is the mean of this set of data? Year Medals
2000 24
1 996 32
3. Estimation What is the approximate 1992 34
average of these three
1 988 3'1
numbers: 9, 18, and 3'1 ?
1 984 61
4. Explain lt Explain how you would find the 1 980 0
mean of this set of data: 4,3,5.
1976 35
1972 31

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Mean
Find the mean of each set of data.
1,2,5,9,4
2. 44,73,63
3. 11,39,65,4,67
4. 3,6,3,7,9
5.120,450, 630
6. 4.2, 5.3,7.1, 4.0, 11 .g
Gene's scores were as follows: B, 4,1 0, 10, g, 6, g
7, What was his average score?
8. lf Gene gets two more scores of 10,
what is his new average?
9. Reasoning Krishan wants ['ris quiz average to be at least
90 so that he can get an A in the crass. His current quiz scores
are: 80, 100, 85. What does he have to get on his
next quiz to have an average of 90?

485 890 c92 D95

10. Explain lt suppose Krishan's teacher says that he can drop one
of his test scores. using his test scores of g0, 100, and g5, which
one should he drop, and wl.ly? What is his new average?

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Median, Mode, and Range
The median, mode, and range are each numbers that describe a set of data

Here is Eduardo's survey of how many books Book Reading

his friends read last month. Number of
Friend books read
What are the median, mode, and range of
Jean 2
Eduardo's survey?
Raul 3

Median: The median is the middle number in a Sally I

Jonathan 5
set of data. To find it:
Haley 6
1. Arrange the data in order Kristen 3
from least to greatest. Owen 1

2. Locate the middle number, 1,2,3 3, 5, 6, I

1 middle number: 3

The median number of books read is 3.

Mode: The mode is the data value that occurs most often. To find it:
1 . List the data. 1 , 2, 3,3, 5, 6, I

2. Find the number that occurs most. 3

The mode of the books read by Eduardo's friends is 3 books.

Range: The range is the difference between the greatest and least values.
To find it:
',l. ldentify the greatest and least values. 8 and 1
2. Subtract the least from the greatest value. 8 - 1: 7

The range of the books read by Eduardo's friends is 7 books.

1. Find the median of this data set: 12, 18, 25,32, 67 -

2. Find the mode of this data set: 123,345,654, 123, 452,185
3. Find the range of this data set: 24,32,38, 31, 61, 35, 31.

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Mediann Mode, and Range
1. Findtherangeof thisdataset:225 942 2BB SS2 269.
2, Find the median of this data set: 476 294 SSS T65 47O.
3. Find the mode of this data set:
167851678478167.
4. Find the range of this data set:
64 76 46 88 88 43 99 50 55.
5. Reasoning Would the mode change if aT6 were added
to the data in Exercise 4?

The table below gives the math test scores for Mrs. Jung's
fífth-grade class.

76 54 92 88 76 88
75 93 92 68 88 76
76 88 80 70 88 72
Tesf Scores

6. Find the mean of the data.

7. Find the mode of the data.
8. Find the median of the data.
9. What is the range of the data set?
10. Find the range of this data set: 247,966,28S, gg8

A 998 B 781 C 751 D 538

11. Explain lt Will a set of data always have a mode?
Explain your answer.

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Frequency Tables and
Histograrns
Maya recorded the number of bags of popcorn she sold each day at the
carnival, and then represented the data in a frequency table and histogram
Bags of popcorn 62, 65, 58, 31, 64, 58, 66 , 68, 56, 67, 68,5'1
Make a FrequencY Table Make a l'listogram
Choose a Range: The range should cover Ghoose a Title: Bags of Popcorn Sold
all of the data. Divide the range into equal Glroose a Scale for the Vertical Axis:
intervals or groups. Use frequency of the data for the scale.
List lntervals on HorizontalAxis
Range in popcorn data: 31 to 68, or 38
BaEs of PoPcorn Sold
You can make intervals of '10 by using a 8
range of 30 to 69. M[
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Tally Marks: Record a tally mark for each o 4

g
value in the range. o
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Frequency: Count the tally marks and record 0

èooo%%
6ööö
,¿õ,åø
Bags Tally Frequency
30-39 I I Number of Bags

40-49 0
Use a Histogram
50-59 4 Look for clusters, gaps, and outliers.
60-69 J.ttf ll 7
Clusters: 50-69 for PoPcorn data
Gaps: 40-49; no bags sold in this interval
Outliers: '1 bag sold in 30-39 range

Use the information below for'l through 3

Tickets Sold to lce-Skating Event
72 81 88 ct 90 89 85 74
87 100 BO 99 87 96 99 84
84 86 94 88 91 85 78 90

1. Represent the data in the table in a histogram.

2. Where do most of the data in your histogram cluster?

3. Reasoning Describe any outliers or gaps in the data.

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Frequency Tables and
Histograms
Conrad recorded the number of hours he spent on
Hours on the Internet
the lnternet for two weeks. He made a frequency
table of the data. Use the table for 1 throu gh 2. Hours Frequency
o-4 2
1. What is the mode of the data? Explain.
5-9
10-14 7
15-19 0
20-24 0
25-29 2

2. How many days did Conrad spend g hours or less on the Internet? Explain.

Ages of Players at
Use the information below for 3 through S. Gastle Miniature Golf
10
Ages of Players at Gastle Miniature Golf o I
q)
14 7 6 24 15 ¿
6
d 4
o o
19 25 10 17 II 2

51 B 21 48 12 0
o 'o'Ë'doã
o
öö6ö
',t AdoBS
3. How many of the players are over 25? Explain Ages

4. Where do most of the data in the histogram cluster?

A 6-15 c 26_55
B 16-25 D Over 15
5. Writing to Explain Explain how you can tell whether a histogram has an outlier:

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Box Plots
To create a box plot for a data set, follow these steps:

Step 1: Check to see if the numbers are in order from least to greatest.
lf they are not, place them in that order. Draw a number line
using an appropriate scale to include the numbers.
Step 2: Find the least value and greatest value. The least is the minimum.
The greatest is the maximum.
Step 3: Find the number that is midway between the minimum and maximum. This
value is the median.
Step 4: Find the value that is halfway between the minimum and the median.
This is the Í7sf quartile.
Step 5: Find the value that is halfway between the median and the maximum.
This is fhe third quartile.
first quartile median third quartile

mtnlmum maxrmum

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I I I I I I

510152025 30 35 40 45 50

For I through 5, use the five-step process for the following data:
8, 9, 3, 1, 2, 6, 5,7, 4,0, 10
1. Are the data in this set in order? lf not, write them in order.

2. What is the median? How can you tell?

3. What is the minimum? 4. What is the first quartile?

The maximum? The third quaftile?

5. Draw a box plot for this data

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Box Plots
ln I and 2 find the median, the first quartile, and third quarlile.
1. ln a bowling tournament, Sylvan got the following scores.

167 , 179, 193, 1 96, 1 gg, 1 gg, 203, 209, 217, 220, 221
a. The median:
b. The first quartile:
c. The third quartile:
2. sarina raised flowers. ln a competition with other flower growers,
she earned the following scores.
7, 10, 10, 6, 7, g, 9,7 , g

a. The median
b. The first quarlile:
c. The third quartile:
3. Make a box plot to display the distribution of sales
Solon's restaurant made over g days:
91,O74, $1,209, $'1,315, $'1,360, $1,391 , $1,442, $1,492,
$1,569, $1,601

4. Which describes how to find the first quartile in a data set?

A Find the median of the data set.

B Find the median of the upper half of the data.
C Find the median of the lower half of the data.
D Count 3 spaces to the righrt from the minimum.
5. Writing to Explain David wants to make a box plot showing his
team's points for the year. The median score was 7, first quartile
was 4, and third quartile was 10. The minimum was 2 and the
maximum was 20. Explain how David can draw the box plot.
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Measures of Variabil¡ty
Variability describes how clustered or spread out data is. You
might think of variability in terms of a game of horseshoes. The
goal of the game is to get as many horseshoes as you can to
e
urirìg," or hook around, a post. Once a player has taken a turn,
the horseshoes-or data-look something like this picture.
Ð
One way of measuring variability of data is by finding the mean
absolute deviation.
Step 1. Find the mean of the data. To do this, you add the
data values and divide by the number of values in the set'
Suppose you have 20,40,60, 80, 100 as the data.
The sum of these numbers 20 + 40 + 60 + 80 + 100 : 300.
Since there are 5 items in the set, 300 -: 5 : 60.
Step 2. Find the absolute deviation for each value in the data
set. To do this, find each absolute value of the difference
between the mean and each number in the set. So, for the
numbers in the set, you get:

160-201 :40
160-4ol :20
160-60¡ : o

l8o-60l :20
lloo-60l :40
Step 3. Find the mean of the absolute deviations. You find the mean
of the absolute deviations by adding 40 + 20 + 0 + 2O + 40 :
120. Then divide by the number of values, 5, which gives you 24.
So the mean absolute deviation lor 20,40, 60, 80, 100 is 24.

Use the 3-step process to find the mean absolute deviation for each
set of data. Give the mean of the original set, the sum of the absolute
deviations, and the mean absolute deviation.
1. 10, 15,20,30,50

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Measures of Variability
For 1 through 6, use the followinE data set: 12,20,10, 10, i7 , g, 29, 1g
1. What is the mean of this set?

2. What is the absolute deviation from the mean for the following values

a. 12
b. 16
c. 20

3. which value in the original set has the greatest absolute deviation
from the mean? Whích has the least absolute deviation?

4. What ís the mean absolute deviation for the set?

5. What is first quartile for the set? The third quartile?

6. What is the IQR for the set?

For 7 and 8, use the following data set: g, T, 11, 1S, 20,91, gg, 42

7. wniting to Explain The data set shows the approximate hourly tides
in feet recorded at a beach during an B-hour period. what is the
mean absolute deviation for the data set? Explain how you found it.

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8. Which is the IQR for the set?
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Appropriate Use of Statistical
Measures
Paige tracked the number of points scored so far this season by each member
of her basketball team: 28,30,28,30,40, 30, 34,32. Which measure of center
and measure of variability best describe the typical number of points scored?
Make a dot plot to organize the data and identify any outliers.
The median and mode are 30. The mean is 3'1.5 Points Scored This Season
There is a gap between 34 and 40, and 40 is an a
a a
outlier. a aaa a

Since the outlier, 40, affects the mean, the median - ,lto 26 28 30 à, 34 36 38 40
is the best measure of center for the data. For Number of points
measures of variability, use the mean absolute
deviation when the mean is the appropriate measure of center. Use
the interquartile range when the median is more appropriate. Since
the median is the best measure of centeç you would use the IQR to
measure variability of this data.

l. Make a dot plot using this set of data:

38,68, 78,88, 98

2. Which measure of center and measure of variability best

describes this data set? Why?

3. Make a dot plot using this set of data

35, 38, 40, 35, 37 , 38, 36, 40, 43

4. Find the mean, median, and mode of the data set.

5. Which measure of center best describes this data set? Why? @

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Approprlate Use of Statistical
Measures
1. Find the mean, median, and mode of this data set:
76,74,79,72,73, 90, 49,72, g3

2. Which measure of center best describes the data set? Why?

3. Find the IQR and mean absolute deviation of the data set below
Round the mean absolute deviation to the nearest hundredth.
1 3, 1 9, 17 , 15, 1 1 , 1 g, 1 g

4. Which measure of variability best describes the data set in Exercise 3? Why?

5. Find the mean, median, and mode of this data set:

1 50, 1 38, 1 30, 127, 140, 1 09, 1 3g

6. Gritical Thinking What number could be added to the data set in

Exercise 5, so that the mean, median, and mode are all the same?

7. Writing to Explain Ava found the mean, median, and mode of a

data set. Then she discovered that she had not included a very
high outlier in her calculations. How will the mean, median, and
mode be affected by the inclusion of this outlier? Explain.

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Summarizing Data
Distributions
The box plot to the right displays data for Days above 80'F in July
the number of days the temperature was
over 80"F for the month of July. Data in
displays can be summarized.
You can summarize this data set by 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 2T 30
choosing some ways to describe it. Number of Days
The data are spread out to the right.
The median is '10, and it describes the center of the data. The first
quartile is 3 and the third quartile is 22. The interquartile range or IQR
describes the variability and it can be found by subtracting the first
quartile (3) from the third quartile (22) to get 19.

Use the box plot to answer Questions 1 through 4.

Students with Dogs in Each
Classroom at Brookdale Elementary

0 3 6 I 12 1518212427 30
Number of Students

1. What is the greatest number of students in a classroom that have

a dog? The least?

2. a. What is the median?

b. What are the first and third quartiles?
c. What is the interquartile range?
3. Describe the shape of the data distribution

4. Writing to Explain lf a dot plot was used to display the same data, make a
prediction about how the data would look.

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Summarizing Data
Distributions
For I through 5 use the data set below.
Mr. Hansen's physical education class did a long jump competition.
Each person jumped 3 times, and wrote their best long jump (in inches).
84, 90, 90, 76, 79, 92, 99,72,76,79,
80, 85, 110, 79, 77, 79, 91, 79,90, 91,72, g3

1. Make a box plot for the data.

2. a What is the mean? The median?

b What are the first and third quartiles?
c What is the interquartile range?
3. Describe the shape of the data distribution

4. Writing to Explain Which would be the preferable measure of center,

the median or the mean? Explain.

5. Would the median or the mean be more affected if a long jump of

140 inches was added to the daTa? Explain how you know.

6. Which is the best representation of the Number of Pet Fish Students Own
center of this data set?

A 2 fish G 4 fisl-¡
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Problem Solving:
Try, Check, and Revise
Audrey bowled 3 games. Her mean score was '148. Each score was different. Name three
possible scores. Remember that the highest possible score in bowling is 300.
Use the problem solving plan.

Read and Understand:

What do you know? What are you trying to find?
Audrey bowled 3 games. Three scores that have a mean of 148
Her mean score was 148

Plan and Solve:

What strategy will you use? The mean is too high by 4 points:
Try, check, and revise. 152 - 148: 4.
Try subtracting 4 points from each score
156 - 4 : 152, 14O - 4 -- 136,
Try 156, 140, 160. The mean is
:
(156 + 140 + 160) + 3 456 + 3 : 152
160 - 4:156.
Check:
Check to see if the mean is '148 (152 + 136 + 156) + 3 : 444-: 3 : 148

1. The median time 5 people waited to ride on "The Whirl and Twirl"
was 38 minutes. List 5 possible times they may have waited.

2. Ben checked the price of the camera he wants at 4 stores. Each

price was different. The mean price was $238. What are 4 possible
prices for the camera?

3. Five hamsters weighed between 12 and 20 ounces. The mode

weight of the 5 hamsters is 1B ounces. List the possible weights of
the hamsters.

4. The mean, median, and mode of a set of 4 numbers is 100. Name

4 numbers that could make up the set.
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Problem Solving:
Try, Gheck, and Revise
1. The mean number of passengers on a daily flight from Los Angeles
to San Francisco is 82. The plane holds a maximum of 102
passengers. List the possible number of passengers on the flight
over the past 5 days.

2. Four adult pandas weigh between 200 and 275 pounds. Their median
weight is 240 pounds. List four possible weights for the pandas.

3. Over the past 7 years the median rainfall in West Berry has been
74 inches. The greatest rainfall was 102 inches. The least was 52
inches. List possible rainfall amounts for the 7 years.

4. The mean number of miles Mr. Austin drove in six days was
96. The mode was 82. The median was 97. What are possible
distances Mr. Austin drove in the 6 days?

5. Writing to Explain The mode of the heights of 5 sunflowers is

70 inches. The median is 68 inches. What are some possible
heights of the 5 sunflowers? Tell how you decide.

6. Number Sense Three consecutive odd integers have a sum of 195

What are the integers?

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