Experiment No.

REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY

Course Code: ME 505 Program: BSME

Course Title: ME Laboratory 3 (Thermal Lab. 2) Date Performed:
Section: ME51FA2 Date Submitted: July 20, 2018
Members: Loria, Marquis Cane A. Instructor: Engr. Benjamin G. Tiglao

1. Objective(s):

The activity aims to introduce the basic components of the refrigeration systems.

2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

The students shall be able to:

2.1 Identify the components of a refrigeration system

2.2 Describe the process flow of refrigerant from the compressor, condenser, expansion valve and
to the evaporator
2.3 Develop professional work ethics, including precision, neatness, safety and ability to follow
instruction.

3. Discussion:

A refrigeration machine is a heat pump for the purpose of absorbing heat at a low temperature level and
discharging it at a high temperature level. The main objective is usually to cool space to a low temperature.
The capacity of a refrigerating system is expressed in BTU per hour or in tons of refrigeration. A standard
ton of refrigeration is equivalent to 12,000 BTU per hour of the refrigerating effect. In 24 hours, this amount
to 288,000 of BTU, this is equivalent to latent heat of fusion of 2,000 lbs of water ice.

Compression refrigeration machines are the most common type. In these machines a vapor refrigerant is
used, which absorbs heat by boiling in an evaporator at a low temperature and discharging the heat in a
condenser at a high temperature. A compressor is used to change the saturation pressure and temperature
from the low level to a high level. The pressure in the condenser and the piping between the compressor
and the expansion valve is known as the high side. The pressure in the evaporator and the piping between
the expansion valve and the compressor is known as the low side.

Brine and other antifreeze solutions are used for transferring the refrigerant effect from the evaporator to
storage rooms or other points of use.
Typical Mini Ice Plant Components
 Properties of Antifreeze Solutions

Calcium Chloride Sodium Chloride Alcohol and Water Ethylene glycol and
Temperature, ºF

Brine Brine water

Freezing

% by Specific % by Specific % by Specific % by Specific

weight Gravity, weight Gravity, weight Gravity, weight Gravity,
60ºF 60ºF 60ºF 60ºF

25.0 7.0 1.06 6.0 1.04 9.0 0.982 15 1.015

20.0 11.0 1.10 9.0 1.07 15.0 0.970 17 1.017
15.0 14.0 1.12 13.0 1.10 19.0 0.962 21 1.021
10.0 16.0 1.14 16.0 1.13 22.0 0.955 25 1.025
5.0 18.0 1.16 19.0 1.16 26.0 0.948 29 1.029
0.0 20.0 1.18 21.0 1.16 29.0 0.942 33 1.033
-5.0 22.0 1.20 32.0 0.936 36 1.036
-10.0 23.5 1.21 35.0 0.936 39 1.039
-15.0 24.5 1.23 38.0 0.924 42 1.042
-20.0 25.5 1.24 40.0 0.919 45 1.045
-25.0 26.5 1.25 43.0 0.914 47 1.047
-30.0 27.5 1.26 45.0 0.910 49 1.049

For complete tables, see” ASHRAE “Refrigerating Data Book.

Specific heats vary as follows:

Calcium chloride: 0.85 with 10% salt to 0.68 with 25% salt
Sodium chloride: 0.88 with 10% salt to 0.81 with 20% salt
Alcohol: 0.99 with 15% alcohol to 0.80 with 40% alcohol
4. Materials and Equipment:

 Mini Ice Plant

 Brine Sample
 Hydrometer
 Graduated cylinder 1000 ml
 Thermometer

5. Procedure:

1. Conduct a visual inspection of the Mini Ice Plant to ensure that it is in good working condition.

2. From the Compressor marked as ‘A’, follow the refrigerant high-pressure line to the evaporator ‘F’.
From the evaporator ‘F’, follow the refrigerant low-pressure line to return to the compressor ‘A’.
Sketch and identify all the attached auxiliaries and accessories accordingly.

3. Draw the refrigeration schematic diagram identifying the high-pressure side and the low-pressure
side.

4. From the condenser ‘D’, follow the cooling water line to the cooling tower ‘J’. Sketch and identify
the valves and gauges.

5. Draw the cooling tower line schematic diagram.

6. With the assistance of your instructor or laboratory technician, switch on the main circuit breaker
and the secondary circuit breaker for the brine agitator. Switch on the brine agitator motor and
allow the brine to circulate in the tank for 15 – 30 minutes.

7. Remove the tank cover on the brine tank and get a sample of the brine. Fill the graduated cylinder
with brine and get the temperature and specific gravity. Record the results. The number of trials
indicated below is suggested.

8. Return the tank cover and make sure that the area is in their proper places. Clean and dry the
components of Mini Ice Plant before leaving.

6. Data and Results:

Table 1
Parameters /Trials 1 2 3 4 5 Mean

Temperature 2.3 ºC 2.4 ºC 1.7 ºC 1.6 ºC -0.07 ºC 1.586 ºC

Specific Gravity 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14

7. Analysis and Interpretation of Results:

∑𝑥
Using the mean formula: 𝑥̅ = where x is the variable for temperature or SG and N is the total
𝑁
number of trials, the mean value for specific gravity is 1.14 and for the mean temperature is 1.586 ºC.

From the table of Properties of Antifreeze Solutions, we have the standard SG for brine. Within the
temperatures of 5ºC and 0ºC, the standard SG is 1.16. By comparing the mean value recorded to the
standard value, there’s a difference of 0.02 in the specific gravity.

Specific gravity (SG) is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water. In this
experiment, it requires brine solution as the substance which is a mixture of salt and water. To determine its
specific gravity, the experiment requires the performer to use a hydrometer. For the temperature, optical
pyrometer must be used. The data recorded for specific gravity did not change and the data recorded for
temperature decreased over time. The decrease in temperature is due to the time interval of 15 minutes
before gathering another data. The brine is continuously being cooled down. The difference in the mean
SG recorded and the standard SG may be a result of contamination in the tank. The tank is a bit old and it
has rust in it. Another factor that may have affected the SG is the concentration of the brine. Lastly, the
temperature in the working area of mini-ice plant is different to the actual working area of an ice plant.

Components of a Refrigeration System

• Compressor
A refrigerating compressor is a machine used to compress the vapor refrigerant from the evaporator
and to raise its pressure so that the corresponding saturation is higher than that of the cooling
medium. It also continually circulates the refrigerant through the refrigerating system. The purpose of
the compressor in the vapor compression cycle is to compress the low-pressure dry gas from the
evaporator and raise its pressure to that of the condenser.

• Oil Separator
During the compression stroke of a reciprocating machine, the gas becomes hotter and some of the
oil on the cylinder wall will pass out with the discharge has. Some oil carry-over will occur with all
lubricated compressor types, and in small self-contained systems if quickly finds its way back to the
compressor. Start up after a long idle period can result in a large amount of oil carryover for a short
period due to foaming. With larger more complex systems with remote evaporator oil, it is desirable
to fit an oil separator in the discharge line to reduce carry-over to the system.

• Condenser
The condenser is an important device used in the high pressure side of a refrigeration system. The
function is to remove heat of hot vapor refrigerant discharge from the compressor. The hot vapor
consists of the heat absorbed by the evaporator and the heat of compression added by the
mechanical energy of compressor motor. The heat from the hot vapor refrigerant in a condenser is
removed first by transferring it to the walls of the condensers tubes and then from the tubes to the
condensing or cooling medium. The high temperature, high pressure ammonia vapor is condensed in
 a condenser which may be of shell and tube type or evaporative type.

• Receiver
As a temporary storage and a surge tank for liquid refrigerant, the receiver acts as a vapor seal. With
a primary purpose of preserving the vapor moving down the liquid line to the expansion valve,
receivers can be made for both horizontal and vertical installation.

• Expansion Device
The expansion device also known as throttling device is an important device that divides the high
pressure side and low pressure side of a refrigerating system. The expansion valve reduce the high
pressure liquid refrigerant to low pressure liquid refrigerant before being fed to the evaporator and to
maintain desire pressure difference between the high and low pressure side of the system, so that
liquid refrigerant vaporizes at the designed pressure in the evaporator

• Evaporator
The evaporator is an important device used in the low pressure side of the refrigeration system. The
liquid refrigerant from the expansion valve enters into the evaporator where its boil and change into
vapor. The function of the evaporator is to absorb heat from the surrounding location or medium
which is to be cooled by mean of a refrigerant.

• Suction Accumulator
Suction line accumulators are sometimes inserted in halocarbon circuits, to serve the purpose of
separating return liquid and prevent it passing over to the compressor. Since this liquid will be
carrying oil, and this oil must be returned to the compressor,, the outlet pipe within the separator dips
to the bottom of this vessel and has a small bleed hole, to suck the oil out.

• Pressure Gauge
A measuring device used to determine pressure.

• Drier
The warm liquid moves from the condenser outlet line in the direction of the filter-drier which is a
device that removes foreign matter from the refrigerant. This can be dirt, flux from soldering, filings,
moisture and acid caused by moisture. The most common agents found in the filter-driers are
activated alumina, molecular sieve or silica gel. The drier has a fine screen at the outlet to catch any
small particles.

• Chilling Tank
The main components of chilling tank are viz, ice tank, insulation of ice tank and ice block. The ice
tank contains the direct expansion coils, equally distributed throughout the tank and these coils are
submerged in brine. The tank is provided with a suitable frame of hard wood for support the ice cans
and a propeller or agitator for keeping the brine in motion.
8. Illustration/Diagram:

Table: Schematic Diagram of a Refrigeration System (with high pressure side and low-pressure side)

Legend:
A. Freon Compressor
B. Oil Separator
C. Freon ST Condenser
D. Freon Liquid Receiver
E. Expansion Valve
F. Evaporator Coil
G. Accumulator
H. Brine Agitator
I. Cooling Tower Pump
J. Cooling Tower
K. Oil Return Line
L. Filter Drier (Core Type)
M. Flexible Pipe Connector
N. Pressure Gauge
9. Conclusion and Recommendation:

The basic components of a refrigeration system are the compressor, condenser, evaporator and
expansion device. In this system, the main principle applied is heat transfer. The heat in a low temperature
space is absorbed by the refrigerant in the evaporator and the refrigerant changes into gas phase. The
compressor keeps the fluid flowing. The heat is then released in the condenser to the high temperature
space and the fluid changes into liquid phase. The expansion valve then lowers the pressure of the fluid so
that it would evaporate in the designated temperature in the evaporator.

I recommend adding a drainage system in the tank for an easier replacement of fluid.
10. Documentation:
11. Assessment Rubric:
TIP-VPAA–054D
Revision Status/Date:0/2009 September 09

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

RUBRIC FOR LABORATORY PERFORMANCE
CRITERIA BEGINNER ACCEPTABLE PROFICIENT SCORE
1 2 3
Laboratory Skills
Manipulative Members do not Members occasionally Members always
Skills demonstrate needed demonstrate needed demonstrate needed
skills. skills. skills.
Experimental Members are unable to Members are able to Members are able to
Set-up set-up the materials. set-up the materials set-up the material with
with supervision. minimum supervision.
Process Members do not Members occasionally Members always
Skills demonstrate targeted demonstrate targeted demonstrate targeted
process skills. process skills. process skills.

Safety Members do not follow Members follow safety Members follow safety
Precautions safety precautions. precautions most of the precautions at all
time. times.
Work Habits
Time Members do not finish Members finish on timeMembers finish ahead
Management/ on time with incomplete with incomplete data. of time with complete
Conduct of data. data and time to revise
Experiment data.
Cooperative Members do not know Members have defined Members are on tasks
and their tasks and have no responsibilities most of and have
Teamwork defined responsibilities. the time. Group responsibilities at all
Group conflicts have to conflicts are times. Group conflicts
be settled by the cooperatively managed are cooperatively
teacher. most of the time. managed at all times.
Neatness and Messy workplace during Clean and orderly Clean and orderly
Orderliness and after the workplace with workplace at all times
experiment. occasional mess during during and after the
and after the experiment.
experiment.
Ability to do Members require Members require Members do not need
independent supervision by the occasional supervision to be supervised by the
work teacher. by the teacher. teacher.
Other Comments/Observations:
TOTAL SCORE

RATING=
x 100%
 Experiment No. 2

SMALL STEAM POWER PLANT TECHNOLOGY

Course Code: ME 505 Program: BSME

Course Title: ME Laboratory 3 (Thermal Lab. 2) Date Performed:
Section: ME51FA2 Date Submitted: July 20, 2018
Members: Loria, Marquis Cane A. Instructor: Engr. Benjamin G. Tiglao

1. Objective(s):

The activity aims to introduce the basic components of a steam power plant.

2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

The students shall be able to:

2.1 Identify the major parts of small power plant.

2.2 Draw a schematic diagram of a steam power plant in accordance with the Philippine
Mechanical Code and Standards.
2.3 Describe the fundamental principles of operation of a small power plant.
2.4 Develop professional work ethics, including precision, neatness, safety and ability to follow
instruction.

3. Discussion:

The use of ultrahigh pressures and temperatures in large steam power plants generated many
complications both in equipment and in operation. But size and complexity do not greatly affect the
fundamental of testing boilers, turbines, engines, and condensers, and it is to such individual test that this
activity is devoted.

Although the laboratory machines may be small in size, the principles involved and the analyses to be
made will correspond to those in practice. The performance values obtained in power plant tests are
valuable to the designers and the development engineers as well as to the operators and the plant
supervisors.

Test work in the steam power plant is focused with the main units, i.e., the boilers and the engines or
turbines. In connection with the performance of these units, however, certain other tests and analyses are
desirable or in some cases necessary to obtain analyses of fuel and also of the combustion products. In
addition, it might be desirable to determine the performance of certain boiler auxiliaries. In a condensing
plant, the performance of the engine or turbine in some extent depends on the performance of the
condenser and its auxiliaries, and it is therefore desirable that the performance of these should also be
measured.

The cost of fuel is by far the largest individual item of cost in a power plant; hence the greatest savings in
the power plant are to be made in the boiler room, both through the proper control of combustion and by
keeping of repairs to minimum. In these ways, the operator is greatly helped by the use of modern
instruments and automatic controls to regulate the combustion process. Boilers with different designs give
uniformly good results when properly operated. But certain engineering tests and analyses must be made
as part of the daily operating routine if a boiler is to be operated efficiently. In this way, test work in the
boiler room differs from tests on most other operating units. Once the design of an engine, a turbine, or a
compressor is fixed, the operator can do little to affect its performance. Not so with a boiler installation, its
efficiency depends to a very large extent upon the operator.

Typical Fire Tube Boiler (Cut-Away View)

4. Materials and Equipment:

 Small Power Plant

 Philippine Mechanical Code
 Hydrometer
 1000 ml graduated cylinder

5. Procedure:

1. Draw a schematic diagram of the steam piping layout. Start with the shut-off valve on the boiler,
and sketch the high-pressure piping to the header and then to each of the main engine or turbine.
Indicate the location of each valve and fitting; give the type and purpose of each and the reason for
its particular location. Show steam separators and steam traps.

2. Draw a schematic diagram of the exhaust steam, condensate, and feed water piping. On a second
sketch, indicate the path of the exhaust steam of the condensate, and of the feed water, from each
of the main engines back to the boiler. Observe the general outline given from the previous sketch,
and in addition, indicate the following: exhaust pressure and disposal of steam; location of oil
separator; source of make-up or raw-water supply and where admitted to system, how it will be
treated, controlled and measured?

3. For the Fuel, determine the type and grade of fuel used. Carefully open the fuel tank cover, take
one (1) liter fuel sample and pour it into the graduated cylinder. Measure the fuel specific gravity
and determine the fuel heating value. Make at least five (5) trials.

4. For Boiler, specify the manufacturer’s name, number, type, heating surface, operating pressure
and load capacity.

5. For Furnace, specify the wall construction, kind of fuel used, method of handling and provision for
handling flue gas; type of air supply and its control; burning equipment, type of stoker if equipped;
and type of pulverized-fuel nozzle if equipped.

6. For Turbine, specify the manufacturer’s name, number, size, and full classification; condensing or
non condensing; kind of load; method of lubrication; procedure in starting; and safety controls.

7. For Auxiliaries, a brief description of the type, size, and condition of operation of each of the major
auxiliaries.

8. For Condenser, specify whether surface or jet, size of steam, water and air connections, pressures
and temperatures at time of observation; source of circulating water, spray ponds, cooling tower
and condensing pumps.

9. For Feed water system, Heaters: open or closed; method of piping; pressures and temperatures at
time of observation. Pumps: type, size and speed. Control: type and method of operation of feed
water regulators and pump governors, if any; treatment of feed water.
 10. Other auxiliaries. Note the type and location of each of the following, if they are provided: super
heaters, economizers, forced draft-fans, induced draft fans, soot blowers, CO2 recorders, oil
purifiers and air compressor.

6. Mini Steam Power Plant Specifications:

For Boiler:

Manufacturer’s Name: Enertech Systems Industries Inc.

Type: Fire Tube

Heating Surface: 5.5 sq. meter

Operating Pressure: Cut-in 40 psi

Operating Pressure: Cut-off 50 psi

Load: 5 Hp

For Furnace:

Wall Construction: Combustion Chamber

Fuel Use: Diesel

Burning Equipment: Burner (Baltur)

HHV of Fuel Use: 45,035.255 Kj/kg

For Turbine:

Manufacturer’s Name: Coppus Turbine

Size: 7 Hp

Classification: Mechanical Drive Turbine

Kind of Load: Steam

Method of Lubrication: Direct

 For Condenser:

Type: Shell and Tube Type

Pressure Reading: 1 atm

Temperature Reading: 90° C, 90° C

Source of Circulating Water: Cooling Tower

Feedwater Pump:

Pump power: 1 Hp

Efficiency: N/A

Capacity: 0.1 L/min.

Cooling Tower:

Motor Capacity: 0.12 kW

Motor Rpm: 960 rpm

Brand: Teco Elec. & Mach. Co., Ltd.

Voltage/wattage 220 V / 440 V

Piping:

Material Used: Aluminum

Insulation Used: Molded asbestos with aluminum plating

𝑊
Thermal Conductivity: 0.166
𝑚−𝐾
 Other Auxiliaries:

Auxiliary Name Specify Data and Functions:

Diameter: 23 inches

Fuel Tank A fuel tank is a safe container for flammable fluids.

Fuel tank is part of an engine system in which the
fuel is stored and pump or released into an engine,
it is also storage of fuel being used for combustion
of heat.

Model: ST-T3
W.P. 0.3 – 16 kg/𝒄𝒎𝟐
4.5 – 235 psi
Max. Temp. 220 ºC
Steam Trap
A steam trap is a device used to discharge
condensates and non-condensable gases with a
negligible consumption or loss of live steam. Most
steam traps are nothing more than automatic
valves.

Length: 46.25 inches

Diameter: 2 ft.
Water Temperature: 30 ºC
Condensate Tank
Condensate Storage Tank is an atmospheric surge
tank designed to accommodate low-pressure low-
temperature returns. By collecting condensate for
re-use in the boiler, the Condensate storage tank
can reduce dependence on cold, untreated raw
water to replace boiler system losses.
The function of generator is to convert mechanical
energy into electrical energy. Generator consists of
Generator stator and rotor. stator consists of the casing which
contains coils and a rotor magnetic field station
consists of a core containing a coil

• Evaporator
The reason for refrigeration is to remove heat from air, water or other substance.

• Boiler feed pump

Its function is to feed the water to be steamed in the boiler of thermal power plant.
• Pressure Tank
A pressure tank shall be an independent tank and shall be of a configuration permitting the application
of pressure-vessel design criteria according to recognized standards.

• Condensate Pump
It is where the water filtration takes place and the hard water is softened. Hardness is due to calcium
and magnesium that are removed.

• Control Valve
Used to control conditions such flow, pressure, temperature, and liquid of water into and out of the
mineral and brine tanks during regeneration.

• Water Softener
The water to be fed to the boiler must be containing a pH rating of 8.5 to 10. To comply with this, a
water softening unit is installed to assure the good quality of water to be used in the cycle

7. Analysis and Interpretation of Data:

Diesel Fuel

Trials 1 2 3 4 5 Mean
Specific Gravity 0.825 0.825 0.825 0.825 0.825 0.825
Temperature 28 ºC 28.8 ºC 28.5 ºC 28.4 ºC 28.3 ºC 28.4 ºC
Higher Heating Value (HHV) 46,508.9 46,494.7 46,500.4 46,500.4 46,503.2 46,501.5483
𝑘𝐽
in 𝑘𝑔 555 024 12 12 598

Formulas:

For T= 15.6 ºC

141.5
𝑆𝐺15.6ᵒ𝐶 =
ᵒAPI+131.5

If Temperature is not equal to 15.6 ºC use:

𝑆𝐺𝑇 = (𝑆𝐺15.6ᵒ𝐶 )(𝐶𝐹)

For Correction Factor (CF):

CF = 1-0.0007(T-15.6) ; where unit of Temperature is in ºC

ASME for Petroleum:
𝑘𝐽
𝐻𝐻𝑉 = 41130 + 139.6 (ᵒAPI) ; 𝑘𝑔

Computation for Higher Heating Value (HHV):

For Trial 1:
𝑆𝐺𝑇 0.825
𝑆𝐺15.6ᵒ𝐶 = = 1−0.0007(28−15.6) = 0.8322
𝐶𝐹

141.5 141.5
ᵒAPI = 𝑆𝐺 − 131.5 = 0.8322 − 131.5 = 38.5312
15.6ᵒ𝐶

𝑘𝐽
𝐻𝐻𝑉 = 41130 + 139.6 (ᵒAPI) = 41130 + 139.6 (38.5312) = 46,508.9555 𝑘𝑔

For Trial 2:
𝑆𝐺𝑇 0.825
𝑆𝐺15.6ᵒ𝐶 = = 1−0.0007(28.8−15.6) = 0.8327
𝐶𝐹

141.5 141.5
ᵒAPI = 𝑆𝐺 − 131.5 = 0.8327 − 131.5 = 38.4291
15.6ᵒ𝐶

𝑘𝐽
𝐻𝐻𝑉 = 41130 + 139.6 (ᵒAPI) = 41130 + 139.6 (38.4291) = 46,494.7024 𝑘𝑔

For Trial 3:
𝑆𝐺𝑇 0.825
𝑆𝐺15.6ᵒ𝐶 = = 1−0.0007(28.5−15.6) = 0.8325
𝐶𝐹

141.5 141.5
ᵒAPI = 𝑆𝐺 − 131.5 = 0.8325 − 131.5 = 38.47
15.6ᵒ𝐶

𝑘𝐽
𝐻𝐻𝑉 = 41130 + 139.6 (ᵒAPI) = 41130 + 139.6 (38.47) = 46,500.412 𝑘𝑔

For Trial 4:
𝑆𝐺𝑇 0.825
𝑆𝐺15.6ᵒ𝐶 = = 1−0.0007(28.4−15.6) = 0.8325
𝐶𝐹
 141.5 141.5
ᵒAPI = 𝑆𝐺 − 131.5 = 0.8325 − 131.5 = 38.47
15.6ᵒ𝐶

𝑘𝐽
𝐻𝐻𝑉 = 41130 + 139.6 (ᵒAPI) = 41130 + 139.6 (38.47) = 46,500.412 𝑘𝑔

For Trial 5:
𝑆𝐺𝑇 0.825
𝑆𝐺15.6ᵒ𝐶 = = 1−0.0007(28.3−15.6) = 0.8324
𝐶𝐹

141.5 141.5
ᵒAPI = 𝑆𝐺 − 131.5 = 0.8324 − 131.5 = 38.4904
15.6ᵒ𝐶

𝑘𝐽
𝐻𝐻𝑉 = 41130 + 139.6 (ᵒAPI) = 41130 + 139.6 (38.4904) = 46,503.2598 𝑘𝑔

∑𝑥
Using the mean formula: 𝑥̅ = where x is the variable for temperature or SG and N is the total
𝑁
number of trials, the mean value for specific gravity is 0.825 and for the mean temperature is 28.4 ºC

Experiment 2 is similar to experiment 1. Specific gravity (SG) is the ratio of the density of a
substance to the density of water. In this experiment, it requires diesel. To determine its specific gravity, the
experiment requires the performer to use a hydrometer. For the temperature, optical pyrometer must be
used. The data recorded for specific gravity did not change and the data recorded for temperature varies
over time. The change in temperature is due to the time interval before gathering another data while the
fuel is open to the environment. Heat transfers between the fuel and air.
Figure: Four main components of a Steam Power Plant (Simple Rankine Cycle)

8. Conclusion and Recommendation:

The basic components of a steam power plant are pump, boiler, turbine, and condenser. In this
system, the water is pumped to the boiler increasing the pressure of water. The boiler heats up the water to
change its phase from liquid to gas. The turbine converts the energy into mechanical energy. The
condenser changes the phase from gas to liquid again. The cycle repeats. The mechanical energy is
converted into electrical energy. The higher the temperature of steam from the boiler will prevent damages
in the turbine.
9. Documentation:
10. Assessment Rubric:
TIP-VPAA–054D
Revision Status/Date:0/2009 September 09

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

RUBRIC FOR LABORATORY PERFORMANCE
CRITERIA BEGINNER ACCEPTABLE PROFICIENT SCORE
1 2 3
Laboratory Skills
Manipulative Members do not Members occasionally Members always
Skills demonstrate needed demonstrate needed demonstrate needed
skills. skills. skills.
Experimental Members are unable to Members are able to Members are able to
Set-up set-up the materials. set-up the materials set-up the material with
with supervision. minimum supervision.
Process Members do not Members occasionally Members always
Skills demonstrate targeted demonstrate targeted demonstrate targeted
process skills. process skills. process skills.

Safety Members do not follow Members follow safety Members follow safety
Precautions safety precautions. precautions most of the precautions at all
time. times.
Work Habits
Time Members do not finish Members finish on timeMembers finish ahead
Management/ on time with incomplete with incomplete data. of time with complete
Conduct of data. data and time to revise
Experiment data.
Cooperative Members do not know Members have defined Members are on tasks
and their tasks and have no responsibilities most of and have
Teamwork defined responsibilities. the time. Group responsibilities at all
Group conflicts have to conflicts are times. Group conflicts
be settled by the cooperatively managed are cooperatively
teacher. most of the time. managed at all times.
Neatness and Messy workplace during Clean and orderly Clean and orderly
Orderliness and after the workplace with workplace at all times
experiment. occasional mess during during and after the
and after the experiment.
experiment.
Ability to do Members require Members require Members do not need
independent supervision by the occasional supervision to be supervised by the
work teacher. by the teacher. teacher.
Other Comments/Observations:
TOTAL SCORE

RATING=
x 100%
 Experiment No. 3

DETERMINATION OF AIR PROPERTIES

Course Code: ME 505 Program: BSME

Course Title: ME Laboratory 3 (Thermal Lab. 2) Date Performed:
Section: ME51FA2 Date Submitted: July 20, 2018
Members: Loria, Marquis Cane A. Instructor: Engr. Benjamin G. Tiglao

1. Objective(s):

The activity aims to introduce the properties of air.

2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

The students shall be able to:
2.1 Explain the properties of air
2.2. Determine the properties of air using the psychrometric chart
2.3 Develop professional work ethics, including precision, neatness, safety and ability to follow instruction.

3. Discussion:

Atmospheric air has a volumetric composition of 20.99 % oxygen, 78.03 % nitrogen, somewhat
less than 1 % argon, with small quantities of several inert gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide,
helium, hydrogen, and neon. For most engineering calculations, it is usually accurate enough to include all
inert gases as nitrogen and to use the analysis: 21 % oxygen and 79 % “atmospheric” nitrogen by volume.
Thus, in 100 moles of air, there are approximately 21 moles of O2 and 79 moles of N2, or

79 moles N2
= 3.76
21 moles O2

or

ft3 N2
3.76
ft3 O2

The approximate gravimetric composition of air is 23.1 % O 2, 76.9 % N2, or there are 76.9 / 23.1 = 3.32 lb
N2 / lb O2.
 Sling Psychrometer

Aneroid Barometer
4. Materials and Equipment:

 Sling Thermometer
 Barometer
 Cotton/Cloth
 Tap Water
 Steam Table
 Stop watch

5. Procedure:

1. Check the equipment if they are in good condition.

2. Using the barometer, determine the atmospheric pressure by placing the barometer on the
floor. Record the reading after five (5) minutes.

3. Cover the bulb of one of the thermometers in the sling thermometer with wet cloth or cotton (if
not permanently attached).

4. Rotate the sling thermometer in required rpm horizontal to the ground for five (5) minutes.

5. Record the dry bulb and wet bulb temperature reading.

6. Plot the results on a Psychrometric Chart.

7. Determine the air properties.

8. Return the equipment/materials to the tool keeper and make sure that the area is clean and dry
before leaving.

USEFUL FORMULAS:

a.) V = Ra ( Tdb + 273 )

Patm - Pv

where:
Pv = P v - (Patm - Pv ) (Tdb - Twb )
1500 - 1.44 Twb

Pw = Psat @ Twb
 b.) % RH = Pv
Pvs

where:

Pvs = Psat @ Tdb

h = Cpa (Tdb – 0) + whg

where:
hg = hg @ Tdb

c.) W = 0.622 Pv
Patm – Pv

where:

V = specific volume; m3/kg

Ra = gas constant of air; KJ/kg-k
Tdb = dry bulb temperature; C
Patm = atmospheric pressure
Pv = vapor pressure
Pw = pressure @ wet bulb temperature
Twb = wet bulb temperature
RH = Relative Humidity
Pvs = saturated vapor pressure
h = enthalpy
w = Humidity ratio
hg = enthalpy @ saturated vapor
6. Data and Results:

Trial (Location) 1 2 3 4 5
Ice Plant Boiler Room Cooling Tower Cooling Tower Top Floor
(A -102) (A -101) 1 2
Atmospheric
98.5480 kPa 99.1 kPa 98.52 kPa 98.8 kPa 99.175 kPa
Pressure
Wet Bulb
29 C 28 C 27.5 C 26.5 C 27 C
Temperature
Dry Bulb
30 C 31.5 C 28.5 C 27 C 28.5 C
Temperature
% Relative
92.8686 % 76.7888% 92.6727% 96.2265% 89.0578%
Humidity
Humidity kg kg kg kg kg
0.0259 kgv 0.0231kgv 0.0237kgv 0.0224kgv 0.0225kgv
Ratio a a a a a

Enthalpy kj kj kj kj kj
96.3942 𝑘𝑔 90.8082𝑘𝑔 89.1958 𝑘𝑔 84.3053 𝑘𝑔 86.1316 𝑘𝑔
(KJ/kg Dry Air) 𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝐴

Vapor
3.9432 kPa 3.5534 kPa 3.6096 kPa 3.4324 kPa 3.4688 kPa
Pressure

Mean Results:

Atmospheric Pressure: 98.8286 kPa

Wet Bulb Temperature: 27.6 C

Dry Bulb Temperature: 29.1 C

% Relative Humidity: 89.5027%

kgv
Humidity Ratio: 0.0235
kga

kj
Enthalpy: 89.3670 𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝐴

Vapor Pressure: 3.6015 kPa

7. Computation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data:
Computation of Data

Location: Mini Ice Plant (A-102)

𝑃𝑤 = 98.5480 𝑘𝑃𝑎 , 𝑡𝑤𝑏 = 29°C , 𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 30°C

Solving for Vapor Pressure:

(𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝑤 )(𝑇𝑑𝑏 − 𝑇𝑤𝑏 )
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃𝑤 −
1500 − 1.44𝑇𝑤𝑏
𝑃𝑤 = 𝑃@𝑡29°C
@Table 1 of Steam Table
𝑃𝑤 =4.008 kPa
(98.5480 − 4.008)(30 − 29)
𝑃𝑉 = 4.008𝑘𝑃𝑎 − [ ] 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1500 − 1.44(29)

𝑷𝑽 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟒𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑷𝒂
Solving for Relative Humidity:

𝑃𝑉
%𝑅𝐻 = ∗ 100%
𝑃𝑉𝑆
𝑃𝑣𝑠 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 @𝑡30°C
@Table 1 of Steam Table
𝑃𝑣𝑠 =4.246 kPa
3.9432 𝑘𝑃𝑎
%𝑅𝐻 = ( ) 𝑥 100%
4.246 𝑘𝑃𝑎

%𝑹𝑯 = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟔%

Solving for Humidity Ratio:
0.622𝑃𝑣
𝑊=
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝑣

𝑘𝑔𝑣
0.622 (3.9432)𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝑔𝑎
𝑊=
(98.5480 − 3.9432)𝑘𝑃𝐴

𝒌𝒈𝒗
𝑾 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟗
𝒌𝒈𝒂
Solving for Enthalpy:
ℎ = 𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝐷𝐵 + (𝑤 𝑥 𝐻𝑔 )
𝑘𝑗
ℎ𝑔 = ℎ𝑔 @𝑡30°C , @Table 1 of Steam Table h= 2556.3𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑘𝑗 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑗
h = 1.0062 𝑘𝑔𝑎 °C (30)°C + (0.0259 𝑘𝑔𝑣 )(2556.3) 𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑎
𝒌𝒋
𝒉 = 𝟗𝟔. 𝟑𝟗𝟒𝟐
𝒌𝒈
Location: Boiler Room (A-101)

𝑃𝑤 = 99.1 𝑘𝑃𝑎 , 𝑡𝑤𝑏 = 28°C , 𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 31.5°C

Solving for Vapor Pressure:

(𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝑤 )(𝑇𝑑𝑏 − 𝑇𝑤𝑏 )
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃𝑤 −
1500 − 1.44𝑇𝑤𝑏
𝑃𝑤 = 𝑃@𝑡28°C
@Table 1 of Steam Table
𝑃𝑤 =3.782 kPa
(99.1 − 3.782)(31.5 − 28)
𝑃𝑉 = 3.782𝑘𝑃𝑎 − [ ] 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1500 − 1.44(28)

𝑷𝑽 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟓𝟑𝟒 𝒌𝑷𝒂
Solving for Relative Humidity:

𝑃𝑉
%𝑅𝐻 = ∗ 100%
𝑃𝑉𝑆
𝑃𝑣𝑠 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 @𝑡31.5°C
@Table 1 of Steam Table (by Interpolation):
𝑃𝑣𝑠 =4.6275 kPa
3.5534 𝑘𝑃𝑎
%𝑅𝐻 = ( ) 𝑥 100%
4.6275 𝑘𝑃𝑎

%𝑹𝑯 = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟖%

Solving for Humidity Ratio:
0.622𝑃𝑣
𝑊=
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝑣

𝑘𝑔𝑣
0.622(3.5534)𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝑔𝑎
𝑊=
(99.1 − 3.5534)𝑘𝑃𝐴

𝒌𝒈𝒗
𝑾 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟏
𝒌𝒈𝒂
Solving for Enthalpy:
ℎ = 𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝐷𝐵 + (𝑤 𝑥 𝐻𝑔 )
ℎ𝑔 = ℎ𝑔 @𝑡31.5°C
@Table 1 of Steam Table (by Interpolation):
𝑘𝑗
h= 2559𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑘𝑗 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑗
h = 1.0062 𝑘𝑔𝑎 °C (31.5)°C + (0.0231 𝑘𝑔𝑣 )(2559) 𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑎

𝒌𝒋
𝒉 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝟖𝟐
𝒌𝒈
Location: Cooling Tower 1

𝑃𝑤 = 98.52 𝑘𝑃𝑎 , 𝑡𝑤𝑏 = 27.5°C , 𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 28.5°C

Solving for Vapor Pressure:

(𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝑤 )(𝑇𝑑𝑏 − 𝑇𝑤𝑏 )
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃𝑤 −
1500 − 1.44𝑇𝑤𝑏
𝑃𝑤 = 𝑃@𝑡27.5°C
@Table 1 of Steam Table (by Interpolation):
𝑃𝑤 =3.6745 kPa
(98.52 − 3.6745)(28.5 − 27.5)
𝑃𝑉 = 3.6745𝑘𝑃𝑎 − [ ] 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1500 − 1.44(27.5)

𝑷𝑽 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟎𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝑷𝒂
Solving for Relative Humidity:

𝑃𝑉
%𝑅𝐻 = ∗ 100%
𝑃𝑉𝑆
𝑃𝑣𝑠 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 @𝑡28.5°C
@Table 1 of Steam Table (by Interpolation):
𝑃𝑣𝑠 =3.895 kPa
3.6096 𝑘𝑃𝑎
%𝑅𝐻 = ( ) 𝑥 100%
3.895 𝑘𝑃𝑎

%𝑹𝑯 = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟔𝟕𝟐𝟕%

Solving for Humidity Ratio:
0.622𝑃𝑣
𝑊=
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝑣

𝑘𝑔𝑣
0.622(3.6096)𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝑔𝑎
𝑊=
(98.52 − 3.6096)𝑘𝑃𝐴

𝒌𝒈𝒗
𝑾 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟕
𝒌𝒈𝒂
Solving for Enthalpy:
ℎ = 𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝐷𝐵 + (𝑤 𝑥 𝐻𝑔 )
ℎ𝑔 = ℎ𝑔 @𝑡28.5°C
@Table 1 of Steam Table (by Interpolation):
𝑘𝑗
h= 2553.55𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑘𝑗 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑗
h = 1.0062 𝑘𝑔𝑎 °C (28.5)°C + (0.0237 𝑘𝑔𝑣 )(2553.55) 𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑎

𝒌𝒋
𝒉 = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟖
𝒌𝒈
Location: Cooling Tower 2

𝑃𝑤 = 98.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎 , 𝑡𝑤𝑏 = 26.5°C , 𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 27°C

Solving for Vapor Pressure:

(𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝑤 )(𝑇𝑑𝑏 − 𝑇𝑤𝑏 )
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃𝑤 −
1500 − 1.44𝑇𝑤𝑏
𝑃𝑤 = 𝑃@𝑡26.5°C
@Table 1 of Steam Table (by Interpolation):
𝑃𝑤 =3.465 kPa
(98.8 − 3.465)(27 − 26.5)
𝑃𝑉 = 3.465𝑘𝑃𝑎 − [ ] 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1500 − 1.44(26.5)

𝑷𝑽 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑷𝒂
Solving for Relative Humidity:

𝑃𝑉
%𝑅𝐻 = ∗ 100%
𝑃𝑉𝑆
𝑃𝑣𝑠 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 @𝑡27°C
@Table 1 of Steam Table:
𝑃𝑣𝑠 =3.567 kPa
3.4324 𝑘𝑃𝑎
%𝑅𝐻 = ( ) 𝑥 100%
3.567 𝑘𝑃𝑎

%𝑹𝑯 = 𝟗𝟔. 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟓%

Solving for Humidity Ratio:
0.622𝑃𝑣
𝑊=
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝑣

𝑘𝑔𝑣
0.622(3.4324)𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝑔𝑎
𝑊=
(98.8 − 3.4324)𝑘𝑃𝐴

𝒌𝒈𝒗
𝑾 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟒
𝒌𝒈𝒂
Solving for Enthalpy:
ℎ = 𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝐷𝐵 + (𝑤 𝑥 𝐻𝑔 )
ℎ𝑔 = ℎ𝑔 @𝑡27°C
@Table 1 of Steam Table:
𝑘𝑗
h= 2550.8𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑘𝑗 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑗
h = 1.0062 𝑘𝑔𝑎 °C (27)°C + (0.0224 𝑘𝑔𝑣 )(2550.8) 𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑎

𝒌𝒋
𝒉 = 𝟖𝟒. 𝟑𝟎𝟓𝟑
𝒌𝒈
Location: Top Floor (5th Floor)

𝑃𝑤 = 99.175 𝑘𝑃𝑎 , 𝑡𝑤𝑏 = 27°C , 𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 28.5°C

Solving for Vapor Pressure:

(𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝑤 )(𝑇𝑑𝑏 − 𝑇𝑤𝑏 )
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃𝑤 −
1500 − 1.44𝑇𝑤𝑏
𝑃𝑤 = 𝑃@𝑡27°C
@Table 1 of Steam Table (by Interpolation):
𝑃𝑤 =3.567 kPa
(99.175 − 3.567)(28.5 − 27)
𝑃𝑉 = 3.567𝑘𝑃𝑎 − [ ] 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1500 − 1.44(27)

𝑷𝑽 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑷𝒂
Solving for Relative Humidity:

𝑃𝑉
%𝑅𝐻 = ∗ 100%
𝑃𝑉𝑆
𝑃𝑣𝑠 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 @𝑡28.5°C
@Table 1 of Steam Table (by Interpolation):
𝑃𝑣𝑠 =3.895 kPa
3.4688 𝑘𝑃𝑎
%𝑅𝐻 = ( ) 𝑥 100%
3.895 𝑘𝑃𝑎

%𝑹𝑯 = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟖%

Solving for Humidity Ratio:
0.622𝑃𝑣
𝑊=
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝑣

𝑘𝑔𝑣
0.622(3.4688)𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝑔𝑎
𝑊=
(99.175 − 3.4688)𝑘𝑃𝐴

𝒌𝒈𝒗
𝑾 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟓
𝒌𝒈𝒂
Solving for Enthalpy:
ℎ = 𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝐷𝐵 + (𝑤 𝑥 𝐻𝑔 )
ℎ𝑔 = ℎ𝑔 @𝑡28.5°C
@Table 1 of Steam Table (by Interpolation):
𝑘𝑗
h= 2553.55𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑘𝑗 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑗
h = 1.0062 𝑘𝑔𝑎 °C (28.5)°C + (0.0225 𝑘𝑔𝑣 )(2553.55) 𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑎

𝒌𝒋
𝒉 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟔
𝒌𝒈
Analysis and Interpretation of Data

Bar representation:
1 = Mini Ice Plant (A-102) 4 = Cooling Tower 2
2 = Boiler Room (A-101) 5 = Top floor (5th Floor)
3 = Cooling Tower 1

Atmospheric Pressure
99.4 99.175
99.2 99.1
99
Pressure (kPa)

98.8
98.8
98.548 98.52
98.6
98.4
98.2
98
1 2 3 4 5
Location

The standard atmospheric pressure is 101.325kPa. The barometer used may not be calibrated so
the data recorded is lower than the standard.

Wet Bulb Temperature

29.5 29
29
28.5 28
Temperature (°C)

28 27.5
27.5
27 27
26.5 26.5
26
25.5
25
1 2 3 4 5
Location

The graph shows the values of the Wet Bulb temperature in Degree Celsius at five different
locations of the experiment.
 Dry Bulb Temperature
32 31.5
31
30
30
Temperature (°C)
28.5
29 28.5
28
27
27
26
25
24
1 2 3 4 5
Location

The graph shows the value of Dry Bulb temperature in degree Celsius at five different locations of
the experiment. The value of dry bulb temperature is highest at point 2 (boiler room) because the boiler is
operating when we measured the dry bulb using sling psychrometer.

Relative Humidity
120% 96.23%
92.87%
100%
92.67%
89.06%
80%
76.79%
Percent

60%

40%

20%

0%
1 2 3 4 5
Location

The graph shows the value of Relative Humidity in percentage at five different locations of the
experiment. The value of relative humidity at cooling tower 1 (point 3) and cooling tower 2 (point 4) is
significantly high since it is an open are and it was raining that day when we performed the experiment.
 Enthalpy
98 96.3942
96
94 90.8082
Enthalpy (kj/kg)

92
90 89.1958
86.1316
88
86
84 84.3053
82
80
78
1 2 3 4 5
Location

The graph shows the computer value of Enthalpy in KJ/kg at five different locations of the
experiment.

Vapor Pressure
4 3.9432
3.9
3.8
Pressure (kPa)

3.7 3.6096
3.6 3.4324 3.4688
3.5 3.5534
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
1 2 3 4 5
Location

The graph shows the computed value of Vapor Pressure in kPa at five different locations of the
experiment.
 Humidity Ratio
0.027
0.0259

Humidity Ration (kgv/kga)

0.026
0.025
0.024 0.0237
0.0231
0.023 0.0224 0.0225
0.022
0.021
0.02
1 2 3 4 5
Location

The graph shows the computer value of Humidity Ratio in the ratio of mass of water vapor over the
mass of dry air (kgv/kga) at five different locations of the experiment.

8. Conclusion and Recommendation:

The properties of air V = specific volume; m3/kg

Ra = gas constant of air; KJ/kg- k
Tdb = dry bulb temperature; C
Patm = atmospheric pressure
Pv = vapor pressure
Pw = pressure @ wet bulb temperature
Twb = wet bulb temperature
RH = Relative Humidity
Pvs = saturated vapor pressure
h = enthalpy
w = Humidity ratio
hg = enthalpy @ saturated vapor
9. Documentation:
10. Assessment Rubric:
TIP-VPAA–054D
Revision Status/Date:0/2009 September 09

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

RUBRIC FOR LABORATORY PERFORMANCE
CRITERIA BEGINNER ACCEPTABLE PROFICIENT SCORE
1 2 3
Laboratory Skills
Manipulative Members do not Members occasionally Members always
Skills demonstrate needed demonstrate needed demonstrate needed
skills. skills. skills.
Experimental Members are unable to Members are able to Members are able to
Set-up set-up the materials. set-up the materials set-up the material with
with supervision. minimum supervision.
Process Members do not Members occasionally Members always
Skills demonstrate targeted demonstrate targeted demonstrate targeted
process skills. process skills. process skills.

Safety Members do not follow Members follow safety Members follow safety
Precautions safety precautions. precautions most of the precautions at all
time. times.
Work Habits
Time Members do not finish Members finish on timeMembers finish ahead
Management/ on time with incomplete with incomplete data. of time with complete
Conduct of data. data and time to revise
Experiment data.
Cooperative Members do not know Members have defined Members are on tasks
and their tasks and have no responsibilities most of and have
Teamwork defined responsibilities. the time. Group responsibilities at all
Group conflicts have to conflicts are times. Group conflicts
be settled by the cooperatively managed are cooperatively
teacher. most of the time. managed at all times.
Neatness and Messy workplace during Clean and orderly Clean and orderly
Orderliness and after the workplace with workplace at all times
experiment. occasional mess during during and after the
and after the experiment.
experiment.
Ability to do Members require Members require Members do not need
independent supervision by the occasional supervision to be supervised by the
work teacher. by the teacher. teacher.
Other Comments/Observations:
TOTAL SCORE

RATING=
x 100%