Cebu Institute of Technology University N. Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City
Cebu Institute of Technology University N. Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City
Cebu Institute of Technology University N. Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City
Researchers
Batoctoy, Loulyn
Juarez, Jonalyn
Repunte, Georgette
March, 2019
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
impact this nation and Filipinos has been embracing modernization as part of life.
Yet, still these are not enough proofs of a quality living because this country
remains far left behind by other countries and people opt to leave for better
opportunities.
Erasmus of Rotterdam once said, “The main hope of a nation lies in the
education of its youth” (Kobia, 2017). Meaning, youths specifically the students
are the key to raise one’s country from drowning in poverty. Philippines have
quality education from primary to tertiary level. The K-12 program has been
provides physical and financial aid so that youths of today’s generation will
(2016), in 2000 the global number of students enrolled in tertiary education outside
their country of citizenship was two million; by 2012 that had increased to four and
all groups of migrants including labor migrants, family migrants, and refugees,
student migrants leaving their own country benefits the destined countries
Filipinos are flexible in real life learning application. Summing up the total
literacy rate of all Filipinos, there are higher chances of making this country better
and richer. Plenty of outstanding Filipino students are produced in the country but
the current education system and current status of such nation cannot suffice the
opportunities.
This concerning global issue exists due to the following reasons. First is
countries advocate and convince other students to study in their country with a
promised higher quality of education that does not exist in the Philippines.
skilled migrants and devise measures encouraging them to remain after completion
of their studies. Students will be given with bigger opportunities which then pull
the student migrant to stay. And lastly, students and their families recognize the
labor-market value of obtaining foreign qualifications. High standard experience
often helps in job application and high job position. These reasons made up the
mind of Filipino students to choose migration as option towards quality life and
education. This is indeed true because Philippines are seen as a third-world country
where Filipinos get their undergraduate degrees and then flock to other countries to
loss of professionals or literate students. The receiving country benefits while the
other loses. In addition, students need to adjust on the environment setting and
style of learning in other country which takes time and delays the learning period
of a student. Moreover, the literacy rate would decrease knowing that many chose
country’s economy. If this continues to happen, then there would be no hope for
must see the need to stay and finish studies in own country since it would be a big
help for student’s security, increase total literacy rate, improve country’s economy
and strengthen developments. The researchers came up with this study because
they saw the need to keep these young professionals who are considered to be
the impacts of student migration to the lives of learners and the state of nation as
well as to convince these young professionals to stay and serve the country since it
formulated his intervening opportunity model in 1940, and claimed that there is no
the observed decline in the volume of migration is due to an increase in the number
The revised model proposes that during a given time interval, the number of
migrants from city 1 to city 2 is the direct function of the number of opportunities
between city 1 and city 2, and the number of other migrants for the opportunities in
city 2. Thus, the revised formulation would read as under (Galle and Taeuber,
1966).
According to this theory, the measure of ‘disadvantages’ or ‘push’ factors in
city 1 is defined as the total out-migrants from the city. Likewise, the measure of
defined as the total number of in-migrants in a circle centred mid-way between city
1 and city 2, and having a diameter equal to the distance between the two cities.
And, finally, the measure of competing migrants is defined as the total number of
out-migrants from a circle centred on city 2 with the distance between the two
Another theory that supports the study is the Lee’s Theory formulated in
1996. This theory focuses on the factors underlying migration. The factors include
factors. While positive factors are the circumstances that act to hold people within
it, or attract people from other areas, negative factors tend to repel them (Lee,
1975:191). In addition to these, there are factors, which remain neutral, and to
which people are essentially indifferent. While some of these factors affect most of
the people in the area, others tend to have differential effects. Migration in any area
assessment of factors in the place of origin due to their long association. However,
the same is not necessarily true for that of the area of destination. There is always
Another important point is that the perceived difference between the areas of
the same time, the perceived difficulties may lead to an inaccurate evaluation of
The final decision to move does not depend merely upon the balance of
positive and negative factors at the places of origin and destination. The balance in
favour of the move must be enough to overcome the natural inertia and intervening
obstacles. Distance separating the places of origin and destination has been more
individual.
Apart from the factors associated with places of origin and destination, and
the intervening obstacles, there are many personal factors, which promote or retard
migration in any area. Some of these are more or less constant throughout the life
span of an individual, while others tend to vary in effect with the stages in life
cycle. It may be noted that the real situation prevailing at the places of origin and
these factors. The process of perception depends, to a large extent, on the personal
factors like awareness, intelligence, contacts and the cultural milieu of the
individual.
The decision to migrate is the net result of the interplay among all these
factors. Lee pointed out that the decision to migrate is, however, never completely
rational. Also important to note here is the fact that not all persons who migrate do
so on their own decision. Children and wives move with the family where their
decisions are not necessarily involved. After outlining the factors at origin and
destination, and the intervening obstacles and personal factors, Lee moves on to
posits that there is an inverse relation between distance and volume of migration.
Majority of migrants moves to short distance only. Migrants going long distance
generally go by preference to the large centres of commerce and industry. Second,
migration proceeds step by step. The inhabitants of countryside flock into the
nearby rapidly growing town. The gap created by this out-migration in the
inhabitants of the town then move to the nearby urban centre up in the hierarchy.
the rural areas are more mobile than their counterpart in the urban areas, and the
and commerce.
distance is almost i universal fact. Evidences also indicate that there are generally
established. Similarly, though rural population in the less developed parts of the
world is more mobile than its counterpart in the urban areas, migration in the
opposite direction.
According to Gorgoshidze, K. (2010), with the respect to the implications
for country’s development processes, entailing that the lowering quality of higher
In the study of Dreher, A., & Poutvaara, P. (2011), the data implied that the
that student flows result in a significant brain gain for the United States.
regime falls significantly short of recognizing students' rights. Problems are located
safety. The article argues that, as well as law and policy, a student security regime
should incorporate better university practices and more integrated civil society
Mihi-Ramirez, A., & Kumpikaite, V. (2014) noted that the analysis of data
goal of most of students 2) the main migration motivations identified are economic
previous research in the field has mainly used data on international trade in
educational services, use a novel approach that analyzes student mobility as a form
equation is the basis for the theoretical and empirical framework. I also provide
extensive sensitivity checks of the empirical results and estimates using both the
following recent work by Santos Silva and Tenreyro (Rev Econ Stat 88(4):
result from the empirical migration literature. Unlike for international migration on
the whole, the importance of disposable income in the home country does not seem
to be too big for students, and student migrant flows from politically unfree
student migration and tuition rates. Students are found to be attracted to schools in
states that are attractive to migrants in general, specifically schools in states with
favorable economic and environmental conditions, and high tuition rates are found
students are found to be largely determined by tradition, although states are found
to have a tendency to increase nonresident tuition if they are strong net importers
of students.
Alm, J., & Winters, J. V. (2009) indicated that student intrastate migration is
strongly discouraged by greater distance, but with effects that differ across types of
have different credentials, interests, and motivations for migrating abroad, and
consequently provide the host society both unskilled and skilled labor power.
Moreover, Chinese students’ labor market practices as skilled labor migrants show
their important roles in the economic globalization. Aside from scientific and
engineering skills, Chinese students use their linguistic and cultural competencies
Kandel, W., & Kao, G. (2001) implied that high levels of U.S. migration are
continue schooling and perform well, it may also reduce the motivation to attain
Jensen, B. et al, (2018) discovered that more immediate plans are associated
with lower performance for students considering migration and that this
negatively affects achievement for some groups. Findings are interpreted in terms
academic learning opportunities for children and youth within migrant families and
communities.
students and offshore Indian migrants to date. The likely impacts of the latest
skilled migration policy trends are then explored, in a context where India remains
recent survey data show that even after controlling for socioeconomic
among either group are detected, marriage, childbearing, and social capital exhibit
stimuli for migration in both groups, the results point to the formation of two
Considering the vitality of the problem, this study sought to capture the
impact of student migration. The result of this study will also establish an
Specifically, the study will try to examine and answer the following questions:
1. What are the common push factors that lead to student participation in
studying abroad?
2. What are the common pull factors that make another country attractive to
students?
benefit students?
4. What are the effects of studying abroad in terms of social and personal
Push factors - are those that operate within a country and initiate a student’s
Pull factors - are those that make another country attractive to students
This study is conducted primarily for the purpose of identifying the impacts
Every attempt of this study should be made towards accuracy, precision and
Despite this, certain factors may remain that limit the overall comprehensive and
precise nature of the research. These factors deserve due attention. Several of the
decidedly more significant factors that may be proven to impact research processes
Delivery method – As it was all but impossible to put the participants of this study
miniscule.
Research Parameters – This study is limited to engineering department. A
improbable that any data sample will provide a completely comprehensive and
noticeably restrict the depth and scope of this study especially in scheduling an
appointment with the participants which may be busy due to their hectic schedule,
prohibiting the research process from being taken to the extent desired. Due to the
Research Design
Descriptive-
Correlational
Method
Profile of the
Respondents Gathering of data
Push factors Proposed Action
Tabulation of data Plan
Pull factors
Analysis of data
Benefits and Effects
Interpretation of data
Figure 1.
Research Flow of the Study
Research Respondents
The respondents of the study will be the whole population of post graduate
Research Environment
Research Instrument
Based on a review of the literature (Hung et al., 2000, 2005; Lee and Tan,
1984; Mazzarol and Soutar, 2002; Zhao and Guo, 2002) the questionnaire involved
study abroad destination. Part I will be the profile of the respondents which
includes their personal information. Part II will be the Pull factors of studying
abroad. Part III will be the Push factors of studying abroad and Part IV will be the
Research Procedures
done to make sure that the gathered data are valid: First, the researchers will
present the questionnaires to the research adviser for critiquing. Secondly, the
researchers will prepare a transmittal letter signed by the Vice President for
principal for the approval to pilot test the questionnaire to University of San
Carlos.
questionnaires will be given on June 20, 2019. Finally, the data will be collected,
Statistical Treatment
profile.
Weighted Mean. This will be used in the analysis of the indicators of the
questionnaire.
The researchers will consider the following ethical issues while collecting data:
Confidentiality
not being allowed to indicate their names in the questionnaires. This will
Informed consent
voluntarily done.
Research Questionnaires
By answering the following questions, you are agreeing to allow the author use the
resulting data. All participants will be kept anonymous. Please answer all
questions as accurately as possible.
Name: ________________________________
Institution/Organization: _____________________________________
Email: _____________________________________
a). Sex
Male Female
II. Please rate the following Pull Factors that affects the decision of
studying abroad.
Note: (1) Variables were measured on a four-point scale from 1 = very
important to
4 = least important; (2) Data is presented from the highest importance
to the lowest importance based on parent responses; (3) M = mean,
SD = standard deviation.
III. Please rate the following PUSH Factors that affects the decision of
studying abroad.
Note: (1) Variables were measured on a four-point scale from 1 = very
important to
4= least important; (2) Data is presented from the highest
importance to the lowest importance based on parent responses; (3)
M = mean, SD = standard deviation.
1) Climate of host country 1 2 3 4
2) Level of crime and discrimination 1 2 3 4
3) Range of student clubs and societies 1 2 3 4
4) Lifestyle of host country 1 2 3 4
5) General facilities – buildings and Grounds 1 2 3 4
6) Part-time employment while studying 1 2 3 4
7) Language and academic support services 1 2 3 4
8) Onsite accommodation 1 2 3 4
9) Employment prospects on graduation 1 2 3 4
10) Range of programs available 1 2 3 4
11) Scholarships 1 2 3 4
12) Social and emotional support services. 1 2 3 4
13) An inadequate supply of university places 1 2 3 4
14) Immigration prospects 1 2 3 4
15) quality education 1 2 3 4
16) economic growth 1 2 3 4
Career development
Academic Value
1. My study abroad experience has led to an 1 2 3 4
improvement of my academic performance
2. Studying abroad has enhanced my critical 1 2 3 4
thinking skills.
3. Study abroad has enhanced my independence 1 2 3 4
4. Study abroad has enhanced my self-reliance 1 2 3 4
5. My study abroad experience has improved 1 2 3 4
my problem-solving skills
6. Studying abroad has helped me develop 1 2 3 4
leadership skills
TRANSMITTAL LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS
Dear Respondents,
this connection, we would like to request your cooperation by filling out the survey
Rest assured that your responses will be treated with utmost respect and
confidentiality.
Thank you.
Truly yours,
Batoctoy, Loulyn
Juarez, Jonalyn
Repunte, Georgette
I have read all of the information above pertaining to the study Human Capital
Flight: Assessing the Impact of Studying Abroad among Post-graduate Students. I
understand all of the information pertaining to this study and I have been given a
signed copy of this document. I accept the participation in this study.